PARTIAL FRACTIONS JEE-ADV-SR-MATHS VOL- I

PARTIAL FRACTIONS
A1 A2 An
  .... 
SYNOPSIS a1 x  b1 a2 x  b2 an x  bn
 Polynomial : An expression of the form
a0x n + a1x n-1 + a2x n -2 + ....+ an is called a  Formula:
polynomial of degree’n’ in x, where n is a positive
f ( x) f ( a ) f ( b)
integer and a0, a1, a2,.....,an are real numbers and  
( x  a )( x  b) ( x  a )(a  b) ( x  b)(b  a )
a0  0.
 Rational fraction: If f(x) and g(x) are two Case (II): g (x) contains only repeated linear factors
f(x )
polynomials and g(x)  0 then is called f  x A1 A2 A3
g (x ) 3
  
 ax  b  ax  b  ax  b   ax  b 3
2
a rational fraction.
 Proper fraction: If the degree of f(x)< degree
f(x ) Case (III): When g (x) contains repeated and non -
of g(x) then rational fraction is called a repeated linear factors only
g (x )
proper fraction. f (x) A A2 A
 1   3
 Improper fraction: If the degree of f(x)  2
(a1x b1) (a2x b2) a1x b1 (a1x b1) a2x b2
2

f(x)
degree of g (x) then rational fraction is Case (IV): g (x) contains linear and non- repeated
g(x)
irreducible quadratic factors .
called an improper fraction.
 Partial fraction: If a proper fraction is f ( x) Ax  B C
 
(a1 x 2  b1 x  c1 ) (a2 x  b2 ) (a1 x 2  b1 x  c1 ) a2 x  b2
expressed as the sum of two or more proper
fractions then each proper fraction is called a
partial fraction of the given fraction,where the Case (V): g (x) contains repeated and non-repeated
denominators are powers of irreducible irreducible quadratic factors.
polynomials.
 The quadratic expression ax 2  bx  c is not f ( x)

( a1 x  b1 x  c1 ) 2 ( a2 x 2  b2 x  c2 )
2

expressed into linear factors  b  4ac  0  then

2

A1 x  B1 A2 x  B2 A3 x  B3
ax 2  bx  c is called irreducible quadratic  
( a1 x 2  b1 x  c1 ) ( a1 x 2  b1 x  c1 ) 2 ( a2 x 2  b2 x  c 2 )
expression.
 If the polynomial f(x) is divided by (x-a) then
f(x)
the remainder is f(a). If f(a) = 0 then f(x) is  Let g(x) be a improper fraction :
divisible by (x - a).
 Resolving Partial Fractions: Case (VI): If degree f  x  = degree g  x  then
f(x)
Let be a proper fraction : f  x r  x
g(x) k where
Case (I): when g (x) contains non-repeated linear g  x g  x
factors only
coeff. highest degree term of f  x 
f ( x) k
 coeff. highest degree term of g  x  and
(a1x  b1 )(a 2 x  b 2 )....(an x  bn )
r  x
g  x  is proper fraction can be resolved further..

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Case(VII) : If degree f  x  > degree g  x  then 1

4. 
a  x2
2
f(x) r ( x)
= q  x + 1 1
g(x) g ( x) 1) 
a ( a  x) 2a ( a  x)
where q  x  = quotient ; r  x  is remainder and
1 1
degree r  x  < degree g  x  2) 
3a (a  x) 2a (a  x)
1 1
STANDARD PARTIAL FRACTIONS 3) 
2a ( a  x ) 2a ( a  x )
1 1  a c  1 1
    
( ax  b )( cx  d ) ad  bc  ax  b cx  d  4) 
2a ( a  x ) a ( a  x )
1 1 1 1 1
  3
 2 2
 3
 3 REPEATED LINEAR FACTORS
x3 ( x  a) a x a x ax a  x  a
x2  2x  3 A B C
1 1  1 1  5.   2  3  A BC 
    2 2 x3 x x x
(x2  a2 )(x2  b2 ) (b2  a2 )  x2  a2 x b 
1) 6 2) 3 3) 1 4) 0
1 x2  5x  7 A B C
 x 2
a 2
 x  b2
2
 x 2
c 2
 6. 3
  2
  A
 x  3 x3  x  3  x  3 3
1) 2 2) -3 3) 1 4) 4
1
 3
3 x  8 x  10 2
3 1 7 k
b 2
 a2  c  a2
2
 x 2
 a2  7.  x  1
4

