2/22/16

Strong-­‐Ground  Motion  Sensor  and  Network

Presented  by
Rhommel N.  G rutas,  Ph.D
Senior  S cience  R esearch  S pecialist
Section  Head,  Earthquake  Engineering
Philippine  Institute  of  Volcanology  and  S eismology  (PHIVOLCS)

Technical   Seminar   on  Earthquake  Recording  Instrumentation  for  Buildings,  ACE  H otel  &  Suites,  P asig  City

Outline
• Seismograph
• Strong  Motion  (Accelerographs)  Array  Network  Development
and  Strong–motion   velocity  type  broadband   Network  in  the  Philippines
• Strong  motion   database
Significant  events  recorded  by  the  Strong  motion  network
• Building  Tests,  2000,  NDCC  project  (NDRRMC)
• Contribution   to  NSCP,   Attenuation
• RAP  project

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Seismographs

R.Grutas

Seismometers
• An  inertial  m ass  suspended  in  the  frame  by  some  
method,  using  springs  or  gravity  to  establish  a  steady-­‐
state  reference  position.   SS1  Ranger  seismometer     (velocity)
• A  damper  system  to  prevent  long  term  oscillations  in  
response  to  an  event.  
• A  m eans  of  recording  the  m otion  or  force  of  the  m ass  
relative  to  the  frame.  

Broadband  Seismometer  (velocity)

Philippine   Seismic  
Network
29  p ermanent  ( manned)  s tations
47  u nmanned  s eismic  s tations  
(using  VSAT)
Strong  Motion  Seismometer  (accelerometer)

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This  example  clearly  demonstrates  that,  with  modern  instrument

and  processing  techniques,  we  can  use  both  accelerometers
and  (velocity-­sensitive)  seismometers  and  get  the  same
result.

Strong  Motion  Network  and  Development  in  the  

Philippines  (accelerographs)
• Year  1992  (4  stations)
• Year  1998  (Japan  Society  of  Promotion  of  Science:JSPS)   10  stations
• Year  2000  (JICA  phase  I)  – 34  stations  (Force  Balance  :  PA  2 2)
• Year  2000-­‐ National  Council  of  Churches  in  A ustralia:NCCA
-­‐San  A gustin  Church  (UNESCO  world  Heritage  Site)
• Year  2011  – 36  stations
• Year  2011  – Intensity  meters  (accelerometers   ,PGA  converted  to  PEIS  
intensity)

Broadband  Strong  Motion  (velocity  type)

• Year  2011  – 10  stations

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Metro  Manila  Strong-­Motion  A rray  

Station
(MMSTAR) Code
Location Geology Classification

Department of Budget and Management,

DBM Quatenary Alluvium Coastal Low Land
Manila
MMDA Libertad Pumping Station, Pasay
PSY Quatenary Alluvium Coastal Low Land
City
University of Santo Tomas Campus,
UST Quatenary Alluvium Coastal Low Land
Manila
San Agustin Church
** SAC Quatenary Alluvium Coastal Low Land
Intramuros, Manila
Tuff and tuffacious
MKT MMDA Office, Makati Central Plateau
sediments
PLDT Ortigas Pyroclastic flow deposit
ORT Central Plateau
Pasig City adobe
PHIVOLCS Seismic Vault Tuff and tuffacious
PHV Central Plateau
Quezon City sediments
Sta. Elena Elementary School, Marikina
MRK QuatenaryAlluvium Marikina Valley
Metro Manila
Laguna  Bay
PAT
Pateros Municipal Hall,
* PAT Quatenary Alluvium Marikina Valley
Pateros Metro Manila
Smith-Kline Becham Factory, Cainta,
SKB Basement complex Sierra Madre Range
Rizal

*  Additional   station  installed   by  TITECH  in  2001

**  Installed   by  PHIVOLCS  as  a  collaborative   project   with  NCCA

Location  of  
Earthquakes
Events  Recorded  by  
the  MMSTAR  network

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Strong-­‐Motion   Network www.phivolcs .dos t.gov.p

h
MMSTAR National   Network

Purpose Strong  Motion   Study Earthquake   Monitoring

Number   of  Stations 10 34

Digitizers Kelunji
• ETNA •D-­Series
• K2

Sensor   Type
• Episensor (ES-­T) Teledyne   Geotech
• FBA-­11 •PA-­22
• FBA-­21

Data   Format EVT Suds

Data   Collection Offline  (3  months) Offline  (1  day)

Start  of  Operation 1998 2000

(year)

