JEE-Mathematics

INDEFINITE INTEGR ATION

If f & F are function of x such that F' (x) = f(x) then the function F is called a PRIMITIVE OR ANTIDERIVATIVE
OR INTEGRAL of f(x) w.r.t. x and is written symbolically as

d
 f(x ) dx  F (x)  c  dx {F (x )  c}  f(x ) , where c is called the constant of integration.

1. GEOMETRICAL INTERPRETATION OF INDEFINITE INTEGR AL :

 f(x)dx  F (x)  c  y (say ) , represents a family of curves. The different values of c will correspond to different
members of this family and these members can be obtained by shifting any one of the curves parallel to itself.
This is the geometrical interpretation of indefinite integral.

2 Y
Let f(x) = 2x. Then  f(x)dx  x  c. For different values
2

of c, we get different integrals. But these integrals are y= x +3

very similar geometrically.

P3 y= x2+2
2
Thus, y = x + c, where c is arbitrary constant, represents
a family of integrals. By assigning different values to c, P2 y= x2+1
we get different members of the family. These together
constitute the indefinite integral. In this case, each integral P1 y= x2
represents a parabola with its axis along y-axis.
P0 y= x2–1
If the line x = a intersects the parabolas y = x2, y = x2 +1,
y = x2 + 2, y = x2 – 1, y = x2 – 2 at P0, P1, P2, P–1, P–2 etc., P–1 y= x2–2
X' X
dy
respectively, then at these points equals 2a. This
dx P–2 y= x2–3
indicates that the tangents to the curves at these points
2 P–3
are parallel. Thus,  2 xd x = x + c = f( x) + c (say),

implies that the tangents to all the curves

f(x) + c, c  R, at the points of intersection of the x= a
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curves by the line x = a, (a  R) , are parallel.

Y'
2. STANDARD RESULTS :

n (ax  b) n 1 dx 1
(i)  (ax  b) dx 
a(n  1)
 c ; n  1 (ii)  ax  b  a  n ax  b  c

ax  b 1 1 a px  q
(i i i ) e dx  e ax  b  c (iv) px  q
 a dx   c, (a  0)
a p n a
1 1
(v)  sin(ax  b)dx   a cos(ax  b)  c (vi)  cos(ax  b)dx  a sin(ax  b)  c
1 1
(vii)  tan(ax  b)dx  a  n| sec(ax  b)| c ( vi i i )  cot(ax  b)dx  a  n| sin(ax  b)| c
2 1 2 1
(ix)  sec (ax  b)dx 
a
tan(ax  b)  c (x)  cos ec (ax  b)dx   cot(ax  b)  c
a
1
( xi )  cosec (ax  b).cot(ax  b)dx   a cosec (ax  b)  c
1
(xi i )  sec (ax + b).tan(ax + b)dx = sec(ax  b)  c
a
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 x
(xi i i )  sec x dx  n sec x  tan x  c =  n tan  4  2   c
x
( xi v )  cosec x dx  n cosec x  cot x  c =  n tan
2
 c =  n | cosec x  cot x| + c

dx x dx 1 x
  sin 1 c tan 1  c
(xv)
a x2 2 a ( xv i )  a2  x2 
a a
dx 1 x dx
(x vi i )   sec 1  c (xvi i i )    n x  x2  a2  + c
2 2 a a  
x x a x  a2
2

dx dx 1 ax
   n x  x2  a2  + c n c
(xi x)
x a2 2   (x x)  a2  x2 
2a ax

dx 1
n
x a x 2 a2 x
(xxi )  x2  a2  c (xxi i )  a 2  x 2 dx  a  x2  sin 1  c
2a xa 2 2 a
x 2 a2
(xxi ii )  x 2  a 2 dx 
2
x  a2 
2 
n x  x 2  a 2  c 
2
x 2 a
(xxi v)  x 2  a 2 dx  x  a2  n  x  x2 a c
2
2 2

e ax e ax  b
(xx v)
ax
 e .sin bx dx  (a sin bx  b cos bx )  c  sin  bx  tan 1   c
a b2 2 2
a b  2 a 

e ax e ax  b
ax
(xxvi )  e .cos bx dx  2 (a cos bx  b sin bx)  c  cos  bx  tan 1   c
a  b2 a 2  b2  a

3. TECHNIQUES OF INTEGR ATION :

(a) Substitution or change of independent variable :

If (x) is a continuous differentiable function, then to evaluate integrals of the form  f( (x)) '(x)dx , we
substitute (x) = t and '(x)dx = dt.

