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RisiGanesan AL Arumugan Chap 4
RisiGanesan AL Arumugan Chap 4
Overview
The researcher manages to collect certain amount of data to be process in order to make this
research to become reliable by collection data from primary sources through questionnaire that
the researcher have spread through Klang Valley. Data defines as “The process of
predominantly involves coding or categorising the data Basically it involves making sense of
huge amounts of data by reducing the volume of raw information, followed by identifying
significant patterns, and finally drawing meaning from data and subsequently building a logical
chain of evidence” (Patton, 2005). The researcher will process the data from the respondent so
that the reader who are reading this research will have a clear understanding of the research
report. The finding of this study is based on the research objectives and hypothesis. The data
have been collected randomly from 206 respondents who are GrabCar user/consumer in Klang
Valley. All the collected data will be analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences
The starting point of data editing is to complete the questionnaire that the researcher has
prepare for the respondent. The process of editing is to check and re-correct the mistake that
the researcher did not notice by the writer itself but have been notice by other whereas the
researcher team members. The function of editing is to reduce and minimize the error in the
research report in making sure that less mistake being made thought the whole report. This
process of cleaning is called “editing”. This could reduce the problem regarding the
inconsistent or errors of responds by the respondents on questionnaires (Islam Tiba, 2015). In
term of the respondent data, the researcher identifies and minimize, as far as possible errors,
incompleteness, misclassification and gaps in the information obtained in making sure that the
respond being collected are clean and able to be use for the research purpose. Irrespective of
the method of data collection, the information collected is called raw data.
Data Coding
Coding means assigning numerals or other symbols to the categories or responses. For each
question a coding scheme is designed on the basis of the con med categories. The coding of
closeended questions is relatively simple because the options are predetermined. Most close-
ended questions in the questionnaire five possible answers and were assigned codes 1 to 5.
Once the data is coded again few research instruments at random and record responses should
be studied for identify of any discrepancies in coding. After that, the process will be continuing
to verify coding until the researcher make sure that there are no discrepancies (Islam Tiba,
2015).
Section B (Dependent Variable): The Effectiveness of Grab Services - (Adam, M., Kee, D.
M.,
Junaina, I., Fadhilah, N., Uwais, N., Rashidi, F. A., .Pandey, and R. (2020))
Statement Scale
B1 GrabCar mobile application is user-friendly. 1 2 3 4 5
B2 GrabCar is safe to travel with Grab due to its safety feature “Panic 1 2 3 4 5
Button” on its mobile application.
Section C (1st Independent Variable): The Fees of Grab Services - (Jais, Marzuki, 2020)
Statement Scale
C1 GrabCar offers affordable price for Grab Car service. 1 2 3 4 5
C2 GrabCar services is value for money. 1 2 3 4 5
C3 GrabCar rate is cheaper compare to its competitors. 1 2 3 4 5
C4 There are promotions in Grab mobile application that can be 1 2 3 4 5
redeemed for trip discount.
Section D (2nd Independent Variable): The Quality of Grab Services - (Xu, Yin and Ye, 2019)
Statement Scale
D1 GrabCar services fulfill my daily commute needs. 1 2 3 4 5
D2 GrabCar offer a smooth journey along the trip. 1 2 3 4 5
D3 Grab’s mobile application is very convenience. 1 2 3 4 5
D4 Grab Service is efficient toward passengers. 1 2 3 4 5
D5 The method of payment GrabCar offer is convenience where they 1 2 3 4 5
accept cashless transaction (Grab-Pay/Online Transfer or coupon
redemption).