Equipments   JSPS  (Collaboration   JICA  Grant  Project

Acquired  through with  TITECH)

M.  Lasala,  PHIVOLCS-­‐
DOST

Location  Map
Strong  Motion  Accelerographs
Annex  in  Luzon

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Details  of  Strong  Motion  Station-­‐Annex

StnCode City/Municipality Province Latitude Longitude Elevation Digitizer Episensor
01 MAR Mariveles Bataan 14.435974 120.489868 069 Etna internal
02 BGC Bagac Bataan 14.607045 120.402227 101 Etna internal
03 BAT BatangasCity Batangas 13.755371 121.058502 072 Etna internal
04 LCB Lipa City Batangas 13.942856 121.157699 366 Etna internal
05 TNB Tanauan City Batangas 14.080969 121.152628 227 Etna internal
06 SJD San Jose Del Monte City Bulacan 14.838390 121.044899 108 Etna internal
07 TGY Tagaytay Seismic Station Cavite 14.100755 120.938431 701 Etna internal
08 TRC Trece Martires City Cavite 14.280926 120.870206 164 Etna internal
09 CAV Cavite City Cavite 14.483264 120.908762 052 Etna internal
10 SPC San Pablo City Laguna 14.074461 121.324510 165 Etna internal
11 CCL Calamba City Laguna 14.193481 121.159858 074 Etna internal
12 SPL San Pedro Laguna 14.362713 121.060391 020 Etna internal
13 PCP Palayan Seismic Station Nueva Ecija 15.560274 121.097039 041 K2 external
14 CSF City of San Fernando Pampanga 15.027836 120.694063 065 K2 extenal
15 PAC PAC, Magalang Pampanga 15.216890 120.699173 091 Etna internal
16 PVO PVO, Clark Pampanga 15.188985 120.530243 235 Etna internal
17 GUA Guagua Pampanga 14.964850 120.633572 043 Etna internal
18 LQP Lucban Seismic Station Quezon 14.112001 121.538261 576 Etna internal
19 LCQ Lucena City Quezon 13.933587 121.623400 089 Etna internal
20 GQP Guinayangan Quezon 13.906287 122.445424 065 K2 external
21 BNR Binangonan Rizal 14.481839 121.188483 051 Etna internal
22 RDR Rodriguez Rizal 14.732481 121.145615 078 Etna internal
23 PLR Pililia Rizal 14.476813 121.314834 057 Etna internal
24 OLC Olongapo City Zambales 14.836964 120.282445 062 Etna internal
25 IBA Iba Zambales 15.328096 119.976677 058 Etna internal

Strong   Motion   Network

in  Davao
Accelerogarph

Strong  M otion  Record

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Broadband  /  Strong-­‐Motion  Stations www.phivolcs .dos t.gov.p

h

Basco,  Batanes
(June  22-­29,  2012)

San  Manuel,   Pangasinan

(Sept  02-­‐08,   2012)

Lubang  I sland Virac,   Catanduanes

(Dec  14-­‐19,  2010) (Nov  14-­‐20,   2010)

Borongan,   Eastern   Samar

El   Nido,   Palawan
(Nov  20-­‐25,   2011)
(Dec  03-­09,   2011)
Guimaras    I sland,   Guimaras
(Dec  06-­‐11,  2010)
Bataraza,   Palawan
(Nov  29-­‐Dec  04,  2010)
Pagadian,   Zamboanga  del  S ur
Mati,   Davao  Oriental
(Nov  22-­27,   2010)
(Nov  12-­‐18,   2011)

www.phivolcs .dos t.gov.p

Broadband  / Strong-­‐Motion  S tations h

Virac,   Catanduanes (PVCP) Brooke’s  P t.,  P alawan  ( BATP)   Pagadian City  ( PAGZ)

El   Nido,  P alawan   (ENPP) Mati,   Davao   Oriental   (MATI)

Jordan,  Guimaras  ( GUIM) Lubang Island   (LUBP) Borongan,  Eastern  Samar  ( BESP)

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Rapid  Earthquake  Intensity  Notification  System www.phivolcs .dos t.gov.p

h

Inspection  /  
Testing

Intensity  Meters

www.phivolcs .dos t.gov.p

Installation  at  PHIVOLCS

h

Tagaytay   Seismic   Station

Display/Comm.unit  H ousing  and  s ensor

PHIVOLCS  D ata  Receiving  Center

PHIVOLCS-­‐DOST

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Strong  Motion  Database

December  12,   1999

119°30' 120° 120°30' 121° 121°30'

