@ @òîÛë‡Ûa@ÞbàÇþa@ñŠa†g

  ١
  ٢
 @ @
@ @
@ @
@ @
@ @
@ @

@ @òîÛë‡Ûa@ÞbàÇþa@ñŠa†g
@ @
@ @
@ @
@ @
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٣
  

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬KW
 K٢٠٠٧W‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٠٠٠W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

@ @@æý‰@‰a…@@@@@
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ٥٦٣٢٨٦٠W٥٦٢٧٠٦٠W
٢٥٩WK

  ٤
  

@ @@áí†Ôm
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٠-٩‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

  ٥
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬،W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ،
 ‫א‬،،
 ،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬،،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-‫א‬
–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬–
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬- ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬-‫א‬‫א‬- ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬- ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬KKW‫א‬     

  ٧
  ٨
 
@ @ðŠa†⁄a@‹ØÐÛa@s퇥ë@òî¾bÈÛa@paŠìİnÛa

 ‫א‬‫א‬
@ @
@ @
< <Jíè…]ý]<^ãi÷çÖ‚Úæ<l÷^’i÷]æ<l^Úç×ù]<l^Þ^Ïi JM
J^â†è† æ<íé¹^ÃÖ]<ì…^rjÖ]<Øèæ‚i JN
JíéÖæ‚Ö]æ<íé×]<Ñ]ç‰ù]<»<êÚçr]<‹Ê^ßjÖ] JO
< <Jíè†fÖ]<…]ç¹]<î×Â<ˆéÒÖ]æ<í×Óé]<ì^Âc JP
< <JíéÖæ‚Ö]<Ù^ÛÂù]<l^Û¿ß¹<ì†ÏjŠ¹]<Æ<íòéfÖ] JQ
 
 

  ٩
  ١٠
  

ð‰a…⁄a@ŠØÐÛa@s톤ë@òî½bÈÛa@pa‰ìİnÛa@@
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ١١
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ، ، 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

< < :‫ ﺍﻟﺜﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ‬- ‫ﺃ‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Internet 
 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ١٢
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬- ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

:‫ ﺘﻘﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺘﺼﺎﻻﺕ‬- ‫ﺏ‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ١٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٪٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

  ١٤
 < <W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٩٩٧‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
L٢١١L‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،L٦{٣L
‫א‬‫א‬١٩٩٧L٣{٢L١٩٧٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
١٩٤٧‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬١٩٩٣ ‫א‬، ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬EW.T.OF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،١٩٩٥‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 
،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ١٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬K 
‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE١‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٥
E١F
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٦

 ١٤،٢٠٠٢،‫א‬،KK٢١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬KE١F

  ١٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

< <W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

  ١٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
K
 ‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،

  ١٨
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
‫א‬، ‫א‬ ‫א‬، ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
K  ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E١F
W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
 K‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
Jeremy Hop and ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
،١٩٩٧‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Tomy Hope
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ،١٨–١٧‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬KE١F

  ١٩
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

< <W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٢٠
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
K
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

< <W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،
  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

  ٢١
  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪١٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٩٧٣‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٢٢
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ،
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٢٣
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،E٣C٢CF ١ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢
 ‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬٢٠٠٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Charles ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Handy
،‫א‬٢١‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬
،،،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E١FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،٢١ ‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١F
 K١٩٩٩،‫א‬،

  ٢٤
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
@ @òîÛë‡Ûa@ÞbàÇþa@ñŠa†g@âìèÐß
@ @
< <JíéÖæ‚Ö]<Ù^ÛÂù]<ì…]c<Ìè†Ãiæ<^è]ˆÚ {{<M
JíéÖæ‚Ö]<Ù^ÛÂù]<ì…]c<l^^Þ {{<N
JíéÖæ‚Ö]<Ù^ÛÂù]<ì…]c<í‰]…<géÖ^‰_ {{<O
JíéÖæ‚Ö]<Ñ]ç‰ù]<Ùç}<àÚ<l^Ò†Ö]<Í]‚â_ {{<P
JíéÖæ‚Ö]<Ù^ÛÂù]<ì…]c<»<ì‚ñ^ŠÖ]<l^vת’¹] {{<Q
JíéÖæ‚Ö]<Ù^ÛÂù]<ì…]c<î×Â<í¹çÃÖ]<…^ma {{<R
< <JêÖæ‚Ö]<ÐèçŠjÖ^e<íéÖæ‚Ö]<Ù^ÛÂù]<ì…]c<½^fi…]<íÎø {{<S

  ٢٥
  ٢٦
 @ @
@ @òîÛë†Ûa@ÞbàÇþa@ñ‰a…g@âìèÐß
< <W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ K٤

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٢٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Boll Donald, Wendel H.
Czinkota and OthersE١FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
?‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ١٣،٢٠٠١،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WKE١F

  ٢٨
 ‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEKKK‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬L٢L

< <W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
L٣٤٠L‫א‬١٩٩٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
K١٩٩٦L٩٠٠L‫א‬

  ٢٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
١٩٩٥‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬١٠-٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٪٢٠‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
E١F
K‫א‬‫א‬L٣L‫א‬K

 K١٨–KE١F

  ٣٠
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬ K٨
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ K٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٣١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫ א‬K١٠
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K‫א‬
K‫א‬،
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٣٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬−
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬−
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ W ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬−
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E١F
K‫א‬‫א‬L٤L

،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬KKE١F
 K٤١،٢٠٠١،‫א‬

  ٣٣
  ٣٤
 < <W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
K
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

< <W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

  ٣٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬٪٦٠-٣٠‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٣٦
‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
، ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

< <W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Transnational   ‫א‬
 International    
 Global   
 Multinational   ‫א‬
‫א‬٢٤-٢٣‫א‬
Multinational ‫א‬GlobalWorld
Global‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٣٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ،Multinational
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
 K‫א‬Multidomestic ‫א‬Multilocal
‫א‬Multinational Corporation ‫א‬
 KTransnational Corporation ،Multinational Enterprise
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-International Business-

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬–Multinational Company-

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬–Global Company-

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬–International Company-

 E‫א‬‫א‬FMultinational ‫א‬Global ‫א‬W

< <K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٣٨
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEWTOF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٣٩
 < <W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

  ٤٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ، ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٧
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬L٥L‫א‬K‫א‬

  ٤١
  ٤٢
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
@ @ZòîÛë‡Ûa@Öaìþa@À@Šb“nãüa@pbîvîmaa@

@ @@ZòîÛë‡Ûa@Öaìþa@Þ삆@pbîvîmaa
< <
< <J†è‚’jÖ]<çÏÂ<–<±æù] {{<M
< <Jíè‚Î^ÃjÖ]<l^éÎ^Ëi÷]<–<íéÞ^nÖ] {{<N
< <JíÒ¹]<l^Âæ†¹]<IínÖ^nÖ] {{<O
< <J†^f¹]<êq…^¤]<…^Ûnj‰÷]<IíÃe]†Ö] {{<P
< <Jíéréi]‰÷]<l^ËÖ^vjÖ]<–<íŠÚ^¤] {{<Q
< <Jl^q^Ú‚Þ÷]<–<í‰^ŠÖ] {{<R
< <JíéŠß¢]<ì‚ÃjÚ<l^Ò†Ö]<IíÃe^ŠÖ] {{<S

  ٤٣
  ٤٤
 @ @
@ @òîÛë†Ûa@Öaìþa@¿@‰b’nãüa@pbîvîmaa@
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬ ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
K‫א‬‫ א‬
 W‫א‬‫ א‬٢
 K‫א‬ 
K‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٥
K‫ א‬٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٧
‫א‬‫א‬
 K

 W‫א‬–‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E
 F

  ٤٥

 ‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

:‫ ﻋﻘﻭﺩ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ‬- ١

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٤٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬

:‫ ﻋﻘﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺨﻴﺹ‬- ٢
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-

  ٤٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-
K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-
 K‫א‬‫א‬٪٥‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬،
K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬

  ٤٨
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬-
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬

: ‫ ﻋﻘﻭﺩ ﺍﻻﻤﺘﻴﺎﺯ‬-٣
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٤٩
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬ K
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬- ‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–
‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،
 
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

:‫ ﻋﻘﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎﺡ‬-٤

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

: ‫ ﻋﻘﻭﺩ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬-٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٥٠
  W‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K٪٧٥‫א‬٪٤٩-٢٥‫א‬‫א‬
W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬      
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-
 K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-

  ٥١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-
K 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٥٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

  ٥٣
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ 
 ، ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

  ٥٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ،
 ‫א‬‫א‬- ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K  ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

  ٥٥
  E١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K- 
 K‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ١
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣
K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W  ‫א‬KE١F

 K٤٦٧-٤٦٦٢٠٠٣

  ٥٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E١FW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬

 ٤٧١‫א‬‫א‬E١F

  ٥٧
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E
 K‫א‬‫א‬

< < : ‫ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻻﻨﺩﻤﺎﺝ‬- ١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٥٨
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬?
 ‫א‬‫א‬? ،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫ ﻜﻴﻑ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﺍﻻﻨﺩﻤﺎﺝ ؟‬- ٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٪٩٠
،  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 WE٢٠٠١‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬E  ‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬W‫א‬

 ‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٥٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W  ١

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W  ‫א‬    ٢
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W  ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬   ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ٥
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٩١١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٦٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

: ‫ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻔﺎﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺍﻻﻨﺩﻤﺎﺝ ﻭﺍﻻﻜﺘﺴﺎﺏ‬-٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
? ‫א‬‫א‬‫?א‬
،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬? ‫א‬?

  ٦١
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬?
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬K ‫א‬
 K١٩٩٩‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٦٢
  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬
Multinational Companies and International Business

< < :‫ ﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺴﻴﺔ‬-١

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬
L٢٨٠{٠٠٠L L٤٥٠٠٠L١٩٩٨‫א‬‫א‬

  ٦٣
 L٧L‫א‬،‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬
 KE٢٤٥
E٣٥-٣٤KF١٩٩٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬L٣LL٢L
 
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٧٢  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬K١
 ٢٠٩  ‫א‬‫א‬  K٢
 ١٩٦ ‫א‬-‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 ١٩٤  ‫א‬‫א‬  K٤
 ١٧٣  ‫א‬‫א‬  K٥
 ١٤٠  ‫א‬‫א‬  K٦
 ١٣٣  ‫א‬‫א‬  K٧
 ١٣١  ‫א‬ K٨
 NTT‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٢٤  ‫א‬‫א‬  K٩
 ١٢١  ‫א‬‫א‬  K١٠
 ١٩٩٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٢L
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F١٩٩٩‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
L٤٠٧L‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬
 KL٣٣٣L‫א‬‫א‬
 

  ٦٤
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٧٨  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬K١
 ١٥٤  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬K٢
 ١٢٨ ‫א‬-‫א‬‫א‬  K٣
 ١٢٦  ‫א‬  K٤
 ١٢٠  ‫א‬‫א‬  K٥
 ١١٨  ‫א‬‫א‬  K٦
 ١١٤  ‫א‬  K٧
 ٩١  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬K٨
 ٩١  ‫א‬  K٩
 ٨٤  ‫א‬  K١٠
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 ١٩٩٧‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٣L

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
L١٧٨L
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٩٩٧
L١٤LK ١٢٩‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
L١٥٤L ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬L٩٠٠LK L١٢٨L
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٩٩٧‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E ١١٦F‫א‬E ٤٨٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE ٤٦FE ٥١FE١١٥F
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

  ٦٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬L٥٠٠L‫א‬
‫א‬E١٠{٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٤{٦F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬٢٥L٤L‫א‬
 
EF‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ١٦٨{٤    ‫א‬  ١
 ١٤٧      ٢
 ١٢٨ ‫א‬-    ٣
 ١١٩    ‫א‬  ٤
 ١٠٩  ‫א‬    ٥
 ١٠٦      ٦
 ٧٩    ‫א‬‫א‬  ٧
 ٧٨  ‫א‬    ٨
 ٧٦    KK  ٩
 ٧٦  ‫א‬    ١٠
 ٧٥    A.T.T  ١١
 ٧٢      ١٢
 ٧٢    -  ١٣
 ٧٠    ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤
 ٦٨  ‫א‬    ١٥
 ٦٧      ١٦
 ٦٥    ‫א‬  ١٧

  ٦٦
  ٦٤      ١٨
 ٦١    ‫א‬  ١٩
 ٥٩  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ٢٠
 ٥٥  ‫א‬    ٢١
 ٥٢ ‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬    ٢٢
 ٥١      ٢٣
 ٥٠  ‫א‬    ٢٤
 ٤٩  ‫א‬    ٢٥
L‫א‬‫א‬٢٥L٤L
KL٢٤٦K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
L
 ١٠L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
،L١٣٢LLIBMLKKK
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬٪٨٠‫א‬‫א‬٥٠٠‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬٪٣٠‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬٪٦٠،‫א‬‫א‬٪٤٥‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪٥٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

‫ ﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻜﺔ ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺴﻴﺔ؟‬- ٢

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

  ٦٧
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬٪٣٠-٢٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

‫ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺴﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺠﻬـﺔ ﻨﻅـﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟـﺔ‬- ٣

:‫ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻴﻔﺔ‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٢