Section E (3rd Independent Variable): The Knowledge of Grab Driver - (Rather & Khazer
2019)
Statement Scale
E1 Grab driver keeps his/her customer informed of any delay. 1 2 3 4 5
Data Entry
After the questionnaires are all checked and edited by the researcher. The
questionnaires will be ready to be entered into a computer excel worksheet where the
researcher change the respondent respond into a serial of code for SPSS software to runs. The
main principle of data entry is, the data entry is a computerized way of filling in a large table of
codes. Each row or line or the table represents one respondent or questionnaire, and each
column represents one field (Goslino, 2019). In this study data were collected on an excel
worksheet; the data is the coded according to Likert scale then it is entered into the SPSS
Respond Rate
Respond rate refers to the amount of respondent for the researcher questionnaire. Respond
rate is important to determine the accuracy of the research as the respond from the respondent
are a primary data which will help the researchers to gain valuable data to be converted into
SPSS system to get the result for the research. “A response rate is a mathematical formula that
is calculated by survey researchers and is used as a tool to understand the degree of success in
obtaining completed interviews from a sample. In probability samples, where the intent of a
survey is to project the results of the data onto a population” (Siebert, 2006). A high respond
rate will help to increase the chance for the researcher to get an accurate result for the research
while a low respond rate will contribute to a low in-term of the accuracy of the result. A low
response rate will decrease the statistical power of the data collected and effect the reliability
test which will be lower than .07. The response rate for a particular survey may also depend on
the availability and reachability of the researcher towards the target population if the
reachability and availability is low the response rate will be low and vice versa. Therefore,
researcher should spend more time and effort in examining the research topic, objectives,
question, and the target population so that they are able to get more response rate from the
respondent.
In this study, the questionnaires regarding The Effectiveness of E-Hailing (Grab) towards the
community were transform into google form and were sent to the respondents via various social
medias such as Whatsapp, Telegram, Instagram, Facebook, Email and more. All the responses
The researcher is able to get the respondent to answer all of the question in the questionnaire
that been distributed which accumulate a 100% respond rate. The data collected have been
process by the researcher and converted into SPSS system to run the test and produce a result
4. Education Level:
( ) SPM ( ) STPM/Diploma ( ) Degree ( ) Others
5. Working Status:
( ) Student ( ) Employed ( ) Unemployed ( ) self-work
Based on the table above it showed that in this study, the amount of respondent of male
and female are equal that is 50% of male and 50% of female with the amount of 103 and 103
and coming from various of ethnicity of Malay (79, 38%), Chinese (18, 18.7%), Indian
(109,53.4%).
The age of the respondent is various where the researcher has prepared a range of age of below
18 (3, 1.4%), 18-29 (182,88.2%), 30-40 (14,6.7%), 41 and above (3, 3.4%). Each of them was
given the questionnaires on google form via various social media’s such as Facebook,
Instagram, Email and more. The questionnaires contain 6 sections and it was compulsory for
In addition, the respondents also possess different level of education levels such as
majority of the respondents were from Degree which was 139 or 67.6% of them followed by
respondents who have completed Diploma which was 40 or 19.2% of them than followed by
the respondents from SPM which was only 14 or 6.7% of them and others for 13 or 6.3%. The
respondent also possesses of different working status where most of the respondent are students
which was 104 or 51%, followed by Employed 77 or 37%, Un-employed 10 or 4.8% and lastly
self-work of 13 or 6.3%.
Moreover, the questionnaires were also sent to respondents form various background of
people that uses GrabCar services as their E-Hailing of choice for their daily commute. The
researchers have sped the questionnaire thought Klang Valley so that the results of this study
can be generalized and have high validity. The result shows 42 or 20.2% respondent from
Kuala Lumpur, 44 or 21.2% from Shah Alam, 34 or 16.3% from Klang, 9 or 4.3% from
Ampang, 9 or
4.3% from Subang, 3 or 1.4% from Gombak, and 65 or 32,2% from another district.
Moreover, this study also has collected the data regarding their monthly income where this
shows their trend of using e-hailing allies with their monthly income which at 1000 and below
116 or 56.7%, followed by 1001-2000 30 or 14.4%, 2001-3001 or 16.3% and lastly more than
3001 at 26 or 12.5%. The main idea of the research is to detect the frequency of community
using Grabcar service and the researcher manage to retrieved the data from google form where
the result were 140 or 68.3% people uses GrabCar 1 to 5 times a month, 47 or 22.6% uses 6 to
10 times a month, and lastly 19 or 9.1% uses GrabCar at 11 and above times in a month where
they uses the GrabCar service to various location where the data shows 29 or 13.9% uses
GrabCar to go to work, 42 or
20.2% going to university, 14 or 6.7% going to sigh viewing and last various of location (others)
at 121 or 59.1% where the highest amount recorded for desired destination of GrabCar user.
