Material 1 1682743994

JEE (MAIN+ADVANCED)
Mathematics
ENTHUSIAST COURSE
STUDY MATERIAL
Indefinite & Definite Integration

English Medium
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® Indefinite Integration
INDEFINITE INTEGRATION
If f & F are function of x such that F' (x) = f(x) then the function F is called a PRIMITIVE OR
ANTIDERIVATIVE OR INTEGRAL of f(x) w.r.t. x and is written symbolically as
d
ò f (x) dx = F(x) + C Û dx {F(x) + C} = f (x) , where C is called the constant of integration.
1. GEOMETRICAL INTERPRETATION OF INDEFINITE INTEGRAL :
ò f (x)dx = F(x) + C = y(say) , represents a family of curves. The different values of c will correspond
to different members of this family and these members can be obtained by shifting any one of the curves
parallel to itself. This is the geometrical interpretation of indefinite integral.
®
Let f(x) = 2x. Then ò f (x)dx = x 2 + C. For different values of C, we get different integrals. But these
integrals are very similar geometrically. Y

Thus, y = x2 + C, where C is arbitrary constant, 2
y = x +3
represents a family of integrals. By assigning different
values to C, we get different members of the family. P3 y = x2+2
These together constitute the indefinite integral. In this
2
P2 y = x +1
case, each integral represents a parabola with its axis
along y-axis. P1 y=x
2
If the line x = a intersects the parabolas y = x2, 2

P0 y = x –1
y = x2 + 1, y = x2 + 2, y = x2 – 1, y = x2 – 2 at P0, P1, P2,
2
dy P–1 y = x –2
P–1, P–2 etc., respectively, then at these points X' X
dx
equals 2a. This indicates that the tangents to the curves P–2 y = x2–3
at these point s are parallel. Thus,
P–3
node06\B0BC-BD\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Enthuse\Maths\Module\3-Indefinte & Definite, AUC & DE\Eng\02-Indefinite Integration (Theory).p65
ò 2xdx = x + C = f(x) + C (say), implies that the

2
tangents to all the curves f(x) + C, C Î R, at the x=a

points of intersection of the curves by the line
Y'
x = a, (a Î R) , are parallel.
2. STANDARD FORMULAE :
(ax + b)n +1 dx 1
ò (ax + b) dx = + C; n ¹ -1 ò ax + b = l n ax + b + C
n
(i) (ii)
a(n + 1) a
1 ax + b 1 a px + q
ò e dx = a e + C ò a dx =
px + q
(iii)
ax + b
(iv) + C, (a > 0)
p lna
1 1
(v) ò sin(ax + b)dx = - a cos(ax + b) + C (vi) ò cos(ax + b)dx = a sin(ax + b) + C
E 3
JEE-Mathematics ALLEN
®
1 1
(vii) ò tan(ax + b)dx = a l n | sec(ax + b) | + C (viii) ò cot(ax + b)dx = a l n | sin(ax + b) | +C
1
ò sec (ax + b)dx = a tan(ax + b) + C
2
(ix)
1
ò cos ec (ax + b)dx = - a cot(ax + b) + C
2
(x)
1
(xi) ò cosec(ax + b).cot(ax + b)dx = - a cosec (ax + b) + C
1
sec(ax + b) + C
(xii) ò sec (ax + b).tan(ax + b)dx =
a
æp xö
(xiii) ò sec x dx = ln sec x + tan x + C = l n tan ç + ÷ + C
è4 2ø
x
(xiv) ò cosec x dx = ln cosec x - cot x + C = l n tan 2 + C = -ln | cosec x + cot x | + C
®
dx x dx 1 x
(xv) ò a -x
2 2
= sin -1
a
+C (xvi) òa 2
+x 2
= tan -1 + C
a a
dx 1 x dx
(xvii) òx x -a2
= sec -1 + C
a a 2 (xviii) ò = l n éx + x2 + a 2 ù + C
ë û
x +a 2 2
dx dx 1 a+x
= l n éx + x2 - a 2 ù + C (xx) ò 2 = ln +C
(xix) ò x -a2 ë 2 û a -x 2
2a a-x
dx 1 x -a x 2 a2 x
(xxi) ò = ln +C (xxii) ò a - x dx =
2 2
a - x 2 + sin -1 + C
x -a
2 2
2a x+a 2 2 a
(xxiii) ò x + a dx =
2 x
2
2 2 2 a2
x + a + ln x + x 2 + a 2 + C
2
( )
(xxiv) ò x 2 - a 2 dx =
x
2
a2
x 2 - a 2 - ln x + x 2 - a 2 + C
2
( )
e ax e ax æ bö
(xxv) ò e .sin bx dx = - + = sin ç bx - tan -1 ÷ + C
ax
(a sin bx b cos bx) C
a +b
2 2
a 2 + b2 è aø
eax eax æ bö
(xxvi) ò e .cos bx dx = + + = cos ç bx - tan -1 ÷ + C
ax
(a cos bx b sin bx) C
a +b
2 2
a 2 + b2 è aø
Elementary Integrals (Loving Integrals)
(Direct formulae Based or Converting into Known formulae)
ò (x + 5)
2
Illustration 1 : dx
x3 10x2
Solution : M-1 : = ò (x2 + 25 +10x)dx = + + 25x + C
3 2
(x + 5)3 x3 + 15x2 + 75x + 125

M-2 : = +C = +C
3 3
4 E
ALLEN
x4 + 1
Illustration 2 : ò x 3 dx
1 x2 x-2 x2 1
òx + = + + C = - 2 +C
1
Solution : dx
x 3
2 (-2) 2 2x
Do yourself - 1 :
ò 2 .e dx ò (e
alnx
1. x x
2. + e xlna )dx (a > 0)
e5lnx - e4 lnx x 6 -1
3. ò e3lnx - e2lnx dx 4. ò x 2 + 1 dx
1 + cos 2 x cos 2x
ò 1 + cos 2x dx ò cos
®
5. 6. 2
dx
x sin 2 x
sec 2x - 1 sin x + cos x

7. ò sec 2x + 1 dx 8. ò 1 + sin 2x
dx (cos x + sin x > 0)
cos 2x - cos 2a sin 3 x + cos3 x

9. ò cos x - cos a dx 10. ò sin 2 x cos2 x dx
cos4 x - sin 4 x 1 + tan 2 x

11. ò 1 + cos 4x
dx (cos 2x > 0) 12. ò 1 + cot 2 x dx
1 + 2x 2 (1 + x)2
13. ò x 2 (1 + x 2 ) dx 14. ò x(1 + x 2 ) dx
2x - 1 2 + 3x 2
ò x - 2 dx ò x 2 (1 + x 2 ) dx
15. 16.
x 5 + 3x 4 - x 3 + 8x 2 - x + 8 x4 + x2 +1
17. ò x2 + 1
dx 18. ò 2(1 + x 2 ) dx
(x 2 + sin 2 x) sec 2 x sin 6 x + cos 6 x

19. ò 1+ x2
dx 20. ò sin 2 x.cos 2 x dx
sin 2x + sin 5x - sin 3x dx

21. ò cos x + 1 - 2 sin 2 2x
dx 22. ò 1 + sin x
sin 2x - sin 2k dx
23. ò sin x - sin k + cos x - cos k dx 24. ò 1 - cos x
E 5
®
Extension of standard formulae :
If x is replaced by (Ax + B) then also the standard result remain true provided the result is
divided by co-efficient of x
(Ax + B) n +1
ò (Ax + B) dx = + C , n ¹ –1
n
(n + 1)A
g(Ax + B)
Similarly if ò f(x) dx = g(x) + C then ò f(Ax + B) dx = +C
A
dx
ò 8x + 3 òe
8x +9
Illustration 3 : Evaluate (i) (ii) dx
®
1 e8x + 9
Solution : (i) ln 8x + 9 + C (ii) +C
8 8
ò cos(6 + 2x) dx ò sec

2
Illustration 4 : Evaluate (i) (ii) (6 - 5x)dx
sin(5 + 4x) tan (3 - 4x)

Solution : (i) +C (ii) +C
4 -4
Illustration 5 : ò cos
2
x dx
1 + cos 2x x sin 2x
Solution : ò 2
dx = +
2 2 ×2
+C
Illustration 6 : ò cos
3
x dx
3cos x + cos 3x
Solution : ò dx [cos3x = 4cos3x – 3cosx]
4
Illustration 7 : ò sin
4
x dx
Solution : ò (sin
2
x)2 dx

2
æ 1 - cos2x ö
= òç ÷ø dx
è 2
1 + cos 2 2x - 2 cos 2x
=ò dx
4
1 cos2 2x 2
=ò dx + ò dx - ò cos 2x dx
4 4 4
1 1 + cos 4x 2cos2x
=ò dx + ò dx - ò dx
4 2×4 4
x 1 1 sin 4x 1 sin2x
= + x+ · - · +C
4 8 8 4 2 2
3 1 1
= x+ sin 4x - sin 2x + C
8 32 4
6 E
ALLEN
Illustration 8 : ò tan 3x tan 2x tan x dx

Solution : 3x = x + 2x
tan3x = tan(x + 2x)
tan x + tan2x
tan 3x =
1 - tan x tan2x
tan3x – tanx.tan2x.tan3x = tanx + tan2x
tanx tan2x tan3x = tan3x – tanx – tan2x
ò (tan 3x - tan2x - tan x) dx
ò tan 3x dx - ò tan2x dx - ò tan x dx
ln sec 3x ln sec2x
- - ln sec x + C
3 2
®
Do yourself - 2 :
e 2x - 1
1. ò e–3x+1 dx 2. ò (x + 1) dx
15
3. ò e x dx
dx dz
4. ò (2x - 3 ) 5 5. ò ( a + bz ) c
( c ¹ 1) 6. ò 5
(8 - 3x)6 dx
m 2x + 3
7. ò 8 - 2xdx 8. ò 3
(a + bx) 2
dx 9. ò 3x + 2 dx
10. ò (e + 1) dx 11. ò cos 12. ò sin2 x dx
3 2
x xdx
1 - cos x
13. ò 1 + cos x dx 14. ò cos x sin 3xdx 15. ò ( cos a - cos2x ) dx
é æ p öù
-2
df
16. ò êëcos çè 2x - 4 ÷ø úû dx 17. ò cos x cos 2x cos 3x dx 18. ò sin 2
f cos 2 f
1 - tan 2 x cos x - sin x

ò cos x dx ò 1 + tan 2 x dx ò cos x + sin x (2 + 2sin 2x)dx
4
19. 20. 21.
22. ò (3sin x cos x - sin 3 x)dx 23. ò cos x°dx 24. ò sin x cos x cos 2x cos 4x dx
2
é æ 9p x ö 2 æ 7p x öù cos8x - cos 7x
ò êësin ç + ÷ - sin ç + ÷ ú dx ò
2
25. 26. dx
è 8 4ø è 8 4 øû 1 + 2 cos 5x
x 21 cos 4x + 1
27. ò 4 cos 2 .cos x.sin 2
xdx 28. ò cot x - tan x dx
é cot 2 2x - 1 ù 2x 3 + 3x 2 + 4x + 5
29. ò êë 2 cot 2x - cos8x cot 4x úû dx 30. ò 2x + 1
dx
E 7
®
3. METHODS OF INTEGRATION :
(a) Substitution or change of independent variable :
If f(x) is a continuous differentiable function, then to evaluate integrals of the form ò f (f(x)) f '(x)dx ,
we substitute f(x) = t and f'(x)dx = dt.
Hence I = ò f (f(x))f '(x)dx reduces to ò f (t)dt .
(i) Fundamental deductions of method of substitution :
f '(x)
ò [f (x)]
n
f '(x)dx OR ò [f (x)]
n
dx put f(x) = t & proceed.
Substitution is said to be appropriate if the integrand in (i) is a loving one.

If ò f(x)dx = f(x)
®
ò f(g(x))g '(x)dx = ? ...(i)
Let g(x)= t Þ g'(x)dx = dt
ò f(t)dt= f(t) + c
= f(t) + c
When substitution is directly observed :
ln x2
Illustration 9 : ò x
dx
Solution : Let lnx2 = t

1
.2xdx = dt
x2
2dx
= dt
x
t t2 (ln x 2 )2
Þ ò 2 dt =
4
+C =
4
+C
sin -1 x
Illustration 10 : ò dx
1 - x2
Solution : Let sin–1x = t

1
ò 1 - x2
dx = dt
t2
Þ ò t dt = +C Þ (sin–1x)2 + C
2
sin (tan -1 x)
Illustration 11 : ò dx
1 + x2
Solution : Put, tan–1x = t
1
dx = dt
1 + x2
Þ ò sin t dt = –cos t + C = –cos(tan–1x) + C
8 E
ALLEN
Illustration 12 : ò (4x + 6) 2x 2 + 6x + 5 dx
Solution : Let 2x2 + 6x + 5 = t

(4x + 6)dx = dt
t 3/2
Þ ò tdt = +C
3/2
3
2
= (2x2 + 6x + 5) 2 + C
3
Do yourself - 3 :
1. Integrate with respect to x :
2 ex + 1
(i) xsinx (ii)
®
ex + x
d(1 + x2 ) (2x - 3)dx xdx
2. ò 1 + x2
3. òx 2
- 3x + 8
4. ò x2 + 1
æ x ö
lnx (6x - 5)dx ç x + 1 - l n(x + 1) ÷
5. ò dx 6. ò2 3x 2 - 5x + 6
7. ò ç x(l n(x + 1)) ÷ dx
x
ç ÷
è ø
x 2 dx e x dx dx
8. ò x3 + 1 9. ò ex + 1 10. ò xlnx
(lnx)m
11. ò x dx 12. òe x2
x dx 13. òe - x3
x 2 dx
æxö
dç ÷ x
è3ø e
14. ò 2 15. ò (x + 1) x + 2x dx
2
16. ò dx
æxö
1-ç ÷
x
è3ø
2x 5 - 3x 2 xdx
17. ò 1 + 3x3 - x 6 dx 18. ò 19. òe
e x
+x
dx
3
1+ x 2
òe
2 x2 + lnx
20. dx 21. ò sin xd(sin x) 22. ò tan
3
xd ( tan x )
d (1 + x2 ) (1 + x)2
23. ò 1+ x 2
24. ò x2 + 1
dx 25. ò 1 - e x e x dx
d (1 + lnx ) d ( arcsin x )
26. ò cos 2
(1 + lnx ) 27. ò arcsin x
28. ò tan3x dx
29. ò cot (2x +1) dx 30. ò esinx d (sinx) 31. ò 2x x 2 + 1 dx
e2 x dx
32. ò x 1 - x2 dx 33. ò x x + 2 dx 34. ò
2 5 3
e 2x + a 2
(arctan x) n x 4 dx x 3 dx
35. ò 1 + x2 dx 36. ò 4 + x5
37. ò 3
x4 + 1
E 9
®
Converting the given integral form to make it suitable for substitution or to get directly loving form :
tan x
Illustration 13 : ò sin 2x dx
tan x
Solution : ò 2 tan x (1 + tan
2
x) dx
tan x
Þ ò 2 tan x sec
2
x dx
tan x = t
dt
sec2x =
®
dx
1 t1 / 2 ´ 2
2ò
-1 / 2
(t) dt = +C
2 ´1
= t = tan x + C
2x3 dx
Illustration 14 : ò 1 + x2
Solution : Put 1 + x2 = t
2xdx = dt
2x × x2 dx (t - 1)
Þ ò 1 + x2 = ò t dt
æ 1ö
= ò ç 1 - ÷ dt
è tø
= t – lnt + C
= (1 + x2) – ln(1 + x2) + C
9x2 + 2
Illustration 15 : ò 3x 3
+ 2x + 10
dx
Solution : Put 3x3 + 2x + 10 = t