  ٦٨
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ٣
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٧
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٨
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٩
،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٠
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

:‫ ﺴﻠﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻴﻑ‬- ٤

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫ א‬K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٦٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥

 K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٧٠
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
@ñŠbvnÛa@pbí‹Äãë@òîÛë‡Ûa@ÞbàÇþa@pbàÄäß
@ @ZòîuŠb©a
< <VíéÖæ‚Ö]<ì…^rjÖ]<l^è†¿Þ {{<M
 K‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬ 
K‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬ 
K ‫א‬ 
< <JíéÖæ‚Ö]<ì…^rjÖ]<l^Ò†<äq]çi<Ö]<l^fÏÃÖ] {{<N
Jl^¢] {{<O
< <Jíé¹^ÃÖ]<ì…^rjÖ]<íÛ¿ßÚ<ð^Þcæ<Ò]†Ú<†³öÚ< {{<P

  ٧١
  ٧٢
 @ @
@ @òîu‰b¨a@ñ‰bvnÛa@pbíŠÄãë@òîÛë†Ûa@ÞbàÇþa@pbàÄäß@

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 Comparative Advantage Theory‫א‬‫א‬W
 Absolute Advantage Theory ‫א‬‫א‬W
 Factor- Proportion Theory ‫א‬W
 The Product Lipe Cycle ‫א‬W‫א‬
 Competitive Advantage of Nations ‫א‬‫א‬W 

  ٧٣
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
 @@@@@@@@ Dunning's Theory For Foreign Dierect investment
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، 
  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

Comparative Advantage Theory ‫ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ‬- ‫ﺃﻭﻻ‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬

  ٧٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬
٢٥ ٨ 
 ٥٠  ٢  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،?‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

: ‫ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺎ – ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻘﺔ‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٧٥
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬، ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

:‫ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻨﺴﺏ ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ‬- ‫ﺜﺎﻟﺜﺎ‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬K١

 ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٪٨-٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬٪٤-٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
، ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬

  ٧٦
،‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
K ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

:‫ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻌﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺎ‬-‫ﺭﺍﺒﻌﺎ‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬-١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

  ٧٧
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬-٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬-٣
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬

  ٧٨
 ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬


E١F:‫ﺨﺎﻤﺴﺎ – ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻤﻡ‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ، ‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Porter
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-٤٨٠،٢٠٠٣،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K E١F
 EF٤٨١

  ٧٩

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K 
E ،،،F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬L٧L‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

  ٨٠
   :‫ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﻴﻨﻨﻎ ﻟﻼﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺠﻨﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ‬: ‫ﺴﺎﺩﺴﺎ‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-١
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    •

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ •

K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

  ٨١
  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬o
 K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬o
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ¾

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ¾

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ¾

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬- –‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ –‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٨٢
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٨٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
EF‫א‬،‫א‬، ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٣٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 WEGATTF‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
L٢٣L١٩٤٧‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬،L١٢٧L١٩٩٥
K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬W.T.OK ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ ١
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

  ٨٤
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٤
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
–‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬-‫א‬‫א‬-‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬
 W‫א‬١٩٨٦‫א‬‫א‬
 GATTSEF‫א‬‫א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-
TRIPSEF‫א‬‫א‬-

KTRIMSEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١FK٢٧٤٢١٣
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K١٠٢،١٩٩٩،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، KE١F

  ٨٥
 ‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
–
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬١
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٨٦
  WEWTOF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
١٩٩٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
- ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬–WTO‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–WTO‫א‬‫א‬
-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬– ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KWOT‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
- ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EWTOF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬LL
 K١٩٤٧‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
–‫א‬–‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫ א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

  ٨٧
  :‫ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ،‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
L٧L‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬L٨L‫א‬WTO‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KWTO‫א‬‫א‬

:١٩٩٤ ‫ﺃﻫﻡ ﺒﻨﻭﺩ ﺍﻻﺘﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺭﺍﻜﺵ ﻋﺎﻡ‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٪٥W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٤٠‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

  ٨٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
،٪٣٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،٪٢٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

  ٨٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W  ‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٥٠‫א‬‫א‬٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  :‫ﺍﻵﺜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻼﺘﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻤﻴﺔ‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٩٠
@ @@NòîÛë‡Ûa@ÞbàÇþa@ñŠa†g@ò÷îi

< <<JíéÖ^¹]æ<íè^’jÎ÷]<íòéfÖ]<V‹Ú^¤]<Ø’ËÖ]
< <<Jíé‰^éŠÖ]<íòéfÖ]<VŒ^ŠÖ]<Ø’ËÖ]
< <<JíéÞçÞ^ÏÖ]<íòéfÖ]<VÄe^ŠÖ]<Ø’ËÖ]
< <<JíéÂ^Ûjq÷]æ<íéÊ^ÏnÖ]<íòéfÖ]<VàÚ^nÖ]<Ø’ËÖ]

  ٩١
  ٩٢
 @ @
@ @áí†Ôm
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬، ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٩٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٩٤
  
 
 
 
 
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬
@ @
@ @NòîÛb¾aë@òí†b—nÓüa@ò÷îjÛa@
< <
< <Víè^’jÎ÷]<íòéfÖ]<IM
 K‫א‬‫א‬-١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
< <
< <VÙ^¹]<Œ_…æ<Ù^¹]<Ñ]ç‰_<–<íéÖ^¹]<íòéfÖ]<IN
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-١
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬-٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-٣

  ٩٥
  ٩٦
  

@ @@òîÛb½aë@òí…b–nÓüa@ò÷îjÛa@

 W‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

  ٩٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٪٢‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٪٨٠٠‫א‬
 K‫א‬

< <:‫ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻷﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ‬-١

‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬،١٩١٧‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G

  ٩٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬
،
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٩٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Gross National Product (GNP)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-١
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬- ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Gross National Personal (GNP-Capita)‫א‬-٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
< <WE١F‫א‬

 ٨٠-٧٩،٢٠٠١،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،KE١F

  ١٠٠
‫א‬‫א‬،٤٢،
 ‫א‬‫א‬ −
 K ‫א‬٨٩٥٦١٩٩٤
٣٦،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ −
K‫א‬٨٩٥٦٢٨٩٦‫א‬‫א‬
،٦٥،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
K‫א‬٢٨٩٥٧٢٦‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬، ٦٥،‫א‬‫א‬ −
١٩٩٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬٧٢٥
K
 K‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬E٥F
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
٧٢٦ ‫א‬٨٩٦٥
٢٨٩٥٧٢٦ ٨٩٦٥٢٨٩٦
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
   ‫א‬ 
   ‫א‬  
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬   
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬   
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
     
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

  ١٠١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬-٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ١٠٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٤٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،٪٣٢‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

  ١٠٣
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫ ﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴـﺔ ﻟﺘﻤﻭﻴـل ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴـﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠـﺎﺭﺓ‬-٢

‫ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 The International Monetary Fund (IMF)W‫א‬‫א‬x١z
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
١٩٤٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ١٠٤
  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫ א‬−
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬−
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬−
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E  ‫א‬‫א‬F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ W ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
، ،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

  ١٠٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٩٩٨،‫א‬
١٩٩٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٧
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 (IBRD)W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬x٢z
 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
،١٩٤٤ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١١‫א‬‫א‬١٨٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬،١٩٠‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ١٠٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٥
‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،٪١١‫א‬،٪١٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٪٣{٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٤،٪٥،٪٦{٩
 W‫א‬‫א‬

 International Development Association (IDA)W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ١٥٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 International finance Corporation (IFC)W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 (MIGA)W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
The Multi-Lateral Investment Guarantees Agency.
١٩٨٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ١٠٧
‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬x٣z
‫א‬١٩٧٧‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬x٤z
‫א‬١٩٧٤‫א‬١٩٦٧‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E٧KF‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ١٠٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
٪٣٤ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٦٠‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٩٧٤
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١١٤٥‫א‬
 K‫א‬
١٩٧٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
L٢٠L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
١٩٦١،‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫ א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬
 ،L٢L‫א‬

  ١٠٩
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬ 
 ٪٥٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،٪١٧‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،٪٢١‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١F٪٥
٣٠١٩٧٤W ‫א‬‫ א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K١٩٩٧،‫א‬‫א‬E١F

  ١١٠
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬ J 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E١FW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٣٠٠
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ،٦٥،١٩٩٥
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،K ‫א‬‫א‬E1F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F٢٠٠١،‫א‬‫א‬

  ١١١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬

< <‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ١١٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
–
 ‫א‬‫א‬W 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬–‫א‬–
 ‫א‬
‫א‬K 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EOff-shoreF?‫?א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٩‫א‬FK‫א‬‫א‬

  ١١٣
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١٠L‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Foreign Exchange MarketsW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ١١٤
L١{٢٣L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،١٩٩٥
‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬٪٢٥‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
٪٥ ،٪١٠٪١٥‫א‬
 K
‫א‬،١٩٩٩‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-٢
‫א‬E F‫א‬
‫א‬،E F‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬١٠-١‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

  ١١٥
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٩٩٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،L٣٠٠L‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٩٩١ ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬L٤٥٠L‫א‬
١٩٩٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K L٢٠٦٦L‫א‬

 ‫א‬١٩٩٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ١١٦
‫א‬،L١١٠L،L١٣٥L،L١٥٥L
 KL٤٠L،L٦٠L
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 Stock ExchangesWE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬-٣
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬١
‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٢
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٤

  ١١٧
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ٥
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٦
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬GG
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
،‫א‬،
 K،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ١١٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
W  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬١٩٩٧L٢٣{٥L١٩٨٩L١٢L‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
L٣٠٠٠L‫א‬‫א‬٣٠
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١٠٠٠٠L
‫א‬ K ‫א‬
‫א‬،L١٦L‫א‬L٣٠L
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،

 E١FW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،٢٠٠٣،   ، ‫א‬، ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬ K E١F
 K٢٦٢-٢٦٠

  ١١٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
< <W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬GG
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬١
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-١
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

K
 W‫א‬‫א‬-٢
K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬-٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬

  ١٢٠
 < <:(‫)ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺭﺼﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺴﻭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
K
 ٪٢٠٣٠‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬BLUE CHIP‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٪٨٠L٥٠٠L ‫א‬‫א‬Sand P 500 •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬FT100-١٠٠K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
٪٧٠
 ‫א‬L١٠٠L‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٤٠L 
L٤٠L،Electroning Trading System‫א‬

 K‫א‬

 
٪٧٠‫א‬L٣٠LE‫א‬FDAX
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬
L٢٢٥L‫א‬ENIKKEIF ‫א‬‫א‬
ETOPIXF‫א‬K  ٪٧٠L‫א‬
 K L١١٠٠L
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ١٢١
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١١L‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
G ‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬G  K K٢
‫א‬‫א‬G
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
 K٣
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬G ‫א‬‫א‬
 K٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G ‫א‬،
 K٥
 K‫א‬ 
  
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬G ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫ א‬K٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬

 L٢٣٣LK،‫א‬‫א‬E١F

  ١٢٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 KG  K٧
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G  K٨
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
‫א‬
‫א‬  K٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

< <‫ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K١٩٩٦L١١٠L
 ‫א‬١٩٩٤ L٧٠L‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE١F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K١٦٩،١٩٩٩،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،KE١F

  ١٢٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

< <‫א‬٢
(١)
(Options and Futures ‫)ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬@W
 ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

 Options‫א‬‫א‬-١
E ،، ،F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-٢٣٤KKK ،‫א‬،٢٠٠٣،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K E١F

 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F٢٥٩

  ١٢٤
  K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬

 SwapW‫א‬-٢
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 FuturesW‫א‬-٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 ForwardW‫א‬‫א‬-٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 SwaptionW‫א‬‫א‬-٥
،E F
 K

 CapW‫א‬-٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 FloorW‫א‬‫א‬-٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE ‫א‬‫א‬F

 Futures Contract ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

  ١٢٥
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢
 OptionsW‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٩٨٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ١٢٦
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WW‫א‬-
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-‫א‬
 K 
‫א‬‫א‬F  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬
،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ •

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
K‫א‬‫א‬

Global Deposittary ReceiptsEGDRF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣

:‫[ ﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﺘﻌﻨﻰ ﺸﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻴﺩﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬١]

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ١٢٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

:‫[ ﺍﻷﺴﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻹﺼﺩﺍﺭ ﺸﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻴﺩﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ‬٢]

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬−
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ −
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬−
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬−
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬−
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫ א‬−

  ١٢٨
 :‫[ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺸﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻴﺩﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬٣]
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬،
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ١٢٩
 :‫[ ﺃﻁﺭﺍﻑ ﺸﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻴﺩﺍﻉ‬٤]
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬E
 F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬

  ١٣٠
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

:‫[ ﻤﺯﺍﻴﺎ ﺇﺼﺩﺍﺭ ﺸﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻴﺩﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬٥]

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–
 K‫א‬-‫א‬‫א‬ −
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬−
 W‫א‬‫א‬–
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬−
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬−
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
K‫א‬‫א‬

: ‫[ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺇﺼﺩﺍﺭ ﻭﺴﻌﺭ ﺸﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻴﺩﺍﻉ‬٦]

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
K‫א‬‫א‬ −
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬−
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬−