Reliability Test
The reliability test is conducted in order to test the data consistency through the Cronbach’s
alpha test once all the data obtained from the respondents have been computed into the SPSS
software. Cronbach’s alpha is a measure used to assess the reliability, or internal consistency,
of a set of scale or test items. In other words, the reliability of any given measurement refers to
the extent to which it is a consistent measure of a concept, and Cronbach’s alpha is one way of
Cronbach’s alpha coefficient value above 0.00 to 0.059 indicates the data is unreliable. As
for the range 0.5 to 0.59 it shows that the data has a weak reliability as for the range form 0.6
till 0.69 will indicate a questionable reliability. However, at the range of 0.70 till 0.79 will
indicate that the alpha coefficient range is acceptable which means that the data is reliable. For
the range of 0.80 till 0.89 indicate a good reliability strength if it gets higher which is from 0.90
The test has indicated that all the items in the questionnaires reflects with the information
given by the respondents as the value of the alpha surpassed as shown in the table below:
The table above shows the Cronbach’s Alpha where N represents the number of the items
and status for each dependent and independent variable. Based on this study after running the
reliability test analysis on SPSS, all of the dependent and independent variable are above .8
where this shows a good reliability data which can be used in this study for the researcher to
study for the research. There is no question are deleted for the reliability test and this shows
that the questionnaire is easy to be understand by respondent and it is reliable to be use for the
research data.
Description Analysis
The descriptive statistics is different compared to the inferential statistics because descriptive
statistic will only involve describing the numerical data but its inferential statistic a conclusion
that extend beyond the immediate data alone need to be form (Trochim, 2020). Descriptive
statistic is used to describe the basic features of the data in a study and they can provide simple
summarized information about the sample and measures. Together with simple graphics
analysis, they form the basis of virtually every quantitative analysis of data. In this study the
descriptive analysis method is used because this provide one major advantage which is by
using the descriptive analysis the numerical results that have been analyzed using SPSS is able
each if the each of the variables will be analyzed and the mean, median, mode and standard
deviation of each question in the variables will be identified and compared with.
Descriptive Statistics
Mean refers to the average score which is commonly used to describe the central tendency,
median refers to the score found at the exact middle of the set of values, mode refers to
frequently occurring value in a set of score standard deviation refers to the measures of how
spread out the numbers are (Trochim, 2020). Therefore, based on the table above it shows that
the highest mean among the Dependent variable (effectiveness of Grab Service) is B1 on the
question of “GrabCar mobile application is user-friendly” where the mean is 4.422, Standard
Deviation of 0.6993. It is true that this statement clearly defines this question clearly defining
Service. On the other hand, the lowest mean is B5 on the question of “Grab Driver is always
Descriptive Statistics
Based on the table above it shows that that highest mean among the Fees variables is C4
on question of “There are promotions in Grab mobile application that can be redeemed for trip
discount.” where the mean is 4.146 (SD= 0.8013). It is true that this statement clearly defines
the fees of GrabCar services. The lowest mean is C5 on “Grab offers affordable rate even
Based on the table above, it shows that the highest mean among the quality variable is D5
on the method of payment GrabCar offer is convenience where they accept cashless transaction
(Grab-Pay/Online Transfer or coupon redemption).” where the mean is 4.350 (SD= .7614). It is
true that this statement clearly defines the quality of GrabCar services variable on the Quality of
Grab Service in Klang Valley. The lowest mean is “GrabCar services fulfill my daily commute
Based on the table above, it shows that the highest mean among the Knowledge of Drive
variable is E1 “Grab driver keeps his/her customer informed of any delay” where the mean is
4.238 (SD=.9761). It is true that this statement clearly defines Knowledge of GrabCar Driver
variable on the Effectiveness of E-hailing (Grab) in Klang Valley. The lowest mean is “Grab
Hypothesis Testing
The process of testing a hypothesis is at the heart of most statistical analyses for
individual research projects. Hypothesis testing refers to the method for determining the
probability of an observed event that occurs only by chance. If chance were not the cause of an
event, then something else must have been the cause, such as the treatment having had an effect
on the observed event (the outcome) that was measured (Thompson, 2009). Therefore, in this
study the hypothesis is used to determine the relationship between the independent variables
(Fees,
Quality and Knowledge of Driver) with the dependent variable (The Effectiveness of Grab
Service). The table below shoes the results of the hypothesis testing:
Coefficientsa
Standardized
Unstandardized Coefficients Coefficients
Driver
H1: There is a significant relationship between the fees of GrabCar with the effectiveness of
Based on the table above, the significant value of H1 the fees are p=0.001 which is lower
than the significant value of 0.05. The H 0 is rejected. This means that there is a significant
relationship between the fees and effectiveness of e-hailing (Grab) toward the community and
H0: There is no significant relationship between the quality of GrabCar service with the
H1: There is a significant relationship between the quality of GrabCar service with the
than the significant value of 0.05. The H 0 is rejected. This means that there is a significant
relationship between the quality of GrabCar service and effectiveness of e-hailing (Grab)
toward the community and this result is consistent with Xu, Yin and Ye (2019) study.