(9x2 + 2)dx = dt
dt
= ò = ln t + C
t
= ln ( 3x2 + 2x + 10 ) + C
10 E
ALLEN
( x 2 - 1) dx
Illustration 16 : Evaluate ò
( x 4 + 3x 2 + 1) tan -1 æç x + 1 ö÷
è xø
Solution : The given integral can be written as
æ 1 ö
ç1 - 2 ÷ dx
è x ø
I =ò
éæ 1ö
2
ù -1 æ 1ö
êç x + ÷ + 1ú tan ç x + ÷
ëè xø û è xø
æ 1ö
Let ç x + ÷ = t. Differentiating we get æç1 - 2 ö÷ dx = dt
1
®
è xø è x ø
dt
Hence I = ò (
t + 1) tan -1 t
2
dt du
Now make one more substitution tan–1t = u. Then = du and I = ò = ln | u | + C
t +1
2
u
Returning to t, and then to x, we have
æ 1ö
I = ln | tan -1 t | + C = ln tan -1 ç x + ÷ + C Ans.
è xø
Do yourself - 4 :
x ex - 1
1. ò e ( sin e ) dx
x x
2. ò x+2
dx 3. ò ex + 1 dx
x 3dx x
4. ò x ln(ex)dx
x
5. ò 6. ò 2x + 1 dx
1+ x 2
x4 x 3dx dx
7. ò 1 - x dx 8. ò x +1 9. ò 1+ x +1
(x + 1 + x2 )
15
dx ( x + 1)(x 2 - x )
10. ò 1 + 3 x +1 11. ò .dx 12. ò x x + x + x dx
1+ x2
( x + 1)dx cot x dx
13. ò 14. ò ln(sin x) dx 15. òx
x ( 3
x +1) 4
x2 + 4
dx
16. òx 4
x -32 17. ò (x +
dx
x 2 - 1)2
E 11
®
Substitutions involving trigonometric functions :
cos x
· ò cot xdx = ò sin x dx = ln | sin x | + C
- sin x
· ò tan xdx =- ò cos x
dx = – ln |cosx| + C or ln |secx | + C
sec x(sec x + tan x) æ x pö

· ò sec xdx = ò sec x + tan x
dx = ln|secx + tanx| + C or ln tan ç + ÷ + C
è2 4ø
cos ec x(cot x - cos ecx) x

· ò cos ecx dx = ò cot x - cos ecx
dx = ln (cot x - cos ecx) + C or ln tan + C
2
®
cos3 x
Illustration 17: Evaluate ò sin 2 x + sin x dx
(1 - sin 2 x) cos x 1 - sin x
Solution : I =ò dx = ò cos x dx
sin x(1 + sin x) sin x
Put sinx = t Þ cosx dx = dt
1- t
Þ I =ò dt = ln | t | - t + C = ln | sin x | - sin x + C Ans.
t
e2x (1 + 2x)
Illustration 18 : ò sin(x e2x ) dx
Solution : Put, xe2x = t
e2x + 2xe2x dx = dt
e2x(1 + 2x) dx = dt
dt
Þ ò sin t = ò cosec t dt
t
= ln tan +C
2
xe2x
= ln tan +C
2
cos 2x
Illustration 19 : ò cos x
dx
2 cos2 x - 1
Solution : ò cos x dx
Þ ò ( 2 cos x - sec x ) dx
Þ 2sinx – ln|secx + tanx| + C
12 E
ALLEN
Illustration 20 : ò cosecxln cot x - cosecx dx

Solution : Put cosecx = t
ln cot x - cosecx) dx = dt
t2
Þ ò t dt = +C
2
cosec2 x
= +C
2
dx
Illustration 21 : ò sin(x + 5) sin(x + 8)
®
Solution : Multiplying & dividing by sin(8 – 5)
1 sin(8 - 5)
Þ ò
sin(8 - 5) sin(x + 5) sin(x + 8)
dx
1 sin((x + 8) - (x + 5)) dx
sin 3 ò sin(x + 5) sin(x + 8)
Þ
1 sin(x + 8) cos(x + 5) - cos(x + 8) sin(x + 5)

sin 3 ò
Þ dx
sin(x + 5) sin(x + 8)
1
( cot(x + 5) - cot(x + 8) ) dx
sin 3 ò
Þ
Do yourself - 5 :
sin x dx
1. (a) ò sin
3
x cos xdx (b) ò cos 2 x
sin xdx (arctan x)2 dx

2. (a) ò (1 - cos x) 2 (b) ò 1 + x2
cos x dx
3. (a) ò cos x dx
3
(b) ò 3
sin 2 x
(c) ò cos 3 x sin 2xdx (d) ò sec
2
x tan x dx
dx sin2x
4. ò cos 2
x 1 + tan x
5. ò 1 + cos 2
x
dx 6. òe
sin x
cos xdx
7. ò (tan x + tan 4 x)dx 8. (a) ò tan3 x dx (b) ò tan

2 4
xdx
1 - sin x dx
9. ò cos x
dx 10. ò cos 4
x
E 13
®
sin3 x cos3 xdx sin 3 a

11. (a) ò cos x dx (b) ò sin4 x 12. ò cos a
da
dx
13. ò (arcsin x) 1 - x
3 2 14.
dx
ò 1 + sin x 15.
1 + sin x
ò 1 - sin x dx
dx 1 - sin x cos 2x + x + 1
16. ò cos x 17. (a) ò x + cos x dx (b) òx 2
+ sin 2x + 2x
dx
df dx
18. ò cos
5
x dx 19. ò 3 cos f + sin f
20. ò x x x
cot .cot .cot
2 3 6
æ xö
tan(l nx)tan ç l n ÷ tan(l n2)
æ x cos x - sin x ö sin x
21. ò
è 2ø
x
dx 22. ò çè x sin x
÷ dx
ø
23. ò sin x + cos x dx
®
(ii) Standard substitutions :
dx
ò a +x 2 2
or ò a 2 + x 2 dx ; put x = a tanq or x = a cot q
dx
ò a 2 - x2
or ò a 2 - x 2 dx ; put x = a sinq or x = a cos q
dx
ò x -a 2 2
or ò x 2 - a 2 dx ; put x = a secq or x = a cosec q
a-x
ò a+x
dx ; put x = a cos2q
x-a 2 2
ò b-x
dx or ò (x - a)(b - x) ; put x = a cos q + b sin q
x-a
ò x -b
dx or ò (x - a)(x - b) ; put x = a sec2 q – b tan2 q
dx
ò (x - a)(x - b)
; put x – a = t2 or x – b = t2. node06\B0BC-BD\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Enthuse\Maths\Module\3-Indefinte & Definite, AUC & DE\Eng\02-Indefinite Integration (Theory).p65
Formulae :
dx 1 x
1. òa 2
+x 2
= tan -1 + c
a a
dx a sec2 q dq 1 1 1 -1 x
Sol. ò a2 + x 2 Put x = a tanq dx = a sec2q dq Þ ò a2 + a2 tan2q = a ò dq = a q = a tan a + C
dx
2. ò = l n é x + x2 + a2 ù +c
x + a2
2 ë û
dx
Sol. ò x + a2
2 Put x = a tanq dx = a sec2q dq
a sec2 q dq é x2 x ù
Þ ò = ò sec q dq = ln[sec q + tan q] = ln ê 1 + 2 + ú = ln é x2 + a2 + x ù + C
a2 tan2 q + a2 êë a a úû ë û
14 E
ALLEN
1 1 x+a
3. òa 2
dx = ln +C
- x2 2a x-a
1 1 æ 1 1 ö 1
ò (a - x)(a + x) dx = [ -ln x - a + ln x + a ] + C
2a ò è a - x a + x ø
Sol. ç + ÷ dx =
2a
dx x
4. ò a -x2 2
= sin -1
a
+c
dx
5. ò = l n é x + x 2 - a2 ù +c
x -a2 2 ë û
dx 1 x-a
6. òx 2
-a 2
=
2a
ln
x+a
+c
1- x 1
®
Illustration 22 : Evaluate ò . dx
1+ x x
Solution : Put x = cos2q Þ dx = –2sinq cosq dq
1 - cos q 1 q
Þ I=ò . 2 (-2sin q cos q)dq = - ò 2 tan tan q dq
1 + cos q cos q 2
sin 2 (q / 2) 1 - cos q
= -4 ò dq = -2 ò dq = -2ln | sec q + tan q | +2q + C
cos q cos q
1+ 1- x
= -2ln + 2 cos -1 x + C
x
Do yourself - 6 :
Evaluate the following :
dx dx dx
1. ò 2x 2
+9
2. ò 4-x 2 3. ò 1 + 9x 2
dx dx dx
4. ò 1 - 25x 2 5. ò 9 - 16x 2 6. ò 25 + 4x 2
x2 dx dx
7. ò 9 + 16x 6 dx 8. òx 9. ò 4 - 9x 2
x2 + 4
dx cos ada xdx

10. ò 4x - 3 - x 2 11. òa 2
+ sin2 a
12. òx 4
+1
xdx x2 dx x 3 dx
13. ò a2 - x 4
14. ò x6 + 4 15. ò 1 - x8
e x dx 2x dx 1+ x
16. ò e 2x + 4
17. ò 1-4 x 18. ò 1 - x2
dx
E 15
®
3x - 1 1- x x -3
19. òx 2
+9
dx 20. ò 1+ x
dx 21. ò dx
2-x
x (1 - x2 ) 2x - arcsin x x + (arccos 3x)2

22. ò 1 + x4
dx 23. ò dx 24. ò 1 - 9x2
dx
1 - x2
1 + x - x2 dx dx
25. ò (1 - x ) 2 3
dx
26. ò (x - 1) 2
+4
27. ò 1 - (2x + 3)2
2x + 3 dx (2x 2 - 5)dx
28. ò 1 + x2
dx 29. òx 3 - ln 2 x
30. ò x4 - 5x2 + 6
1 2x - 3 1 2+x 3
®
31. ln +C 32. ln +C
12 2x + 3 2 6 2 -x 3
Integral of the form :
dx dx
(ii) ò ax 2
+ bx + c
,ò
ax + bx + c
2
Express ax2 + bx + c in the form of perfect square & then apply the standard results.
px + q px + q
(iii) ò ax 2
+ bx + c
dx, ò
ax 2 + bx + c
dx
Express px + q = l (differential coefficient of denominator ) + m.
sin x dx
Illustration 23 : ò cos 2
x - 36
Solution : put cosx = t Þ –sinx dx = dt
- dt 1 t -6
òt =- ln +C node06\B0BC-BD\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Enthuse\Maths\Module\3-Indefinte & Definite, AUC & DE\Eng\02-Indefinite Integration (Theory).p65
2
- (6) 2
2.6 t + 6
1 cos x - 6
= - ln +C
12 cos x + 6
dx
Illustration 24 : ò 3x 2
+ 6x + 15
1 dx
Solution : Þ ò 2
3 x + 2x + 5
1 dx 1 dx
Þ 3 ò (x 1)2 4 = 3 ò (x 1)2 (2)2
+ + + +
1 æ x +1ö
= tan -1 ç ÷+C
6 è 2 ø
16 E
ALLEN
dx
Illustration 25 : ò 2
x - 5x
dx
Solution : ò 2 2
æ 5ö æ5ö
çx - ÷ -ç ÷
è 2ø è2ø
é 5ö 5ö æ5ö ù
2 2
æ æ
= ln êç x - ÷ + ç x - ÷ - ç ÷ ú + C
ëêè 2ø è 2 ø è 2 ø ûú
2x
Illustration 26 : ò x + 2x 2 + 4
4
dx
Solution : put x2 = t Þ 2x dx = t
®
dt
ò 2
t + 2t + 4
=ò
dt
( 3)
2
( t + 1)
2
+
( 3)
2
= ln ( t + 1) + ( t + 1)
2
+ +C
t = x2
dx
Illustration 27 : Evaluate ò (x - a)(b - x)
Solution : Put x = acos2q + bsin2q, the given integral becomes
2(b - a) sin q cos qdq
I=ò 1
{(a cos 2
q + bsin q - a)(b - a cos q - bsin q}
2 2 2 2
2(b - a) sin q cos qdq æ b - a ö æx-aö

=ò =ç ÷ ò 2dq = 2q + C = 2 sin -1 ç ÷ +C Ans.
( b - a ) sin q cos q è b-a ø è b-a ø
dx
Illustration 28 : Evaluate ò 2x 2
+ x -1
dx 1 dx 1 dx
Solution : I=ò = ò = ò
2x + x - 1 2 x 2 + x - 1 2 x 2 + x + 1 - 1 - 1
2
2 2 2 16 16 2
1 dx 1 dx
= ò = ò
2 (x + 1/ 4) - 9 /16 2 (x + 1/ 4) 2 - (3 / 4) 2
2
1 1 x + 1/ 4 - 3 / 4 ì ó dx 1 x -a ü
= . log +C íusing,ô 2 2 = log + Cý
2 2(3 / 4) x + 1/ 4 + 3 / 4 î õ x -a 2a x +a þ
1 x - 1/ 2 1 2x - 1
= log + C = log +C Ans.
3 x +1 3 2(x + 1)
E 17
®
3x + 2
Illustration 29 : Evaluate ò 4x 2
+ 4x + 5
dx
Solution : Express 3x + 2 = l(d.c. of 4x2 + 4x + 5) + m

or, 3x + 2 = l(8x + 4) + m
Comparing the coefficients, we get
8l = 3 and 4l + m = 2 Þ l = 3/8 and m = 2 – 4l = 1/2
3 8x + 4 1 dx
Þ I= ò
8 4x + 4x + 5
2
dx + ò 2
2 4x + 4x + 5
3 1 dx
= log 4x + 4x + 5 + ò
2
8 8 x2 + x + 5
®
4
3 1 æ 1ö
= log 4x 2 + 4x + 5 + tan -1 ç x + ÷ + C Ans.
8 8 è 2ø
Do yourself - 7 :
dx dx dx
1. òx 2
+ 2x + 3
2. òx-x 2
- 2.5
3. ò 4x 2
+ 4x + 5
dx dx x dx
4. ò 8 + 6x - 9x 2 5. ò 2 - 6x - 9x 2 6. òx 4
- 3x 2 + 2
dx dx
7. òx 4
- x2
8.
dx
ò x2 + x +1 9. ò x - x2
x2 - x + 1 (x + 2)dx
10.
dx
ò x2 - 7x + 10 11. ò (x + 1)
2 3
dx 12. òx 2
+ 2x + 2

(x - 3)dx (3x - 1)dx
13. ò 3 - 2x - x 2 14. ò x + 2x + 2
2 15. òx 2
dx
+ 3x - 10
5x + 4
16. ò x 2 + 4x + 1
dx
é du ù
(b) Integration by part : ò u.v dx = u ò v dx - ò êë dx .ò v dx úû dx where u & v are differentiable
functions and are commonly designated as first & second function respectively.
Note : While using integration by parts, choose u & v such that
é du ù
(i) ò vdx & (ii) ò êë dx .ò v dx úû dx are simple to integrate.
18 E
ALLEN
This is generally obtained by choosing first function as the function which comes first in the word
ILATE, where; I-Inverse function, L-Logarithmic function, A-Algebraic function, T-Trigonometric
function & E-Exponential function.
Let I = ò f(x).g(x) dx = f(x)· ò g(x)dx - ò ( f '(x) ) ( ò g(x)dx ) dx

I II
= 1st function × integral of 2nd – ò (diff. coeff. of I st ) ´ (int egral of 2nd ) dx
d
Proof : [f(x).g(x)] = f(x).g '(x) + g(x).f '(x)
dx
\ ò f(x).g '(x)dx = f(x).g(x) - ò g(x).f '(x)dx
®
I II
Note : In applying the above rule care has to be taken in the selection of the first function(I) and the second
function (II). Normally we use the following methods :
(i) If in the product of the two functions, one of the functions is not directly integrable (e.g. lnx, sin–1x,
cos–1x, tan–1x etc.) then we take it as the first function and the remaining function is taken as the
second function. e.g. in the integration of ò x tan-1 x dx, tan-1 x is taken as the first function and x as
the second function.
(ii) If there is no other function, then unity is taken as the second function e.g. in the integration of
-1
ò tan xdx, tan-1 x is taken as the first function and 1 as the second function.
(iii) If both of the functions are directly integrable then the first function is chosen in such a way that the
derivative of the function thus obtained under integral sign is easily integrable. Usually we use the
following preference order for the function (Inverse, Logarithmic, Algebraic, Trigonometric, Exponent).
In the above stated order, the function on the left is always chosen as the first function. This rule is
called as ILATE e.g. in the integration of ò x sin xdx, x is taken as the first function and sinx is taken
as the second function.
Illustration 30 : òe
ln x + x
.dx
Solution : x ò e x dx - ò (1) ( ò e dx ) dx
x
xe x - ò e x dx
xe x - ex + C
E 19
®
ò{
4
x {
ln x dx
Illustration 31 :
II I
æ d(ln x) ö
Þ ln x ò x dx - ò ç dx òx
4 4
Solution : dx ÷ dx
è ø
x5 1 x5
Þ ln x· - ò ´ dx
5 x 5
x5 x5
Þ ln x - +C
5 25
Illustration 32 : ò x cos 2x dx
®
Solution : Þ x ò cos 2x dx - ò (1) ( ò cos 2x dx ) dx
x sin2x sin2x
Þ -ò dx
2 2
x sin2x cos 2x
Þ + +C
2 4
Illustration 33 : ò ln(2x + 3)
(2x + 3)
dx
Solution : Þ ò1
(2x + 3) ln(2x
424 3 1424
+3
3) dx
II I
Þ ln (2x + 3) ò (2x + 3) dx - ò
1
(2x + 3)
( ò (2x + 3) dx ) dx