Hermana  Mayor  Earthquake

• Coordinate : 15.850N, 119.670E

16°
16°

• Magnitude : 6.8 _
^
• Depth : 65 km
15°30'

15°30'
• Location  (Province) :  Pangasinan 15°
15°

Peak ground Acceleration (PGA)

Code Strong Motion Site ∆(km)
#
7#
7#
NS EW UD #
7 #
##
77 77# 7
7#
# 7
14°30'

14°30'

MRK Marikina 204 39.1 101.5 19.7

PHV Quezon City 199 36.0 35.7 14.2

14°
14°

SKB Cainta, Rizal 210 14.1 14.3 11.9

119°30' 120° 120°30' 121° 121°30'

Hermana  Mayor  Earthquake

December  12,  1999

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• N-­S  component   Seismograms  of  the  

December  12,   1999   event
• Maximum  Peak  Ground   Acceleration   (PGA)  
recorded   by  Marikina  Station   (MRK)  with  a  
value  of  101.5   gal

MRK

PHV SKB

Velocity  Response  Spectrum

The  Dec.11,1999  EQ  (Philippines)

0.15
Displacement  (cm) Velocity  (cm/sec)  Acceleration  (g)

0.15
0.10  NS 0.10
0.05 0.05
0.00 0.00
-­0.05 -­0.05
-­0.10 -­0.10
-­0.15
-­0.15
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Acceleration  (g)

0.15 15 Time  (sec)

0.10 10
 EW 5
0.05 0
0.00 -­5
-­0.05 -­10
-­15
-­0.10 -­20
-­0.15
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 4
0.15 3 Time  (sec)
0.10 2
UD   1
0.05 0
-­1
0.00 -­2
-­0.05 -­3
-­4
-­0.10 -­5
-­0.15 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Time  (sec)
Period  (sec)
Corrected   three-­‐component  records Corrected   accelerogram   and  integrated
of  MRK  station  for  the  Dec.  11,  1 999  EQ. velocity,  and  displacement  curves  of    MRK                          
strong  motion  record  of  Dec.  11,  1999  EQ

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Processing   Strong  Motion   Data

1.580
1.422
95%
1.264
1.106
0.948
0.790
0.632
0.474
0.316
0.158 5  %
0.000
0 20 40 60 80 100
0.15 Time  (sec)
Acceleration  (g)

0.10
0.05

0.00
-­0.05
Significant  duration
-­0.10
-­0.15
0 20 40 60 80 100
Time  (sec)

• Significant  duration  of  MRK  for  the  Dec.1999  EQ  was  

determined  from  the  integral  of  the  square  amplitude  
taking  the  time  interval  during  the  central  9 0%  (5%  to  
95%)  (Trifunac and  Brady,  1 975b)

Processing   Strong  Motion   Data

0.15
0.10  NS
0.05
0.00
-­0.05
-­0.10
-­0.15
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Acceleration  (g)

0.15
0.10
0.05
 EW PGA
0.135g
0.00
-­0.05
-­0.10
-­0.15
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
0.15
0.10 UD  
0.05
0.00
-­0.05
-­0.10
-­0.15
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Period  (sec)

Corrected three-component • Combined  D isplacement-­‐Velocity-­‐Acceleration  

(tripartite)  response  s pectra  of  M RK  s tation  for  
records the  D ec.   11,  1 999  earthquake  ground  motion;  
of MRK station for the Dec. 11, damping  ζ  =   0,  2 ,  5 ,  1 0,  2 0%.  
1999 EQ.

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Response  Spectra  of  Marikina  Strong  Motion  Data  of  1999EQ  

– 5%damping
Logarithmic  Scale

R.  N.  G rutas

Tripartite   Response  Spectrum  Analysis

ELCentro

Comparison  of  M arikina  Strong  M otion  D ata

Marikina And  ELCentro  Earthquake  D ata

Design  Spectra

National  Structural  Code  

Seismic  D esign

R.  N.  G rutas

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October 08,  2004

Mindoro  Earthquake
• Coordinate : 13.815N, 120.413E
• Magnitude : 6.2
• Depth : 94 km
• Location  (Province) :  Mindoro
Peak ground Acceleration (PGA)
Code Strong Motion Site ∆(km)
NS EW UD

MRK Marikina 117 14.4 11.8 3.6

PHV Quezon City 116 8.8 9.1 4.6

DBM Cainta Rizal 106 28.3 32.2 8.3

MKT Makati 107 6.5 7.9 4.1

ORT Ortigas 110 7.7 6.5 4.5

PAT Pateros 109 44.5 32.9 11.0

SKB Cainta, Rizal 116 3.3 3.7 1.6

UST Sampaloc, Manila 108 13.3 15.3 5.7

SAC Intramuros, Manila 102 31.6 22.1 10.3

• E-­W  component  Seismograms  of  t he  

October  08,  2004  event
• Maximum   Peak  Ground  Acceleration  
(PGA)  recorded  by  Pateros  Station  (PAT)  
with  a  v alue  of  44.5.