x 1

 x  1
2

 x  1
3

 x  1
4

1 1 then k 
  2 2 2 2 2 2
2 22 2 2 2
(c  b )(a  b )( x  b ) (a  c )(b  c )( x  c ) 1) 4 2) 5 3) -4 4) -5

x2 1  a2 b2  REPEATED & NON-REPEATED LINEAR

 2  2
 2 2 22 2  2
( x  a )( x  b ) a  b  x  a 2 
x  b2  FACTORS

2 x2  2 x  1
LEVEL-IA 8. 
x3  x 2
NON-REPEATED LINEAR FACTORS 2 1 3 2 1 3
1)  2 2)   2 
x x x 1 x x x 1
2x 1 1 k
1.   k 
( x  1)(2 x  3) 5( x  1) 5(2 x  3) 3 1 5 2 1 3
3)   2  4)   2 
1) 6 2) 7 3) 8 4) 9 x x x 1 x x x 1
111x A B C 5x  4 A B C
2.    B=   
(x 1)(x  6)(x  4) x 1 x  6 x  4  9. If 2
 x  1  x  1 x  1 x  1  x  12
12 67 43 67 then A =
1) 2) 3) 4)
25 50 50 50 9 1 10
2x 1 5 3 1) 2) 3) 4)1
3.    (a, b)  4 4 3
( x  a )( bx  1) x  a bx  1
1) (2,-1) 2) (-2,-1) 3) (-2,1) 4) (2,1)

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NON-REPEATED QUADRATIC FACTORS 1 1 15

3) 2   
Ax 1 x 1 2(x  1) 2(x  1) x  2
10. 2
 2
  A
(1 x  x )(x  2) 1 x  x x  2 1 1 15
4)  
1) 3 2) 2 3) 4 4) 1 2(x  1) 2(x  1) x  2
x2  a2 b2  x4 A b
11. ( x 2  a 2 )( x 2  b 2 )  k  x 2  a 2  x 2  b 2   k  18. If  f  x  
   x  1 x  2  x  1 x  2 then
1 1 1
1) 1 2) 3) 4) f  x =
a  b2
2
a  b2
2
b  a2
2

1) x 2  3 x  7 2) x 2  3 x  7
x2 1 Ax  B C
12. ( x 2  4)( x  2)  x 2  4  x  2  A  B  C  3) x 2  3 x  7 4) x 2  2 x  7

1 1 1 x4
1) 2 2) 3) 4) 19. If x  a x  b x  c
2 3 4    
x  12 A Bx  C  A
 Sin 1   
A B C
13. 3
  2  p  x    then P  x  =
x x x x 1 C  xa x b x c
    1) x  a 2) x  a  b
1) 2) 3) 4) 3) x  a  b  c 4) x  a  b  c
6 4 3 2

NUMBER OF PARTIAL FRACTIONS LEVEL-IA-KEY

14. Number of Partial Fractions in 1) 3 2) 2 3) 3 4) 3 5) 4 6) 3 7) 2
8) 3 9) 1 10) 1 11) 3 12) 2 13) 1 14) 2
x 4  5x 2  1 15) 1 16)4 17)1 18) 3 19) 4
3 is
x 2
 1 LEVEL-IA -HINTS
1) 2 2) 3 3) 4 4) 5 1. Put x = 0
15. Number of Partial Fractions obtained from 2. Take L.C.M put x =  6
x 3  3x 2  3x 3. 2 x  1  5  bx  1  3  x  a 
is
( x  1)5
4. 1  A  a  x   B  a  x  or By using formula no-10
1) 2 2) 3 3) 4 4) 5
1 2 3 A B C
5x  6 5. Take L.C.M and     
16. Number of partial fractions of x3  x 2  13 is x x 2 x3 x x2 x3
6. Put x – 3 = y
1) 6 2) 7 3) 8 4) 9 7. put x -1 = y
IMPROPER FRACTIONS 2x2  2x  1 A B C
8. 3 2
  2
3
x x x x x 1
2x  1
17.  9. Take L.C.M put x = 1
(x  1)(x  1)(x  2) 10. Take L.C.M put x =1
1 1 5 11. Take L.C.M and compare coefficients
1) 2    12. Take L.C.M and compare coefficients
2(x  1) 2(x  1) x  2
13. By taking x = 1
1 1 15 14. Put x 2  1  y
2) 2   
2(x  1) 2(x  1) x  2 15. Put x-1=y