2
Þ ln(2x + 3) (2x + 3) - ò 1 (2x + 3)2
´ dx
4 2x + 3 2
Þ ln(2x + 3) (2x + 3) - (2x + 3) + C

2 2
4 4
ò (Ix ) (II)
2 x
Illustration 34 : e dx
Solution : x2 (e x ) - ò 2x e x dx
I II
x 2 (e x ) - é2x e x - ò 2e x dx ù
ë û = x2ex – 2xex + 2ex + C
20 E
ALLEN
Illustration 35 : ò sin
-1
x dx
Solution : M-1 :
Let 1 is algebraic function
ò {1 ·sin
-1
x dx
123
II I
æ 1 ö
sin -1 x(x) - ò ç ÷ (x) dx
è 1 - x2 ø
1 – x2 = t
– 2xdx = dt
x sin–1(x) + 1 ò dt
2 t
®
1 t
x sin -1 x + +C
2 æ1ö
ç ÷
è2ø
x sin–1x + 1 - x2 + C
M-2 :
sin–1x = t
x = sin t
dx = cost dt
ò {t {
cos t dt
I II
t(sin t) - ò (1) sin t dt
t sint + cost + C
sin–1x (x) + 1 - x2 + C
Illustration 36 : ò ln x dx
Solution : M-1 :
ò {1· {
ln x dx
II I
1
ln(x)·(x) - ò ·x dx
x
xlnx – x + C
M-2 :
ò ln x dx
Put, lnx = t
x = et
dx = et dt
ò {t · {
t
e dt
I II
E 21
®
Illustration 37 : Evaluate : ò cos x dx
Solution : Consider I = ò cos xdx
1
Let x =t then dx = dt
2 x
i.e. dx = 2 xdt or dx = 2t dt
so I = ò cos t.2tdt
Taking t as first function, integrate it by part
é ì dt ü ù
®
Þ I = 2 ê t ò cos tdt - ò í ò cos tdt ý dt ú
ë î dt þ û
I = 2 éë t sin t - ò 1.sin tdt ùû = 2 [ t sin t + cos t ] + C
I = 2 [ x sin x + cos x ] + C Ans.
x
Illustration 38 : Evaluate : ò 1 + sin x dx
x x(1 - sin x)
Solution : Let I= ò 1 + sin x dx = ò (1 + sin x)(1 - sin x) dx
x(1 - sin x) x(1 - sin x)

=ò dx = ò dx = ò x sec2 xdx - ò x sec x tan xdx
1 - sin x
2
cos 2 x
é ì dx ü ù
= ê x ò sec xdx - ò í ò sec xdx ý dx ú
2 2
ë î dx þ û node06\B0BC-BD\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Enthuse\Maths\Module\3-Indefinte & Definite, AUC & DE\Eng\02-Indefinite Integration (Theory).p65
é ì dx ü ù
- ê x ò sec x tan xdx - ò í ò sec x tan xdx ý dx ú
ë î dx þ û
= é x tan x - ò tan xdx ù - é x sec x - ò sec xdx ù

ë û ë û
= [ x tan x - ln | sec x |] - [ x sec x - ln | sec x + tan x |] + C
(sec x + tan x)
= x ( tan x - sec x ) + ln +C
sec x
- x(1 - sin x)
= + ln |1 + sin x | + C Ans.
cos x
22 E
ALLEN
Do yourself - 8 :
ò xlnx dx ò x sin
2
1. 2. ò xe–x dx 3. x dx
ò 2x
2
ò xe dx òx
3
4. e x dx 5. x
6. 3
sin(x 2 )dx
x 2 tan -1 x 3x 2 - 1
7. ò 1 + x 2 dx 8. ò 2x x
arctan xdx 9. ò x n lnx dx (n ¹ -1)
arcsin x x arctan x ln 3 x
10. ò 1 - x dx 11. ò 1 + x2
dx 12. ò x2
dx
x 2 dx
13. ò 1 - x2
14. ò arctan xdx 15. ò e x - 1dx
®
16. ò ln(x + 1 + x 2 )dx 17. ò sin(lnx)dx 18. ò eax cos nx dx
19. ò ( arctan x ) xdx
2
Two Classic Integrands :

(a) òe
x
(f(x) + f '(x))dx = e x f(x) + c
Proof:
Let I = ò e x [f (x) + f ¢(x)]dx
Þ I = ò e x f (x) dx + ò e x f ¢(x) dx
Integrate the first integral on the RHS by parts taking ex as the second function, we get
I = ex f(x) – ò e f ¢(x) dx + ò e f ¢(x) dx
x x
Þ I = ex f(x)
Thus to evaluate the integrals of the type ò e x g(x) dx , we first try to express g(x) as the sum of the
function and its derivative i.e., g(x) = f(x) + f ¢(x) and then we use the result derived above.
Illustration 39 : òe (sinx + cos x)dx

x
Solution : òe
x
(sinx + cos x)dx
f(x) f ' (x)
Þ ex sinx + C
x æ 2x + x ö
2 3
Illustration 40 : ò è x ÷ø dx
e ç
Solution : òe
x
(2x+ x ) dx
f '( x )
2
f( x )
Þ ex.x2 + C
E 23
®
xe x
Illustration 41 : ò (1 + x)2 dx
æ x +1 ( -1) ö
òe +
x
Solution : ç 2 ÷ dx
è (x + 1) (x + 1) 2 ø
æ ö
ç 1 ( -1) ÷
Þ ò ex ç + ÷ dx
ç{x + 1 (x
1
4 + 1)
2 4
3
2
÷
ç ÷
è f(x) f '(x) ø
1
= ex · +C
1+ x
æ sin2x - 2 ö
òe
x
Illustration 42 : çè 1 - cos2x ÷ø dx
®
æ 2sin x cos x - 2 ö
òe
x
Solution : çè
2sin2 x
÷ø
æ 2 sin x cos x 2 ö
òe -
x
ç 2 2 ÷
dx
è 2 sin x 2 sin xø
òe
x 2
cot x + ( -
({ 1cosec
4243x)) dx
f(x) f ' (x)
Þ excotx + C
2
Illustration 43 : Evaluate e x æç 1 - x ö÷ dx
ò è 1 + x2 ø
2
æ 1- x ö x (1 - 2x + x )
2
ò çè 1 + x 2 ø÷ ò (1 + x 2 )2 dx
x
Solution : e dx = e
æ 1 2x ö ex
=òe ç - dx = +C
x
2 2 ÷ Ans.
è (1 + x ) (1 + x ) ø 1+ x2
2
æ x4 + 2 ö
Illustration 44 : The value of ò e x ç 2 5/ 2 ÷
dx is equal to -
è (1 + x ) ø
e x (x + 1) e x (1 - x + x 2 ) e x (1 - x)
(A) +C (B) + C (C) + C (D) none of these
(1 + x 2 )3/ 2 (1 + x 2 )3/ 2 (1 + x 2 )3/ 2
æ x4 + 2 ö x æ 1 1 - 2x 2 ö
Solution : Let I = ò e x ç 2 5/ 2 ÷
dx = ò çè (1 + x 2 )1/ 2 (1 + x 2 )5/ 2 ÷ø .dx
e +
è (1 + x ) ø
æ 1 x x 1 - 2x 2 ö
= ò ex ç - + + ÷ dx
è (1 + x ) (1 + x 2 )3/ 2 (1 + x 2 )3/ 2 (1 + x 2 ) 5/ 2 ø
2 1/ 2
ex xe x e x {1 + x 2 + x}
= + + C = +C Ans. (D)
(1 + x 2 )1/ 2 (1 + x 2 )3/ 2 (1 + x 2 )3/ 2
24 E
ALLEN
Illustration 45 : Prove that ò e g(x) ( g '(x).f(x) + f '(x) ) dx = e g(x) .f(x) .
Solution I = ò e g(x) (g '(x)f(x) + f '(x)) dx
= ò e g(x) g '(x).f(x) dx + ò e g(x) f '(x) dx

g(x)
Integrate the first integral on the R.H.S. by parts taking e .g'(x) as the second function, we get
I = e g(x) f(x) - ò f '(x)e g(x) dx + ò e g(x) .f '(x) dx
g(x)
=e .f(x)
(b) ò (f(x) + xf '(x)) dx = x f(x) + c
Proof : = ò f(x)·1dx + ò xf '(x)dx
®
= é f(x)·x - ò f '(x) · x ù + ò xf '(x)dx
ë û
= x f(x) + c
Illustration 46 : ò (sin x + x cos x)dx
Solution : Þ ò (sin
{x + x cos
{ x) dx
f (x) f' (x)
Þ x sinx + C
æ 2 ö
ò çè ln (ln x )+
2
Illustration 47 : ÷ dx
ln x 2 ø
æ 1 1 ö
ò (ln14(ln
2
Solution : 24 x3) + ç ´ 2 ´ 2x ÷ dx
2
è ln x 144 x
42444 3ø
f (x)
f ' (x)
Þ x ln (lnx2) + C
æ 1 + x + x2 ö
òe
tan-1 x
Illustration 48 : çè 1 + x2 ÷ø dx
æ1 + x2 x ö x ö
òe = ò etan x æç 1 +
tan-1x
Solution : çè1 + x2 + 1+ x2 ÷ø dx
-1
è ÷ dx
1 + x2 ø
-1
e tan x
=ò 1 tan-1 x
e 23 + x· dx = xe tan-1 x + C
1 + x2
123
f (x)
x f ' (x)
E 25
®
x + sin x
Illustration 49 : Evaluate ò 1 + cos x dx
æ ö
x + sin x ç x + sin x ÷ x
dx = ò æç x sec 2 + tan ö÷ dx = x tan + C
1 x x
Solution : I =ò dx = ò ç ÷ Ans.
1 + cos x x è 2 2 2ø 2
ç 2cos 2 ÷
è 2ø
Integrals of the Type :
òe sin bx dx, ò e ax cos bx dx

ax
Results :
®
(i) z e .sin bx dx = 2
ax e ax
a + b2
b
a sin bx - b cos bx + c g
(ii) z e ax .cos bx dx =
e ax
a 2 + b2
b g
a cos bx + b sin bx + c
Proof :
Method-I Let I = ò eax sin bx dx
Integrate by parts taking eax as the first part, we get
-eax cos bx æ - cos bx ö

I= - ò aeax ç ÷ dx
b è b ø
On integrating the second term by parts again, we get
1 a é1 a ù
I =- e ax cos bx + ê eax sin bx - ò e ax sin bx dx ú
b b ëb b û
1 ax a ax a2
Þ I = – e cosbx + e sin bx - I
b b2 b2
æ a 2 ö e ax
Þ ç 1 + b 2 ÷ I = b 2 (a sinbx – bcosbx) + C
è ø
eax
Þ I= (a sinbx – bcosbx) + C
a 2 + b2
e ax
Similarly we can show that ò e cos bx = 2
ax
(a cos bx + bsinbx) + C
a + b2
26 E
ALLEN
Illustration 50 : Evaluate I = ò e x . sin x dx = sin x.e x - ò cos x.e x dx
Solution :
x
z
= sin x e - cos x e - ( - sin x)e dx
x x
= sin x ex – cos x ex – I
Þ 2 I = sin x ex – cos x ex
1
Þ I= (sin x - cos x )e x + c
2
Method-II Assume ò e2x cos 3x dx = e2 x (A cos 3x + B sin 3x) and then differentiate both sides
Illustration 51 : òe
®
2x
cos 3xdx = e2 x {A cos 3x + B sin 3x} + C find A & B.
Solution : differentiate both sides
e2x cos 3x = e2x (–3A sin3x + 3B cos3x) + 2e2x (A cos 3x + Bsin3x)
= e2x[(2A + 3B) cos3x + (2B - 3A) sin3x]
Þ 2A + 3B =1
2B – 3A = 0
2 3
Þ A= and B = Ans.
13 13
Do yourself - 9 :
æ -1 1 ö
òe ò xe ( sin x + cos x 2 ) dx ò ( tan(e ) + xe sec2 (ex ) ) dx
x2
1. ç tan x + ÷ dx 2. 3.
x 2 x x
è 1+ x2 ø
(x + sin x)dx x cos3 x - sin x

ò 1 + cos x ò (lnx + 1)dx òe
sin x
4. 5. 6. dx
cos2 x
e cos x (x sin 3 x + cos x)

7. ò sin 2 x
dx
2
ì (log x - 1) ü
8. The value of ò í 2 ý
dx is equal to :
î1 + (log x) þ
log x x
(A) (log x)2 + 1 + C (B) x 2 + 1 + C
xe x x
(C) +C (D) (log x)2 + 1 + C
1 + x2
The value of ò e ( sec q - sin q ) dq is equal to :
tanq
9.
tanq tanq
(A) –e sinq + C (B) e sinq + C
tanq tanq
(C) –e secq + C (D) e cosq + C
E 27
®
òe
-2x
10. sin 3x dx =
1 -2x 1 -2x
(A) e [sin 3x + cos3x ] + c (B) - e [ sin 3x + cos3x ] + c
13 13
1 -2x 1 -2x
(C) e [ 2 sin 3x + 3 cos 3x ] + c (D) - e [ 2 sin 3x + 3cos 3x ] + c
13 13
ò e ( log(sin x) + cot x ) dx =
x
11.
x x
(A) e cotx + c (B) e log(sinx) + c
x x
(C) e log(sinx) + tanx + c (D) e + sinx + c
12. òe
x
(1 + tan x ) sec x dx =
x x x x
(A) e cot x (B) e tan x (C) e sec x (D) e cos x
é -1 x ù
®
1
òe êsin a + 2 ú dx =
x
13.
ë a - x2 û
1 x -1 x -1 x
(A) e sin +c x
(B) ae sin +c
a a a
-1 x ex
x
(C) e sin +c (D) +c
a a 2 - x2
If u = ò e ax cos bx dx and v = ò e ax sin bx dx , then (a + b )(u + v ) =

2 2 2 2
14.
ax 2 2 2ax 2ax 2 2 2ax
(A) 2e (B) (a + b )e (C) e (D) (a – b )e
æx pö
òe sin ç + ÷ dx =
x/ 2
15.
è2 4ø
x x
(A) e cos + c 2 e x /2 cos + c
x /2
(B)
2 2
x x
x /2
(C) e sin +c (D) 2 e x / 2 sin +c
2 2
(c) Integration of trigonometric functions :
(i) ò sin
m
x cos n xdx
Case-I : When m & n Î natural numbers.