Hence I   f( (x))  '(x)dx reduces to  f(t)dt .

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(i) Fundamental deductions of method of substitution :

n
f '(x)
  f(x)  f '(x)dx OR  [f(x)]n dx put f(x) = t & proceed.

cos 3 x
Illustration 1 : Evaluate  sin 2 x  sin x dx

(1  sin 2 x) cos x 1  sin x

Solution : I = dx =  cos x dx
sin x(1  sin x) sin x

Put sinx = t  cosx dx = dt

1t
 I = dt  n| t|  t  c = n| sin x|  sin x  c Ans.
t

 x 2  1  dx
Illustration 2 : Evaluate 
 x 4  3x 2  1  tan 1  x  1 
 x

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Solution : The given integral can be written as

 1
 1  2  dx
x
I =  2
 1  1  1
 x    1  tan  x  
 x  x

 1  1
Let  x   = t. Differentiating we get  1  2  dx = dt
x x

dt
Hence I =  t 2
 1  tan 1 t

dt du
Now make one more substitution tan –1t = u. Then = du and I =   n| u|  c
t2  1 u
Returning to t, and then to x, we have

 1
I = n| tan 1 t| c  n tan 1  x    c Ans.
 x

Do yourself -1 :

x2 3
(i) Evaluate :  9  16x 6
dx (ii) Evaluate :  cos x dx

(ii) Standard substitutions :

dx
 a2  x2 or  a 2  x 2 dx ; put x = a tan or x = a cot 

dx
 a2  x2 or  a 2  x 2 dx ; put x = a sin or x = a cos 

dx
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 or  x 2  a 2 dx ; put x = a sec or x = a cosec 

x  a2
2

ax
 dx ; put x = a cos2
ax

x 
 dx or  (x   )(  x) ; put x =  cos2  +  sin2 
x

x 
 dx or  (x   )(x  ) ; put x =  sec2  –  tan2 
x 
dx
 (x   )(x   )
; put x –  = t2 or x –  = t2.

dx
Illustration 3 : Evaluate  (x  a )(b  x)

Solution : Put x = acos 2 + bsin 2, the given integral becomes

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2(b  a) sin  cos d 

I 1

 (a cos 2
  b sin 2   a)(b  a cos 2   b sin 2   2

2(b  a) sin  cos d  ba 1 x a

=  =    2d   2   c  2 sin  c Ans.
b  a  sin  cos   b  a  ba 

1 x 1
Illustration 4 : Evaluate . dx
1 x x
Solution : Put x = cos 2  dx = –2sin cos d
1  cos  1 
 I  . ( 2 sin  cos )d     2 tan tan  d 
1  cos  cos 2  2
sin 2 (  / 2) 1  cos 
 4  d   2  d   2 n| sec   tan | 2   c
cos  cos 

1 1x
 2 n  2 cos 1 x  c
x

Do yourself -2 :

x 3 dx
(i) Evaluate :  2x
dx (ii) Evaluate : 
x x2  4

 du 
(b) Integration by part :  u.v dx  u  v dx    dx . v dx  dx where u & v are differentiable functions and

are commonly designated as first & second function respectively.

Note : While using integration by parts, choose u & v such that

 du 
(i)  vdx & (ii)   dx . v dx  dx are simple to integrate.

This is generally obtained by choosing first function as the function which comes first in the word ILATE,
where; I-Inverse function, L-Logarithmic function, A-Algebraic function, T-Trigonometric function &
E-Exponential function.

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Illustration 5 : Evaluate :  cos x dx

Solution : Consider I =  cos xdx

1
Let x t then dx  dt
2 x
i.e. dx  2 xdt or dx = 2t dt

so I   cos t.2tdt
taking t as first function, then integrate it by part
  dt  
 I = 2  t  cos tdt     cos tdt  dt  = 2  t sin t   1.sin tdt  = 2  t sin t  cos t   c
  dt  
I = 2  x sin x  cos x   c Ans.

x
Illustration 6 : Evaluate :  1  sin x dx

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x x(1  sin x)
Solution : Let I =
1  sin x
dx =  (1  sin x)(1  sin x) dx
x(1  sin x) x(1  sin x )
=  dx =  dx   x sec 2 xdx   x sec x tan xdx
1  sin 2 x cos 2 x
 2  dx 2     dx  
=  x  sec xdx     sec xdx  dx  –  x  sec x tan xdx     sec x tan xdx  dx 
  dx     dx  
=  x tan x   tan xdx    x sec x   sec xdx 
=  x tan x  n| sec x|   x sec x  n| sec x  tan x|  c
(sec x  tan x)  x(1  sin x)
= x  tan x  sec x   n c =  n|1  sin x|  c Ans.
sec x cos x