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3 3 3
REPEATED LINEAR FACTORS
16. x3  x 2  1  x 3  x  1  x  1
3x 2  x  1 a b c d
 Number of partial fractions = 9 7. 4
   
 x  1  x  12  x  13  x  14
 x  1
2 x3  1 A B C
17.  x  1 x  1 x  2   2  x  1  x  1  x  2
a b 
  = [EAMCET 2010]
18. Divide Nr by Dr c d 
19. Divide Nr by Dr
3 7   0 3 0 7  3 5
LEVEL-IB 1)   2)   3)   4)  
5 0   7 5 3 5  7 0 
NON-REPEATED LINEAR FACTORS px  q 1 3
8. If  
5x  1 A B  2 x  3
2
 2 x  3  2 x  32 then p,q
1.    3B 
( x  2 )( x  1) x  2 x  1 are roots of
1) A 2) 2A 1) x 2  2 x  0 2) x 2  x  2  0
3) 3A 4) 4A
3) x 2  3 x  2  0 4) x 2  2 x  0
x4 A B C
2.  x  4  x  1  x  2  x  2  x  1  A  B  C 
2
 2 x3  3x 2  5 x  7
9. The partial fractions of  x  1
5

1) 2 2) 0
3) -1 4) 1 2 5 3 2
1) x  1 2  x  1 3  x  1 4  x  1 5
x 2  10 x  3        
3. 
x  1x  2x  3 3 2 5 3
2) x  1 2  x  1 3  x  1 4  x  1 5
3

9

10 13 9 3        
1) 2)  
x  2 x  3 x 1 x  2 x  3 x 1
5 2 3 2
9 13 3 9 13 3 3) x  1 2  x  1 3  x  1 4  x  1 5
3)   4)          
x  3 x  2 x 1 x  2 x  3 x 1
2 3 5 3
x 1

A

B 4) x  1 2  x  1 3  x  1 4  x  1 5
4.  2 x  1 3x  1 2 x  1 3x  1  16 A  9 B         
1. 4 2. 5 3. 6 4. 8 10. The partial fraction decomposition of

1 x 4  24 x 2  28
5. = 3 is
2
x  16 x 2
 1
1 1 1  1  1 1  1 22 5
1)  2)   
8  x  4 x  4 
 4  x  4 x  4  2
1) x  1 x 2  1 2 3
   x 2  1
1
 1  1 1  1 1 
3) 8  x  4  x  4  4) 4  x  4  x  4  1 22 5
 
2
 2
 3
2) x  1 x 2  1
mx  n

ma  n
k
   x 2  1
6.  x  a  x  b   a  b  x  a  k 
1 22 5
2
 2
 3
mb  n mb  n 3) x  1 x  1
1) a  b x  b 2) a  b x  b
   x  1
2 2

     
1 22 5
2
 2
 3
mb  n mb  n 4) x  1 x 2  1
3)  a  b  x  b  4)  a  b  x  b     x 2  1
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NON-REPEATED QUADRATIC
x4 1 16 2
FACTORS 18. x  1 x  2  3 x  1  3( x  2)  x  x  k
    
2x 1 A Bx C then k =
11.   C 
(x 1)(x 1) x 1 x2 1
2
1) 0 2)1 3) 2 4) 3
1) 0 2) 1/2 3) -1/2 4) 5/2 19. The partial fraction representation of
1