* If one of them is odd, then substitute for the term of even power.
* If both are odd, substitute either of the term.
* If both are even, use trigonometric identities to convert integrand into cosines of
multiple angles.
Case-II : m + n is a negative even integer.
* In this case the best substitution is tanx = t.
28 E
ALLEN
Illustration 52 : Evaluate ò sin 3 x cos 5 x dx

Solution : Put cos x = t; – sin x dx = dt.
so that I = - ò (1 - t 2 ).t 5dt
t 8 t 6 cos 8 x cos 6 x
= ò (t - t )dt = - = - +C
7 5
8 6 8 6
Alternate :
Put sin x = t; cos x dx = dt
so that I = ò t 3 (1 - t 2 ) 2 dt = ò ( t 3 - 2t 5 + t 7 ) dt
sin 4 x 2sin 6 x sin 8 x

= - + +C
4 6 8
Note : This problem can also be handled by successive reduction or by trigonometric identities.
®
Illustration 53 : Evaluate ò sin 2 x cos 4 x dx
2
æ 1 - cos 2x öæ cos 2x + 1 ö
ò sin x cos xdx = ò çè 2 ÷ç
2 4
Solution : ÷ dx
øè 2 ø
1
=ò (1 - cos 2x ) ( cos2 2x + 2 cos 2x + 1) dx
8
1
=
8 ò ( cos 2 2x + 2 cos 2x + 1 - cos 3 2x - 2 cos 2 2x - cos 2x ) dx
1
= ò ( - cos3 2x - cos 2 2x + cos 2x + 1) dx
8
1 æ cos 6x + 3cos 2x 1 + cos 4x ö
=- ò
8 è
ç
4
+
2
- cos 2x - 1÷ dx
ø
1 é sin 6x 3sin 2x ù 1 sin 4x sin 2x x
=- ê + ú - x- + + +C
32 ë 6 2 û 16 64 16 8
sin 6x sin 4x 1 x
=- - + sin 2x + + C
192 64 64 16
sin x
Illustration 54 : Evaluate ò cos 9/2
x
dx
sin1/ 2 x dx
Solution : Let I = ò 9/2
dx = ò -1/ 2
cos x sin x cos9 / 2 x
1 9
Here m + n = - = -4 (negative even integer).
2 2
Divide Numerator & Denominator by cos4x.
I = ò tan x sec 4 x dx = ò tan x (1 + tan 2 x) sec 2 xdx
= ò t (1 + t 2 )dt (using tan x = t)

2 3/ 2 2 7 / 2 2 2
= t + t + C = tan 3/ 2 x + tan 7 / 2 x + C
3 7 3 7
E 29
®
Do yourself - 10 :
dx
1. ò sin 6
x
2. ò sin
5
xdx 3. ò sin
4
xdx
sin 2 x dx
4. ò cos 4 x dx 5. ò sin x cos x dx
2 5
6. ò cos x.sin 3
x
dx sin xdx
7. ò cos 3
x.sin 3 x
8. ò (sin x)
-11/ 3
(cos x) -1 / 3 dx 9. ò cos5 / 2 x
sin 2 x dx dx
10. ò 3
cos14 x
dx 11. ò 4 3
sin x cos x 5 12. ò cos 3
x sin 2x
®
dx dx dx
(ii) ò a + b sin 2
x
OR ò a + b cos 2
x
OR ò a sin 2
x + b sin x cos x + c cos 2 x
Divide Nr & Dr by cos2 x & put tan x = t .
dx
Illustration 55 : Evaluate : ò 2 + sin 2
x
Solution : Divide numerator and denominator by cos2x
sec 2 xdx sec 2 xdx

I =ò
2sec2 x + tan 2 x ò 2 + 3 tan 2 x
=
Let 3 tan x = t \ 3 sec 2 x dx = dt
1 dt 1 1 t 1 æ 3 tan x ö
So I= ò
3 2+t
2
= .
3 2
tan -1
2
+C =
6
tan -1 ç
è 2 ø
÷+C Ans.

dx
Illustration 56 : Evaluate :
ò (2sin x + 3cos x) 2
dx
Solution : ò 4 sin 2
x + 12 sin x cos x + 9 cos2 x
Divide numerator and denominator by cos2x
sec 2 xdx sec 2 x dx

I=ò
4 tan 2 x + 12 tan x + 9 ò (2 tan x + 3) 2
\ =
Let 2 tan x + 3 = t , \ 2sec2xdx = dt

1 dt 1 1
I = ò
2 t 2
=- +C=-
2t 2(2 tan x + 3)
+C Ans.
30 E
ALLEN
dx dx dx
(iii) ò a + b sin x OR ò a + b cos x OR ò a + b sin x + c cos x
Convert sines & cosines into their respective tangents of half the angles
x
& put tan = t
2
2t 1- t2 –1 2dt
In this case sin x = , cos x = 2 , x = 2tan t; dx =
1+ t 2
1+ t 1+ t2
dx
Illustration 57 : ò 3 + 4 sin 2x
dx
Solution : ò 4.2 tan x
3+
®
1 + tan 2 x
(1 + tan 2 x) dx
=ò
3 + 3 tan 2 x + 8tan x
Let tanx = t
2
sec xdx = dt
dt
I =ò
3t + 8t + 3
2
1 dt
= ò
3 æ 4 ö2 7
çt + ÷ -
è 3ø 9
4 7
t+ -
1 3 3 3 +c
= . ln
3 2 7 4 7
t+ +
3 3
4 7
tan x +
-
1 3 3 +c
= ln
2 7 4 7
tan x + +
3 3
dx
Illustration 58 : Evaluate : ò 3sin x + 4 cos x
x
dx sec2 dx
dx 2
Solution : I =ò =ò =ò
3sin x + 4 cos x ì x ü ì xü x x
ï 2 tan 2 ï ï1 - tan
2
4 + 6 tan - 4 tan 2
3í + 4í 2ï 2 2
xý xý
ï1 + tan 2 ï ï1 + tan 2 ï
î 2þ î 2þ
E 31
®
x 1 2x
let tan = t, \ sec dx = dt
2 2 2
2dt 1 dt 1 dt
so I =ò
4 + 6t - 4t 2
= ò
2 æ 3 ö
= ò
2 25 æ 3 ö 2
1- ç t2 - t ÷ -çt - ÷
è 2 ø 16 è 4 ø
5 æ 3ö x
+çt - ÷ 1 + 2 tan
1 1 1
= . l n 4 è 4 ø + C = ln 2 +C Ans.
2 æ5ö 5 æ 3ö 5 x
2ç ÷ -çt - ÷ 4 - 2 tan
è4ø 4 è 4ø 2
®
a cos x + b sin x + c
(iv) ò p cos x + q sin x + r dx
d
Express Numerator (Nr) = l(Dr) + m (Dr) + n & proceed.
dx
2 + 3cos q
Illustration 59 : Evaluate : ò sin q + 2 cos q + 3 dq
Solution : Write the Numerator = l(denominator) + m(d.c. of denominator) + n
Þ 2 + 3 cos q = l(sinq + 2cosq + 3) + m(cosq – 2sinq) + n.
Comparing the coefficients of sinq, cosq and constant terms,
we get 3l + n = 2, 2l + m = 3, l – 2m = 0 Þ l = 6/5, m = 3/5 and n = –8/5
6 3 cos q - 2 sin q 8 dq
Hence I= ò 5 dq + 5 ò sin q + 2 cos q + 3 dq - 5 ò sin q + 2 cos q + 3

6 3 8 dq
= q + ln sin q + 2 cos q + 3 – I3 where I3 = ò
5 5 5 sin q + 2 cos q + 3
q q
In I3, put tan = t Þ sec2 dq = 2dt
2 2
dt dt 1 –1 æ t + 1 ö –1 æ
tan q / 2 + 1 ö
I3 = 2 ò = 2 ò (t + 1)2 + 22 2 è 2 ø
= 2. tan ç ÷ = tan ç ÷
t 2 + 2t + 5 è 2 ø
6q 3 8 æ tan q / 2 + 1 ö
Hence I = + ln sin q + 2cos q + 3 - tan -1 ç ÷+C Ans.
5 5 5 è 2 ø
32 E
ALLEN
Do yourself - 11 :
dx dx dx
1. ò 1 + 4 sin 2 x 2. ò 4 - 3cos 2
x + 5sin 2 x
3. ò 3sin 2
x + sin x cos x + 1
dx dx dx
4. ò 3 + sin x 5. ò 5 - 4 sin x + 3cos x 6. ò 1 + 4 sin x + 3cos x
3sin x + 2 cos x cos 2x dx sin 2xdx
7. ò 3cos x + 2 sin x dx 8. ò 1+sinx cosx 9. ò cos 4
x + sin 4 x
dx
10. ò (sin x + 2sec x) 2
®
(d) Integration of rational function :
P(x)
(i) Rational function is defined as the ratio of two polynomials in the form , where P(x) and
Q(x)
Q(x) are polynomials in x and Q(x) ¹ 0. If the degree of P(x) is less than the degree of Q(x),
then the rational function is called proper, otherwise, it is called improper. The improper rational
function can be reduced to the proper rational functions by long division process. Thus, if
P(x) P(x) P (x) P (x)
is improper, then = T(x) + 1 , where T(x) is a polynomial in x and 1 is
Q(x) Q(x) Q(x) Q(x)
proper rational function. It is always possible to write the integrand as a sum of simpler rational
functions by a method called partial fraction decomposition. After this, the integration can be
carried out easily using the already known methods.
S. No. Form of the rational function Form of the partial fraction
px 2 + qx + r A B C
1. + +
(x - a) (x - b)(x - c) x -a x -b x -c
px 2 + qx + r A B C
2. + +
(x - a) 2 (x - b) x - a (x - a) 2
x -b
px 2 + qx + r A Bx + C
3. + 2
(x - a) (x 2 + bx + c) x - a x + bx + c
where x2 + bx + c cannot be factorised further
E 33
®
x
Illustration 60 : Evaluate : ò (x - 2)(x + 5) dx
x A B
Solution : = +
(x - 2)(x + 5) x - 2 x + 5
or x = A(x + 5) + B(x – 2).
by comparing the coefficients, we get
A = 2/7 and B = 5/7 so that
x 2 dx 5 dx 2 5
ò (x - 2)(x + 5) dx = 7 ò x - 2 + 7 ò x + 5 = 7 ln (x - 2) + 7 ln ( x + 5) + C Ans.
x4
Illustration 61 : Evaluate ò (x + 2)(x 2 + 1) dx
®
x4 3x 2 + 4
Solution : = (x - 2) +
(x + 2)(x 2 + 1) (x + 2)(x 2 + 1)
1 2
- x+
3x + 4 2
16
Now, = + 52 5
(x + 2)(x + 1) 5(x + 2)
2
x +1
1 2
4 - x+
x 16
So, = x -2+ + 52 5
(x + 2)(x + 1)
2
5(x + 2) x +1
æ 1 2ö
ç - x+ ÷
16
Now, ò ç (x - 2) + + 52 5 ÷ dx
çç 5(x + 2) x +1 ÷
÷
è ø
x2 2 -1 16 1
= - 2x + tan x + ln x + 2 - ln(x + 1) + C
2
Ans.
2 5 5 10
Do yourself - 12 :
sin 2x dx 3x + 2 x2 -1
1. ò 4 - cos2 2x 2. ò (x + 1)(x + 3) dx 3. ò (x + 1)(x + 2)2 dx
4. Integrate with respect to x :
1 1
(i) (ii)
(x + 1)(x + 2) (x + 1)(x + 3)
2
3x + 2 1
(iii) (iv)
(x + 1)2 (x + 2) (x + 1)(x + 2)(x + 3)
x dx x 2 dx
5. ò ( x – 2 )( x + 5) dx 6. ò 6x3 - 7x 2 - 3x 7. ò 1 - x4
2x2 + 41x - 91 dx xdx
8. ò (x -1)(x + 3)(x - 4) dx 9. ò 1 - sin 4
x
10. òx3
-1
34 E
ALLEN
x3 -1 x 2dx xdx
11. ò 4x 3 - x dx 12. ò (x + 2)2 (x + 4) 2 13. ò (x + 1) 3
2x
14. Resolve into partial fractions.
x3 – 1
x 4 dx 4x + 3 x5 + x4 - 8
15. ò x15 - 1 16. ò dx 17. ò x3 - 4x dx
(x - 2)3
2
æ x + 2 ö dx dx (x + 1)dx
18. ò çè x - 1 ÷ø x 19. ò 20. ò x(1 + xe x
)
(a 2 + x 2 )3
xdx x 4 dx
21. ò x-3x
22. ò (1 - x 2 )3
®
x2 +1 x2 -1
(ii) Integrals of the form ò 4
x + Kx 2 + 1
dx OR ò x 4 + Kx 2 + 1 dx , where K is any constant.
Divide Nr & Dr by x2 & proceed.
Note : Sometimes it is useful to write the integral as a sum of two related integrals, which can be evaluated
by making suitable substitutions e.g.
2x 2 x2 + 1 x 2 -1 2 x2 +1 x2 -1
* ò x 4 + 1 ò x 4 + 1 ò x 4 + 1 dx
dx = dx + * ò x 4 + 1 ò x 4 + 1 ò x 4 + 1dx
dx = dx -
These integrals can be called as Algebric Twins.

4
Illustration 62 : Evaluate : ò sin 4
x + cos 4 x
dx
1 sec 4 x
Solution : I = 4ò 4 dx = 4 ò dx
sin x + cos 4 x 1 + tan 4 x
(tan 2 x + 1)sec 2 x
= 4ò dx
(tan 4 x + 1)
Now, put tanx = t Þ sec2x dx = dt
1+ t2 1/ t 2 + 1
Þ I = 4ò dt = 4 ò t 2 + 1/ t 2 dt
1+ t4
æ 1ö
Now, put t – 1/t = z Þ ç 1 + 2 ÷ dt = dz
è t ø
dz 4 z t - 1/ t
Þ I = 4ò = tan -1 + C = 2 2 tan -1 +C
z +2
2
2 2 2
æ tan x - 1/ tan x ö
= 2 2 tan -1 ç ÷+C Ans.
è 2 ø
E 35
®
1
Illustration 63 : Evaluate : òx 4
+ 5x 2 + 1
dx
1 2
Solution : I= ò
2 x + 5x 2 + 1
4
dx
1 1 + x2 1 1 - x2
2 ò x 4 + 5x 2 + 1 2 ò x 4 + 5x 2 + 1
Þ I= dx + dx
1 1 + 1/ x 2 1 1 - 1/ x 2
2 ò x 2 + 5 + 1/ x 2 2 ò x 2 + 5 + 1/ x 2
= dx - dx
{dividing Nr and Dr by x2}
®
1 (1 + 1/ x 2 ) 1 (1 - 1/ x 2 )dx
2 ò (x - 1/ x)2 + 7 2 ò (x + 1/ x) 2 + 3
= dx -
1 dt 1 du
= ò - ò
2 t 2 + ( 7 ) 2 u 2 + ( 3 )2
2
1 1
where t = x – and u = x +
x x
1 1 æ -1 t ö 1 1 æ -1 u ö
I= .
2 7 çè
tan ÷- . ç tan ÷+C
7ø 2 3è 3ø
1é 1 æ x - 1/ x ö 1 æ x + 1/ x ö ù
= ê tan -1 ç ÷ - tan -1 ç ÷ú + C Ans.
2ë 7 è 7 ø 3 è 3 øû
Do yourself - 13 :
x2 +1 1 (e 3x + e x )dx
1. ò x 4 - x 2 + 1 dx 2. ò 1 + x 4 dx 3. ò e 4x - e 2x + 1
sin 3 x.dx (x 2 - 1)dx
4. ò ( cos 4 x + 3cos2 x + 1) tan -1 (sec x + cos x ) 5. òx x 4 + 3x 2 + 1
(e) Integration of Irrational functions :
dx dx
(i) ò (ax + b) px + q
& ò (ax 2
+ bx + c) px + q
; put px + q = t 2
dx 1 dx 1
(ii) ò (ax + b) px + qx + r
2
, put ax + b = ;
t ò (ax 2
+ b) px + q 2
, put x =
t
36 E
ALLEN
x+2
Illustration 64 : Evaluate ò (x 2
+ 3x + 3) x + 1
.dx
x+2
Solution : Let, I = ò .dx Put x + 1 = t2 Þ dx = 2tdt
(x + 3x + 3) x + 1
2
(t 2 - 1) + 2 t2 +1 1 + 1/ t 2
\ I =ò .(2t)dt = 2ò dt = 2 ò t 2 + 1 + 1/ t 2 dt
{(t 2 - 1) 2 + 3(t 2 - 1) + 3} t 2 t4 + t2 +1
1 + 1/ t 2 du ì 1ü
= 2ò .dt = 2ò 2 í where u = t - ý
(t - 1/ t) + ( 3)
2 2
u + ( 3) 2 î tþ
-1 æ t - 1 ö
2
2 -1 æ u ö 2 2 æ x ö
= tan ç ÷ + C = tan ç ÷+C = tan -1 ç ÷+C Ans.
3 è 3ø 3 è 3t ø 3 è 3(x + 1) ø
®
dx
Illustration 65 : Evaluate ò (x - 1) x2 + x +1
dx 1
Solution : Let, I = ò put x – 1 = Þ dx = –1/t2 dt
(x - 1) x 2 + x + 1 t
-1/ t 2dt dt
I= ò 2
= –ò
3t 2 + 3t + 1
æ1 ö æ1 ö
1/ t ç + 1÷ + ç + 1÷ + 1
èt ø èt ø
1 dt 1
=–
3
ò 2
=-
3
log (t + 1/ 2) + (t + 1/ 2) 2 + 1/12 + C
æ 1ö
ç t + ÷ + 1/12
è 2ø
2
æ 1 1ö
12 ç + ÷ +1
=- 1 æ 1 1 ö è x -1 2 ø Ans.
log ç + ÷+ +C
3 è x -1 2 ø 12
dx
Illustration 66 : Evaluate : ò (1 + x 2
) 1- x2
dx 1 -1
Solution : Let, I = ò Put x = , So that dx = 2 dt
(1 + x ) 1 - x
2 2 t t
-1/ t 2dt tdt