Do yourself -3 :
x 3
(i) Evaluate :  xe dx (ii) Evaluate : x sin(x 2 )dx

Two classic integrands :

x
(i) e [f(x)  f '(x)]dx  e x .f(x)  c

2
x  1 x 
Illustration 7 : Evaluate  e  1  x 2  dx
 1x 
2
(1  2x  x 2 ) x  1 2x  ex
 e  1  x 2  dx =  e x (1  x 2 )2 dx =  e  (1  x 2 )  (1  x 2 )2 dx  c
x
Solution :  Ans.
 1  x2

x  x4  2 
Illustration 8 : The value of e  (1  x 2 ) 5 / 2  dx is equal to -

e x (x  1) e x (1  x  x 2 ) e x (1  x)
(A) (B) (C) (D) none of these
(1  x 2 ) 3 / 2 (1  x 2 ) 3 / 2 (1  x 2 ) 3 / 2

x  x4  2  x  1 1  2x 2 
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Solution : Let I =  e 
 (1  x 2 ) 5 / 2 
dx =   (1  x 2 )1 / 2 (1  x 2 )5 / 2  .dx
e 

x  1 x x 1  2x 2 
=   (1  x 2 )1 / 2 (1  x 2 )3 / 2 (1  x 2 )3 / 2 (1  x 2 )5 / 2  dx
e   

ex xe x e x {1  x 2  x}
=   c = c Ans. (D)
(1  x 2 )1 / 2 (1  x 2 ) 3 / 2 (1  x 2 ) 3 / 2

Do yourself -4 :

 1  x2
 xe  sin x 
2
(i) Evaluate : e
x 1
 tan x   dx (ii) Evaluate :  cos x 2 dx
 1  x2 

(ii)  [f(x)  xf '(x)] dx  x f(x)  c

x  sin x
Illustration 9 : Evaluate  1  cos x dx

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 
x  sin x  x  sin x   1 2 x x x
Solution : I = dx =   x  dx =   x sec  tan  dx = x tan + c Ans.
1  cos x 2 2 2 2  2
 2 cos 
 2

Do yourself -5 :

  tan(e   ( nx  1)dx

x
(i) Evaluate : )  xe x sec 2 (e x ) dx (ii) Evaluate :

(c) Integration of rational function :

P(x)
(i) Rational function is defined as the ratio of two polynomials in the form , where P(x) and Q(x)
Q(x)
are polynomials in x and Q(x)  0. If the degree of P(x) is less than the degree of Q(x), then the
rational function is called proper, otherwise, it is called improper. The improper rational function
P(x)
can be reduced to the proper rational functions by long division process. Thus, if is improper,,
Q(x)
P(x) P1 (x) P1 (x)
then = T(x) + , where T(x) is a polynomial in x and is proper rational function.
Q(x) Q(x) Q(x)
It is always possible to write the integrand as a sum of simpler rational functions by a method called
partial fraction decomposition. After this, the integration can be carried out easily using the already
known methods.

S. No. Form of the rational function Form of the partial fraction

px 2  qx  r A B C
1. + +
(x  a) (x  b)(x  c) x a x b x c

px 2  qx  r A B C
2. + +
(x  a )2 (x  b) x a (x  a)2 x b

px 2  qx  r A Bx  C
3. + 2
(x  a ) (x 2  bx  c) xa x  bx  c

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where x2 + bx + c cannot be factorised further

f(x) A Bx  C Dx  E
4. + 2 +
(x  a)(x 2  bx  c)2 x  a x  bx  c (x 2  bx  c)2

where f(x) is a polynomial of degree less than 5.

x
Illustration 10 : Evaluate  (x  2)(x  5) dx
x A B
Solution :  
(x  2 )(x  5 ) x  2 x  5
or x = A(x + 5) + B(x – 2).
by comparing the coefficients, we get
A = 2/7 and B = 5/7 so that

x 2 dx 5 dx 2 5
 (x  2)(x  5) dx  7  x  2  7  x  5  n (x  2)  n  x  5   c Ans.
7 7

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x4
Illustration 11 : Evaluate  (x  2)(x 2  1) dx
x4 3x 2  4
Solution :  (x  2) 
(x  2)(x 2  1) (x  2)(x 2  1)
1 2
 x
3x 2  4 16
Now,   52 5
(x  2)(x 2  1) 5(x  2) x 1
1 2
 x
So, x4 16 5 5
2
 x 2  
(x  2)(x  1) 5(x  2) x2  1
 1 2 
  x 
16
Now,   (x  2)   52 5
 dx
 5(x  2) x 1 
 
x2 2 16 1
=  2 x  tan 1 x  n x  2   n (x 2  1)  c Ans.
2 5 5 10

Do yourself - 6 :