:‫[ ﻋﻭﺍﻤل ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺘﻭﻗﻴﺕ ﺍﻹﺼﺩﺍﺭ ﻫﻲ‬٧]

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
K‫א‬

  ١٣١
  ١٣٢
  

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
@ @
@ @
@ @@òîbîÛa@ò÷îjÛa@
@ @
<Jíé‰^éŠÖ]<íòéfÖ]<†‘^ß {{<M
<í{{éÖæ‚Ö]<Ù< ^{{ÛÂù]<l^Ò†{{<°{{e<^’{{¹]<š…^{{Ãi<Ù^Ó{{c {{<N
<JíËé–¹]<íÖæ‚Ö]æ
<Jíé‰^éŠÖ]<†^~¹]<ÜèçÏi<íéËéÒ {{<O
< <<†^~¹]<î×Â<g×ÇjÖ]<géÖ^‰_ {{<P

  ١٣٣
  ١٣٤
 @ @
@ @@òîbîÛa@ò÷îjÛa@
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬، ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ، 
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ١٣٥
  ‫א‬‫א‬W
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
< <W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-١

‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
K
 W‫א‬‫א‬-٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬، 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

  ١٣٦
  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-٣
‫א‬
 ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
١٩٢٩‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ١٣٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

  ١٣٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ISO‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
، 
 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬٪٥٠‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K١

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬

  ١٣٩
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬?
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬

  ١٤٠
‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ١٤١
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬

  ١٤٢
  W‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

  ١٤٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 KE،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
E F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

  ١٤٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٩٩٩‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٢٠٠١
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬G ‫א‬‫א‬G ‫א‬ ‫א‬G
   ‫ א‬، ‫א‬F ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬G ‫א‬‫א‬G ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 ‫א‬  ‫ א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G ‫א‬‫א‬G  ‫א‬‫א‬G
،‫א‬‫ א‬F‫א‬
،‫א‬ E‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬KK‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬G ‫א‬‫א‬G ‫א‬‫א‬G
،E‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬F ،‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬  E‫א‬KK‫א‬،‫א‬  K‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬G   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G   ‫א‬‫א‬G
‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬،‫א‬  K‫א‬

  ١٤٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G   ‫א‬‫א‬G
‫א‬E‫א‬F ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬  K
K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G ‫א‬G
‫א‬‫א‬G 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬L‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K
‫א‬ ‫א‬G ‫א‬‫א‬G ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬F


 K‫א‬  E‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G ‫א‬G
‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G  ‫א‬‫א‬G
 E‫א‬‫א‬F
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G ‫א‬‫א‬G
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٦L
 ١٩٩٩‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫ א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ٨٠ ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦ ٩٠   ١
 ٧٩{٨ ‫א‬ ٢٨ ٨٩{٣   ٢
 ٧٨{٠٠   ٢٩ ٨٨{٣ ‫א‬‫א‬  ٣
 ٧٨{٠٠ ‫א‬ ٢٩ ٨٨ ‫א‬  ٤
 ٧٨{٠٠  ٢٩ ٨٨ ‫א‬  ٥
 ٧٧{٨ ‫א‬ ٣٢ ٨٧{٣ ‫א‬  ٦

  ١٤٦
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫ א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ٧٧{٣ ‫א‬ ٣٢ ٨٦{٥ ‫א‬  ٧
 ٧٧{٣ ‫א‬ ٣٣ ٨٦ ‫א‬  ٨
 ٧٦{٥   ٣٥ ٨٥{٥  ‫א‬  ٩
 ٧٦{٥  ٣٥ ٨٥  ‫א‬ ١٠
 ٧٦{٣  ‫א‬‫א‬ ٣٧ ٨٤{٣   ١١
 ٧٦{٣  ٣٧ ٨٣{٥  ١٣
 ٧٦ ‫א‬ ٣٩ ٨٢{٨  ١٤
 ٧٥{٥ ‫א‬ ٤٠ ٨٢{٨ ‫א‬ ١٤
 ٧٥ ‫א‬ ٤١ ٨٢{٣ ‫א‬ ١٦
 ٧٥ ‫א‬ ٤١ ٨٢  ‫א‬ ١٧
 ٧٥  ‫א‬ ٤١ ٨٢ ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٧
 ٧٤{٨   ٤٤ ٨٢  ١٧
 ٧٤{٥  ٤٥ ٨١ ‫א‬ ٢٠
 ٧٤{٥ ‫א‬ ٤٥ ٨١ ‫א‬ ٢٠
 ٧٣{٨ ‫א‬ ٤٦ ٨١  ٢٠
 ٧٣{٣   ٤٧ ٨١ ‫א‬ ٢٠
 ٧٣{٣   ٤٨ ٨٠{٣  ٢٤
 ٧٣  ٤٩ ٨٠{٣ ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤
 ٦٦{٥ ‫א‬ ٧٧ ٨٠  ٢٦
 ٦٦{٥  ٧٨ ٧٣ ‫א‬ ٥٠
 ٦٦{٣   ٧٩ ٧٢{٨ ‫א‬‫א‬ ٥٢
 ٦٥{٨   ٨١ ٧٢{٥  ٥٣
 ٦٥{٥  ‫א‬ ٨٢ ٧٢{٥ ‫א‬ ٥٣
 ٦٥{٥    ٨٣ ٧٢{٣ ‫א‬ ٥٥
 ٦٥{٥ ‫א‬ ٨٤ ٧٢{٣  ٥٥
 ٦٥  ٨٥  ٧١{٨ ‫א‬  ٥٧
 ٦٤{٨ ‫א‬ ٨٦ ٧١{٥  ٥٨

  ١٤٧
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫ א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ٦٣{٨ ‫א‬‫א‬ ٨٧ ٧١{٣  ٥٩
 ٦٣{٥ ‫א‬ ٨٨ ٧١{٣  ٥٩
 ٦٣{٣  ٨٩ ٧١{٣  ٥٩
    ٧٠{٨ ‫א‬ ٦٢
    ٧٠{٥ ‫א‬ ٦٣

 ٦٣{٣ ‫א‬‫א‬ ٩٠ ٦٩{٨ ‫א‬ ٦٤
 ٦٣{٣ ‫א‬ ٩١ ٦٩{٥ ‫א‬ ٦٥
 ٦٣  ٩٢ ٦٩{٥ ‫א‬ ٦٥
 ٦٣ ‫א‬ ٩٣ ٦٩{٣   ٦٧
 ٦٢{٥  ٩٤ ٦٩ ‫א‬ ٦٨
 ٦٢{٥  ٩٥ ٦٩ ‫א‬ ٦٨
 ٦٢{٥  ٩٦ ٦٨{٥  ٧٠
 ٦٢{٣  ٩٧ ٦٨{٣ ‫א‬ ٧١
 ٦٢ ‫א‬‫א‬ ٩٨ ٦٨  ٧٢
 ٦١{٨  ٩٩ ٦٧{٨ ‫א‬‫א‬ ٧٣
 ٦١{٥   ١٠٠ ٦٧{٥  ٧٤
 ٦١ ‫א‬ ١٠١ ٦٧{٣   ٧٥
 ٦١  ١٠٢ ٦٦{٨   ٧٦
 ٥٤{٨  ١٢١ ٦١ ‫א‬ ١٠٣
 ٥٤{٨  ١٢١ ٦٠{٨ ‫א‬ ١٠٤
 ٥٤{٠٠  ١٢٤ ٦٠{٨  ١٠٤
 ٥٣{٥  ١٢٥ ٦٠{٣  ١٠٦
 
 ٥١{٠٠  ١٢٦ ٥٩{٥  ١٠٧
 ٥١{٠٠  ١٢٦ ٥٩{٣  ١٠٨
 ٥٠{٠٠  ١٢٨ ٥٩{٠٠  ١٠٩

  ١٤٨
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫ א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ٤٩ ‫א‬ ١٢٩  ٥٩{٠٠  ‫א‬ ١٠٩

 ٤٨  ١٣٠ ٥٨{٣ ‫א‬ ١١١
 ٤٧{٨ ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣١ ٥٨{٣ ‫א‬‫א‬ ١١١
 ٤٤{٥ ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٢ ٥٨{٠٠  ١١٣
 ٤٢{٠٠ ‫א‬ ١٣٣ ٥٧{٥ ‫א‬ ١١٤
 ٤١{٣ ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٤ ٥٧{٠٠  ١١٥
 ٤٠{٠٠ ‫א‬ ١٣٥ ٥٧{٠٠  ١١٥
 ٣٩{٨  ١٣٦ ٥٦{٥  ١١٧
 ٣٨{٣  ١٣٧ ٥٥{٨  ١١٨
 ٣٣{٥  ‫א‬ ١٣٨ ٥٥{٣ ‫א‬ ١١٩
 ٣٠{٨ ‫א‬ ١٣٩ ٥٥{٠٠  ١٢٠
 ٣٠{٥ ‫א‬ ١٤٠ ٥٤{٨ ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬ ،
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ١٤٩
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ١٥٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬?
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K 
،،،،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬،F
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ١٥١
  ١٥٢
  
 
 
 
 
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬
@ @
@ @
@ @òîãìãbÔÛa@ò÷îjÛa
@ @
< <Jíéq…^¤]<l]…^Ûnj‰÷^e<í‘^¤]<íéÞçÞ^ÏÖ]<gÞ]ç¢] {{<M
< <JíéÖæ‚Ö]<Ù^ÛÂù]<ì…]c<Ù^¥<»<ÐéfŞj×Ö<í×e^ÏÖ]<°Þ]çÏÖ] {{<N
< <JíËé–¹]<íÖæ‚Ö]<áçÞ^Î {{<O
< <JíéÖæ‚Ö]<Ù^ÛÂù]<íÒ†Ö<Ýù]<íÖæ‚Ö]<áçÞ^Î {{<P
< <JêÖæ‚Ö]<áçÞ^ÏÖ] {{<Q
 

 

  ١٥٣
  ١٥٤
 @ @
@ @òîãìãbÔÛa@ò÷îjÛa@
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W  ‫א‬‫א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
  ،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K 

  ١٥٥
‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬-١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬-٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

: ‫ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻴﻔﺔ‬-١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -‫أ‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ١٥٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -‫ب‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬، 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

:‫ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻡ ﻟﺸﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬-٢

 ‫א‬‫א‬

  ١٥٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬

  ١٥٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

:‫ – ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ‬٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬-‫أ‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

  ١٥٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ -‫ب‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ W‫א‬ -‫ت‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ١٦٠
  
 
 
 
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
@ @òîÇbànuüaë@òîÏbÔrÛa@ò÷îjÛa
@ @
< <<íéÊ^ÏnÖ]<íòéfÖ]<†‘^ß {{<M
 K‫א‬‫ א‬
K‫א‬‫ א‬
 K‫א‬‫ א‬
< <JíéÖæ‚Ö]<Ù^ÛÂù]<ì…]c<î×Â<^â†maæ<íÊ^ÏnÖ] {{<N
< <Jšæ^ËjÖ]<l^éßÏiæ<ÄÛj]<íÊ^Ïm {{<O
< <

  ١٦١
  ١٦٢
 @ @
@ @òîÇbànuüaë@òîÏbÔrÛa@ò÷îjÛa@
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E
 ‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬،E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ١٦٣
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٪٢٠-١٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K،،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

  ١٦٤
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢٠٠١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
 KL١١L‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١١L‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
   ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
      ‫א‬‫א‬
      ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬
       
       
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 

  ١٦٥
  E١FW‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

Fhysical Factors : ‫ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﻨﻘﺴﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ‬-١

‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬ ‫א‬ -
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F
 K٢٠٠١،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K-
٢٠٠١،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، K-

  ١٦٦
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

Demographic Factors ‫ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬-٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
،٪٤-٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ١٦٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

  ١٦٨
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

Behavioural Factors :‫ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻭﻜﻴﺔ‬-٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،  ‫א‬‫א‬ W  ‫א‬-
 ‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬

  ١٦٩
،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ - 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

  ١٧٠
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬

  ١٧١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬  ‫א‬
 K     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬١
‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬- ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ١٧٢
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٣
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W
  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ١٧٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ W ‫א‬-
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬–
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬GG
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

  ١٧٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
،،F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ١٧٥
  ١٧٦
  
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬
@ @
@ @òîÛë†Ûa@ÞbàÇþa@ñ‰a…g@¿@òîÔîjİnÛa@kãaì¦a
@ @

 ‫א‬‫א‬
@ @
@ @òÐa@òÛë‡Ûa@Šbîn‚aë@Áî݃nÛa@òîvîmaa

< <Jíéq…^¤]æ<íé×}]‚Ö]<íòéfÖ]<í‰]…<I<M<í×u†¹] {{<M
< <Jêréi]‰÷]<¼éŞ~jÖ]<Í]‚â_<Ä•æ<I<N<í×u†¹] {{<N
< <JíéÖæ‚Ö]<Ñ]ç‰ù]<±c<Ùç}‚Ö]<íéréi]‰]<‚è‚ <IO<í×u†¹] {{<O
< <<íéÖæ‚Ö]<ÑçŠÖ]<Ùç}‚e<í‘^¤]<íéréi]‰÷]<„éËßi<I<P<í×u†¹] {{<P
< <Jð]ù]<ÜèçÏiæ<¼Ş¤]<„éËßi<î×Â<íe^ΆÖ]<IQ<í×u†¹] {{<Q