A

Bx  C
 A B 
6 x 4  5 x3  x 2  5 x  2
12. ( x  1)( x  2 x  2) x  1 ( x  1) 2  1
2 is
1  5x  6 x2
1) 2 2) -1 3) 1 4) 0
2 1 1 2 1 1
3x  1 1) x   2) x  
13.  1  2 x 1  3x 1  2 x 1  3x
(1  x  x 2 )(2  x)
2 1 1 2 1 1
x 1 x 1 3) x   4) x  
1) 2  2) 2  1  2 x 1  3x 1  2 x 1  3x
x  x 1 x  2 x  x 1 x  2
x 2
LEVEL-IB-KEY
x 2
3) 2  4) 2 
x  x 1 x  2 x x1 x2 1) 2 2) 2 3)2 4) 3 5) 1 6) 4 7) 2
8) 3 9) 4 10) 3 11) 2 12) 4 13) 1 14) 2
NUMBER OF PARTIAL FRACTIONS 15) 1 16)4 17) 1 18) 4 19) 2
14. Number of Partial Fractions in
LEVEL-IB-HINTS
4 2
x  5x  1
3 is 1. 5 x  1  A  x  1  B  x  2 
x 2
 1
1) 2 2) 3 3) 4 4) 5 2. x  4  A  x  1 x  2   B  x  2  x  1 
C  x  2  x  2  & equate x 2 coefficient.
15. The number of partial fractions of
3x 2  70x  93 3. x 2  10 x  3  A  x  2  x  3 
is B  x  1 x  3   C  x  1 x  2 
(x  1) 4
1) 3 2) 4 3) 5 4) 2 4. x + 1 = A (3x + 1) + B (2x – 1)
IMPROPER FRACTIONS 1 A B
5. 2
 
x  16 x  4 x  4
x2  x  1 B C
16. If  A  then mx  n
x  1  x  1 2  A  B
2
x  2x 1 6.
 x  a  x  b  xa xb
A B C =
1) -2 2) -1 3) 0 4) 1 7. x 1  y
8. 2x  3  y
x4 A B
17. If x  1 x  2  f  x   x  1  x  2 then 9. x 1  y
  
10. x 2  1  y
1) f  x   0 for all real x
11. Take L.C.M and compare constants
2) f  x   0 has distinct real roots 12. Take L.C.M and compare coefficients
A Bx  C
3) f  x   0 has equal roots 13. 
2  x 1  x  x2
4) range of f  x  is R
14. x 2  1  y
15. x  1  y

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16. Take LCM and compare coefficients REPEATED FACTORS
17. Divide Nr by Dr.
18. Divide Nr by Dr. x2  x  1 B C
4. If  A  then
19. Divide Nr by Dr. 2
x  2x 1 x  1  x  1 2
LEVEL-IIA A-B=
1) 4C 2) 4C+1 3) 3C 4) 2C
NON-REPEATED LINEAR FACTORS 3 x 2  10 x  13 A B C
5. 4
 2
 3
 4
 x  1  x  1  x  1  x  1
x2  5x  1 then descending order of A, B, C is
1. Let x  1 x  2 x  3
    1. A, B, C 2. C, B, A 3. A, C, B 4. C, A, B
5x 2  9
a b c 6. Number of partial fractions in x 2  1 5 is
  
x  1  x  1 x  2   x  1 x  2  x  3 and  
1) 10 2) 2 3) 5 4) 7
a b 
A  then A is x2  4 A B
 c 1 7. If x 2  1 2 x 2  3  x 2  1  2 x 2  3 then
1) Idempotent matrix 2) Involutary matrix
  
3) Symmetric matrix 4) Scalar matrix A B =
2. If the expansion in powers of x of the 1) 6 2) 8 3) 9 4) 11
1
function , a  b is REMAINDER THEOREM
1  ax 1  bx 
8. The remainder obtained when the
a0  a1 x  a2 x 2  .... then an is polynomial x4 - 3x3 + 9x2 - 27x + 81 is divided
bn  a n an  bn by (x -3) is
1) 2) 1) 0 2) 3 3) 81 4) 27
ba ba
9. If the remainders of the polynomial f(x)
a n 1  b n 1 bn 1  a n 1 when divided by x-1,x-2,x-3 are 1,3,7 then
3) 4)
ba ba the remainder of f(x) when divided by
1 (x-1)(x-2)(x-3) is
3. 4
 1)11 2)x2 - x+1 3)x2+x+1 4)12
x 1
NON-REPEATED LINEAR FACTORS
x 2 2x
 10. Let a,b,c be such that
1) 2 2 x 2  2 x  1
  
2 2 x2  2 x  1  1 a b c
x 2 2x 1  x 1  2 x 1  3x  = 1  x  1  2 x  1  3x then

2) 2 2 x 2  2 x  1 2 2 x 2  2 x  1
    a b c
  =
1 3 5
x 2 2x
 1 1 1 1
3) 2 2 x 2  2 x  1 2 2 x 2  2 x  1
    1)
15
2)
6
3)
15
4)
6

x 2 2x

4) 2 2 x 2  2 x  1
  
2 2 x2  2 x  1 

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x4 REPEATED & NON-REPEATED LINEAR