3x  2 x2  1
(i) Evaluate :  dx (ii) Evaluate :  dx
(x  1)(x  3) (x  1)(x  2)

dx dx
(ii)  ax 2  bx  c ,  ,  ax 2  bx  c dx
2
ax  bx  c

Express ax 2 + bx + c in the form of perfect square & then apply the standard results.

px  q px  q
(i i i )  ax 2  bx  c dx,  dx
ax 2  bx  c
Express px + q =  (differential coefficient of denominator ) + m.
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dx
Illustration 12 : Evaluate  2x 2
 x 1

dx 1 dx 1 dx
I  
 2x  x  1 2  x2  x  1 2  x2  x  1  1  1
Solution : 2

2 2 2 16 16 2

1 dx 1 dx
=   
2 (x  1 / 4)  9 / 16 2 (x  1 / 4)2  (3 / 4)2
2

1 1 x 1/ 4  3 / 4   dx  1 log x  a  c 
= . log c  using, 2 
2 2(3 / 4) x 1 / 4  3 / 4   x  a 2 2a xa 

1 x 1 / 2 1 2x  1
= log  c  log c Ans.
3 x 1 3 2(x  1)

3x  2
Illustration 13 : Evaluate  4x 2
dx
 4x  5

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Solution : Express 3x + 2 = (d.c. of 4x 2 + 4x + 5) + m
or, 3x + 2 = (8x + 4) + m
Comparing the coefficients, we get
8 = 3 and 4 + m = 2   = 3/8 and m = 2 – 4 = 1/2
3 8x  4 1 dx
8  4 x2  4 x  5
 I = dx   2
2 4x  4x  5
3 1 dx 3 1  1
= log 4 x 2  4 x  5   = log 4 x 2  4x  5  tan 1  x    c Ans.
8 8 5 8 8  2
x2  x 
4

Do yourself -7 :

dx 5x  4
(i) Evaluate : x 2
 x 1
(ii) Evaluate :  2
x  3x  2
dx

x2  1 x2  1
(iv) Integrals of the form  x 4  Kx 2  1 dx OR  x 4  Kx 2  1 dx where K is any constant.

Divide Nr & Dr by x2 & proceed.

Note : Sometimes it is useful to write the integral as a sum of two related integrals, which can be evaluated by
making suitable substitutions e.g.

2x 2 x2  1 x2  1 2 x2  1 x2  1
* x 4
dx   4 dx   4 dx * x 4
dx   4 dx   4 dx
1 x 1 x 1 1 x 1 x 1

These integrals can be called as Algebric Twins.

4
Illustration 14 : Evaluate :  sin 4
dx
x  cos 4 x

1 sin 2 x  cos 2 x
Solution : I = 4 dx = 4  sin 4 x  cos 4 x dx
sin 4 x  cos 4 x

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(tan 2 x  1) cos 2 x (tan 2 x  1) sec 2 x
= 4 4 4
dx  4  dx
(tan x  1) cos x (tan 4 x  1)

Now, put tanx = t  sec 2 x dx = dt

1  t2 1 / t2  1
 I = 4 4
dt  4  2 dt
1t t  1 / t2

 1
Now, put t – 1/t = z   1  2  dt = dz
 t 

dz 4 z t 1 / t 1  tan x  1 / tan x 
 I = 4 2
 tan 1  2 2 tan 1 = 2 2 tan  c Ans.
z 2 2 2 2  2 

1
Illustration 15 : Evaluate : x 4
dx
 5 x2  1

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1 2
dx
2  x4  5 x2  1
Solution : I =

1 1  x2 1 1  x2 1 1  1 / x2 1 1  1 / x2
 I dx  dx = x dx   2 dx
 4
2 x  5x 12  4
2 x  5x 1 2 2
2
 5 1/ x 2
2 x  5  1 / x2
{dividing Nr and Dr by x2}

1 (1  1 / x 2 ) 1 (1  1 / x 2 )dx  1 dt 1 du
  2
2 (x  1 / x)  7
dx   
2 (x  1 / x)  3 2 t 2   7 
2 2
 