  ١٧٧
  ١٧٨
 @ @
@ @òÐîš½a@òÛë†Ûa@‰bînaë@Áîİ‚nÛa@òîvîmaa@
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

:‫ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﺩﻑ‬-١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ١٧٩
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬،
  ‫א‬‫א‬،E  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

:‫ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻷﻜﺜﺭ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻴﻔﺔ‬-٢

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

  ١٨٠
  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K
  ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ١٨١
  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

  ١٨٢
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
–‫א‬‫א‬-‫א‬‫א‬W  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬-‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
 K‫א‬‫א‬ −
 K‫א‬‫א‬ −
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬−
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −

  ١٨٣
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
،W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬،
 ،F 
٢‫א‬٪٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٪٧
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬–
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ١٨٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬– 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

 K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

  ١٨٥
  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫¾ א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ¾
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫¾ א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫¾ א‬
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫¾ א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬

  ١٨٦
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬-
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ˆ
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬

  ١٨٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬ ˆ
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ˆ
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ˆ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬

  ١٨٨
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ١٨٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫–א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ١٩٠
  
 

@ @

 ‫א‬‫א‬
@ @
@ @
@ @òîÛë‡Ûa@ÞbàÇþa@pb׋’@À@áîÄänÛa@
@ @@
< <<JíéÖæ‚Ö]<Ù^ÛÂù]<l^Ò†<»<Üé¿ßjÖ]<ÝçãËÚ {{<M
JíéÖæ‚Ö]<Ù^ÛÂù]<l^Ò†Ö<êÛé¿ßjÖ]<ØÓé] {{<N
< <JÜé¿ßjÖ]<Ù^Ó_<…^éj}÷<íéŠéñ†Ö]<l^ÚçϹ] {{<O

  ١٩١
  ١٩٢
 @ @

@ @@òîÛë†Ûa@ÞbàÇþa@pb׊‘@¿@áîÄänÛa@
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ١٩٣
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ١٩٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ١٩٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬Organizational Structure‫א‬‫א‬–
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ١٩٦
 :‫ – ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻷﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬١
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E ، ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١٢L
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١٢L‫א‬

  ١٩٧
 :‫ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ‬-٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١٣L‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١٣L‫א‬

  ١٩٨
 :‫– ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻭﻅﻴﻔﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ‬٣
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬،E ‫א‬F‫א‬،E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬

:‫ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ‬-٤

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ١٩٩
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١٤L‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١٤L‫א‬

:‫ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻌﻲ‬-٥

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E F
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

  ٢٠٠
  KKK‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬L١٥L
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
   
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬L١٥L‫א‬

  ٢٠١
 :‫ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻤﻲ‬-٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬-‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬L١٦L‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١٦L‫א‬

  ٢٠٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬
،،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٢٠٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

:‫ ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻜﺔ ﻭﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻟﻬﺎ‬-‫ﺃ‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E‫א‬F
 ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

:‫ ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻜﺔ‬- ‫ﺏ‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬

  ٢٠٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

:‫ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻋﻤل ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻜﺔ‬- ‫ﺝ‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

.‫ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻜﺔ‬-‫ﺩ‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٪٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

  ٢٠٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

:‫ ﺘﻭﺍﻓﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﺩﻯ ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻜﺔ‬-‫ﻫـ‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬،‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-١
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٢٠٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬-٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٢٠٧
  

  ٢٠٨
 ‫א‬‫א‬
@ @

@ @@òîÛë‡Ûa@ÞbàÇÿÛ@òîÛb¾a@ñŠa†⁄a
 
< <<êÖæ‚Ö]<ØèçÛjÖ]<…^’Ú {<_<
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫ א‬
< <<VíéÖæ‚Ö]<íf‰^] {<<h<
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
K‫א‬‫ א‬
< <<VíéÖæ‚Ö]<íéÖ^¹]<ì…]ý] {<t<
 ‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬

  ٢٠٩
  ٢١٠
 @ @
@ @òîÛë†Ûa@ÞbàÇÿÛ@òîÛb½a@ñ‰a…⁄a@
@ @International Financial Management (I F M)
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬

  ٢١١
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬

:‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻷﻭل – ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻭﻴل ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬-‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٪٢٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
٪٦٠٠‫א‬ ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

  ٢١٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬ ¾
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫¾ א‬
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ¾
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ¾
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٢١٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬

  ٢١٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ˆ א‬
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ˆ
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ˆ א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ˆ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ˆ
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬-٢
١٩٥٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬-٣
١٩٦٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٢١٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻭﻴل ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺠﻨﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ‬- ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
?‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬١٩٨٥‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٢١٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬٪٥٠
٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٢١٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،،
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

:‫ ﻤﻌﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﻤﻨﺢ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺠﻨﺒﻴﺔ‬- ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

  ٢١٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 International Accounting E١FW‫א‬‫א‬–

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ?   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬E١F
 K٢٠٠١،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬

  ٢١٩
 ‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ K‫א‬
‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KL١٧L
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٢٢٠
 ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
  - ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬G  K‫א‬G
 
‫א‬‫א‬ -
 ‫א‬G  ‫א‬G
   G
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
   ‫א‬G
 ‫א‬‫א‬G
 
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬G
‫א‬‫א‬G ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬G
 ‫א‬‫א‬G ‫א‬
  ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
  ‫א‬‫א‬G
 ‫א‬  G
‫א‬‫א‬G  
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬G  ‫א‬‫א‬
  G ‫א‬‫א‬G
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G ‫א‬‫א‬G
 
‫א‬‫א‬G  ‫א‬‫א‬G
   ‫א‬‫א‬G
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١٧L‫א‬
 L٣٤٠LKK
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

  ٢٢١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬   
‫א‬١٩٩٩،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

:‫ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻭﺍﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬‫א‬

  ٢٢٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ @W ‫א‬‫א‬-٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٪٥٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬-٣
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬@W
 ‫א‬-٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬@@W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٢٢٣
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

:‫ﺍﻟﺭﻗﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎل‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٢٢٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

Taxation : ‫ﺍﻟﻀﺭﺍﺌﺏ‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ،‫א‬، ‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

  ٢٢٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،٪١٧ ‫א‬‫א‬٪٤٠‫א‬٪٤٣‫א‬
 K‫א‬٪٣٧‫א‬٪٢٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
–٣٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٪٣٥
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧-٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٩٩١L١٠L‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
  
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬-
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬L١٥٠{٠٠٠LL١٠٠{٠٠٠L
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬L٥٠٠٠٠L‫א‬

  ٢٢٦
‫א‬K ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬- 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬
 ‫א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

  ٢٢٧
  W‫א‬‫א‬-٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–

:‫ ﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻭﻴل‬-١
 W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،١٩٩٧L٤٦٥L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٢٢٨
L١٦٥L‫א‬L٥٧٥L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٩٩٢L١٠٧L
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ELibor F
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٪٥٠ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،٪٨٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٢٢٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EKKK
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

:‫ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﻓﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺩﻴﺔ‬-٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-
،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٢٣٠
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬

  –‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ GG
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٢٣١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٢٣٢
K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٢٣٣
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

:‫ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬-٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Inflation Risks ManagementW‫א‬‫א‬-

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٪٥-١‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،٪٢٠–١٠،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٢٣٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٪٣–١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 Currency Fluctuation RisksW‫א‬-

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٢٣٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٢٣٦
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FK
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬GG
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ ¾
K‫א‬‫א‬ ¾
K‫א‬‫א‬ ¾
K‫א‬‫א‬ ¾
 K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬-١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

  ٢٣٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬W ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬-٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

  ٢٣٨
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬-٣
‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬W 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬GG
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

  ٢٣٩
  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬GG
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ١١٠٠٠٦٠٠٠‫א‬١٩٩٩–١٩٩٧
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KL٦٤L
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬

  ٢٤٠
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٩٩٧–١٩٩٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

.‫ ﻤﻘﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬-٤

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٢٤١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٨٠‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٪٦٠–٥٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

:‫ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺎﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬- ٥

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٢٤٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٢٤٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٢٤٤
  

@ @
@ @

 ‫א‬‫א‬
@ @
@ @ïÛë‡Ûa@ôìn¾a@óÜÇ@òí‹“jÛa@†Šaì¾a@ñŠa†g
@ @
< <<Jð]…‚¹]<…^éj}]<íéËéÒ {<M
<J‚Ê]çÖ]<ßqù]<†è‚¹]<äq]çi<Ö]<l^è‚vjÖ] {<N
<JêÖæ‚Ö]<†è‚¹]<“ñ^’} {<O
<JíéÖæ‚Ö]<l^Ò†Ö]<»<íè†fÖ]<…]ç¹]<ì…]c<l^éÖæöŠÚ {<P
 K‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 K‫א‬‫ א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬ 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
< <<J°×Ú^ÃÖ]<ˆéËvjÖ<솑^ù]<l^è‚vjÖ] {<Q

  ٢٤٥
  ٢٤٦
 @ @
@ @ïÛë†Ûa@ôìn½a@óÜÇ@ò튒jÛa@…‰aì½a@ñ‰a…g@
International Human Resources management
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K٣٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٢٤٧
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K
،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

  ٢٤٨
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K

  ٢٤٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٢٥٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ، ‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

  ٢٥١
  ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 EGFW
 K‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
K -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬

.‫ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬-‫ﺃ‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KEF٣٧٦–٣٧٤،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WK‫א‬EGF

  ٢٥٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KKL١٨L‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬
 
 
 
   
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١٨L

  ٢٥٣
 :‫ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬- ‫ﺏ‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

:‫ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ‬- ‫ﺝ‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻴﻑ ﻭﺭﺌﺎﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻜﺔ‬-‫ﺩ‬

:‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩ ﺍﻷﻡ‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٢٥٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

:‫ﺘﺤﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺩﺓ‬ – ‫ﻫـ‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٢٥٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬G
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٢٥٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬G
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 K
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫¾ א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ¾
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫¾ א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫¾ א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫¾ א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫¾ א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

  ٢٥٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ¾
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫¾ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ˆ א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ˆ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ˆ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ ˆ

  ٢٥٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ˆ א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬GG
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ -
 K
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬      
 W‫א‬

:‫ ﺘﻭﺼﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻭﻅﻴﻔﺔ ﻭﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﻭﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﻊ‬-‫ﺃ‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

  ٢٥٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ،
 ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

:‫ ﺍﺴﺘﻘﻁﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﻴﺯﺓ‬- ‫ﺏ‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٢٦٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 
L٧L‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٢٦١
‫א‬K ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬ K١
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
٪١٠‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫؟‬‫א‬ K٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬ K١
‫؟‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫؟‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤

  ٢٦٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
‫؟‬
E١F
  ‫א‬L٧L

:‫ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ‬- ‫ﺠـ‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
L٥٠L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪١{٥‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬K،KWL‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F
٢٩٠،٢٠٠١،‫א‬

  ٢٦٣
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬−
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬−
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬−
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
٢٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬−

  ٢٦٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬−
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KL٢٤L
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬،

  ٢٦٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٩٠‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬
٣٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KL٤٠٠L‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

:‫ﺩ – ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﻜﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺌﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٢٦٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

:‫ ﺘﻘﻭﻴﻡ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ‬- ‫ﻫـ‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬L٨L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٢٦٧
، ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKKKK‫א‬  KKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬   KKKKKKKK‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬  KKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬   KKKKKKK‫א‬
KKKKKKK‫א‬ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬G
١ ٢ ٣ ٤ ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬،
 K‫א‬
١ ٢ ٣ ٤ ٥  W‫א‬G
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
١ ٢ ٣ ٤ ٥  W‫א‬G
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
١ ٢ ٣ ٤ ٥  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 K

  ٢٦٨
 ١ ٢ ٣ ٤ ٥  W‫א‬G
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١ ٢ ٣ ٤ ٥  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬
١ ٢ ٣ ٤ ٥  W‫א‬‫א‬G
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬G
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٥F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬W‫א‬E٤F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬WEF
 E٣F
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢F
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WEFE١F
K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬L٨L‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬،
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

  ٢٦٩
 :‫ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺘﺏ ﻭﺍﻷﺠﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻭﻴﻀﺎﺕ‬- ‫ﻫـ‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٢٧٠
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٪٦٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٨٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F٪٦٥‫א‬‫א‬،٪٣٣‫א‬
 KE٣١١،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

  ٢٧١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،
 
 ،– ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،F‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬E، 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ١٥٠٠-١٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٤٠٠٠-٣٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬K٥٠٠-٣٠٠
‫א‬K‫א‬٨٠٠٠–٧٥٠٠،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦٠٠٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬L٢٠٠L‫א‬

  ٢٧٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٪١٠٠F‫א‬ 
 K١٩٩٩L٤L١١‫א‬‫א‬L٩L‫א‬