H0: There is no significant relationship between the knowledge of GrabCar driver with the
H1: There is a significant relationship between the knowledge of GrabCar driver with the
Based on the table above, the significant value of H3 the knowledge of GrabCar driver are
p=0.000 which is lower than the significant value of 0.05. The H0 is rejected. This means that
there is a significant relationship between the knowledge of GrabCar driver and effectiveness
of ehailing (Grab) toward the community and this result is consistent with Rather & Khazer
(2019) study.
T-Test
The independent sample T-test refers to a test that compares the means of two groups of
participants (Gerald, 2018). This study also used independent sample T-test to identify the
relationship between the dependent variables (Effectiveness of GrabCar) and gender types of
Mea
1.0 103 4.1864 .61629 .06072
n
_DV 2.0 103 4.3515 .61578 .06067
ANOVA
The ANOVA is defined as “a statistical tool used to detect differences between experimental
group means” (Sawyer, 2015). This study also used the ANOVA to identify the relationship
between the dependent variables with the demographic data. The tables below are the ANOVA
ANOVA
Mean_DV
different) Based on the table above it shows that the significant value is p=0.162 which is
higher than the significant value of 0.05. Therefore, this indicates that there are no differences
between groups in term of the mean. H0 is accepted. This means that the mean of all group are
Correlation Analysis
Correlation analysis refers to a statistical method used to evaluate the strength of the
relationship between two quantitative variables. This study also used correlation analysis to
analyze its data. A high correlation means that 2 or more variables have a strong relationship
with each other, while a weak correlation means that the variables are hardly related, in other
words, it is the process of studying the strength of that relationship with available statistical
• Research Question 1
Is there any significant relationship between the fees of GrabCar service and the effectiveness of
• Research Question 2
Is there any significant relationship between the quality of GrabCar service and the effectiveness
Is there any significant relationship between the knowledge of GrabCar driver and the
The objective of this study is to identify whether there is a relationship between the fees,
the quality of service and the knowledge of GrabCar driver towards the effectiveness of e-
hailing (Grab) toward the community. The relationship between the independent and dependent
variables which is the fees, the quality of service, and the knowledge of GrabCar driver and the
effectiveness of e-hailing (Grab) were analysed and examined using the Pearson Product-
Moment Correlation
Coefficient. The findings were used to determine whether the hypotheses are accepted or
rejected. In this study the researcher has decided to use 0.05 as level of significance
subsequently. It can also be used to explain the strength of the relationship in terms of the value
of person correlation (r) and the direction of the relationship for the variable used in this study.