2 u 2   3 2

1 1
where t = x – and u = x 
x x

1 1  t  1 1  1 u 
I = . tan 1  .  tan c
2 7  7 2 3 3

1 1  x 1 / x  1  x  1 / x 
= 2 tan 1   tan 1    c Ans.
 7  7  3  3 

Do yourself -8 :

x2  1 1
(i) Evaluate : x 4
dx (ii) Evaluate : 1  x 4
dx
 x2  1

(d) Manipulating integrands :

dx
(i)  x(x n  1) , n  N , take xn common & put 1 + x–n = t.

dx
(ii)  (n 1)
, n  N , take xn common & put 1 + x–n = tn

x2 x n  1  n

dx
(i i i )  x n (1  x n )1 / n , take xn common and put 1 + x–n = tn.
NODE6\ E:\Data\2014\Kota\JEE-Advanced\SMP\Maths\Unit#06\Eng\01-INDEFINITE INTEGRATION.p65

dx
Illustration 16 : Evaluate : x n
(1  x n )1 / n

dx dx
Solution : Let I = 
x n (1  x n )1 / n
=   1
1/n

x n 1  1  n 
 x 
1 n 1
Put 1  n = t , then dx   t n 1 dt
x x n 1
n 1
t n 1 dt t n 1 1  1  n
I = –    t n 2 dt   c  1  n  c Ans.
t n 1 n 1  x 

Do yourself -9 :

dx dx dx
(i) Evaluate :  x(x 2
 1)
(ii) Evaluate : x 2
(x  1) 2 / 3
3
(i i i ) Evaluate : x 3
(x  1)1 / 3
3

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(e) Integration of trigonometric functions :

dx dx dx
(i)  a  b sin 2 x OR  a  b cos 2 x OR  a sin 2 x  b sin x cos x  c cos2 x
Divide Nr & Dr by cos2 x & put tan x = t .

dx
Illustration 17 : Evaluate :  2  sin 2 x
Solution : Divide numerator and denominator by cos 2x
sec 2 xdx sec 2 xdx
I =  2 sec 2
x  tan 2 x
=  2  3 tan 2
x
Let 3 tan x  t  3 sec 2 x dx  dt

1 dt 1 1 t 1  3 tan x 
So I  2
 . tan 1 c = tan 1  c Ans.
3 2t 3 2 2 6  2 
dx
Illustration 18 : Evaluate :  (2 sin x  3 cos x) 2

Solution : Divide numerator and denominator by cos 2x

sec 2 xdx
 I =  (2 tan x  3)2
Let 2 tan x  3  t ,  2sec2xdx = dt
1 dt 1 1
2  t2
I  = c   c Ans.
2t 2(2 tan x  3)

Do yourself -10 :
dx dx
(i) Evaluate :  1  4 sin 2
x
(ii) Evaluate :  3 sin 2
x  sin x cos x  1

dx dx dx
(ii)  a  b sin x OR  a  b cos x OR  a  b sin x  c cos x
x
Convert sines & cosines into their respective tangents of half the angles & put tan t
2

NODE6\ E:\Data\2014\Kota\JEE-Advanced\SMP\Maths\Unit#06\Eng\01-INDEFINITE INTEGRATION.p65

2t 1  t2 2dt
In this case sin x = , cos x  , x = 2tan–1t; dx =
1t 2
1t 2 1  t2

dx
Illustration 19 : Evaluate :  3 sin x  4 cos x
x
dx sec 2 dx
dx 2
Solution : I =  =   = 
3 sin x  4 cos x x   x x x
 2 tan 2  1  tan
2
4  6 tan  4 tan 2
3 2 2 2
4 
1  tan 2 x  1  tan 2 x
 2  2
x 1 x
let tan = t,  sec 2 dx  dt
2 2 2
2dt 1 dt 1 dt
I =  
2  25
so 2 = 2
4  6t  4t 2  3   3
1   t2  t t  
 2  
16 4

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5  3 x
t   1  2 tan
1 1 4  4  1 2 +c
= . n  c = n Ans.
2 5  5  3 5 x
2  t   4  2 tan
4 4  4 2

Do yourself -11 :

dx dx
(i) Evaluate :  3  sin x (ii) Evaluate :  1  4 sin x  3 cos x

a cos x  b sin x  c
(i i i )  p cos x  q sin x  r dx
d
Express Numerator (Nr) = (Dr) + m (Dr) + n & proceed.
dx

2  3 cos 
Illustration 20 : Evaluate :  sin   2 cos   3 d
Solution : Write the Numerator = (denominator) + m(d.c. of denominator) + n
 2 + 3 cos  = (sin + 2cos + 3) + m(cos – 2sin) + n.
Comparing the coefficients of sin, cos and constant terms,
we get 3 + n = 2, 2 + m = 3,  – 2m = 0   = 6/5, m = 3/5 and n = –8/5
6 3 cos   2 sin  8 d
Hence I = d   d  
5 5 sin   2 cos   3 5 sin   2 cos   3