\ I =ò = -ò
(1 + 1/ t 2 ) 1 - 1/ t 2 (t 2 + 1) t 2 - 1
Again let, t2 = u. So that 2t dt = du.
-1 du dx
= ò
2 (u + 1) u - 1
which reduces to the form òP Q
where both P and Q are linear
so that we put u – 1 = z2 so that du = 2z dz

1 2zdz dz
\ I=- ò = -ò 2
2 (z 2 + 1 + 1) z 2 (z + 2)
E 37
®
1 æ z ö
I=- tan -1 ç ÷+C
2 è 2ø
1 -1
æ u -1 ö 1 -1
æ t2 -1 ö
I=- tan ç ÷+C = - tan ç ÷+C
2 è 2 ø 2 è 2 ø
1 æ 1- x2 ö
=- tan -1 ç ÷+C Ans.
2 è 2x ø
Do yourself - 14 :
x dx 1
1. ò (x - 3) x +1
dx 2. òx 2
1 + x2
3.
(x + 1) x + 2
dx
®
1 dx
4. 5. òx 1 + x2
6. òx 2
x2 - 9
(x 2 - 4) x + 1
dx
7. To find the value of ò , the suitable substitution is
x 2ax - x 2
2
(A) x = acos t (B) x = 2acos t (C) x = 2a t (D) x = 2asin t
1
8. òx 2
1 + x2
dx =
1 + x2 1 + x2 1 - x2 x2 -1
(A) - +c (B) +c (C) - +c (D) - +c
x x x x
1
9. If ò (1 + x) x
dx = f(x) + A , where A is any arbitrary constant, then the function f(x) is
–1 -1
(A) 2tan x (B) 2 tan -1 x (C) 2 cot x (D) loge(1 + x)
dx dx dx
10. ò (x 2
- 1) x + 1
11. ò (1 - x ) 2
2+x
12. ò (2x + 3) x 2 + 3x
Integrals of Some More Types

Here, we discuss some special types of standard integrals based on the technique of integration by parts :
(i) ò x 2 - a 2 dx (ii) ò x 2 + a 2 dx (iii) ò a 2 - x 2 dx
(i) Let I = ò x 2 - a 2 dx
Taking constant function 1 as the second function and itnegratin by parts, we have
1 2x
I = x x2 - a 2 - ò dx
2 x2 - a2
x2
= x x2 - a 2 - ò dx
x2 - a 2
38 E
ALLEN
x2 - a 2 + a 2
= x x2 - a 2 - ò dx
x2 - a 2
dx
= x x 2 - a 2 - ò x 2 - a 2 dx - a 2 ò
x2 - a2
dx
= x x2 - a2 - I - a2 ò
x2 - a 2
dx
or 2I = x x 2 - a 2 - a 2 ò
x2 - a 2
x 2 2 a2
or ò
I= x 2 - a 2 dx =
2
x - a - log x + x 2 - a 2 + C
2
Similarly, integrating other two integrals, by parts, taking constant function 1 as the second function, we get
®
1 a2
(ii) ò x 2 + a 2 dx = x x 2 + a 2 + log x + x 2 + a 2 + C
2 2
1 a2 x
ò - = - + sin -1 + C
2 2 2 2
(iii) a x dx x a x
2 2 a
Alternatively, integrals (i), (ii) and (iii) can also be found by making trigonometric substitution x = asecq
in (i), x = atanq in (ii) and x = asinq in (iii) respectively.
Illustration 67 : Find ò x 2 + 2x + 5 dx
Solution : Note that
ò x 2 + 2x + 5 dx = ò (x + 1) 2 + 4 dx
Put x + 1 = y, so that dx = dy. Then s
ò x 2 + 2x + 5 dx = ò y 2 + 22 dy
1 4
= y y 2 + 4 + log y + y 2 + 4 + C
2 2
1
= (x + 1) x 2 + 2x + 5 + 2 log x + 1 + x 2 + 2x + 5 + C
2
Illustration 68 : Find ò 3 - 2x - x 2 dx
Solution : Note that ò 3 - 2x - x 2 dx = ò 4 - (x + 1) 2 dx

Put x + 1 = y so that dx = dy
Thus ò 3 - 2x - x 2 dx = ò 4 - y 2 dy
1 4 y
= y 4 - y 2 + sin -1 + C
2 2 2
1 æ x +1 ö
= (x + 1) 3 - 2x - x 2 + 2sin -1 ç ÷+C
2 è 2 ø
E 39
®
Do yourself - 15 :
Integrate the functions :
1. 1 - 4x 2 2. x 2 + 4x + 6 3. 1 - 4x - x 2
4. 1 + 3x - x 2 5. x x + x2 6. (x + 1) 2x 2 + 3
7. (x + 3) 3 - 4x - x 2
(f) Manipulating integrands :

dx
(i) ò x(x n
+ 1)
, n Î N , take xn common & put 1 + x–n = t.
dx
(ii) ò (n -1)
, n Î N , take xn common & put 1 + x–n = tn
x (x + 1)
®
2 n n
dx
(iii) òx n
(1 + x )
n 1/ n
, take xn common and put 1 + x–n = tn.
dx
Illustration 69 : Evaluate : òx n
(1 + x n )1/ n
dx dx
Solution : Let I = ò =ò 1/ n
x (1 + x n )1/ n
n
n +1 æ 1 ö
x ç1 + n ÷
è x ø
1 1
Put 1 + n
= tn, then n +1 dx = - t n -1dt
x x
n -1
t n -1dt t n -1 -1 æ 1 ö n
I = –ò = - ò t dt = -
n-2
+C = ç1 + n ÷ +C Ans.
t n -1 n -1 è x ø
Do yourself - 16 :
dx dx dx
1. ò x(x 2 + 1) 2. òx 2
(x 3 + 1)2 / 3
3. ò x (x
3 3
+ 1)1/ 3
5x8 + 7x 6
4. If f ( x ) = ò dx, ( x ³ 0 ) and f(0) = 0, then the value of f(1) is :
(x )
2
2
+ 1 + 2x 7
1 1 1 1
(A) - (B) (C) - (D)
2 2 4 4
1 + x4 2x - 4 dx
5. ò (1 - x )
4 3/ 2
dx 6. òx 2
x - 2x + 2
2 7. ò x(x 100
+ 1)
dx x sin a + 2 dx
8. ò x (x 2 5
+ 1)4/ 5
9. ò (x 2
+ x sin a + 1)3/ 2
dx 10. òx 10
(10 + x10 )1/10
40 E
ALLEN
Miscellaneous Illustrations :
cos 4 xdx
Illustration 70 : Evaluate ò 3
sin 3 x{sin 5 x + cos5 x}5
cos 4 x cos 4 x cot 4 xcosec 2 xdx

Solution : I =ò dx = ò dx = ò
3 3
(1 + cot 5 x)3/5
sin x{sin x + cos x}
3 5 5 5 sin 6 x{1 + cot 5 x}5
Put 1 + cot5x = t
5cot4x cosec2xdx = –dt
1 dt 1 2/5 1( )
2/5
5 ò t 3/ 5
=- = - t + C = - 1 + cot 5
x +C Ans.
®
2 2
dx
Illustration 71 : ò cos 6
x + sin 6 x
is equal to -
(A) ln|tanx – cotx| + C (B) ln|cotx – tanx| + C

(C) tan–1(tanx – cotx) + C (D) tan–1(–2cot2x) + C
dx sec 6 x (1 + tan 2 x)2 sec2 xdx

Solution : Let I = ò
cos 6 x + sin 6 x ò 1 + tan 6 x
= dx = ò 1 + tan 6 x
If tan x = p, then sec2 x dx = dp
2æ 1ö
p ç 1 + 2 ÷
(1 + p 2 ) 2 dp (1 + p2 ) è p ø dp
Þ I= ò =ò 4 dp = ò
1 + p6 p - p2 + 1 æ 1 ö
p 2 ç p 2 + 2 - 1÷
è p ø
dk æ 1 æ 1 ö ö
=ò = tan -1 (k) + C ç where p - = k, ç1 + 2 ÷ dp = dk ÷
k +1
2
è p è p ø ø
æ 1ö
= tan–1 ç p - ÷ + C = tan -1 (tan x - cot x) + C = tan–1(–2cot2x) + C Ans. (C,D)
è pø
2sin 2x - cos x
ò 6 - cos
2
x - 4 sin x
dx
2sin 2x - cos x (4sin x - 1) cos x (4 sin x - 1) cos x

Solution : I =ò dx = ò dx = ò 2 dx
6 - cos x - 4 sin x
2
6 - (1 - sin x) - 4 sin x
2
sin x - 4 sin x + 5
Put sin x = t, so that cos x dx = dt.
(4t - 1)dt
\ I =ò ...... (i)
(t 2 - 4t + 5)
Now, let (4t – 1) = l(2t – 4) + µ
E 41
®
Comparing coefficients of like powers of t, we get

2l = 4, –4l + µ = –1 ...... (ii)
l = 2, µ = 7
2(2t - 4) + 7
\ I= ò t 2 - 4t + 5
dt {using (i) and (ii)}
2t - 4 dt dt
= 2ò dt + 7 ò 2
t - 4t + 5
2
t - 4t + 5
= 2log t 2 - 4t + 5 + 7
ò t - 4t + 4 - 4 + 5
2
dt
= 2log t 2 - 4t + 5 + 7 ò = 2log|t2 – 4t + 5|+7.tan–1(t – 2) + C
(t - 2) + (1)
2 2
= 2log|sin2x – 4sinx + 5| + 7 tan–1(sinx – 2) + C. Ans.
®
3- x æ 1 ö
Illustration 73 : The value of ò 3+ x
.sin -1 ç
è 6
3 - x ÷ dx, is equal to -
ø
1 ìï æ -1 æ x ö ö üï
2
æxö
(A) í-3 ç cos ç ÷ ÷ + 2 9 - x 2 .cos -1 ç ÷ + 2x ý + C
4 îï è è 3 øø è3ø þï
2
æxö
(B) í-3 ç cos ç ÷ ÷ + 2 9 - x 2 .sin -1 ç ÷ + 2x ý + C
4 ïî è è 3 øø è3ø ïþ
2
-1 æ x ö
í-3 ç sin ç ÷ ÷ + 2 9 - x .sin ç ÷ + 2x ý + C
2
(C)
4 îï è è 3 øø è3ø þï
(D) none of these
3-x æ 1 ö
Solution : Here, I = ò .sin -1 ç 3 - x ÷ dx
3+ x è 6 ø
Put x = 3cos2q Þ dx = –6sin2qdq
3 - 3cos 2q æ 1 ö
= ò 3 + 3cos 2q
.sin -1 ç
è 6
3 - 3cos 2q ÷ (–6 sin 2q)dq
ø
sin q
ò cos q .sin (sin q).(-6 sin 2q)dq = – 6 ò q.(2 sin q)dq
-1 2
=
ì q2 ü
= – 6 ò q(1 - cos 2q)dq = – 6 í - ò q cos 2q dq ý + C
î2 þ
ì q2 æ sin 2q æ sin 2q ö ö ü ì sin 2q cos 2q ü

= – 6 í -çq - ò 1. ç ÷ dq ÷ ý + C = – 3q + 6 íq
2
+ ý+C
î2 è 2 è 2 ø øþ î 2 4 þ
2
æxö
= í-3 ç cos ç ÷ ÷ + 2 9 - x 2 .cos -1 ç ÷ + 2x ý + C Ans. (A)
4 ïî è è 3 øø è3ø ïþ
42 E
ALLEN
æp ö
tan ç - x ÷
è 4 ø
ò cos 2 x tan 3 x + tan 2 x + tan x dx
æp ö
tan ç - x ÷ (1 - tan 2 x)dx
Solution : I =ò è4 ø dx ò
=
cos 2 x tan 3 x + tan 2 x + tan x (1 + tan x)2 cos 2 x tan 3 x + tan 2 x + tan x
æ 1 ö 2
- ç1 - ÷ sec xdx
I= ò è tan 2
x ø
æ 1 ö 1
ç tan x + 2 + ÷ tan x + 1 +
è tan x ø tan x
®
1 æ 1 ö
let, y = tan x + 1 + Þ 2y dy = ç sec 2 x - .sec 2 x ÷ dx
tan x è 2
tan x ø
-2ydy dy
\ I =ò = –2 ò
(y + 1).y
2
1 + y2
æ 1 ö
= – 2tan–1 y + c = –2tan–1 ç tan x + 1 + ÷+C Ans.
è tan x ø
Do yourself - 17 :
éæ x öx æ e öx ù tan 2q
1.
ò êêçè e ÷ø + çè x ÷ø úú l n x dx 2. Evaluate : ò cos6 q + sin 6 q
dq
ë û
cos ecx - cot x sec x

3. Evaluate : ò .
cos ecx + cot x 1 + 2sec x
dx
dx cos xdx
4. ò 4
(x - 1) (x + 2)
3 5 5. ò (1 - cos x) 2
(cos 2x - 3)dx dx
6. ò cos 4
x 4 - cot 2 x
7. ò x x
sin cos3
2 2
x 2dx dx
8. ò( 9. ò (1 + x ) 2 4
1+ x ) 2 2
1 + x2 x 2 - 1 dx
10. ò x4
dx 11. ò x2 + 1 . 1 + x 4
E 43
ALLEN
® Definite Integration
DEFINITE INTEGRATION
b
A definite integral is denoted by ò f(x)dx which represent the algebraic area bounded by the curve y = f(x),
a
the ordinates x = a, x = b and the x axis.
1. THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS :
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus is appropriately named because it establishes a connection between
the two branches of calculus : differential calculus and integral calculus. Differential calculus arose from the
tangent problem, whereas integral calculus arose from a seemingly unrelated problem, the area problem.
Newton's teacher at Cambridge, Isaac Barrow (1630-1677), discovered that these
two problems are actually closely related. In fact, he realized that differentiation and integration are inverse
processes. The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus gives the precise inverse relationship
®
between the derivative and the integral. It was Y
Newton and Leibnitz who exploited this relationship and

y = f(t)
used it to develop calculus into a systematic mathematical
method. In particular, they saw that the Fundamental
area = g(x)
Theorem enabled them to compute areas and integrals
very easily without having to compute them as limits of
O a x b t
sums.
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, Part 1

If f is continuous on [a, b], then the function g defined by
x
g(x) = ò f (t)dt a£x£b
a
is continuous on [a, b] and differentiable on (a, b), and g'(x) = f(x).
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, Part 2

If f is continuous on [a, b], then
node06\B0BC-BD\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Enthuse\Maths\Module\3-Indefinte & Definite, AUC & DE\Eng\04-Definite Integration.p65
ò f (x)dx = F(b) - F(a)

a
where F is any antiderivative of f, that is, a function such that F '= f.

b
Note : If ò f (x)dx = 0 Þ then the equation f(x) = 0 has atleast one root lying in (a, b) provided f is a
a
continuous function in (a,b).
2. PROPERTIES OF DEFINITE INTEGRAL :

b b
(a) ò f(x)dx = ò f(t) dt provided f is same
a a
E 75
®
b a
(b) ò f(x)dx = -ò f(x) dx

a b
b c b
(c) ò f(x)dx = ò f(x) dx + ò f(x) dx , where c may lie inside or outside the interval [a,b ]. This
a a c
property is to be used when f is piecewise continuous in (a, b).
ìx 2 , 0 < x < 2 3
Illustration 1 : If f(x) = í then evaluate ò f(x)dx

î3x - 4, 2 £ x < 3 0
3 2 3 2 3
ò f(x)dx =ò f(x)dx + ò f(x)dx = ò x dx + ò (3x - 4)dx

2
Solution :
0 0 2 0 2
®
2 3
æ x 3 ö æ 3x 2 ö 8 27
=ç ÷ +ç - 4x ÷ = + - 12 - 6 + 8 = 37 / 6 Ans.
3
è ø0 è 2 ø2 3 2
ì |x|
ï3[x] - 5 , x¹0 2
Illustration 2 : If f(x) = í x then ò f(x)dx is equal to ([.] denotes the greatest integer
ïî2, x =0 -3/ 2
function)
11 7 17
(A) – (B) – (C) –6 (D) -
2 2 2
x
Solution : 3[x] – 5 = 3[x] - 5 , if x > 0 y
x
2
= 3[x] + 5, if x < 0 1
–2 –3/2 1 2
2 -1 0 1 2 x
Þ ò
-3 / 2
f(x)dx = ò
-3/ 2
(-1)dx + ò (2)dx + ò (-5)dx + ò (-2)dx
-1 0 1
–2
–5
æ 3ö 1 11
= – 1 ç -1 + ÷ + 2(1) + 1(-5) + (-2) = - + 2 - 5 - 2 = - Ans. (A)
è 2ø 2 2
2
The value of ò (x[x ] + [x 2 ]x )dx , where [.] denotes the greatest integer function, is equal
2
Illustration 3 :
1
to -
5 1
(A) + 3 + (2 3 - 2 2 ) + (9 - 3 3 )
4 log3
5 2 1 1
(B) + 3+ + (2 3 - 2 2 ) + (9 - 3 3 )
4 3 log 2 log 3
5 2 1 1
(C) + + (2 3 - 2 2 ) + (9 - 3 3 )
4 3 log 2 log3
(D) none of these
76 E
ALLEN
2 2 3 2
I = ò (x[x ] + [x 2 ]x )dx = ò (x + 1)dx + ò (x + 2 )dx + ò (x + 3 )dx
2
Solution : We have, 2 x 3 x
1 1 2 3
2 3 2
æ x2 ö æ x3 2x ö æ x4 3x ö
= ç + x ÷ + ç + ÷ +ç + ÷
è 2 ø1 è 3 log 2 ø 2 è 4 log 3 ø 3
5 2 1 1
= + 3+ + (2 3 - 2 2 ) + (32 - 3 3 ) Ans. (B)
4 3 log 2 log3
20
ò [cot
-1
Illustration 4 : Evaluate : x]dx . Here [.] is the greatest integer function.
-10
20
ò [cot
-1
Solution : I= x]dx , we know cot–1 x Î (0, p) " x Î R
-10
ì3, x Î (-¥, cot 3)
®
ï2, x Î (cot 3, cot 2)
–1 ï
Thus [cot x] = í
ï1, x Î (cot 2, cot1)
ïî0 x Î (cot1, ¥)
cot3 cot 2 cot1 20
Hence I =
-10
ò 3dx +
cot 3
ò 2dx + ò
cot 2
1dx + ò 0dx = 30 + cot1 + cot2 + cot3
cot1
Ans.
Do yourself - 1 :
Evaluate :
4
1. ò {x}dx , where {.} denotes fractional part of x.