MKT

PAT SAC

Velocity  Response  Spectrum

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Strong  Motion  Web   Site  (  2016)

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Building  Tests  in  Metro  Manila  (2000)

• NDCC  Project
• Abeki,   N.  (Kanto  Gakuin University),   Midorikawa S.  (Tokyo   Institute  of  
Technology)

Seismic  Vulnerability  o f  Buildings  in  Metro  Manila  

Measurement  of  the  natural  period  of  buildings  in  Metro  Manila

Using  Ambient  Vibration

Points    in  a  building  w here  
sensors  are  located

Instrument  used  in  measuring  

natural   periods  of  buildings

Lanuza et  al.   2001

Results  of  data  processing

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Building  Heights  vs Natural  Period  

From  Lanuza et  al,  2001

Other  research

Seismic  Interferometry  (Building   Response)

Snieder and  Safak,  2 006

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How  PHIVOLCS  contributed   in  the  NSCP  and  can  

contribute  in  the  future

Seismic  Z one  m ap  of  the  Philippines

Zone  Coefficient  Z 4
2

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Seismic  Source  Types  

NSCP  2010
Fault  Map

Wells  and  Coppersmith  (1994,  Bull.  Seism.  Soc.  Am.):

Mag   =  5 .08+1.16*log(Length) (all  rupture  types)
Mag   =  5 .16+1.12*log(Length) (strike  s lip  rupture)
Mag   =  5 .00+1.22*log(Length) (reverse  or  thrust  rupture)
Mag   =  4 .86+1.32*log(Length) (normal  rupture)

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Near-­‐Source  Factors

Peak  Ground  Acceleration  (PGA)

Attenuation  Law
Fukushima & Tanaka, 1990
Log A = 0.41M – log(R + 0.032 * 100.41 M) – 0.0034R + 1.30

Empirical   relations  established  

for:
•Hard  Rock
•Rock
•Stiff  s oil
•Soft  s oil

Fukushima & Tanaka (1990):

japanese and american data
Molas & Yamazaki (1995) [red]
japanese data

GS  Ready  team

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Soil  Profile  Types

Seismic   site  conditions-­‐ site  effects  for  short  period

National  Structural  Code  of  
the  P hilippines
(NSCP  2 010)

NEHRP

Map  of  AVs30

in  Metro   Manila
and  NEHRP
soil  site
classification

Grutas and  Yamanaka,   2012:  ( 8CUEE)

NEHRP-­‐N ational  Earthquake

Hazards  Reduction  Program  

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Seismic  Coefficients

National  Structural  Code  of  the  Philippines

=0.096s =0.48s

Quezon  City,  Seismic   source  type  (B)

Seismic  Z one  4,  S oil  Type  S B,  Na=1.0  Nv=1.2,    

Ca=0.40    ,  Cv=0.48  
R.  N.  G rutas

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Design  Spectrum PGA  =  0 .453g

Response  Spectrum  Analysis Response  H istory  Analysis

R.  N.  G rutas

Spectral  Mapping   Earthquake  elastic  normalized  

response  spectra  for  5%  damping.
DBM PHV SKB

UST MKT MRK

PSY ORT PAT

0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4
Period  (s) Grutas,R.N.

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Probabilistic  Seismic  Hazard

R.  G rutas,  J.  D eocampo,  H .  

Peñarubia
Peak  h orizontal  acceleration  in  medium  s oil P.  Cummins,  and  V.  M iller
Acc values  h ave  a   10%  p robability  of  exceedance in  5 0y Source  Zones 2015

Attenuation  Equation

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Attenuation  :  GMPE  Evaluation  

Velocity  Record
Strong  M otion  Record
(Philippine  Seismic  Network)

Data  p rocessing:
Instrument  record  to  
ground  motion  time  s eries  
(velocity  and  acceleration)
Response  Spectra  Calculation    

PGA,PGV,PSA
GMPE  Ranking

5%  Damped  Response  spectra  from  processed  records

Residual  P lots  ( Observed  /  
PGA,PGV,PSA GMPE  M odels
Predicted)