6 3 8 d
=
5
  n sin   2 cos   3 – I3 where I 3 =
5 5
 sin   2 cos   3
 
In I 3, put tan  t  sec 2 d   2dt
2 2

dt dt 1 –1 
t  1 –1 
tan  / 2  1 
I3 = 2   2  = 2. tan 
 
 = tan 
 
t 2  2t  5 (t  1)2  2 2 2 2 2

6 3 8  tan  / 2  1 
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Hence I =  n sin   2 cos   3  tan 1  c Ans.

5 5 5  2 

Do yourself -12 :

sin x 3 sin x  2 cos x

(i) Evaluate :  sin x  cos x dx (ii) Evaluate  3 cos x  2 sin x dx

m
(iv)  sin x cos n xdx

Case-I : When m & n  natural numbers.

* If one of them is odd, then substitute for the term of even power.
* If both are odd, substitute either of the term.
* If both are even, use trigonometric identities to convert integrand into cosines of multiple
angles.
Case-II : m + n is a negative even integer.
* In this case the best substitution is tanx = t.
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JEE-Mathematics
3
Illustration 21 : Evaluate  sin x cos 5 x dx

Solution : Put cos x = t; – sin x dx = dt.

2 5
so that I    (1  t ).t dt

7 5 t 8 t 6 cos 8 x cos 6 x
=  (t  t )dt     c
8 6 8 6
Alternate :
Put sin x = t; cos x dx = dt

t 
3 2 2 3
so that I   t (1  t ) dt   2t 5  t 7 dt

sin 4 x 2 sin 6 x sin 8 x

   c
4 6 8
Note : This problem can also be handled by successive reduction or by trignometric identities.
2
Illustration 22 : Evaluate  sin x cos 4 x dx

2
 1  cos 2x  cos 2 x  1  1
Solution :
2 4
 sin x cos xdx    2   2  dx   1  cos 2x  cos 2 x  2 cos 2x  1 dx
 8
2
 
1
  cos 
2
 2x  2 cos 2x  1  cos 3 2x  2 cos 2 2x  cos 2x dx
8

1 1  cos 6 x  3 cos 2x 1  cos 4 x 

   cos 
3
 2 x  cos 2 2x  cos 2x  1 dx       cos 2x  1  dx
8 8  4 2 

1  sin 6 x 3 sin 2x  1 sin 4 x sin 2x x

   x   c
32  6 2  16 64 16 8

sin 6 x sin 4 x 1 x
   sin 2 x  c
192 64 64 16

sin x
Illustration 23 : Evaluate  cos 9/2
dx
x

NODE6\ E:\Data\2014\Kota\JEE-Advanced\SMP\Maths\Unit#06\Eng\01-INDEFINITE INTEGRATION.p65

sin 1 / 2 x dx
Solution : Let I   dx   1 / 2
cos 9 / 2 x sin x cos 9 / 2 x

1 9
Here m + n =   4 (negative even integer).
2 2
Divide Numerator & Denominator by cos4x.

I   tan x sec 4 x dx   tan x (1  tan 2 x) sec 2 xdx

  t (1  t 2 )dt (using tan x = t)

2 3/2 2 7/2 2 2
 t  t  c  tan 3 / 2 x  tan 7 / 2 x  c
3 7 3 7

Do yourself -13 :

sin 2 x sin xdx 2

(i) Evaluate :  cos 4 x dx (ii) Evaluate :  cos 5/2
(i i i ) Evaluate :  sin x cos 5 x dx
x

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(f) Integration of Irrational functions :

dx dx
(i)  (ax  b) &  (ax 2  bx  c) ; put px  q  t 2
px  q px  q

dx 1 dx 1
(ii)  , put ax  b  ;
2 t  2 2
, put x =
t
(ax  b) px  qx  r (ax  bx  c) px  qx  r

x 2
Illustration 24 : Evaluate  (x 2
 3x  3) x  1
.dx

x 2
Solution : Let, I = 2
.dx Put x + 1 = t 2  dx = 2tdt
(x  3x  3) x  1

(t 2  1)  2 t2  1 1  1 / t2
 I = .(2t)dt = 2  dt  2  t 2  1  1 / t 2 dt
{(t 2  1)2  3(t 2  1)  3} t 2 t4  t2  1