0
3
2. If f (x) = ½x½ + ½x - 1½ + ½x - 2½ , x Î R then ò f (x) dx =
0
9 15 19 11
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 2 2 2
1
3. Let [t] denote the greatest integer £ t. Then the value of 8. ò ([ 2x ] + x ) dx is _________.
1
-
2
2
ì2 0 £ x £1
4. If ƒ(x) = í , where [.] denotes the greatest integer function. Evaluate ò ƒ(x)dx
î x + [x] 1 £ x < 3 0
ò| x - x - 2 | dx
2
5.
0
p
6. The value of the integral ò sin 2x dx
0
is
E 77
®
3
sin x sin 2x
7. Suppose that F(x) is an antiderivative of ƒ(x) = , x > 0 then ò dx can be expressed as-
x 1
x
1 1
(A) F(6) – F(2) (B) (F(6) - F(2)) (C) (F(3) - F(1)) (D) 2(F(6) – F(2))
2 2
p/2
8. ò | sin x - cos x |dx

0
p/2
1 - sin 2x
9. Evaluate : ò0
1 + sin 2x
dx
Evaluate the following definite integrals.
®
ln 2 1 p /2
x dx cos x dx
10. ò x e-x dx 11. ò 5 - 4x
12. ò (1+ sin x) (2 + sin x)
0 -1 0
b
p /4
|x| e æ 1 ln x ö÷
13. ò cos 2x 1 - sin 2 x dx 14. ò x dx 15. ò ç
ç x ln x
+
x ÷ø
dx
0 a 1 è
p /4
e
æ 1 1 ö p /4
sin 2 x sin 2 x . cos2 x
16. ò ç - 2 ÷ dx 17. ò dx 18. ò dx
è ln x ln x ø ( )
2
2 0 sin x + cos4 x
4
0 sin 3 x + cos3 x
p /4 p /2 3
dx dx
19. ò (x cos x · cos 3x) dx 20. ò 5 + 4 sin x
21. ò
0 0 2 ( x - 1) x 2 - 2 x
p/ 2 p
p /2
dx x + sin x
22. ò 1 + cosq . cos x
q Î (0, p) 23. ò q sin2 q cos q dq 24. ò dx
0 0 0 1 + cos x
3p 4 p
é 2 æ 3p x ö æ 11p x ö ù
25. ò ((1 + x) sin x + (1 - x) cos x )dx 26. ò
0
ê cos çè
ë 8
- ÷ - cos 2 ç
4 ø è 8
+ ÷ ú dx
4ø û
0 node06\B0BC-BD\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Enthuse\Maths\Module\3-Indefinte & Definite, AUC & DE\Eng\04-Definite Integration.p65
p /2
27. ò sin f cos f (a 2
)
sin 2 f + b 2 cos2 f df a ¹ b (a > 0,b > 0)
0
2 12
æ x -1 ö
3 1/ 2
dx dx
28. ò
2 ( x - 1) (5 - x)
29. ò çè 3 - x ÷ø dx 30. ò
0 (1- 2x ) 2
1- x2
32
2
dx 1
dx
31. ò 32. ò where -p < a < p
1 ( 4
x x +1 ) 0
2
x + 2 x cosa + 1
1
b
dx e - e -1 e 2 - e -2 1- x2
33. ò where a =
2
& b=
2
34. ò0 1 + x 2 + x 4 dx
a 1+ x2
78 E
ALLEN
1
p /4
sin q + cos q æ d æ 1 öö e
dx
35. ò 9 + 16 sin 2q
dq 36. ò-1ççè dx çè 1 + e1/ x ÷ ÷÷ dx
øø
37. ò ln( x x e x )
0 1
p
38. If f(p) = 2 & ò (f(x)+ f ¢¢(x)) sin x dx = 5, then find f(0)
0
ln 3 p /2
sec x - tan x cos ec x
39. ò f (x)dx, where f(x) = e-x + 2e-2x + 3e-3x + ... ¥ 40. ò sec x + tan x 1 + 2 cos ecx
dx
ln 2 0
1 p
ò x f ' ' (x) dx , where f (x) = cos(tan–1x) òx

sin x
41. 42. (1 + x cos x · ln x + sin x ) dx
0 p2
®
3p 2
cos x æ p ö æ 3p ö
43. Given f ' (x) = , f ç ÷ = a, f ç ÷ = b. Find the value of the definite integral ò f ( x ) dx .
x è2ø è 2 ø p2
44. Suppose that f, f ' and f '' are continuous on [0, ln 2] and that f (0) = 0, f ' (0) = 3, f (ln 2) = 6, f'(ln2) = 4
ln 2 ln 2
ò e · f (x) dx = 3. Find the value of

-2 x -2 x
and òe · f ' ' (x ) dx .
0 0
45. Suppose that the function f, g, f ' and g ' are continuous over [0, 1], g (x) ¹ 0 for x Î [0, 1],
2009
f (0) = 0, g(0) = p, f(1) = and g(1) = 1.
2
1
{ } {
f ( x ) · g ' ( x ) g 2 (x ) - 1 + f ' ( x ) · g ( x ) g 2 (x ) + 1 }dx .
Find the value of the definite integral, ò 2
g (x)
0
é0 ; if f(x) is an odd function

a a
ê a
(d) ò-a f(x) dx =ò0 [f(x) + f(-x)]dx = ê2 f(x)dx ; if f(x) is an even function
êë ò0
1/ 2
æ1+ x ö
Illustration 5 : Evaluate ò cos x ln ç ÷ dx
-1/ 2
è 1- x ø
æ1- x ö æ1+ x ö
Solution : f(–x) = cos(–x) ln ç ÷ = –cos ln ç ÷ = –f(x)
è1+ x ø è1- x ø
Þ f(x) is odd
Hence, the value of the given integral = 0. Ans.
E 79
®
2
cos x e x 2x cos2 x / 2 p/2
Illustration 6 : If f(x) = x 2 sec x sin x + x 3 , then the value of ò

-p / 2
(x 2 + 1)(f(x) + f ''(x))dx
1 2 x + tan x
(A) 1 (B) –1 (C) 2 (D) none of these
2
cos x e x 2x cos2 x / 2
Solution : As, f(x) = x 2 sec x sin x + x 3
1 2 x + tan x
®
Þ f(–x) = – f(x) Þ f(x) is odd
Þ f'(x) is even Þ f''(x) is odd
Thus, f(x) + f''(x) is odd function let,
f(x) = (x2 + 1).{f(x) + f''(x)}
Þ f(–x) = - f(x)
i.e. f(x) is odd
p/2
\ ò
-p / 2
f(x)dx = 0 Ans. (D)
Do yourself - 2 :
Evaluate :
p/2 p/2
é æ 4 - sin q ö ù
ò (x sin x + cos x)dx ò ln ê 2 ç ÷ ú dq
2 3
1. 2.
ë è 4 + sin q ø û
-p / 2 -p / 2
2
x2 - x 2
2x7 + 3x6 -10x5 - 7x3 -12x2 + x +1
3. Evaluate : ò
-2 x2 + 4
dx 4. Evaluate : ò
- 2
x2 + 2
dx
1
(2x 332 + x 998 + 4x1668 .sin x 691 )
5. Evaluate : ò
-1
1 + x 666
dx
1
6. The value of the integral
-1
ò log ( x + x 2 + 1 ) dx is :
(A) 2 (B) 0 (C) –1 (D) 1
80 E
ALLEN
b b a a
(e) ò f(x)dx = ò f(a + b - x) dx , In particular ò f(x)dx = ò f(a - x) dx
a a 0 0
Illustration 7 : If f, g, h be continuous functions on [0, a] such that f(a – x) = –f(x), g(a – x) = g(x) and
a
3h(x) – 4h(a – x) = 5, then prove that ò f(x)g(x)h(x)dx = 0

0
a a a
Solution : I= ò f(x)g(x)h(x)dx = ò f(a - x)g(a - x)h(a - x)dx = -ò f(x)g(x)h(a - x)dx
0 0 0
7I = 3I + 4I
®
a a
= ò f(x)g(x) {3h(x) - 4h(a - x)} dx = 5ò f(x)g(x)dx = 0
0 0
(since f(a – x) g(a – x) = –f(x)g(x))

Þ I=0 Ans.
p
x sin x
-p
ex + 1
dx
0 p
x sin x x sin x
Solution : I= ò-p e x + 1 dx + ò0 ex + 1 dx = I1 + I2
0
x sin x
where I1 = ò
-p
e x
+ 1
dx
Put x = –t Þ dx = – dt
p
p p x
t sin t dt ó e t t sin t dt
0
(- t) sin(- t)(-dt) e x sin x dx
Þ I1 = ò -t
= ò -t
= ô = ò
p e +1 0 e +1 õ e +1 t
0 ex + 1
0
p p
e x x sin x x sin x
Hence I = I1 + I2 = ò0 ex + 1 dx + ò0 ex + 1 dx
p p p
I = x sin xdx = ( p - x ) sin ( p - x ) dx = p sin xdx - I
ò 0
ò 0
ò 0
p
p
Þ 2I = pò sin xdx = p - cos x 0 = 2 p Þ I = p Ans.
0
E 81
®
2
dx
Illustration 9 : Evaluate ò (17 + 8x - 4x )[e
0
2 6(1- x)
+ 1]
2
dx
Solution : Let I = ò (17 + 8x - 4x )[e
0
2 6(1- x)
+ 1]
2
dx é a a
ù
Also I = ò êQ
(17 + 8x - 4x 2 )[e -6(1-x) + 1] ë ò0 f(x)dx = ò0 f(a - x)dx ú
û
0
Adding, we get
2
1 æ 1 1 ö
2I = ò 2 ç 6(1- x)
+ -6(1-x) ÷ dx
0
17 + 8x - 4x è e +1 e +1 ø
®
2
1 12 dx
=ò dx = - ò
0
17 + 8x - 4x 2
4 0 x - 2x - 17 / 4
2
2
é 21 ù
2 ê x -1 - ú
1 dx 1 1 2
=- ò =- ´ ê log ú
4 0 (x - 1)2 - 21 / 4 4 21 ê 21 ú
2´ x -1+
2 êë 2 úû
0
2
é 1 2x - 2 - 21 ù 1 é 2 - 21 2 + 21 ù
=- ê log ú Þ I =- ê log - log ú
4 21 ëê 2x - 2 + 21 úû 0 8 21 ë 2 + 21 21 - 2 û
1 é 21 - 2 ù
=- ê log ú Ans.
4 21 ë 2 + 21 û
ò cot
-1
Illustration 10 : (1 - x + x 2 )dx equals -
p p
(A) + log 2 (B) - log 2 (C) p – log 2 (D) none of these
2 2
1 1
æ 1 ö -1 æ x + (1 - x) ö
Solution : I = ò tan -1 ç ÷ dx = ò tan ç 1 - x(1 - x) ÷ dx
è1- x + x
2
0 ø 0 è ø
1 1
1
= ò [tan -1 x + tan -1 (1 - x)] dx = ò tan -1 x dx + ò tan -1 (1 - x) dx
0
0 0
1 1
é 1 ù p p
= 2 ò tan x dx = 2 êx tan -1 x - log(1 + x 2 ) ú = 2 - log 2 = - log 2
-1
Ans. (B)
0 ë 2 û0 4 2
82 E
ALLEN
p/2
a sin x + b cos x
Illustration 11 : ò
0
sin x + cos x
dx
p/2
a sin x + b cos x
Solution : I= ò0
sin x + cos x
dx .....(i)
p/2 p/2
a sin( p / 2 - x) + b cos( p / 2 - x) a cos x + bsin x
I= ò0
sin(p / 2 - x) + cos(p / 2 - x)
dx = ò
0
sin x + cos x
dx .....(ii)
p/2 p/2
(a + b)(sin x + cos x)
\ 2I = ò0
sin x + cos x
dx = ò (a + b)dx = (a + b)p / 2 Þ I = (a + b)p / 4
0
Ans.
p/2
2sin x
Illustration 12 : ò 2sin x + 2cos x
dx equals -
®
0
p p
(A) 2 (B) p (C) (D)
4 2
p/2 p/2 p/2
2sin x 2sin ( p / 2 - x) 2cos x
Solution : I= ò0
2sin x + 2cos x
dx = ò sin x( p / 2 - x)
0
2 + 2cos ( p / 2 -x)
dx = ò cos x
0
2 + 2sin x
dx
p/ 2
p p
2I = ò dx = 2
0
Þ I=
4
Ans. (C)
Do yourself - 3 :
Evaluate :
5 p/ 3
x dx 3
x
1. ò
1 6-x + x
dx 2. òp / 6 1 + tan 5 x 3. ò 3- x
dx
0
3
x2
4. òx
1
2
- 4x + 8
dx is equal to -
1 æ -1 ö
1
(A) 2 (B) 1 (C) 2 tan -1 (D) 2 ç1 + tan 2 ÷
2 è ø
1
5. The integral ò x (1 & x)9 dx equals to
0
1 1 1 1
(A) 10 (B) 90 (C) 72 (D) 110
6. Prove that :
b
x -a p b
x . dx p
ò dx = (b-a ) = ( a +b ) , where a < b
(a)
a
b- x 2
(b) òa (x - a) (b - x) 2
x
3 sin -1
1 + x 2 dx
7. Evaluate : ò x
13
E 83
®
5 p /24
dx
8. The value of the definite integral ò
p /24 1 + tan 2x
3
is :
p p p p
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 6 12 18
p
2
æ 1 + sin 2 x ö
9. The value of òp çè 1 + psin x ÷ø dx is
-
2
p 5p 3p 3p
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 4 4 2
16
log e x 2
10. ò log x 2 + log e ( x 2 - 44x + 484 )
dx is equal to :
®
6 e
(A) 6 (B) 8 (C) 5 (D) 10

p /2
cos2 x
11. The value of ò
-p /2
1 + 3x
dx is
p p
(A) (B) 4p (C) (D) 2p
4 2
p /2n
dx
12. ò 1 + tann nx
=
0
p np p
(A) 0 (B) (C) (D)
4n 4 2n
p
(ax + b)sec x tan x
13. Evaluate : ò
0
4 + tan 2
x
dx(a,b > 0)
p
(2x + 3)sin x
14. Evaluate : ò
0
(1 + cos2 x)
dx
-p / 6
3 2
15. ò (sin 6 q + sin q cos2 q)dq equals :-
-p / 3
2
p p 1
(A) (B) (C) 1 (D)
12 2 2
p 3 4 2 p/2
16. If ò x 2cos x sin xdx
2
= k ò sin xdx , then the value of k is :-
2
0 ( p - 3px + 3x ) 0
p p p p
(A) (B) (C) 16 (D) 8
12 4
a
é
ê2 ò f(x) dx if f(2a - x) = f(x)
2a a a ;
(f) ò0 f(x)dx = ò0 f(x) dx + ò0 f(2a - x) dx = ê 0
êë0 ; if f(2a - x) = -f(x)
84 E
ALLEN
p
xdx
Illustration 13 : Evaluate ò 2
0 1 + cos x
p p p
xdx (p - x)dx pdx
Solution : Let I = ò =ò =ò -I
0
1 + cos x 0 1 + cos (p - x) 0 1 + cos 2 x
2 2
p p/2 p/ 2
pdx dx sec 2 xdx
Þ 2I = ò = 2p ò = 2p ò
0
1 + cos2 x 0
1 + cos2 x 0
2 + tan 2 x
Let tan x = t so that for x ® 0, t ® 0 and for x ® p/2, t ® ¥. Hence we can write,
¥ ¥
dt 1 é -1 t ù p2
I = pò = p tan = Ans.
0 2+t 2 êë 2 úû 0 2 2
2
p/2 p/2
p
Illustration 14 : Prove that ò log(sin x)dx = ò log(cos x)dx = - 2 log 2
®
0 0
p/ 2
Solution : Let I= ò log(sin x)dx