Ground  Motion
• Help  decide  on   an  appropriate   GMPE  
for  the  Philippine  setting  ;

• Fukushima  &  Tanaka  (1990)

• Sadigh  et  al  (1997)
• Ambraseys  et  al  (2005)
• Zhao  et  al  (2006)
• Boore   and  Atkinson  (2008)
• Chiou   and  Youngs  (2008)
• Kanno  et  al  (2008)
• Akkar  and  Bomer  (2010)

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Summary:    GMPE  Ranking

GMPE mean  log10  residual median  log10  residual sigma abs(median  log10  residual)
fuktan90 -­‐0.108 0.032 0.514 0.032
sadigh97 -­‐0.075 0.038 0.497 0.038
chiyou08 -­‐0.019 0.067 0.474 0.067
booatk08 -­‐0.005 0.096 0.523 0.096
akkbom10 0.033 0.121 0.479 0.121
amb05 0.019 0.140 0.491 0.140
zha06 0.040 0.145 0.495 0.145
kan06 0.098 0.181 0.489 0.181

Ranking  by  PGA  residuals  up  t o  50km  

Distance

Ground  Shaking  Hazard  Analysis

— Numerical  Modeling  using  R EDAS  software

Earthquake
Scenarios
Fukushima & Tanaka, 1990 Average   S-­‐wave  velocity  of
Upper  30  meters  (Vs30)
Magnitude.
Acceleration   (g)

Depth
Peak  Ground  

Fault  O rientation

0 10 100
Source
Distance  ( km)

Attenuation
Site  Effects

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Ground   Shaking  
Hazard  Map
of  MM

Legend

PEIS  Intensity  V II
PEIS  Intensity  Low  V III Grutas,  R.,  
Penarubia,H.  and  
PEIS  Intensity  High  V III Bonita,  J.  ( 2014)

Risk  Analysis  Project  (RAP  Project)  2014

PHIVOLCS-­‐MMDA

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Hazard,  Exposure,  Vulnerability

1
0.9
0.8

Damage   Probability
0.7
0.6
0.5
Datapoints
0.4
FIT
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
MMI

Hazard Vulnerability

Exposure

Development  o f  v ulnerability  c urves  o f  k ey  b uilding  types  in  the  Philippines Back  t o  U P-­ICE  t able
Back  t o  C WS

Building  Typology
University  of  the  Philippines  D iliman –
Institute  of  Civil  Engineering

• Material
▫ Material  ( wood,  m asonry,  concrete,  steel)
• Structural  System
▫ Lateral  force  resistance  ( frame,  shear  w alls,  etc)  
• Building  Height  
▫ Low  rise  ( 1-­‐2storeys),  Medium  rise(3-­‐7storeys),  H igh  rise(8-­‐15  storeys),  Very   High  
rise  ( 16-­‐25  storeys),  Extremely  H igh  rise  ( 26-­‐35  storeys),  
Super   High  rise  ( 36  and  above)
• Vintage  (year  of  construction)
▫ Pre-­‐1972,  1972-­‐1992,  Post-­‐1992

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CHB

Concrete  frame
Wood  &  Light

Hybrid

Masonry Steel   frame

Pre-­‐cast

Fragility  Curve

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Vulnerability   Curve  is  used  to  calculate   the  damage  of  specific   structure   for  a  
certain   earthquake  intensity   (  a  joint   project   of  UPD-­‐I CE  and  PHIVOLCS  for  the  Risk  
Analysis  Project,   RAP)

0.9

0.8

0.7
Damage   Probability

0.6

0.5 C1-­‐L  type

0.4

0.3
Datapoints

0.2 FIT

0.1

0
0 2 4 6 8
8.8 10 12
MMI

C1L  Vulnerability  Curve

Development  o f  v ulnerability  c urves  o f  k ey  b uilding  types  in  the  Philippines

Complete  Damage  S tate  (Collapse)  per  Land-­‐Use  Polygon  Area  M7.2  West  Valley  F ault  
Earthquake

Total Floor Area:

14,613,518 sq m

RAP Project, 2014

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 2/22/16

Complete  Damage  S tate  (Collapse)  per  Land-­‐Use  Polygon  Area  M7.2  West  Valley  F ault  
Earthquake

Estimated  Number  of  Fatalities  – Area  Normalized

Number  o f  Fatalities:            
48,223

For Metro Manila only

37,054

30
 2/22/16

Estimated  Economic  Loss

For Metro Manila

2.47 Trillion pesos

http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph

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