1  1 / t2 du  1
= 2 .dt  2   where u  t  
(t  1 / t)  ( 3 ) 2 2 2
u  ( 3) 2  t

2  u  2  t2  1  2  x 
= tan 1  c = tan 1  c  tan 1  c Ans.
3  3 3  3t  3  3(x  1) 

dx
Illustration 25 : Evaluate  (x  1) x2  x  1

dx 1
Solution : Let, I =  (x  1) put x – 1 =  dx = –1/t 2 dt
2
x  x 1 t

1 / t 2 dt dt
I =  2
= –
2
3t  3t  1
1  1 
1 / t   1    1  1
t  t 

1 dt 1
= –  = log (t  1 / 2)  (t  1 / 2)2  1 / 12  c
NODE6\ E:\Data\2014\Kota\JEE-Advanced\SMP\Maths\Unit#06\Eng\01-INDEFINITE INTEGRATION.p65

2
3  1 3
 t    1 / 12
2
2
 1 1
12    1
1  1 1  x 1 2 
= log    c Ans.
3  x 1 2  12

dx
Illustration 26 : Evaluate  (1  x 2
) 1  x2

dx
Solution : Let, I
(1  x ) 1  x 2
2

1 1
Put x = , So that dx = 2 dt
t t
2
1 / t dt tdt
 I =  2 2
 
(1  1 / t ) 1  1 / t (t  1) t 2  1
2

2
again let, t = u. So that 2t dt = du.

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1 du dx
P
2  (u  1) u  1
= which reduces to the form where both P and Q are linear so that
Q

we put u – 1 = z 2 so that du = 2z dz
1 2zdz dz
I
2  (z 2  1  1) z 2
   2
(z  2)
1  z 
I tan 1  c
2  2
1  u 1  1  t2  1  1  1  x2 
I tan 1  c  tan 1    c   tan 1    c Ans.
2  2  2  2  2  2x 

Do yourself -14 :

x dx
(i) Evaluate  (x  3) x 1
dx (ii) Evaluate : x 2
1  x2

Miscelleneous Illustrations :
cos 4 xdx
Illustration 27 : Evaluate  3
sin 3 x{sin 5 x  cos 5 x}5
cos 4 x cos 4 x cot 4 xcosec 2 xdx
Solution : I =  3
dx =  3
dx = 
(1 + cot 5 x) 3 / 5
sin 3 x{sin 5 x  cos 5 x}5 sin 6 x{1  cot 5 x}5
Put 1 + cot 5x = t
5cot 4x cosec 2xdx = –dt
1 dt 1 1 2/5
=  3 / 5
  t 2 / 5  c   1  cot 5 x  c Ans.
5 t 2 2
dx
Illustration 28 :  cos 6
x  sin 6 x
is equal to -

(A) n|tanx – cotx|+ c (B) n|cotx – tanx|+ c

–1
(C) tan (tanx – cotx) + c (D) tan –1(–2cot2x) + c

NODE6\ E:\Data\2014\Kota\JEE-Advanced\SMP\Maths\Unit#06\Eng\01-INDEFINITE INTEGRATION.p65

sec 6 x
dx (1  tan 2 x) 2 sec 2 xdx
Solution : Let I =  cos 6
x  sin 6 x
=
 1  tan 6 x dx =  1  tan 6 x
If tan x = p, then sec 2 x dx = dp
 1
p 2 1  2 
(1  p 2 ) 2 dp (1  p 2 )  p 
 I = 
1  p6
  p 4  p 2  1 dp =   1 
dp
p 2  p 2  2  1
 p 

dk  1  1  
= k  tan 1 (k )  c  where p   k,  1  2  dp  dk 
2
1  p  p  
 1
= tan –1  p    c  tan 1 (tan x  cot x)  c = tan –1 (–2cot2x) + c Ans. (C,D)
 p
2 sin 2x  cos x
Illustration 29 : Evaluate :  6  cos 2
dx
x  4 sin x
2 sin 2x  cos x (4 sin x  1) cos x (4 sin x  1) cos x
Solution : I = dx =  dx   2 dx
6  cos 2 x  4 sin x 6  (1  sin 2 x)  4 sin x sin x  4 sin x  5

14
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Put sin x = t, so that cos x dx = dt.
(4 t  1)dt
 I =  (t 2
 4t  5)
...... (i)

Now, let (4t – 1) = (2t – 4) + µ

Comparing coefficients of like powers of t, we get
2 = 4, –4 + µ = –1 ...... (ii)
 = 2, µ = 7
2(2t  4)  7
 I = dt {using (i) and (ii)}
t2  4 t  5
2t  4 dt dt
= 2 dt  7  2 = 2log t 2  4 t  5  7
2
t  4t  5 t  4t  5  t2  4 t  4  4  5
dt
= 2log t 2  4t  5  7  = 2log|t 2 – 4t + 5|+7 . tan –1 (t – 2) + c
2 2
(t  2)  (1)
= 2log|sin 2x – 4sinx + 5| + 7 tan –1 (sinx – 2) + c. Ans.