Š‘û½a@òàîÓ òîㆽa kîmÛa

١٦٦  ١
 ١٥٣    ٢
 ١٥٢    ٣
 ١٤٤  ‫א‬  ٤
 ١٤٠    ٥
 ١٢٨    ٦
 ١٢١  E‫א‬F  ٧
 ١١٢    ٨
 ١٠٩  E‫א‬F  ٩
 ١٠٨    ١٠
 ١٠٠    ١٦
 ٩٨    ٢٠
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٩L
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٢٧٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
L٦LL٥٧٦L١٩٩٨ ‫א‬
K L١١٧L
 ،‫א‬
L٩٨L
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬١٩٩٩L٣٣٣L١٩٩٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 KL٢٠٠L‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٢٧٤
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ٪٢٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٢٧٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

  ٢٧٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 -W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٨٠L
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٢٧٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

:‫ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل‬- ‫ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬٪٣-٢‫א‬٪١‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،٦٠٢٥-٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ٦٠-٥٥٢٩‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٢٧٨
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬G
‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٢٧٩

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

:‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ – ﺍﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻷﻭﻀﺎﻉ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٢٨٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

:‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ – ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

  ٢٨١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ١
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٢
‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٦
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬٧
،E  ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٨
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٩
K‫א‬
 

  ٢٨٢
  
 
 
 
 
 
 

‫א‬‫א‬
 
@ @
@ @@ISO@òî¾bÈÛa@òîbîÔÛa@pbЖaì¾a@áÄã@
@ @
@ @òÜßb“Ûa@ñ†ì§a@ñŠa†g@òÐÜÏë
@ @
 
< <<íé¹^ÃÖ]<íé‰^éÏÖ]<l^Ë‘]ç¹]<Ü¿Þ {<M
< <í×Ú^Ö]<ìç¢]<ì…]c<íËŠ×Ê {<N

  ٢٨٣
  ٢٨٤
 @ @
@ @@ISO@òî½bÈÛa@òîbîÔÛa@pbЕaì½a@áÄã
@ @òÜßb’Ûa@ñ…ì¦a@ñ‰a…g@òÐÜÏë
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ISO 9000‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

The International ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Organization for standardization
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 KLWTOL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ISO 9000‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ETQMF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٢٨٥
 ‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

:‫ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﻫﻡ ﻤﻨﻁﻠﻘﺎﺕ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻨﺫﻜﺭ‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 K
ISO 9000‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

  ٢٨٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
١٩٩٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،LISO 9000L‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬LISO 9000L‫א‬‫א‬-‫א‬
ISO L،LISO 9001L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KLISO 9003L،L9002
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬LISO 9001L‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬LISO 9002L‫א‬‫א‬-‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬E١٨F
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬LISO 9003L ‫א‬‫א‬– ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬E١٢F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬LISO 9004L‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬GG
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬LISO 9004LLISO 9000L-‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

  ٢٨٧
 ‫א‬LISO 9003LLISO 9002LLISO 9001L-‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
LISO 9000L‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

:ISO 9000 ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺤل ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟـ‬

،
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬- ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬-  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 L٢١٧،L‫א‬L١٩L‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 
‫א‬‫א‬
  
‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 
 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬L١٩L‫א‬

  ٢٨٨
  W‫א‬‫א‬
–‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬ –‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬–‫א‬
–‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
––‫א‬‫א‬–
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
–‫א‬W–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
–‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
–‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬
 KE‫א‬FLISO 9000L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬W
 ‫ א‬K٣
K‫א‬–‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
K‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٧
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٨
–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٢٨٩
 ‫א‬‫א‬   
  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
LISO 9000L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬KE‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 WLISO 9001L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-١١ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-١
K‫א‬‫א‬-١٢ KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬-٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-١٣  KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-١٤  KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬-٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -١٥ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٥
 K‫א‬  K‫א‬
 K‫א‬-١٦  KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬-٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-١٧ KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬-١٨  K‫א‬-٨
 K‫א‬-١٩ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-٩
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-٢٠  K‫א‬‫א‬-١٠
،‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬LISO 9001L‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬
 WLISO 9002L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-١٠ K‫א‬‫א‬-١
K‫א‬‫א‬-١١ K‫א‬-٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-١٢  K‫א‬‫א‬-٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-١٣  K‫א‬‫א‬-٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-١٤  K‫א‬-٥

  ٢٩٠
  W‫א‬-١٥  K‫א‬‫א‬-٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-١٦  K‫א‬-٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬-١٧ K‫א‬‫א‬-٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-١٨  K‫א‬‫א‬-٩
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬LISO 9001L‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 WLISO 9003L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬-٧ K‫א‬‫א‬-١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-٨ K‫א‬-٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-٩  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-٣
 K‫א‬-١٠  K‫א‬-٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬-١١  K‫א‬‫א‬-٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-١٢ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-٦
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،EKKK
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 KLISO 9004L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬-١١ -١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-١٢ K‫א‬‫א‬-٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-٣  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-٣
 K‫א‬-١٤  K‫א‬‫א‬-٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-١٥  K‫א‬-٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬-١٦  K‫א‬‫א‬-٦

  ٢٩١
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-١٧  K‫א‬‫א‬-٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬-١٨  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬-١٩  K‫א‬-٩
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-٢٠  K‫א‬‫א‬-١٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

‫ﻭﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‬/ISO 14000 / ‫ﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ‬

ISO L ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٩٩٦‫א‬L14000
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
،E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬L ISO 14000L‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬

  ٢٩٢
  ‫א‬‫א‬-‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥

 W‫א‬‫א‬-‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤

 W‫א‬‫א‬-‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫ א‬K٢
 K‫א‬ K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٧

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-٤

  ٢٩٣
  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
K

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-‫א‬
 LISO 14000L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬LISO 14001L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬LISO 14004L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬LISO 14011L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬LISO 14011L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
LISO 14012
LISO 14013L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
LISO 14014L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
LISO 14015L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
LISO 14020L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٩
LISO 14031L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-١٠
‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬، ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

  ٢٩٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 EGFW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٩٣٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E*F
،‫א‬،‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٩٩٨

  ٢٩٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 K‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫ א‬K٦
 K‫א‬
‫א‬-W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ –‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٨٥
 ،‫א‬
‫א‬٪١٥‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E١٥–٨٥F
‫א‬٪٦‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٩٤‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤

  ٢٩٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  K٧
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ K١٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬GG
 W
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬

  ٢٩٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KFW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬GG
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٨٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٢٠‫א‬

  ٢٩٨
‫א‬W  ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W  ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
K
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬GG
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫• א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬
K 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٢٩٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  -
‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٣٠٠
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬K،‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ¾
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ¾
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫¾ א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ¾
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ¾
K‫א‬‫א‬ ¾
K‫א‬‫א‬‫¾ א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫¾ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬-  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ˆ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ˆ

  ٣٠١
 K‫א‬ ˆ
K‫א‬ ˆ
K‫א‬ ˆ
K‫א‬‫א‬ ˆ
K‫א‬ ˆ
K‫א‬ ˆ
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬–
 W‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬o
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬o
K‫א‬
K‫א‬ o
K‫א‬ o
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬o
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٣٠٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬K٩
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
، ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،

  ٣٠٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Six sigma‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KSix Sigma‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬ -

  ٣٠٤
  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
@ @
@ @@ïÛë‡Ûa@ÕíìnÛa@
@ @
JêÖæ‚Ö]<ÐèçŠjÖ]<ÝçãËÚ JM
JêÖæ‚Ö]<ÐèçŠjÖ]<…çŞi<Øu]†Ú JN
JêÖæ‚Ö]<ÐèçŠjÖ]<Ìè†Ãi JO
Jíé¹^ÃÖ]<íòéfÖ]<Ùç}‚Ö<l^Ò†Ö]<l^éréi]‰] JP
JêÖæ‚Ö]<ÐèçŠjÖ]<l^Úç×ÃÚ<Ý^¿Þ JQ
J†èƒ^]æ<^è]ˆ¹]<V<†è‚’jÖ] JR
<VêÖæ‚Ö]<êÏèçŠjÖ]<s船] JS
 K‫א‬ 
K‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬ 

 K‫א‬‫א‬ 

  ٣٠٥
 

  ٣٠٦
 @ @
@ @@ïÛë†Ûa@ÕíìnÛa
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J١

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٣٠٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٣٠٨
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫ א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٣٠٩
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٣١٠
‫א‬K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫@א‬W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫@א‬W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،  ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬@@W‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬
 

  ٣١١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬Ohmae‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬،‫א‬Vernon‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E١FWOhmae ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K 
‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K ‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ KE١F
 K٢٠،١٩٩٧،‫א‬

  ٣١٢
 
  ،‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬Ohmae Levitt
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ، 
 KEKF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Vernon Ohmae 
‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
  ‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬ K
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬Vernon
‫א‬‫א‬Ohmae‫א‬K
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Vernon
  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ Ohmae
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-

  ٣١٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-

  ٣١٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬? ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫?א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٠٠١‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?،١٩٩٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kahler‫א‬@-‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬WPaliwoda‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٣١٥
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Daniels et.‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Albaum‫א‬@‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
 K
 K‫א‬‫ א‬o
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Bradley‫א‬‫א‬@ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٣١٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K?‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

  ٣١٧
  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E١F
W‫א‬‫א‬
International Strategy  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬
Multidomestic Strategy ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-‫א‬
 Global Strategy  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-‫א‬
 Strategy Transnational‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 KL٢٠L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

:‫ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺭﺍﺘﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬-‫ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ، ‫א‬

K K ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  E١F

 ٢٠٠١‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

  ٣١٨
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
E
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬
‫א‬

 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 
  
   
‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٢٠L

  ٣١٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K٪٣٠٪٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬

:‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺭﺍﺘﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ‬ – ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

  ٣٢٠
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

:‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺭﺍﺘﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ‬ – ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬


  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

:‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺭﺍﺘﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﺒﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺴﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل‬ – ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻌﺔ‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٣٢١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
E ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬K ‫א‬
L٩L‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٣٢٢
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫ • א‬ ‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  •
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •  K‫ א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •  ‫א‬    ‫• א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ • א‬   ‫א‬         ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫• א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫• א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
  ‫א‬      ‫א‬   •  K‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫ א‬ ‫א‬    ‫• א‬ 
   ‫א‬         ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٩L
 E٤٢٩F

:‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺭﺍﺘﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺠﻪ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻭﻴﻕ‬ – ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻤﺴﺔ‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬

  ٣٢٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٣٢٤
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬، 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٣٢٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
? ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫?א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬-١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٣٩٩KF?
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٢١L ‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬KE
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

  ٣٢٦
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬-٢
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬   

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 
 EBeamish et al 1997KF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٢١L

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

  ٣٢٧
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W ‫א‬‫א‬-٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬-٥
‫א‬K ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٣٢٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ ،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٣٢٩
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ، 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 KEKK‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٣٣٠
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬
 KEKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٣٣١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬GG
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٣٣٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬K 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٣٣٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬-‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬F‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٣٣٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E١FW
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

،١٩٩٧،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،KE١F
 EF٤٥

  ٣٣٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
–‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬L٩L
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

 K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

K‫א‬‫א‬

  ٣٣٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •


 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ •

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ •

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ •

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ¾

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ¾

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ¾

،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ¾

‫א‬F
 ‫א‬

  ٣٣٧
 KE
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ¾

K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ¾

K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ¾

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ˆ

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ˆ


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ˆ

‫א‬E
 ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ˆ

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٣٣٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ˆ

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ˆ

‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-‫א‬W‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٣٣٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Zhibatsu‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E٤١٧، KFSogo Sasha‫א‬

١٦،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣L١
E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E  ‫א‬

  ٣٤٠
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١٥L
‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬L١٣L‫א‬
F١٩٩١L٦L،
 KE٤١٩،

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٣٤١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 International Marketing Mix Policies ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 Product Policies    ‫א‬–
 Pricing Policies    ‫א‬- 
 Distribution Policies    ‫א‬- 
 Promotion Policies    ‫א‬- ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Product Policies ‫ ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ‬-‫ﺃﻭ ﹰﻻ‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٣٤٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬GG
 W‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬

  ٣٤٣

 ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬- ‫א‬‫א‬-‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬W
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬-‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬L٢٢L
 
 ‫א‬  
 
 
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 
‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬  
 ‫א‬
 
E١F E٢F  
 
 ‫א‬L٢٢L
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬F‫ א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٣٤٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ •

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ •

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ˆ

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬١٢٠‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ˆ

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٢٠
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ˆ

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬

  ٣٤٥
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ˆ

K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬١٩٩٧‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ¾

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ¾

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ¾

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ¾

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٣٤٦

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ¾

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ¾

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٣٤٧
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ o

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

  ٣٤٨
، ، F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E ،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
،،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬KEKK،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٣٤٩
WE
 ١٩٩٧،١٦٢، F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
،، ،
 ،F‫א‬
 EKKK
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ -
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Pricing Policies ‫ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺎ – ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻌﻴﺭ‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٣٥٠
‫א‬‫א‬ W ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬E
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ W
 ‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

  ٣٥١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-١

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬

  ٣٥٢
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E
  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٣٥٣
  W‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬F
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 EK،KF‫א‬-٢

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W ‫א‬
 Ex- Factory ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

  ٣٥٤
  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
( Free on Truck  Free on Rail ) F.O.T  F.O.R.

