Basic Computer Organization & Design

•How we can transfer information betn registers?

•What are the registers to be used?

•What are the addressing modes?

•What are the computer instructions?

 Now

After we define the main components of the proposed computer

(i.e. registers, memory, ALU, …..)

We need to connect these parts

Via

BUS
 Common Bus System

Need a connection between these parts

 Computer Instructions

I/O I
MRI

RRI
 Instruction Set Completeness

i/p and o/p

Arithmetic, logical,
& shift
Program
Moving control
purpose
 Timing & Control

input
D Q

clock ck
control

master
clock
The control signal is generated in the control unit

input
D Q

clock ck
Control
unit
control

H/W S/W
Differences between Hardwired and microprogrammed
CONTOL UNIT
INSTRUCTION CYCLE
PC  address of 1st instruction
NoW: we will try to represent the previous register transfer
statements (i.e. T0 , T1, T2).

& how to built the equivalent H/W.

NOTE: Explain briefly after designing the register transfer

for the Fetch Phase
at T0 :
 Determine the Type of Instruction

Cause we have 3 types of instructions

Memory Reference Input/Output

Instruction Instruction
Register Reference
Instruction
 Register Reference Instructions

* All these instructions are executed with the clock transition

associated with timing variables T3

* Each control function needs boolean relation =r

* Also, by assigning the symbol Bi to bit i of IR

 Memory Reference Instructions

Always the EA is stored in AR

BUT
W should check if it is direct or indirect

The execution of the Memory Reference Instruction’s starts with

Timing signal T4 and may end with T7 or less…….
Some Memory Reference Instructions
T3: AR  M[AR]
Continued……
Input/Output Interrupt
Input/Output Interrupt
Input/Output Interrupt
Therefore, Input/Output Configuration
Pc as a stand alone device is not useful
 The process of information transfer

INPR register

1 FGI  0

2 INPR  8-bit, FGI  1

3 IF (FGI = 1) then (AC  8-bit) & (FGI  0)

 The process of information transfer

OUTR register

1 FGO  1

2 IF (FGO = 1) then (OUTR  AC) & (FGO  0)

2.5 If the printer is not finish yet then FGO still 0

3 FGO  1
 Input & Output Instruction

These instructions are needed for:

Controlling

Transferring The interrupt facility

Information to/and
Checking
from AC register
The flag bits
Input & Output Instruction
 Program Interrupt

Programmed Control Transfer Interrupt

The computer keeps checking the flag bit, and when it finds it
set, it initiates an information transfer.
However, this is not an efficient way cause the information flow
Rate between the computer and I/O devices is different.

So we will use an
Interrupt facility
 Interrupt
facility

Here the computer is running a program without checking the flags.

However, when a flag is set, the computer will be interrupted and when
it is ready then it can respond to the interrupt.
 IEN is an interrupt enable f/f

When (IEN = = 0)

Then

(Pc can not be interrupted)

When (IEN = = 1)

Then
NOTE:
ION & IOF are instruction to set
(Pc can be interrupted) & reset the ION f/f
Interrupt Cycle
INT
 Program Interrupt

Computer keep checking the flags if there is any interrupt

Dev1
Dev3

Therefore,
Computer will not check
the flags every time

Dev4
Dev2
 Modified Fetch Cycle

R
R
R
R T3: AR  M[AR]

Instruction cycle

Interrupt
cycle
Derive the gate structure associated with the control inputs of AR ?

a Find all the statements that change the content of AR

b The control functions can be combined into 3 boolean expressions

c Draw the block diagram

Derive the gate structure for the memory read operation
(i.e. Symbol  M[AR])
Derive the gate structure associated to the IEN flip-flop?