3x  1 
Illustration 30 : The value of  .sin 1  3  x  dx, is equal to -
3x  6 
2
1   1  x   2 1  x 

(A) 4  3 cos     2 9  x .cos    2x   c
 3  3 
  
2
1   1  x   2 1  x 

(B)   3 cos     2 9  x .sin    2x   c
4   3  3 
 
2
1   1  x   2 1  x 

(C) 
 3 sin     2 9  x .sin    2x   c
4   3  3  

(D) none of these

3x  1 
Solution : Here, I =  .sin 1  3  x  dx
3x  6 
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Put x = 3cos2     dx = –6sin2d

3  3 cos 2   1 
=  .sin 1  3  3 cos 2   (–6 sin 2)d
3  3 cos 2   6 
sin  1
=  cos  .sin (sin ).( 6 sin 2 )d  = – 6  .(2 sin 2 )d 

 2 
= – 6  (1  cos 2 )d  = – 6  2    cos 2  d  
 
2
   sin 2   sin 2     2  sin 2  cos 2  
= – 6      1.   d   = – 3   6   c
2  2  2 2 4 
  
2
1   1  x   2 1  x 

= 
 3 cos     2 9  x .cos    2x   c Ans. (A)
4   3  3 
 
 
tan   x 
Illustration 31 : Evaluate : 4  dx
 cos 2
x tan 3 x  tan 2 x  tan x
E 15
JEE-Mathematics

 
tan   x 
4  (1  tan 2 x)dx
Solution : I =  cos dx = 
2
x tan 3 x  tan 2 x  tan x (1  tan x)2 cos 2 x tan 3 x  tan 2 x  tan x

 1  2
 1   sec xdx
 2
tan x
I = 
 1  1
 tan x  2   tan x  1 
tan x tan x

1  1 
let, y tan x  1   2y dy   sec 2 x  .sec 2 x  dx
tan x  tan 2 x 

2ydy dy
 I =  (y = –2 
2
 1).y 1  y2
 1 
= – 2tan –1 y + c = –2tan –1  tan x  1  c Ans.
 tan x 

ANSWERS FOR DO YOURSELF

1  4 x3  1 3
1 : (i) tan 1  c (ii) sin x  sin x  c
36  3  3

3x  1 
2 : (i)  sin 1 3  x  c (ii) n  x    x 2  x  1   c
x 2  2 
1
3 : (i) xex – ex + c (ii)  x 2 cos(x 2 )  sin(x 2 )  c
2
1 x2
4 : (i) ex tan–1 + c (ii) e sin(x 2 )  c
2
5 : (i) x tan(ex) + c (ii) xnx + c
1 7 3
6 : (i)  n| x  1|  n| x  3| c ( i i ) n| x  2|  c
2 2 x 2
3  2x  1 
7 : (i) tan 1  c (ii) 5 x 2  4 x  1  6 n  x  2   x 2  4 x  1   c
2  3   

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 x2  1  1  1  x 2  1  1 x 2  2x  1 
8 : (i) tan  1
c (ii)  tan    n 2 
 x  2 2   2x  2 x  2x  1 
1/3 2/3
1  x2  1   1  1 1 
9 : (i)  n  2   c (ii)  1  3  c (i i i )   1  3  c
2  x   x  2 x 
1 2  8 tan x  1 
10 : ( i )
5
tan 1  5 tan x  c  (ii)
15
tan 1 
 15
c


1  3 tan x / 2  1  1 6  tan x / 2  2
11 : ( i ) tan 1  c (ii) n c
2  2 2  2 6 6  tan x / 2  2
1 1 12 5
12 : ( i ) x  n sin x  cos x  c (ii) x n 3 cos x  2 sin x  C
2 2 13 13
1 2 1 2 1
13 : ( i ) tan 3 x  c (ii) tan 3 / 2 x  c (i i i ) sin 3 x  sin 5 x  sin 7 x  c .
3 3 3 5 7

3 x 1 2 1
14 : ( i ) 2 x 1  n  c (ii)  1  x2  c
2 x 1  2 2

16
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