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (Free along side Ship) F.A.S. ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (Free on Board ) F.O.BW‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 Cost and Freight (C. and. F) ‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٣٥٥
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 (Cost Insurance and Freight) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬، ‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬

  ٣٥٦
  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
‫א‬-  ‫א‬‫א‬-‫א‬‫א‬-
 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٣٥٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،
 ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬

  ٣٥٨
 ‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬-٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬-١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬٪٤٠-٣٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٣٥٩
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬-٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬  K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫ א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-٦
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٣٦٠
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬، ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬GG
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
- ‫א‬‫א‬- ‫א‬‫א‬W  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٣٦١
  ‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬-‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-‫א‬
‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬–
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

Distribution Policies ‫ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ‬ – ‫ﺜﺎﻟﺜﺎ‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 
K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬

  ٣٦٢
 ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬-١

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬Sogo Shosha 

  ٣٦٣
 ،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪٥٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE 
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٣٦٤
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٣٦٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬،‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬

  ٣٦٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-٢
K
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬٪٤٠-٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٣٦٧
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 .
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬ -
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٣٦٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬- ‫א‬–‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-‫א‬-‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬–E‫א‬F‫א‬-‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-  ‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬ ‫א‬-‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-٤

، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

–‫א‬–‫–א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬–‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
 ‫א‬
‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫–א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬

  ٣٦٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬GG
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-١

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

 K‫א‬ •

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬-٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٣٧٠
  W‫א‬W‫א‬-٣
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ •

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٣٧١
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  •

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Promotion Policies ‫ ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻭﻴﺞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻭﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ‬-‫ﺭﺍﺒﻌ ﹰﺎ‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬-١
‫א‬‫א‬- ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٣٧٢
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬–‫א‬- ‫א‬‫א‬- ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬- ‫א‬‫א‬
K 
 ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬،
 ‫א‬–‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٩٩٧‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬L١٠L‫א‬

  ٣٧٣
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ •

 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
-‫א‬–‫א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬-‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
–‫א‬
‫א‬
--‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ٢١٧،KL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١٠L‫א‬

  ٣٧٤
  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬- ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬ •

،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬ •

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬

  ٣٧٥

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬ •

W‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
KE‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬ •

‫א‬‫א‬K
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬@W ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ •

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-٤

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ GG
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫ א‬-

  ٣٧٦
 K‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬ -
K‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫ א‬-
 K‫א‬GG
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،،F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬E 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-١
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫ א‬-
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬

  ٣٧٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ¾

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ¾

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ¾

K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ¾

K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ¾

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ¾

K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ¾

K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ¾

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ¾

K
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٣٧٨
  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
 K 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٣٧٩
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE١F?
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

،١٩٩٤،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ،KE١F
 K١٢٥

  ٣٨٠
L٧٠L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،١٩٨٧L٢٠L‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬،  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٣٨١
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
CNNK‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

  ٣٨٢
،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٣٨٣
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٣٨٤
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-١

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

  ٣٨٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٣٨٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬–‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

  ٣٨٧
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬–‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٣٨٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
، ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

International Marketing Research : ‫ﺨﺎﻤﺴﺎ ﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻭﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-١
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٣٨٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫ א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٣٩٠
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

  ٣٩١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬

  ٣٩٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
،‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KE‫א‬‫א‬-‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬

  ٣٩٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

E١F‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢F‫א‬‫א‬
K-‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
، ‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٣٩٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ G
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

K
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

  ٣٩٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

  ٣٩٦
 @ @
@ @

 ‫א‬‫א‬
@ @
@ @@òîãëØÛ⁄a@ñŠbvnÛa
@ @
< <JíéÞæÓÖý]<ì…^rjÖ^e<Ìè†ÃjÖ] IM
<VD<kéÞÞý]<EêÞæÓÖý]<¼é‰çÖ] IN
 K‫א‬‫א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-
 K‫א‬‫א‬-
 K‫א‬‫א‬-
< <JíéÞæÓÖý]<ì…^rjÖ]<“ñ^’} IO
JíéÞæÓÖý]<ì…^rjÖ]<…^maæ<^è]ˆÚ IP
JíéÞæÓÖý]<ì…^rjÖ]<l]†öÚ IQ

  ٣٩٧
 < <
< <
< <
JíéÞæÓÖý]<ì…^rjÖ]<|^¨<l^fתjÚ IR
JíéÞæÓÖý]<ì…^rjÖ]<l^ÏéfŞi IS
<íéÞæÓÖý]<ÄÊ‚Ö]<ц IT
JkéÞÞý]<Â<ÐèçŠjÖ] IU
< <JíéÞæÓÖý]<ì…^rjÖ]<»<ˆéqçÖ]<tƒçÛßÖ] IML
< <JíéÞæÓÖý]<ì…^rj×Ö<íéÛé¿ßjÖ]æ<íéÞçÞ^ÏÖ]<íòéfÖ] IMM

  ٣٩٨
  

@ @@@@@@@òîãëØÛ⁄a@ñ‰bvnÛa@
@ @(Electronic Commerce )@EC@@
 E١FW‫א‬‫א‬ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،١٩٩٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
L٤٠٠L‫א‬١٩٩٨L٣٢L‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢٠٠٢
‫א‬٪٦٤‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
L٧٦L‫א‬L١{٥L‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬KF‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F
‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬  K?  ‫א‬ ‫א‬? ،٢٠٠٣،  ‫א‬
 K٢٠٠١،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٣٩٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬KFW
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬GG
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬-
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-‫א‬

  ٤٠٠
 ‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W  ‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٤٠١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
Electronic Commerce‫א‬‫א‬e-Commerce

Enter- net ‫א‬I- CommerceE  ‫א‬‫א‬F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬FCommerce
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬ ECoppelF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬L١١L‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  
    
G2C G2B G2G
      
B2C B2B B2G
    
C2C C2B C2G
 E١٥،‫א‬KF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١١L

  ٤٠٢
 EG2GF‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EG2BF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EG2CF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EB2GF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EB2BF‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EB2CF‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EC2GF‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EC2BF‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٨
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EC2CF‫א‬‫ א‬K٩
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EB2CF‫א‬‫א‬EB2BF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٤٠٣
  WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،EWIPOF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، 
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Enon-proprietary proto- colsF

 K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEKK‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬، F
‫א‬‫א‬١٩٦٩‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬١٩٨٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬World wide web EWWWF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

  ٤٠٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،WWW
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،١٩٩٠–١٩٦٩–‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬– ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E2-‫א‬? 
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٦٠٠‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٢-‫א‬L
،‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٢–‫א‬

  ٤٠٥
 ‫א‬ ?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
L١٠٠٠L
  ‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬١٩٩٥
،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬GG
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EB2CF
 KE٢٦-٢٥‫א‬KF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   •

‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬EF‫א‬
E  ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ •

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KWidows 98‫א‬
E
 ‫א‬‫א‬F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬ •

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

  ٤٠٦
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬، ‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EKK‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬F‫א‬K‫א‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬KEDomine NameF‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬htt:// WWW.Darelfarouk.com
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬LIP AdressL‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،E333.11,540.88F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٤٠٧
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،WWW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،،F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Furat‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ECom,gov.,ind., mil.,edu. KK،،
 KESyr.)‫א‬‫א‬
?‫א‬?  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬?  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

:(‫ ﻨﺸﺄﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻤﻴﺴﻲ‬.‫ ) ﺩ‬: ‫ ﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺭﻨﻴﺕ‬- ‫ﺃ‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬WWEP‫ א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 KEWEP‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬WElectronic MailEEMF‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬WTelnetW‫ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
EPass wordF‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬WFTPKK 
 K‫א‬

  ٤٠٨
 ‫א‬‫א‬WChat‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

:‫ ﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻭﻴﺏ‬- ‫ﺏ‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
Microsoft Explorer ‫א‬Netseape‫א‬

‫א‬LL،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬Server‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬GG
 W‫א‬‫א‬

  ٤٠٩
‫א‬‫א‬Back‫א‬ •

 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Forword ‫א‬ •

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Reload ‫א‬ •

 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 Home page‫א‬‫א‬Home‫א‬ •

‫א‬‫א‬ Search ‫א‬ •

 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬Guide‫א‬ •

 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬Print‫א‬ •

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Security‫א‬ •

 K‫א‬Stop‫א‬ •

:‫ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ‬- ‫ﺝ‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Search EngineE‫א‬F‫א‬
 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K Keyword‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 

  ٤١٠
 www. yahoo.com
www.infoseek.com
www.lycos.com
www.hotbot.com
www.exicte.com
www.actavista.digital.com
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
Netscape‫א‬Back‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Car -OR
‫א‬boat car،car or boatcar boat boat
‫א‬‫א‬،car ANP boat

‫א‬K?export heavy equipment ?W ‫א‬

car NOT equipmentWNot‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KLwww.findspot.com L

:‫ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻲ‬- ‫ﺩ‬

‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬K

  ٤١١
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
user.id،user id@domain nameW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬domin name، ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬L ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬
‫א‬ K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Smtp Simple Mail Trans Fer protocol ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
www.hotmail.com‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
Sign up Now‫א‬‫א‬ 
Accept‫א‬Hotmail‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬Hotmail ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ Submit information ‫א‬
User-‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K
 ‫א‬‫א‬Password ‫א‬name
‫א‬‫א‬Hotmail 
‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬

  ٤١٢
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 
 
 W‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬From •

 K‫א‬‫א‬To •

 KE‫א‬F‫א‬Subject •

 ‫א‬Date •

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Replay •

 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Replay All •

 K‫א‬Froward •

 K‫א‬‫א‬Delete •

‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Previous, Next, Close •

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WHotmail‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬Send
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬To  ƒ

 KEF‫א‬
 Subject‫א‬ ƒ

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ CC ƒ

 K‫א‬

  ٤١٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬BCC ƒ

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ Send ‫א‬ ƒ

 KSave Draft‫א‬ ƒ

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Attachment‫א‬ ƒ

 K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Cancel ‫א‬ ƒ

‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬FG
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،، ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢٠٠١،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E،‫א‬،Wipo  ‫א‬KF

 W‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٤١٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،E
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬

  ٤١٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬GG
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫–@א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬@-‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬@–‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

  ٤١٦
  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 
?
 ‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬KE
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EB2CF‫א‬‫א‬EB2BF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EB2CF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬٪٨٥‫א‬ ،
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬،
  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٤١٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
?‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٩٠‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٪١١
‫א‬‫א‬٪٧٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٪١٤‫א‬K٪١٠٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٤١٨
 ‫א‬٪٤٠٢‫א‬
٪٤   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٣٩،‫א‬KF‫א‬E١{١٤F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

  ٤١٩
 KF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 WE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬L١٢L‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K٢٠٠٠

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
 E‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬F
E١٧٠FE٧٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٩٩٩
 K٪٢{٥٪١{٠٣‫א‬‫א‬E٦٨٠٠F

  ٤٢٠
 ٢٠٠٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،٤٦٠٠١٢٤٤‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K٥٠٠٠‫א‬٢٠٠٥
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٩٩٧L٣٩L١٩٩٦L١٥{٥L
‫א‬٪٨٠٢٠٠٢L٦٠٠L
‫א‬‫א‬٪٣٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٪٠{٣L‫א‬‫א‬
  
‫א‬   
‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫ א‬
‫א‬ ‫ א‬‫א‬
 ١٠٠٠ ‫א‬
١٠٠ ١٠٠٠ 
٠{٩٤ ٦٣٢٦ ٥٢{٥٣ ٤٠٩٤{٣ ٢{٧٥ ٢١٨٣٥٢ ‫א‬‫א‬
١{٢ E٩٩F٧٥٠ ٧٠{٨٩ ٤٥٠ ٠{٣٥ ٢٢٤٠  
٤٢{٢٦ ١٩٤٢٣٢ ١٥٠٣{١٥ ١٢٣٧٣١{٠ ١٠٢٩{٢٣ ٨٤٨٩٦٨١١  ‫א‬
٥٨{٥٢ ١٦١٠٠٠ ٣٤٦٥{٧٨ ٩٥٣٥٤{٠٠ ٢٩٢٨{٣٢ ٨٠٥٦٦٩٤٧  ‫א‬‫א‬
٤{٤١ ٧٥٠٠ ٢٩٣{٩٢ ٥٠٠٠{٠٠ ٥١{٥٣ ٨٧٦٥٩٦  ‫א‬‫א‬
٢{٩ ١٠٠٣٣٢ ٣٢٦{٠٠ ١١٥٣١٠{٩ ١٩{٥٧ ٧١٠٠٥٩٧  
٣١{٥٢ ٤٠٠٠٠ ٣٧٠٩{٤٥ ٤٧٠٨٠{٠٠ ٣٦٥{٦٦ ٤٦٤٠٨٦٣  ‫א‬
٥{٧٤ E٩٩F١٢٠٠ ٩٢{٥٦ ٢٠٠{٠٠ ١{٧٣ ٣٧٥٤  ‫א‬
٠{٤٥ ٤٦٠٠ ٤٩{٣٩ ٥٠٠٠{٠٠ ٠{٣٥ ٣٥٨١٠  ‫א‬
١٦{٨١ ١٣١٤٣٠ ١٢٥٠{٥٣ ٩٩٧٨٠{٣ ١٥٧{٠١ ١٢٥٢٨٧٦٥  
٣٣{٧٨ ٢٠١٩٠ ٢٥٧٦{٧٢ ١٥٤٠٠{٠٠ ٢٨٠{٧٥ ١٦٧٧٩٤٦  
٤{٢٩ ٦٣٠٠ ١٣٦{١٢ ٢٠٠٠{٠٠ ٢٢{٢٢ ٣٢٦٥٢٣  
٤٢{١٤ ١٠٣٤٣ ٢٥٣٩{٦٩ ٧٧١٦{٥ ٦٤٧{٤٩ ١٩٧٢٧٩٢  ‫א‬
٤٦{٤٦ ٨٩٠٠ ٣٤٩٧{٤٢ ٦٧٠٠{٠٠ ٨٤٣{٥٢ ١٦١٥٩٣٩  ‫א‬‫א‬
٧{٧١ ٤٤٢٦٦٣ ٥٨٧{٥٢ ٣٥٠٦٣٣{٠٠ ١٧٥{٦٦ ١٠٦٧١٧٣١  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬F٢٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬L١٢L