0
........ (i)
p/2 p/ 2
æp ö
then I = ò0 logsin çè 2 - x ÷ø dx = ò log(cos x)dx
0
........ (ii)
adding (i) and (ii), we get

p/ 2 p/ 2 p/2
2I = ò logsin x dx + ò log cos x dx = ò (log sin x + log cos x)dx

0
0 0
p/2 p/2
æ 2sin x cos x ö
Þ 2I = ò log(sin x cos x)dx = ò log çè
0 0
2
÷ dx
ø
p/2 p/2 p/ 2 p/2
æ sin 2x ö
ò logsin 2x.dx - ( log 2 ) ( x )
p/2
= ò
0
log ç
è 2 ø
÷ dx = ò0
log(sin 2x)dx - ò
0
(log 2)dx =
0
0
p/2
p
Þ 2I = ò log(sin 2x)dx - 2 log 2
0
......... (iii)
p/2
Let I1 = ò log(sin 2x)dx,
0
putting 2x = t, we get
p p p/2
dt 1 1
I1 = ò log ( sin t ) = ò log ( sin t ) dt = .2 ò log(sin t)dt
0
2 20 2 0
p/2
I1 = ò log(sin x)dx
0
p
\ (iii) becomes ; 2I = I – log 2
2
p/2
p
Hence ò logsin x dx = - 2 log 2
0
Ans.
E 85
®
p/2
Illustration 15 : ò (2 logsin x - logsin 2x)dx
0
equals -
(A ) p log 2 (B) –p log 2 (C) (p/2) log 2 (D) –(p/2) log 2
p/2 p/ 2
Solution : I= ò (2 logsin x - log 2 sin x cos x)dx = ò (2 logsin x - log 2 - log sin x - log cos x)dx
0 0
p/2 p/ 2 p/2
= ò logsin xdx - ò log 2dx - ò log cos xdx = – (p/2) log 2
0 0 0
Ans. (D)
®
Do yourself - 4 :
Evaluate :
p/2 p/2
sin x - cos x
ò ( )
3
dx ln sin 2 x cos x dx
1. ò (1 + e x )(1 + x 2 ) 2.
0
3. ò 1 + sin x cos x dx
0
- 3
p/2
4. ò
-p / 2
cos x - cos3 x dx
1/2
æ æ x + 1 ö2 æ x - 1 ö2
1/ 2 ö
5. The value of ò ç ç ÷ +ç ÷ - 2÷ dx is :
-1/ 2 è
è x -1 ø è x +1 ø ø
(A) loge4 (B) loge16 (C) 2loge16 (D) 4 loge ( 3 + 2 2 )
nT T
(g) ò f(x)dx = n ò f(x) dx ,

0 0
(n Î I) ; where ‘T’ is the period of the function i.e. f(T + x) = f(x)
T+x T
Note that : ò f(t)dt will be independent of x and equal to ò f(t)dt

x 0
b + nT b
(h) ò
a + nT
f(x)dx = ò f(x)dx where f(x) is periodic with period T & n Î I.
a
nT T
(i) ò f(x)dx = (n - m)ò f(x)dx , (n, m Î I) if f(x) is periodic with period ‘T’.
mT 0
86 E
ALLEN
4p
Illustration 16 : Evaluate ò | cos x | dx
0
Solution : Note that |cos x| is a periodic function with period p. Hence the given integral.
p
é p2 p
ù
ê ú
I = 4 | cos x | dx = 4 ê ò cos xdx - ò cos xdx ú = 4 ëé[sin x ]0 - [sin x ]p / 2 ûù = 4 [1 + 1] = 8
ò
p/2 p
Ans.
0 êë 0 p
2
úû
16 p / 3
0
| sin x | dx
16 p / 3 5p 5 p+p / 3 p p/ 3
Solution : ò | sin x | dx = ò | sin x | dx + ò | sin x | dx = 5ò | sin x | dx + ò | sin x | dx
®
0 0 5p 0 0
= 5 [ - cos x ]0 + [ - cos x ]0 = 10 + æç - 1 + 1 ö÷ = 21
p p/3
Ans.
è 2 ø 2
2np
Illustration 18 : Evaluate : ò [sin x + cos x]dx . Here [.] is the greatest integer function.
0
2np 2p
Solution : Let I = ò [sin x + cos x]dx = n ò [sin x + cos x]dx
0 0
(Q [sinx + cosx] is periodic function with period 2p]
ì p
ï1, 0£x£
2
ï
ï0, p 3p
£x£
ï 2 4
ï
ï-1, 3p
<x£p
ï
[sin x + cos x] = í 4
ï-2, 3p
p<x£
ï 2
ï 3p 7p
ï-1, <x£
ï 2 4
ï 7p
ï0, < x £ 2p
î 4
ép / 2 3p/ 4 p 3p / 2 7p / 4 2p
ù
Hence I = ê ò
n 1dx + ò 0dx + ò -1dx + òp -2dx + ò -1dx + ò úû 0dx
ë0 p/2 3p / 4 3p/ 2 7p/ 4
ép 3p 7p 3 p ù
I = nê +0-p+ - 3p + 2 p - + + 0 ú = - np Ans.
ë2 4 4 2 û
E 87
®
Do yourself - 5 :
Evaluate :
10
1. ò {2x}dx , where {.} denotes fractional part of x.
-1.5
p
20 p+
3
2. òp
(sin x + cos x)dx
20 p+
6
x
3. If g (x) = ò cos 4 t dt , then g (x + p) equals
0
(A) g (x) + g (p) (B) g (x) - g (p) (C) g (x) g (p) (D) [ g (x)/g (p) ]
1
[ x3 ]
®
òx e dx , where [t] denotes the greatest integer £ t, is :
2
4. The value of
-1
e -1 e +1 e +1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3e 3 3e 3e
100 n
5. The value of åòe
n =1 n -1
x -[ x ]
dx , where [x] is the greatest integer £ x, is
(A) 100(e – 1) (B) 100(1 – e) (C) 100e (D) 100 (1 + e)

5
x + [x]
6. If the value of the integral
0
e x -[x ] ò
dx = ae -1 + b , where a, b Î R, 5a + 6b = 0, and [x]
2
denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x; then the value of (a + b) is equal to :
(A) 100 (B) 25 (C) 16 (D) 36
3
7. ò {sin {x}} dx is equal to (where {.} represent fractional part of x)
-3
(A) 1 – cos 1 (B) 3(1 – cos1) (C) 6(1 – cos1) (D) 0

3 æ ( 1 + x + x2 (x - [x]) ö
8. The value of I = ò ln çç 2
÷ dx is (where [.] denotes greatest integer function)
÷
-3 è ( 1 - x + x ) ø
a node06\B0BC-BD\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Enthuse\Maths\Module\3-Indefinte & Definite, AUC & DE\Eng\04-Definite Integration.p65
9. If ƒ (x) is an even function which is also periodic with the period T and ò ƒ (x)dx = 3 and
0
3T / 2 a +5T
ò ƒ (x)dx = 18 , then ò ƒ (x)dx is equal to -

-T / 2 -a
(A) 96 (B) 93 (C) 51 (D) 48

ì -2x - 8 -4 < x £ - 2
ï 2
ï-x -2 < x £ 0
10. Let ƒ (x) = í 2 and ƒ (x + 8) = ƒ (x) for all x Î R. Then which of the following
ïx 0< x£2
ï8 - 2x 2< x£4
î
results are true ?
4 10 4 8
20 40
R1 = ò ƒ (x)dx = ; R2 = ò ƒ(x)dx = 0 ; R 3 = ò ƒ(x)dx = ; R 4 = ò ƒ(x)dx = 0
0
3 2 3 0
-4
(A) only R1 is true (B) only R3 is true (C) only R2 & R4 are true (D) R1, R2, R4 are true
88 E
ALLEN
3. WALLI’S FORMULA :
If m, n Î N & m, n ³ 2, then
p/ 2 p/2
(n - 1)(n - 3).....(1 or 2)
ò sin n x dx = ò cos x dx =
n
(a) K
0 0
n(n - 2).....(1 or 2)
ìp / 2 if n is even
where K = í
î1 if n is odd
[(n - 1)(n - 3)(n - 5)....1 or 2][(m - 1)(m - 3)....1 or 2]

(b) sin n x.cos m x dx = K
(m + n)(m + n - 2)(m + n - 4)....1 or 2
®
ìp
ï if both m and n are even
Where K = í 2
ïî1 otherwise
p/2
Illustration 19 : ò
-p / 2
sin 4 x cos6 x dx =
3p 3p 3p 3p
(A) (B) (C) (D)
64 572 256 128
p/2 p/2
( 3.1)( 5.3.1) p 3p
Solution : I= ò
-p/ 2
sin 4 x cos6 x dx = 2 ò0
sin 4 x cos6 x.dx = 2 . =
10.8.6.4.2 2 256
Ans. (C)
4. DERIVATIVE OF ANTIDERIVATIVE FUNCTION (Newton-Leibnitz Formula) :

h (x)
d
If h(x) & g(x) are differentiable functions of x then, dx ò f(t)dt = f[h(x)].h '(x) - f[g(x)].g '(x)
g(x)
x2
t2 - 5t + 4
Illustration 20 : Find the points of maxima/minima of ò 2 + et
dt
0
x2
t 2 - 5t + 4
Let f(x) = ò
y
Solution : dt
0 2 + et
x
–2 –1 0 1 2
x 4 - 5x 2 + 4 (x - 1)(x + 1)(x - 2)(x + 2)2x
f'(x) = x2
2x - 0 = 2
2+e 2 + ex Graph of f'(x)
From the wavy curve, it is clear that f'(x) changes its sign at x = ± 2, ±1, 0 and hence the
points of maxima are –1, 1 and of the minima are –2, 0, 2.
E 89
®
t3
d 1
Illustration 21 : Evaluate ò dx
dt t2 log x
t3
d 1 1 d 3 1 d 2 3t 2 2t t(t - 1)
Solution :
dt ò2 log x dx = 3
.
log t dt
(t ) - 2
.
log t dt
(t ) = - =
3 log t 2 log t log t
Ans.
t
Do yourself - 6 :
p/4
3p K
1. If ò sin6 x cos 4 xdx = -
1024 960
, then K is equal to
0
2. If ƒ(x) = ò sin t dt , then find ƒ '(1).
®
1/ x
x y
dy
ò 3 - sin tdt + ò cos tdt = 0 , then evaluate
2
3. .
p/3 0
dx
x x3
If g(x) = ò e dt then the value of òe

t2 t2
4. dt equals
1 3
(A) g(x3) – g(3) (B) g(x3) + g(3) (C) g(x3) – 3 (D) g(x3) – 3g(x)
x
ò sin t dt
2
0
5. lim equals -
x ®0 x(1 - cos x)
1 1 2
(A) (B) 2 (C) (D)
3 2 3
x +h x
ò l n 2 tdt - ò l n 2 tdt node06\B0BC-BD\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Enthuse\Maths\Module\3-Indefinte & Definite, AUC & DE\Eng\04-Definite Integration.p65
6. Lim a a
=
h®0 h
2l n x
(A) 0 (B) ln2x (C) (D) does not exist
x
1k 1
7. Lim ò (1 + sin 2x) x dx -

k ®0 k
0
(A) 2 (B) 1 (C) e2 (D) non existent

x
t 2 dt
ò a+t
8. Find the constants 'a' (a > 0) and 'b' such that Lim 0 =1.
x ®0 bx - sin x
90 E
ALLEN
x
9. Let ƒ : (a, b) ® R be twice differentiable function such that f(x) = ò g(t) dt for a differentiable
a
function g(x). If ƒ(x) = 0 has exactly five distinct roots in (a, b), then g(x)g'(x) = 0 has at least :
(A) twelve roots in (a, b) (B) five roots in (a, b)
(C) seven roots in (a, b) (D) three roots in (a, b)
x 2
x2
10. ò ƒ (t)dt = 2 òx
Let y = ƒ (x) be a differentiable curve satisfying + t 2 ƒ (t)dt , then
2
p/ 4
ƒ (x) + x 9 - x3 + x + 1
ò
-p / 4 cos 2 x
dx equals -
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 4

g(x)
®
ò ƒ (t)dt = x
2
11. If + cosπx +1 " x ³ 1 , where g(x) is inverse of f(x). If f(3) =4, then f '(3) is
0
1 9
(A) (B) (C) 8 (D) 4
2 4
p/4
12. ò (cos 2x)3 / 2 .cos x dx =

0
3p 3p 3p 3p 2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
16 32 16 2 16
5. DEFINITE INTEGRAL AS LIMIT OF A SUM :

b b
An alternative way of describing ò ƒ(x)dx is that the definite integral ò ƒ(x)dx is a limiting case of the
a a
summation of an infinite series, provided ƒ(x) is continuous on [a,b]

b n -1
b-a
i.e. ò ƒ(x)dx = lim h å ƒ(a + rh) where h = . The converse is also true i.e., if we have an infinite
a
n ®¥
r =0 n
series of the above form, it can be expressed as a definite integral.