11. The coefficient of xn in 2 is FACTORS
x  5x  6
1 1 1 1 x
1) n 1
 2)  17. Coefficient of x n in 2 is Cn then
3 2n 3 n 1
2n ( x  1) ( x  2)
1 1 1 1 lim Cn
3) n 1
 4)  n 
5 2n 5 n 1
3n n
1) -1 2) 1 3) 0 4) 2
12. The coefficient of x n in the power series
x2 A 1 B
x 18. 2
  2

expansion of is ( x  1) ( x  1) x  1 2( x  1) x 1
( x  2)( x  3)
the length of the vector 4Ai+4Bj is
3n  2n 3n  2n 10
1) 3n  2 n 2) 3) 4 ) 1) 10 2) 8 3) 10 4)
9n 6n 4
3n  2n IMPROPER FRACTIONS
6n
x4 16 1
2  x 2  3x  k   k 
1  n  19. ( x  1)( x  2) x  2 x 1
13.ak  for k  1, 2,3,..., n then   ak   1) 8 2) 1 3) 9 4) 7
k (k  1)  k 1 
3
x A B C
n6 4 2 20. ( x  a)( x  b)( x  c)  k  x  a  x  b  x  c  k 
n n n
1) 2) 3) 4)
n 1 n  16 n 14 n 12 1) abc 2) a+b+c
3) ab+bc+ca 4) 1
NON-REPEATED QUADRATIC FACTORS
x2  x 1 B C
21. 2
A  A  BC 
2x 1 A Bx  C A  B x  1 x  1 x  12
14.    
(x 1)(x 1) x 1 x2 1
2
C 1) 3 2)2 3)0 4)1
4
1) 8 2) 6 3) 4 4) 2 x 2 A 3 B
22. If  x  12  x  1  x  1  x  1  2  x  12  x  1
x2  x  3 A Bx  C
15. If x3  1   x  1  x 2  x  1 then then the equation of the line passing through
  B
Match the following (0,2) with slope of is
A
I) A = a) 0
1) 3 x  5 y  10  0 2) 3 x  5 y  10  0
II) B = b) 1
III) C = c) - 2 3) 3 x  5 y  6  0 4) 5 x  3 y  6  0
1. a, b, c 2. b, a, c 3. b, c, a 4. a, c,b
LEVEL-IIA-KEY
1 Ax  B Cx  D
16. If 4 2
 2  2 then 1) 2 2) 4 3) 4 4) 4 5) 2 6) 2
x  x 1 x  x 1 x  x 1
7) 2 8) 3 9) 1 10) 1 11) 1 12) 4
C+D= [EAMCET 2013]
13) 4 14) 2 15) 2 16) 4 17)1 18) 3
1) -1 2) 1 3) 2 4) 0
19) 4 20) 4 21)4 22)1
LEVEL-IIA-HINTS
1. Take L.C.M and compare coefficients
1 A B
2.  
1  ax 1  bx  1  ax 1  bx

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Ax  B Cx  D LEVEL-IIB

3. x 2
 2x  1  x 2
 2x 1  REPEATED QUADRATIC FACTORS
4. Put x  1  y 3x2  5 A B
1.  2  2 2  ( A, B) 
5. Put x  1  y 2 2
(x 1) (x 1) (x 1)
6. Put x 2  1  y 1) (2,3) 2) (3,2)
3) (2,-3) 4) (-2,3)
7. Put x 2  y
x 4  24 x 2  28
8. f  3 2. 
( x 2  1)3

9. Remainder = R  x   ax 2  bx  c 1 22 5
1) 2
 2 2 2 3
1 x 1 (x 1) (x 1)
a b c
10. 1  x 1  2 x 1  3x  =  
1  x 1  2 x 1  3x 1 22 5
2) x 2  1  ( x 2  1) 2  ( x 2  1) 3
1
Put x =1 to get a ; Put x  to get b
2 1 22 28
3) x 2  1  ( x 2  1) 2  ( x 2  1) 3
1
Put x  to get c
3 1 23 4
4) x 2  1  ( x 2  1) 2  ( x 2  1) 3
x4 A B
11.  
 x  2  x  3 x  2 x  3 x2  5 1 k
 