Summary correlation Analysis between the fees, the quality of Grab service and The
Correlations
Based on the table above it shows the correlation analysis between the dependent variable
effectiveness of e-hailing (Grab) towards the independent variables which is the fees, quality of
service and knowledge of Grab driver. From the table above the highest correlation between all
the independent variables is achieved the knowledge of Grab driver where r= 0.766, p=<0.01,
followed by the quality of Grab service the correlation indicates r=0.744, p=<0.01 and the
lowest correlation among all the variables is the fees of GrabCar where the correlation
Hypothesis Developed:
H0= There is no relationship between the effectiveness of Grab service and the fees
A Pearson correlation coefficient was computed between the dependent variable (effectiveness
of Grab service) and independent variable (the fees). The p value should be less than 0.05 for
significant. The hypothesis H0 above was particularly developed for the research question 1
gives the notation that there is a positive, very weak and significance relationship between the
effectiveness of Grab service and the fees (r=0.724, n=206, p=<0.05). Therefore, the research
Grab service
A Pearson correlation coefficient was computed between the dependent variable (effectiveness
of Grab service) and independent variable (the quality of Grab service). The p value should be
less than 0.05 for significant. The hypothesis H 0 above was particularly developed for the
research question 1 gives the notation that there is a positive, very weak and significance
relationship between the effectiveness of Grab service and the quality of Grab service (r=0.744,
H0= There is no relationship between the effectiveness of Grab service and the knowledge
of driver
A Pearson correlation coefficient was computed between the dependent variable (effectiveness
of Grab service) and independent variable (the knowledge of Grab driver). The p value should
be less than 0.05 for significant. The hypothesis H 0 above was particularly developed for the
research question 1 gives the notation that there is a positive, very weak and significance
relationship between the effectiveness pf Grab service and the knowledge of driver (r=0.766,
n=206, p=<0.05).
According to the T-test table shows the significant mean of the both genders is p=0.471
which means that it is higher than the significant level of 0.05. Therefore, there is no significant
difference between the mean of 2 groups and the H0 is accepted. Which means male and female
According to the ANOVA table above it shows that the significant value is p=0.162 which is
higher than the significant value of 0.05. Therefore, this indicates that there are no differences
between groups in term of the mean. H0 is accepted. This means that there are no differences
between the ethnics towards the effectiveness of e-hailing (Grab) toward the community.
Multiple Regression
Multiple regression refers to a general and flexible statistical method for analyzing
associations between two or more independent variables and a single dependent variable
(Morrissey & Ruxton, 2018). The last step in analyzing the collected data on this study is
carrying out the multiple regression analysis. As a general statistical technique, multiple
its association with known values of other variables, and it can be used to test scientific
hypotheses about whether and to what extent certain independent variables explain variation in
an independent variable of interest. The table below shows the results of the multiple
regression analysis.
Model Summary
Coefficients
Standardized
Unstandardized Coefficients Coefficients
level of 0.05 this mean that the model is fit for this study. The R square value is 0.672. R
square value refers to “a statistical measure of how close the data are to the fitted regression
determination for multiple regression” (Scibilia, 2017). The r square value is always between 0
and 100%. The R square value for this study is 0.672 which is only 67.2%. This indicates the
variances of all the independent variables such as (the fees, the quality of Grab service and the
knowledge of Grab driver) towards dependent variables (effectiveness of e-hailing (Grab)) are
at 67.2%. Therefore, this indicates a strong explanation of variability of the response data
Moreover, the absolute value of β (Beta) in table 4.10.2 indicates the order of importance of
the independent variables. The variables with the highest β value are relatively most influential
or important independent variable. Therefore based on the analysis above the independent
which got the highest beta is the knowledge of Grab driver (β=0.362) with a significant value
of 0.000 this indicate that the model is good and beneficial because the significant value is less
than 0.005 Also, it is followed by the quality of Grab service with a value of (β=0.315) with a
significant value of
0.000 this indicate that the model is good and beneficial because the significant value is less than
0.005. Hence, the independent variable which got the lowest beta is the fees with a value of
(β=0.221) with a significant level of 0.001 this indicate that the model is also good and
beneficial because the significant value is less than 0.005. This indicate that all the variable is
Summary
This chapter reported information regarding the demographic data and variables which have
been developed and studied in this research. All the data which have been analyzed on SPSS
have been precisely explained in this chapter. This study has 206 respondents have successfully
completed the questionnaire fully and after running the reliability test all the data is reliable
because the Cronbach’s Alpha is higher the 0.07. Other than that, the three variables (the fees,
quality of Grab service and the knowledge of Grab driver) is significant and accepted in this
research. However, the ANOVA and t-test in this study also indicated that all the demographic
data is not significant with the dependent variable (effectiveness of e-hailing (Grab)) which
means that there are no differences between the demographic data and effectiveness of e-
hailing (Grab). This study also analyzed the data using the correlation analysis and multiple
regression analysis.
The next chapter will discuss the main findings of the research, identify possible reasons for the