1 ærö
Step I : Express the given series in the form å f ç ÷
n ènø
1 ærö
Step II : Then the limit is its sum when n ® ¥, i.e. lim fç ÷
n ®¥ n ènø
r 1
Step III : Replace
n
by x and by dx and lim
n n ®¥
å by the sign of ò
r
Step IV : The lower and the upper limit of integration are the limiting values of for the first and
n
the last term of r respectively.
E 91
®
æ 1 1 1 ö
Illustration 22 : Evaluate Lim ç + + ......... + ÷
n ®¥ è 2n + 1 2n + 2 6n ø
4n 4n
1 1 1 1 1 1
Solution : Let Sn = +
2n + 1 2n + 2
+ ......... +
6n
= å
r =1 2n + r
= å
r =1 n
.
ærö
2+ç ÷
ènø
4
dx
Þ S = Lim Sn = ò = [ln | 2 + x |]04 = ln6 - ln2 = ln3 Ans.
n ®¥
0
2+x
é n n n 1 ù
Illustration 23 : Evaluate Lim ê + + + ....... + ú
êë ( 3 + 4 n ) 2 (3 2 + 4 n ) 3 (3 3 + 4 n )
2 2 2
n ®¥ 49n ú
û
®
é n n n ù
Solution : Let p = lim ê + + ......... + ú
ëê ( 3 + 4 n ) 2 (3 2 + 4 n ) n ( 3 n + 4 n ) ûú
n ®¥ 2 2 2
Analyzing the expression with the view of increasing integral value we get the expression in
terms of r as
n n 1
n 1 dx
= lim å = lim å =ò
r (3 r + 4 n ) x (3 x + 4 )
2 2 2
ræ r ö
n ®¥ n ®¥
r =1 r =1 0
n ç3 + 4÷
nè n ø
3
Put 3 x + 4 = t, \ dx = dt
2 x
7 7
2 dt 2 é 1 ù 2æ 1 1ö 1
Hence p = ò 2 = ê - ú = ç - + ÷ = Ans.
34t 3 ë t û 4 3 è 7 4 ø 14
Do yourself - 7 :
Evaluate :
é 1 1 1 1 ù
1. lim ê + + ....... ú
n ®¥ n + 2.1 n + 2.2 n + 2.3 3n û
ë
n -1
1
2. lim å
n ®¥
r =0 n - r2
2
r =4 n
n
3. The value of Lim å is equal to
n ®¥
r =1 (
r 3 r +4 n )2
1 1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
35 14 10 5
92 E
ALLEN
2 n -1
n2
4. The value of lim
n ®¥
å r =0 n 2 + 4r 2
is :
1 1 –1 1
(A) tan -1 (2) (B) tan -1 (4) (C) tan (4) (D) tan -1 (4)
2 2 4
é1 n n n ù
5. lim ê + + + ... + 2 ú is equal to :
n ®¥ n
ë (n + 1) (n + 2)
2 2
(2n - 1) û
1 1 1
(A) (B) 1 (C) (D)
2 3 4
æ n +2 n+4 n+6 5 ö
6. If L = nlim
®¥ ç
+ 2 + 2 + ....... + , then eL is equal to -
2
è n + n + 1 n + 2n + 4 n + 3n + 9 7n ÷ø
®
1
(A) 1 (B) (C) 7 (D) e
7
1/ n
ì æ p ö æ 2p ö æ 3p ö æ (n - 1)p ö ü
7. Lim ísin ç ÷ .sin ç ÷ sin ç ÷ ........sin ç ÷ý is equal to -
n ®¥
î è 2n ø è 2n ø è 2n ø è 2n ø þ
1
(A) sin1 (B) (C) ln2 (D) e1/2
2
æ n öæ n 2 öæ n 3 ö
ç å r ÷ç å r ÷ç å r ÷
è r = 1 øè r = 1 øè r = 1 ø
8. If l = nlim
®¥ n , then the value of 8l is
år
r =1
8
6. ESTIMATION OF DEFINITE INTEGRAL :

(a) If f(x) is continuous in [a, b] and it’s range in this interval is [m, M], then
b
ò f(x)dx £ M(b - a)
m(b – a) £
a
3
Illustration 24 : Prove that 4 £ ò 3 + x 3 dx £ 2 30
1
Solution : Since the function f(x) = 3 + x 3 increases monotonically on the interval
[1, 3], m = 2, M = 30 , b – a =2.
3 3
Hence, 2.2 £ ò 3 + x dx £ 2 30 Þ 4 £ ò 3 + x 3 dx £ 2 30
3
Ans.
1 1
E 93
®
b b
(b) If f(x) £ f (x) for a £ x £ b then ò f(x)dx £ ò f(x) dx
a a
p 1 dx p
Illustration 25 : Prove that £ ò £
6 0 4-x -x
2 3
4 2
Solution : Since 4 – x2 ³ 4 – x2 – x3 ³ 4 – 2x2 > 0 " x Î [0, 1]
4 - x 2 ³ 4 - x 2 - x 3 ³ 4 - 2x 2 > 0 " x Î [0, 1]
1 1 1
Þ 0< £ £ " x Î [0 1]
4-x 2
4-x -x 2 3
4 - 2x 2
1 1 1
dx dx dx
Þ ò £ò £ò "x Î [0, 1]
®
0 4-x 2
0 4-x -x 2 3
0 4 - 2x 2
1 1
é -1 x ù
1
dx 1 é -1 x ù p 1 dx p
Þ êë sin
2 úû 0 ò0 4 - x 2 - x 3
£ £
2 êë
sin Þ £ ò £
2 úû 0 6 0 4 - x 2 - x 3 4 2
Ans.
b b
(c) ò f(x)dx £ ò f(x) dx .
a a
19
sin x
Illustration 26 : Prove that ò 1+ x
10
8
dx < 10–7
19 19
sin x sin x
Solution : To find I= ò dx £ ò dx ....... (i)
10
1+ x 8
10
1 + x8
Since | sin x | £ 1 for x ³ 10
sin x 1
The inequality £ ....... (ii)
1+ x 8
| 1 + x8 | node06\B0BC-BD\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Enthuse\Maths\Module\3-Indefinte & Definite, AUC & DE\Eng\04-Definite Integration.p65
also, 10 £ x £ 19
Þ 1 + x8 > 108
1 1 1
Þ < 8 or < 10 -8 ....... (iii)
1 + x 10
8 |1 + x |
8
from (ii) and (iii) ;

sin x
< 10 -8
1+ x 8
19 19
sin x
ò10 1 + x8 dx < 10ò 10 dx
-8
19
sin x
\ ò 1+ x
10
8
dx < (19 - 10).10 -8 < 10 -7 Ans.
94 E
ALLEN
Illustration 27 : If ƒ (x) is integrable function such that |ƒ (x) – ƒ (y) | < |x2 – y2|, " x, y Î [a,b] then prove
b
ƒ(x) - ƒ(a) (a - b) 2
that òa x + a dx £
2
.
b b
ƒ(x) - ƒ(a) ƒ(x) - ƒ(a)
Solution : Given,
òa x + a dx £ òa x + a dx
b b b
x2 - a2 (a - b) 2
£ò dx = ò | x - a | dx = ò (x - a)dx =
a
x+a a a
2
b
(d) If f(x) ³ 0 on the interval [a, b], then ò f(x)dx ³ 0 .
®
a
8
Illustration 28 : If ƒ (x) is a continuous function such that ƒ (x) > 0 " x Î [2,10] and ò ƒ(x) dx = 0 , then
4
find ƒ (6).
Solution : ƒ (x) is above the x-axis or on the x-axis for all x Î [2,10]. If ƒ(x) is greater than zero for
8
any sub interval of [4,8], then ò ƒ(x)dx must be greater than zero.
4
8
But ò ƒ(x)dx = 0 Þ ƒ (x) = 0 " x Î [4,8]
4
Þ ƒ (6) = 0.
Do yourself - 8 :
3
1. Prove that 4 £ ò 3 + x 2 dx £ 4 3
1
p 2p dx
2. Prove that £ò £ p.
4 0 5 + 3sin x
1
3 1/ 3 x4
3.
5
(
Show that 2 - 1 £ ò )
(1 + x 6 )2 / 3
dx £ 1
0
4. Prove the inequalities :

1
p dx p 2 2
(a) <ò < (b) 2e -1 / 4 < ò e x
2
-x
dx < 2e 2 .
6 0 4-x -x
2 3 8
0
5. Prove the inequalities :

1 2
1 1 1 dx 5
< ò x (sin x + cos x) dx < £ò
2
(a) (b) £
3 0 2 2 0 2+x 2
6
E 95
®
Miscellaneous Illustrations :
p
x 3 cos4 x sin 2 x
Illustration 29 : Evaluate : ò0 (p2 - 3px + 3x 2 ) dx
p
x 3 cos4 x sin 2 x
Solution : Let I = ò 2 dx ........ (i)
0
(p - 3px + 3x 2 )
p
(p - x)3 cos4 (p - x)sin 2 (p - x)dx
= ò0 p2 - 3p(p - x) + 3(p - x)2 (By. Prop.)
p
(p3 - x 3 - 3p2 x + 3px 2 ) cos4 x sin 2 x
= ò0 dx ......... (ii)
®
(p2 - 3px + 3x 2 )
Adding (i) and (ii) we have

p
(p3 - 3p2 x + 3px 2 ) cos4 x sin 2 x
2I = ò0 (p2 - 3px + 3x 2 )
dx
p p/2
2I = pò cos x sin xdx Þ 2I = 2p ò cos4 x sin 2 xdx
4 2
Þ
0 0
p/2
\ I = p ò cos4 x sin 2 x dx
0
(3.1)(1) p p2
Using walli's formula, we get I = p = Ans.
6.4.2 2 32
Illustration 30 : Let f be a polynomial function such that f(x) f(y) + 2 = f(x) + f(y) + f(xy) " x, y Î ¡ with
f(0) = 1 and f'(1) = 2 find f(x) and show that 3 ò f(x)dx - x(f(x) + 2) is a constant.
Solution : We have f(x)f(y) + 2 = f(x) + f(y) + f(xy)

Putting x = 1 & y = 1
then f(1)f(1) + 2 = 3f(1)
we get f(1) = 1,2
f(1) ¹ 1
then f(1) = 2
1
Replacing y by in (1) then
x
æ1ö æ1ö æ1ö æ1ö

f(x)f ç ÷ + 2 = f(x) + f ç ÷ + f(1) Þ f(x)f ç ÷ = f(x) + f ç ÷
èxø èxø èxø èxø
96 E
ALLEN
Hence f(x) is of the type
f(x) = 1 ± xn
Q f(1) = 2
\ f(x) = 1 + xn
and f'(x) = nxn–1 Þ f'(1) = n = 2
f(x) = 1 + x2
\ 3ò f(x)dx - x(f(x) + 2) = 3 ò (1 + x 2 )dx - x(1 + x 2 + 2)
æ x3 ö
= 3 ç x + ÷ - x(3 + x 2 ) + c = c = constant
è 3ø
Illustration 31 : Evaluate : ò [x[1 + sin px] + 1]dx , [.] is the greatest integer function.
®
-1
1 0 1
Solution : Let I = ò [x[1 + sin px] + 1]dx
-1
= ò [x[1 + sin px] + 1]dx + ò [x[1 + sin px] + 1]dx
-1 0
Now [1 + sinpx] = 0 if –1 < x < 0

[1 + sinpx] = 1 if 0 < x < 1
0 1 1
\ I = ò 1.dx + ò [x + 1]dx = 1 + 1 ò dx = 1 + 1 = 2. Ans.
-1 0 0
Illustration 32 : Find the limit, when n ® ¥ of

1 1 1 1
+ + + ..... +
(2n - 1 )
2
(4n - 2 ) 2
(6n - 3 ) 2 n
é 1 1 1 1ù
Solution : Let P = Lim ê + + + .... + ú
n ®¥
ë 2n - 1
2
4n - 2 2
6n - 3 2 nû
é 1 1 1 1 ù
= Lim ê + + + .... + ú
n ®¥
êë 1(2n) - 12 2(2n) - 2 2 3(2n) - 32 n(2n) - n 2 úû
n
1 n
1 1
dx
= Lim å = Lim å =ò
n ®¥
r =1 r(2n) - r 2 n ®¥
r =1 r ærö
2
0 (2x - x 2 )
n. 2 -ç ÷
n ènø
Put x = t2 Þ dx = 2t dt
1 1
é 2tdt -1 æ t ö ù -1 æ 1 ö æpö
\ P =ò = ê 2 sin ç ÷ ú = 2 sin ç ÷ = 2ç 4 ÷
0 t 2-t
2
ë è 2 øû0 è 2ø è ø
Hence P = p/2. Ans.
E 97
®
ì1 - x , x £1 5
Illustration 33 : If f(x) = í
î x - 1, x >1
, and g(x) = f(x – 1) + f(x + 1). Find the value of ò g(x) dx .
-3
Solution : Given,
ì-x - 1, x < -1 ì- x, x - 1 < -1 Þ x<0

ï1 + x, -1 £ x < 0 ï -1 £ x - 1 < 0 Þ 0 £ x <1
ï ïx,
f(x) = í ; f(x – 1) = í
ï1 - x, 0 £ x £1 ï2 - x, 0 £ x -1 £ 1 Þ 1£ x £ 2
ïîx - 1, x >1 ïîx - 2, x -1 > 1 Þ x>2
Similarly
ì-x - 2, x + 1 < -1 Þ x < -2

ïx + 2, -1 £ x + 1 < 0 Þ - 2 £ x < -1
ï
®
f(x+1) = í
ï-x, 0 £ x +1 £ 1 Þ -1 £ x £ 0
ïîx, x +1 > 1 Þ x>0
ì-2x - 2 x < -2
ï2, -2 £ x < -1
ï
ïï-2x, -1 £ x £ 0
Þ g(x) = f(x – 1) + f(x + 1) = í
ï2x, 0 < x <1
ï2, 1< x £ 2
ï
ïî2x - 2, 2 < x
Clearly g(x) is even,

5 3 5
Now ò g(x)dx = 2 ò g(x) dx + ò g(x) dx

-3 0 3
5
æ1 2 3
ö
= 2 ç ò 2x dx + ò 2dx + ò (2x - 2) dx ÷ + ò (2x - 2) dx = 24
è0 ø 3
1 2
98 E

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JEE (MAIN+ADVANCED)

Indefinite & Definite Integration

integrals are very similar geometrically. Y

If the line x = a intersects the parabolas y = x2, 2

ò 2xdx = x + C = f(x) + C (say), implies that the

tangents to all the curves f(x) + C, C Î R, at the x=a

Elementary Integrals (Loving Integrals)

(Direct formulae Based or Converting into Known formulae)

(x + 5)3 x3 + 15x2 + 75x + 125

sec 2x - 1 sin x + cos x

cos 2x - cos 2a sin 3 x + cos3 x

cos4 x - sin 4 x 1 + tan 2 x

(x 2 + sin 2 x) sec 2 x sin 6 x + cos 6 x

sin 2x + sin 5x - sin 3x dx

Extension of standard formulae :

ò cos(6 + 2x) dx ò sec

sin(5 + 4x) tan (3 - 4x)

node06\B0BC-BD\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Enthuse\Maths\Module\3-Indefinte & Definite, AUC & DE\Eng\02-Indefinite Integration (Theory).p65

Illustration 8 : ò tan 3x tan 2x tan x dx

1 - tan 2 x cos x - sin x

Substitution is said to be appropriate if the integrand in (i) is a loving one.

When substitution is directly observed :

Solution : Let lnx2 = t

Solution : Let sin–1x = t

Þ ò sin t dt = –cos t + C = –cos(tan–1x) + C

Solution : Let 2x2 + 6x + 5 = t

= (1 + x2) – ln(1 + x2) + C

Solution : Put 3x3 + 2x + 10 = t

Solution : The given integral can be written as

Substitutions involving trigonometric functions :

sec x(sec x + tan x) æ x pö

cos ec x(cot x - cos ecx) x

Þ 2sinx – ln|secx + tanx| + C

Illustration 20 : ò cosecxln cot x - cosecx dx

1 sin(x + 8) cos(x + 5) - cos(x + 8) sin(x + 5)

sin xdx (arctan x)2 dx

7. ò (tan x + tan 4 x)dx 8. (a) ò tan3 x dx (b) ò tan

sin3 x cos3 xdx sin 3 a

dx cos ada xdx

x (1 - x2 ) 2x - arcsin x x + (arccos 3x)2

Integral of the form :

Express px + q = l (differential coefficient of denominator ) + m.

2(b - a) sin q cos qdq æ b - a ö æx-aö

Solution : Express 3x + 2 = l(d.c. of 4x2 + 4x + 5) + m

node06\B0BC-BD\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Enthuse\Maths\Module\3-Indefinte & Definite, AUC & DE\Eng\02-Indefinite Integration (Theory).p65

Let I = ò f(x).g(x) dx = f(x)· ò g(x)dx - ò ( f '(x) ) ( ò g(x)dx ) dx

= 1st function × integral of 2nd – ò (diff. coeff. of I st ) ´ (int egral of 2nd ) dx

\ ò f(x).g '(x)dx = f(x).g(x) - ò g(x).f '(x)dx

node06\B0BC-BD\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Enthuse\Maths\Module\3-Indefinte & Definite, AUC & DE\Eng\02-Indefinite Integration (Theory).p65

Þ ln(2x + 3) (2x + 3) - (2x + 3) + C

t(sin t) - ò (1) sin t dt

Illustration 37 : Evaluate : ò cos x dx

Solution : Consider I = ò cos xdx

Taking t as first function, integrate it by part

I = 2 éë t sin t - ò 1.sin tdt ùû = 2 [ t sin t + cos t ] + C

I = 2 [ x sin x + cos x ] + C Ans.

x(1 - sin x) x(1 - sin x)

ë î dx þ û node06\B0BC-BD\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Enthuse\Maths\Module\3-Indefinte & Definite, AUC & DE\Eng\02-Indefinite Integration (Theory).p65

= é x tan x - ò tan xdx ù - é x sec x - ò sec xdx ù

= [ x tan x - ln | sec x |] - [ x sec x - ln | sec x + tan x |] + C

Two Classic Integrands :

Illustration 39 : òe (sinx + cos x)dx