12. Apply formula 3. If x 2  2 2
x  2  x 2  2 2 then 2k =
2
 
1 1
13. ak   1) 1 2) 3 3) 6 4) 8
k k 1
REMAINDER THEOREM
2x 1 A Bx  c
14.   4. If the remainders of the polynomial f(x) when
( x  1)( x 2  1) x 1 x2  1
divided by x+1, x+2, x-2 are 6, 15, 3 then the
Take L.C.M and compare coefficients
15. Take L.C.M and compare coefficients remainder of f  x  when divided by
16. Take L.C.M and compare coefficients
 x  1 x  2  x  2  is
x a b c
17. =  2
 1) 2 x 2  3 x  1
2
2) 3 x  2 x  1
( x  1)2 ( x  2) x  1  x  1 x2
3) 2 x 2  x  3 4) 3 x 2  2 x  1
Take L.C.M and compare coefficients
5. The remainder obtained when x64+x27+1 is
18. Take L.C.M and compare coefficients
divided by x + 1 is
19. Divide Nr by Dr
1) 3 2) 2 3) 1 4) -1
x 3 coeff in Nr NON-REPEATED LINEAR FACTORS
20. k 
x 3 coeff in Dr
x2  x 1 A B C
21. x  1  y 6.   
22. Take L.C.M and compare coefficients
 x  1 x  2  x  3 x  1 x  2 x  3
 AC  [EAMCET 2011]
1) 4 2) 5
3) 6 4) 8
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1 1 2x
7. If x  x  1 x  2  .....  x  n  12. Partial fraction representation of is
x3  1

A0 A A A 1 x 1 x
  1  2  .....  n then Ar = 1)  2 2)  2
x x 1 x  2 xn x 1 x  x 1 x 1 x  x 1
[EAMCET 2012] 1 x 1 x
3)  2 4)  2
(1)r r ! (1)r x 1 x  x 1 x 1 x  x 1
1) 2) IMPROPER FRACTIONS
(n  r )! r !(n  r )!

1 r! x3  x 2 
3) 4)  xk 2
r !(n  r )! (n  r )! 13. 2
x x2 k 
 x  x  2
2 1)4 2)2 3)1 4)3
x  5x  1
8. If 
( x  1)( x  2)( x  3 ) x4 A B C
14. ( x  a)( x  b)( x  c)
 p( x)   
xa xb xc
 p( x) 

A B C
  1) x 2) x+a
x  1 (x  1)(x  2) (x  1)(x  2)(x  3)
3) x+a+b 4) x+a+b+c
then B =
1)1 2)-5 x 2  3x  1 A  B  C
15. Statement-I:If = x  1  x  1 2
3)0 4)10 x2  2 x  1
LINEAR, QUADRATIC FACTORS then A  B  C  0

2x A B x2  2 x  3 A B C
9. If  2  2 then Statement-II : If   2  3 then
4 2
x  x 1 x  x 1 x  x 1 x3 x x x

AB  A BC  0
1) Only I is true
1
1) -1 2) 2) Only II is true
2
3) Both I and II are true
3) 1 4) 2
4) Neither I nor II is true
2 x 3  x 2  5 Ax  B Cx  1
10.  2  LEVEL-IIA-KEY
x 4  25 x  5 x2  5
1)2 2) 1 3) 3 4) 1
  A, B, C   [EAMCET 2014] 5) 3 6) 4 7) 2 8) 3
1) (1,0,1) 2) (1,2,1) 9) 2 10) 1 11) 3 12) 2
3) (1,1,1) 4) (1,1,0) 13) 3 14) 4 15) 2
LEVEL-IIA-HINTS
x 2  10 x  13 A B C
11. If =  
 x  1  x  5 x  6  x  1 x  2 x  3
2
1. x2  1  y
then ascending order of A,B,C is
1) A,B,C 2) C,B,A 2. x2  1  y
3) C,A,B 4) B,C,A
3. x2  2  y

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4. R  x   ax 2  bx  c

5. Find the value of f (–1).

6. Put x  1 to get A

Put x  2 to get B

Put x  3 to get C

7. Put x  0 to get A0

Put x  1 to get A1

put x=-n to get An

8. Take L.C.M and compare coefficients

9. Take L.C.M and compare coefficients

10. Take L.C.M and compare coefficients

11. Put x  1 to get A

Put x  2 to get B

Put x  3 to get C

1 2x A Bx  c
12.   2
 x  1  x  x  1 x  1 x  x  1
2

13. Divide Nr by Dr

14. Divide Nr by Dr

15. Take L.C.M and compare coefficients

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