  ٤٢١
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ،٢٠٠٣L١{٣L
 ‫א‬١٩٩٨‫א‬L٤٨L
 ١٩٩٨L٣{٩L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٢٠٠٣L١٠٨L‫א‬
‫א‬L١{٣L‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪٧٤‫א‬،٢٠٠١L١٠٩{٦L١٩٩٣
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٧٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

 K٪٢٪١{٨٥‫א‬‫א‬٪٦{٦٪١١{٧
٢{٦‫א‬١٩٩٠‫א‬‫א‬ •

L٥٠٠LL٣١١L٢٠٠٠‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،٢٠٠٢
K‫א‬٪٦١
L٥٠٠L١٩٩٠
 L١٢٠L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •


  L٦٧٠L٢٠٠٣‫א‬٢٠٠٠
‫א‬٪٣٦‫א‬K٪١٥ 
K‫א‬٪١١‫א‬٪٢٣٪٣٠‫א‬
 KL١٥LL١٤LL١٣L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ •

 ‫א‬‫א‬EB2CF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٢٠٠١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪١٩{٣
٢٠٠٣L١٠٨L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬EB2BF‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

  ٤٢٢
‫א‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
١٠٠٠ ١٠٠٠ ١٠٠٠ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  
  
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
٠{١٢ ٪١{٤ ٠{٠٩ ٪١{١٧ ٠{٠١ ٪٢{٠٥ 
٣{١٥ ٪٤٣{٨٨ ٢{٦٠ ٪٣٥{٢٩ ٥{٨٦ ٪٧٩{٥٥ ‫א‬
٧{٥٩ ٪٣٦{٣٧ ٥{٩٠ ٪٢٧{١٨ ١٦{٦٧ ٪٧٥{٥٥ ‫א‬
٠{٣٨ ٪٢٢{٦٦ ٠{٥٥ ٪٣٢{٨٨ ٠{١١ ٪٦{٦٥  
٢{١٨ ٪٢٩{٦٩ ٢{١٣ ٪٢٨{٤٦ ٠{٨٩ ٪١١{٧٤  
٥{٤٦ ٪٢{٣٤ ٤{٣٢ ٪٢{٢٠ ٣{٦٩ ٪١{٨٥ 
١ ٪١٠٠ ١ ٪١٠٠ ١ ٪١٠٠  ‫א‬
 EF٢٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬L١٣L
 
‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ٥٢٠ ٢{٦ ١٢٠ ١٩٩٠
 ٥٤٦ ٤{٤ ١٣٠ ١٩٩١
 ٥٧٤ ٦{٩ ١٥٠ ١٩٩٢
 ٦٠٦ ٩{٤ ١٧٠ ١٩٩٣
 ٦٤٥  ١٦{٠٠ ١٩٠ ١٩٩٤
 ٦٩٢  ٣٤{٠٠ ٢٣٠ ١٩٩٥
 ٧٤٠  ٥٤{٠٠ ٢٦٠ ١٩٩٦
 ٧٩٤  ٩٠{٠٠ ٣٢٠ ١٩٩٧
 ٨٤٨  ١٤٩{٠٠ ٣٧٠ ١٩٩٨
 ٩٠٦  ٢٣٠{٠٠ ٤٣٠ ١٩٩٩
 ٩٧٠  ٣١١{٠٠ ٥٠٠ ٢٠٠٠
 ١١١٥  ٥٠٠{٠٠ ٦٧٠ ٢٠٠١
 ٢٠٠١–١٩٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١٤L

  ٤٢٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬٪٣٪٧‫א‬
 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢٠٠١‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬WCohan P.‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،

 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬F ‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬٪٣٠‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬٪٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١٥L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K٢٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٤٢٤
 
 
 ‫א‬
     
‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬  ‫ א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ١٠٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫ א‬ ‫ א‬
١٠٠  ‫א‬
E٩٩F   ١٠٠٠٠   ١٠٠٠٠
 
  
١٩٩٩
١١٥٠ ٩{٢٩  ٦٢٠ ١{٣٩  ٩٠ ١٩٠{٨٧  ١٢٧{٣ ١{٣٦ ٩٠٧ ‫א‬
١٩٧٥٠ ٤١{٧٩ ١٠٢٠ ١٢{٥٦  ٣٠٠  ٣٠١١  ٧٣٥ ١٧٦ ٤٢٩٦٢ ‫א‬‫א‬
٦٦٦٠ ١٣{٧٢ ٢٩٦٤{٧ ٥{٧٤ ١٢٠٠  ٩٢{٥٦  ٢٠٠ ١{٧٣ ٣٧٤٥ ‫א‬
٢٢١٦ ٨{٩٩  ٨٥٠ ١{٥٣  ١٤٥ ١٠٤{٣٢  ١٠٠ ٠{٠٣  ٢٦ 
١١٣٤ ١٠{٣٥ ١٦٧٥ ١{٤٣  ٢٣٠  ١٨{٥٣  ٣٠ ٠{٠١  ٩ 
٤٩٨٠ ٢٠{٠٩  ٦٥٠ ٤{٦٤  ١٥٠  ٥٨٥  ٣٠٠  -  - 
١٤٢٤ ٨{٦٤ ٥٤٨٣{٦  ١{٢  ٧٥٠  ٧٠{٨٩  ٤٥٠ ٠{٣٥ ٢٢٤٠ 
٢٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١٥L
 E٦٧،‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬L ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،٢٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
٦٩٩٢٣{٠٠ ١٦٩٠{٠٠  ٦٠٥٧٠{٠٠  K‫א‬‫א‬-١
 ١٠{٦٤  ٠{٢٧  ٠{٢٢ K‫א‬‫א‬-٢
٢٠٠٠{٠٠ ٢٥٠{٠٠  ٢٤٥١{٠٠  K‫א‬‫א‬-٣
 ٣٠٤{٤١ ٣٩{٢٧  ٨٧{٥٠ ‫א‬‫א‬-٤
٢٥٠٠{٠٠ ٣٥٠٠{٠٠  ٤٠٠٤{٠٠  K‫א‬‫א‬-٥

  ٤٢٥
  ٣{٨١  ٥{٥٨  ١{٤٣  K‫א‬‫א‬-٦
١٨٣٩٥{٠٠ ٩٤٨٦{٣٠  ١٩١٣٦{٦٠  K‫א‬-٧
 ٢٨{٠٠ ١٤{٩٠  ٦{٨٣  K‫א‬-٨
٣٥٠٣{٠٠ ٣٨٠٢{٠٠ E٩٩٨F٢٢٢٠{٠  ١٩٩٩‫א‬‫א‬-٩
 ٪١٦{٠٠ ٪٢٥{٤  ٪٤٠{٣  KE١٩٩٨F١٥‫א‬-١٠
 ٪٩٩{٩ ٪٩٠{٠٠  ٪٨٦{٤  KE١٩٩٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-١١
 ٪٥٨{٤ ٪٨١{٢  ٪٦١{٧  KE١٩٩٧F‫א‬‫א‬-١٢
 ٪٢٢{٠٠ ٪٣٦{٠٠  ١٠٠  ٩٧٩٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-١٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-١٤
 ٪٢{٢ ٪٤{٠٠  ٪٥{٤
 ١٩٩٧-١٩٩٥‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١٦L
 E‫א‬F٢٠٠٠
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬١٠{٦٤٠{٢٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٠{٢٧‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠٠٠
‫א‬٨٧{٥‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬٪٢٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،٣٠٤{٤٣٩{٢
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬٪٢٦‫א‬‫א‬٪٣٧،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E٪٤٠{٣F‫א‬‫א‬،
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 L٥٥L
،‫א‬،،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

  ٤٢٦
?‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬?‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ J٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ K
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
< <<Vê×è<^Ú<†Ò„Þ<^âÊçi<gq]çÖ]<l^fתj¹]<Üâ_<àÚæ

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ K٢
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

  ٤٢٧
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
K
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  GG
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬

  ٤٢٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
‫א‬‫א‬KK ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬K ‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E F
 ‫א‬K‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KE ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٤٢٩
  E♦F‫א‬‫א‬ J٧
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫@א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W@
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
 K

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ??‫א‬E♦F
،
 
K٢٠٠٠،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٤٣٠
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫@א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬@
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٤٣١
  ‫א‬‫א‬
E F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،@
E  ‫א‬‫א‬FK  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬Java‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬W ‫א‬‫@א‬
EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EFEF‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬@
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

  ٤٣٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣٠‫א‬‫א‬@
٥٠-٤٠‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬٨
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،EEFTF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EEFT F‫א‬‫א‬E EDI F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   
 K‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 W‫א‬G

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٤٣٣
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬–‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
–‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 Ei- Shecks FW‫א‬‫א‬G
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EF‫א‬EF‫א‬WK‫א‬‫א‬
EF‫א‬EF‫א‬KEF‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬EF‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬EF‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

  ٤٣٤
 @W‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ

‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ƒ

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬Sniffing‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ @W‫א‬ ƒ

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ ƒ


 ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬-
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٤٣٥
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ

K‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬-‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬-‫א‬-‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ J٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K

  ٤٣٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬W‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬-‫א‬،‫א‬

 ‫؟‬-‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٤٣٧
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫؟‬-‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬EGFK ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Yahoo
،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬My Yahoo‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ?  ‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E*F

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

  ٤٣٨
  W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬GIF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٤٣٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

  ٤٤٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
–‫א‬‫א‬- ‫א‬- ‫א‬–‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬

  ٤٤١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬? ‫א‬‫א‬‫?א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٤٤٢
  W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ

K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

  ٤٤٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
   ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Java‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬GIF‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬GIF ‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٤٤٤
  W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬
K  ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٤٤٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬- ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬- ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٤٤٦

  K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Java‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

  ٤٤٧
‫א‬??
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،W ‫א‬‫ א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
،K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫@א‬-‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬@-‫א‬
 K
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

  ٤٤٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫@א‬W
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬-
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ

،‫א‬‫א‬E F  ƒ

DOS‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Windows ‫א‬‫א‬

  ٤٤٩
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

  ٤٥٠
  ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٤٥١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،،F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E F‫א‬EKKK
 ‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١٠
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫@א‬-‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬-‫א‬-‫א‬‫א‬-‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬@-‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٤٥٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬@-‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬@ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬@ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬@ ‫א‬
‫א‬K
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٤٥٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬@  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬@-‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬- ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬@–‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 EGF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K?‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬E*F

  ٤٥٤
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ƒ א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K،‫א‬ ƒ
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ?  ١٩٩٧  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   GG
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −

K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ −

K‫א‬‫א‬ −

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −

  ٤٥٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −

K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٩٩٩‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
K‫א‬‫א‬

  ٤٥٦
 ‫א‬ K٨
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٩
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١٠
، ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −

K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ −

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ −

K‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬–UNCITRALF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬  ١٩٩٦
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

  ٤٥٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

  ٤٥٨
 @ @ÉuaŠ½a@òàöbÓ

 K٢٠٠١،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K K١
K٢٠٠٣،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K K٢
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K K٣
K٢٠٠١،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
K١٩٩٨،
K،K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K K٥
K٢٠٠١،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K K٦
K٢٠٠١،
٢٠٠٠،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،K K٧
K K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، K K٨
K٢٠٠١،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K٢٠٠٣،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K K٩
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K-١٠ K١٠
 K٢٠٠٢،
 K٢٠٠٢،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K K١١
 K٢٠٠١،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،K K١٢
 K٢٠٠٢،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K K١٣
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬،K K١٤
 K٢٠٠٣،‫א‬
 K١٩٩٩،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، K K١٥
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، K K١٦
 K١٩٩٧،‫א‬
  

  ٤٥٩
  ٤٦٠
  ‫א‬‫א‬
Transnational
International
Global
Multilocal = Multidomestic
International Business
Global Company
Comparative Advantage Theory
Absolute Advantage Theory
Factor – Proportion Theory
The Product Lipe Cycle
Competitive Advantage of Nations
Dunning’s Theory For Foreign Direct
Investment
Gross national Product (GNP)
International Development Association
(IDA)
Gross National Personal (GNP- Capita)
International Finance Corporation (IFC)
The International Monetary fund (IMF)
The Multi-Lateral Investment Guarantees  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Agency (MIGA)
The International Bank for Reconstruction
and Development (IBD)
Money Market
Capital Market
Securmes Market
Non Securmes Capital Market
Primary Securmes Market
Stock Exchanges
 ‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

  ٤٦١
Foreign Exchange Markets  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Options and Futures  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Options  ‫א‬‫א‬
Swap  ‫א‬
Futures  ‫א‬
Forward  ‫א‬‫א‬
Swaption  ‫א‬‫א‬
Cap  
Floor  E‫א‬F‫א‬
Futures Contract  ‫א‬‫א‬
Global Deposttary Receipts (GDR)  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Fhysical Factors  ‫א‬‫א‬
Demographic Factors ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Behavioural Factors  ‫א‬‫א‬
Organizational Structure ‫א‬‫א‬
International Financial Management ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
International Accounting  ‫א‬‫א‬
Taxation ‫א‬‫א‬
Inflation Risks Management ‫א‬‫א‬
Currency Fluctuation Risks ‫א‬ 
International Human Resources  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
management  K‫א‬
International Marketing Mix Policies ‫א‬‫א‬
Product Policies ‫א‬
Pricing Policies  ‫א‬
Distribution Policies  ‫א‬
Promotion Policies  ‫א‬
Free on Truck ‫ أو‬Free on Rail  ‫א‬
(F.O.T. ‫ أو‬F.O.R.)  ‫א‬‫א‬
Free along Side Ship (F.A.S)  ‫א‬‫א‬

  ٤٦٢
Free on Board (F.O.B)  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
Cost and Freight (C. and F.)
 
‫א‬‫א‬
Cost Insurance and Freight (C.I.F.)
 ‫א‬
International Marketing Research  ‫א‬‫א‬
Electronic Marketing  ‫א‬‫א‬
Electronic commerce  ‫א‬‫א‬
Electronic Retail / on –Line Retniling /  ‫א‬‫א‬

  ٤٦٣
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Electronic Advertising  ‫א‬‫א‬
Vertual Shopping  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Electronic Shopping Mall (E- mall)  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Cyber Marketing  ‫א‬‫א‬
Electronic Catalogue  ‫א‬‫א‬
Browser  
Chat Room  ‫א‬
Home Page  ‫א‬‫א‬
Search Engine  ‫א‬
Vertual Reality  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Vertual Shopping  E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Websites  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Privacy  ‫א‬
On- Line Safety and Security  ‫א‬‫א‬
Simplicity  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Temptation  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
The Electronic Commerce Booming  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Digitization  E،F
Bandwidth  ‫א‬
Banner ad  ‫א‬‫א‬
Buzz  ‫א‬
Click- through  ‫א‬‫א‬
Critical Mass  ‫א‬‫א‬
Cross niching  ‫א‬‫א‬
Domain name  ‫א‬‫א‬
e. Bank  ‫א‬‫א‬
Electronic Data Interchange  ‫א‬‫א‬

  ٤٦٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬
Marketing Strategy ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Demographic Bases ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Pasychographic ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Advertising  ‫א‬
Assumptions  ‫א‬‫א‬
Marketing Objectives ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Marketing Program ‫א‬‫א‬
Marketing Environment ‫א‬‫א‬
Extemal Macro Environment ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Personal Selling ‫א‬‫א‬
Direct Marketing ‫א‬‫א‬
Different Marketing ‫א‬‫א‬
Marketing Management ‫א‬‫א‬
Strategic Marketing Planning ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Physical Distribution ‫א‬‫א‬
Marketing Plan ‫א‬‫א‬
Marketing Mix ‫א‬‫א‬
Marketing Opportunity ‫א‬‫א‬
Marketing Research ‫א‬
Publicity  ‫א‬
Product  ‫א‬
Direct Task Environment ‫א‬‫א‬
Marketing Information System ‫א‬‫א‬
Organization Marketing System ‫א‬
Database  
Corporate Mission ‫א‬
Sales Promotion ‫א‬

Concentrated Marketing  ‫א‬‫א‬

  ٤٦٥
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E،KF
Affiliated Company  
Antidumping  ‫א‬
Agency Contract  
Attitudes  ‫א‬
Arab Bank for Development in
 ‫א‬‫א‬
Africa
Arab Fund for Economic & Social
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Development (The), AFESD
Arab Monetary Fund (The), AMF  ‫א‬‫א‬
Automation  
Autonomous  ،
Available Resources  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Balance of Payments  ‫א‬‫א‬
Behavioral Factors  
Behavior  
Bill of Lading  
Bonds  ‫א‬
Capital Account  ‫א‬
Code Law  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Commercial Policy  ‫א‬‫א‬
Common Law  ‫א‬‫א‬
Communication  ‫א‬
Competition  
Concentration Strategy  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Confiscation  EF–‫א‬
Control  E‫א‬F
Contract  
Cost  

  ٤٦٦
Cost-Benefit-Analysis  ‫א‬‫א‬
Cultural Environment  
Currency Fluctuations  ‫א‬
Curruption  
Currency Rates  ‫א‬
Currency  
Current Account  ‫א‬‫א‬
Customs  EF‫א‬
Demographic Factors  ‫א‬
Deprecation  E‫א‬F‫א‬
Devaluation  E‫א‬F
Direct Investment  ‫א‬
Disequilibrium  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Distribution  
Diversification  
Divestment  ‫א‬
Division of Labor  ‫א‬
Dumping  ‫א‬
Economic Integration  ‫א‬
Employment effect  ‫א‬‫א‬
Embargo  –
Environment  
Ethnocentrism  E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
European Currency Unit (ECU)  ‫א‬‫א‬
Exchange Control  ‫א‬‫א‬
Execution  ‫א‬
Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM)  ‫א‬
Expatriate Manager  
Exporting  ‫א‬

  ٤٦٧
Expropriation  ‫א‬
Euro – Currency Markets  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Euro- Bonds  ‫א‬
Financial Environment  
Financial Incentives  ‫א‬
Financial Management  ‫א‬
Floating Rates  ‫א‬
Foreign Direct Investment  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Foreign Exchange Markets  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Foreign Trade  ‫א‬
Forward Rate  ‫א‬‫א‬
Franchise Agreement  EF‫א‬‫א‬
Free Trade  
Functional Division Model  ‫א‬‫א‬
GATS  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
The General Agreement for
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Tarrifs and Trade (GATT)
Generic Name  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Global  
Globalization  ‫א‬–‫א‬
Global Company  
Global Marketing  
Gold Exchange standard  ‫א‬
Gold Standard  ‫א‬
Goodwill  ‫א‬‫א‬
Holding company  
Host – Country  ‫א‬‫א‬
Human Resources  ‫א‬
Income distribution  ‫א‬
Income Effect  ‫א‬‫א‬

  ٤٦٨
Incentives
Independent Company model
Infrastructure
Indirect Foreign Investment
Infant Industry Argument
Input-Output analysis
International Trade
Inter- Arab Investment Guarantee
Corporation
Interal Sources of Funds
International Finance
International Competitiveness
International Business
The International Bonds Market
International Corporation
The International Convention for
the Settlement of Investment
Disputes (ICSID)
The International Development
Association (IFC)
The International Financial
Markets
International Reserves
The International Settlements
Bank
Investment Climate
The Islamic Development Bank
Just – In Time Delivery (J I T)
KEIRETSU
Legal Environment
Licensing
Liquid Assets
Logistics
  ٤٦٩
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬
 
 
 
 ‫א‬
Macroeconomic Level  ‫א‬‫א‬
Management Contract  ‫א‬
Management Technology Transfer  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Manufacturing Contract  
Market Analysis  ‫א‬
Market Capitalization  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
Market Size  ‫א‬
Microeconomic Level  ‫א‬‫א‬
Monetary Gold  ‫א‬‫א‬
Monopolistic Theory  ‫א‬‫א‬
Most-Favoured-Nation  ‫א‬‫א‬
Multi-Literalism  ‫א‬‫א‬
Multi-National Corporation (MNC)  EKKF‫א‬
National Security  ‫א‬‫א‬
National Treatment  ‫א‬‫א‬
National economic Plans  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Off-shore  E‫א‬F
Oligopolistic Theory  ‫א‬‫א‬
Opportunity Cost  ‫א‬‫א‬
Operations  
Operating risk  ‫א‬
Organization  
Opinion Leaders  ‫א‬
The Organization of Petroleum
 EF‫א‬‫א‬
Exporting Countries (OPEC)
Organizational Structure  
The Overseas Private Investment
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Corporation (OPIC)
Physical Factors  ‫א‬‫א‬
Planning  
Political Environment  

  ٤٧٠
Political Risks  
Polycentrism  ‫א‬‫א‬
Portfolio  ‫א‬
Portfolio – Investment  ‫א‬
Price / Earning (P/E) Ratio  ‫א‬
Pricing  
Product-Life –Cycle  ‫א‬
Product Policy  ‫א‬
Production  
Promotion  
Proposal  
Protective  
Quota  
Restrictions  
Restrictive  
Risks  
Sanction  
Society  
Services Marketing  ‫א‬
Sister – Company  
Sourcing  ‫א‬
Special Drawing Rights  ‫א‬‫א‬
Spot Rate  E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
Spot – Transaction  
Standard  
Stock Exchange  
Stock Option  ‫א‬
Strategy  ‫א‬‫א‬
Sub- optimization  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٤٧١
Subsidiary  
Sub-System  
System  
Tarrifs  ،
Tax-Deferral  ‫א‬‫א‬
Tax- Havens  E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
Technology Transfer  ‫א‬
Trade Rated Intellectual Property
 ‫א‬
Measures (TRIPS)
Trade Related Investment
 ‫א‬‫א‬
Measures (TRIMS)
Tranfer Pricing  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Trans – national Corporation
 
(TNC)
Transparency  ‫א‬
Turn-Key Project  ‫א‬
Values System  ‫א‬
Values  
Vertical Integration  
Uncertainty  
Working Capital  ‫א‬‫א‬
World Trade Organization (WTO)  ‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 
 
 
 

 

 

  ٤٧٢
  ‫א‬
٥  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K   
٩  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٩  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬
١١  K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١١  K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٥  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬
١٧  K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢٠  K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢١  K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢٥  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬
٢٧  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢٧  K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢٩  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٣٤  K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٣٥  K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٣٧  K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٣٨  K K K K K K K K K K K K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٤٠  K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٤٣  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬
٤٥  K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٤٥  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬–‫א‬
٤٦  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬
٥١  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬
٥٢  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
٥٥  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
٥٧  K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬-‫א‬

  ٤٧٣
٦٣  K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬
٧١  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٧٣  K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٧٣  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬-١
٨٢  K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-٢
٨٤  K K K K K K K K WEGATTF‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-٣
٨٧  K K K K K K K WEWTOF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-٤
٩١  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٩٣  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K    
٩٥  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬
٩٧  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٩٧  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬W 
١١١  K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬- 
١١٢  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-١
١٢٤  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬٢
١٢٧  K K K K Global Deposittary ReceiptsEGDRF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣
١٣٣  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬
١٣٥  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬
١٣٦  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬W
١٣٩  K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
١٤٣  K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬W
١٤٩  K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬
١٥٣  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬
١٥٥  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬
١٥٥  K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٥٦  K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٦١  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬
١٦٣  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٤٧٤
١٦٦  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬-
١٧١  K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-
١٧٤  K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬-
١٧٧  K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٧٧  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬
١٧٩  K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٧٩  K K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-‫א‬‫א‬
١٨٤  K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-‫א‬‫א‬
١٨٦  K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-‫א‬‫א‬
١٨٦  K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٨٨  K K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-‫א‬‫א‬
١٩١  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬
١٩٣  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٩٣  K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–
١٩٦ W‫א‬‫א‬Organizational Structure‫א‬‫א‬–
٢٠٤  K K K K K K K K K K K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–
٢٠٩  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬
٢١١  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢١١  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬- 
٢١٩  K K K K K K K K K International Accounting‫א‬‫א‬-

٢٢٨  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-
٢٤٥  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬
٢٤٧  K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢٤٩  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-‫א‬
٢٥٢  K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-٢
٢٥٧  K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-٣
٢٥٨  K K K K K K K K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-٤
٢٧٨  K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-٥

  ٤٧٥
٢٨٣  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬
٢٨٥  K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ISO‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢٨٥  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
٢٩٥  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–
٣٠٥  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٣٠٧  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬
٣٠٧  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬-١
٣١١  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-٢
٣١٤  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬-٣
٣١٨  K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤
٣٢٩  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬-٥
٣٣٦  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬-٦
٣٤١  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-٧
٣٩٧  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬
٣٩٩  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬
٣٩٩  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬-١
٤٠٤  K K K K K K K K K K K K K E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬-٢
٤١٤  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬-٣
٤١٧  K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-٤
٤٢٠  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-٥
٤٢٧  K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬-٦
٤٣٠  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬-٧
٤٣٣  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬٨
٤٣٦  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬-٩
٤٥٢  K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-١٠
٤٥٤  K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-١٢

  ٤٧٦