THESIS

 PROPOSED SITE :

INDIA NOIDA

SECTOR 95 NOIDA

Fig. 3

INDIAN HABITAT CENTER 1

THESIS

1.7 ACCESSIBILITY-
The site is surrounded by roads on three sides.
75 M wide Express
.
way.
A 75 M wide Maha
Maya flyover

Amity Noida Metro

Station
Fig. 4 30M wide proposed
road

 LANDMARKS-
Amity Noida Metro Station

Fig.5

AIRPORT = Indira Gandhi International Airport 28KM FROM SITE

METRO STATION = Amity metro station 550 M from site
Bus stand = 2.5 km

INDIAN HABITAT CENTER 2

THESIS

1.8 REQUIREMENTS:
The Habitat center provides the following facilities for the use of member:
• Office accommodation for institutions (approx. 2000 people)
• Conference rooms .
• Library .
• Guest room, suites, and service apartments.
• Conference room, cafeteria, Restaurants and Private Dining room to handle approximately 2000 persons
at a time.
• A exhibition area with built in systems and structures for multimedia exhibitions.
• A min. 300 seater amphitheatre.
• An auditorium with 1000 capacity.
• A unique library/resource center with e-mail links to Resources Centers abroad.
• Other facilities include :
An Art gallery, Executive fitness center, Bank, Gift shop, corporate Post Office and underground
parking.

1.9 CHALLENGES

 Aims to promotes better urban and rural settlement relevant of the Indian social cultural and economic
context with related to the lifestyle of its people.
 Aims at evolving a creative form, such that it becomes a city level landmark.
 Architecture aimed to reflect the right combination of an attractive design and functional utilization of
space, which is sustainable.

INDIAN HABITAT CENTER 3

THESIS

1.10.1 LIVE CASE STUDIES-

 India Habitat Centre, New Delhi

Fig.6

Spread over an area of 9.6 acres the IHC campus was designed by Joseph Stein and B.V Doshi. The campus
weaves in a unique interplay of institutions, supporting infrastructure and facilities such as conference halls,
auditorium, library and resource centre, art galleries, etc.

India International Centre (IIC), New Delhi:

The India International Centre (IIC) at Lodhi road, New Delhi has been conceived to provide facilities for
variety of artistic and scholarly activities, conferences and seminars organized by national and international
groups. In addition to these it has a fully fledged library, multi – cuisine restaurants, amphitheaters, guest
facilities, etc.

Fig.7

INDIAN HABITAT CENTER 4

THESIS

INTERNET CASE STUDY:

 KIMBELL ARTS MUSEUM, TEXAS

Fig.8

INDIAN HABITAT CENTER 5

THESIS

1.11 METHODOLOGY

INTRODUCTION/ SELECTION UNDERSTANDING BASICS: FINALIZATION OF PROJECT

OF THE PROJECT Value, approach, futuristic Site selection, aims, scope,
approach, need, etc. objectives, etc.

LIBRARY STUDY: CASE STUDY: SITE ANALYSIS:

To understand functional To study the materials, form, Climatic analysis, physical
relationship, standards and structure, services, circulation, characteristics of the site and
environment, bye-laws, etc. physical and non-physical surroundings, connectivity,
attributes existing features, etc.

AREA FORMULATION: CONCEPT:

Comparative analysis of Evolving the basic idea to
EVOLUTION OF DESIGN
library study and case study start the project
for framing requirements and
areas.

FINAL DESIGN

INDIAN HABITAT CENTER 6

THESIS

LIBRARY STUDY

HABITAT CENTRE

INDIAN HABITAT CENTER 7

THESIS

2. INTRODUCTION:

 The term habitat stands for ecology and includes many interrelated features, specially the immediate
physical environment, the urban environment or the social environment. So a habitat centre is a place
that brings individual institutions and organizations together to increase their efficiency.

 The habitat centre was conceived to provide a physical environment which would serve as a catalyst for
a synergetic relationship between individuals and institution working in diverse habitat related areas and
therefore, maximize their total effectiveness to facilitate this interaction, the centre provides a range of
facilities.

 From the very beginning exhibition and art gallery have helped in a great deal to promote business. The
exhibition space instead of being a static art gallery will be turned into a dynamic and interactive space
where the viewer and artist would be in content dialogue and movement. the habitat visual art gallery
will cross-reference the plastic and the performing art and provide the ideal platform to bridge the gap. it
home not only to those offices and research organization but also houses a club, India’s most
comprehensive convention centre as well as several restaurant and performance venue for cultural
activities.

 It should be conceived as an ideal physical environment with arrange of facilities that maximize the
effectiveness of the individual and institutions , in their holistic support of the habitat, the principal
resolves of the centre- to restore at every level- environmental and ecological- a balance harmonious and
improved way of life, is to be reflected in its concept and design. The principal resolve of the Habitat
Centre is "to restore at every level - environment and ecological - a balanced, harmonious and improved
way of life.

2.2 SIGNIFICANCE:
HABITAT

To bring together
various professionals
To provide considerable
efficiency and high standard
services

To resolve complex
habitat issue
Promote high standard for
professional ethics

2.3 CONNECTIVITY:

INDIAN HABITAT CENTER 8

THESIS

Recreation
resturants
clubs ,indoor games

(library)
Commercial
convention
(offices)
(formal meeting)

cultural
(auditorium)
exhibition space
art gallery

2.4 Basic requirements of habitat centre:

1. Offices

2. Exhibitions spaces/ Galleries.

3. Convention centre includes:

 Conference rooms.
 Auditorium.
 Guest rooms.
 Restaurants.

2. OFFICES:

An office is generally a room or other area where people work. The main purpose of an office environment is to
support its occupants in performing their job—preferably at minimum cost and to maximum satisfaction. With
different people performing different tasks and activities, however, it is not always easy to select the right office
spaces. Office is an architectural and design phenomenon, whether it is a small office or a massive building.
The main purpose of an office environment is to support its occupants in performing their assignments at
minimum cost and maximum satisfaction. In recent times, the importance of changing climate and its effects on
environment are being given more attention in design practices. Sustainable work spaces are becoming more

INDIAN HABITAT CENTER 9

THESIS

prominent. More energy efficient buildings co-relate to a more efficient and productive work environment.
Office spaces are an environment in which people spend a large part of their day for productive work. The
entire work space should bring out the best in people, in addition to being easily accessible to all, self-sustaining
and efficient in energy and water use. Safety is another issue that needs to be taken care of:

 Neighbourhood character.
 Sunlight to adjoining buildings.
 Open spaces.
 Privacy.
 Overlooking of other uses.
 The quality of spaces inside the building.
 The amenity and usability of private open spaces.

An office building must have flexible and technologically-advanced working environments that are safe,
healthy, comfortable, durable, aesthetically-pleasing, and accessible. It must be able to accommodate the
specific space and equipment needs of the tenant. Special attention should be made to the selection of interior
finishes and art installations, particularly in entry spaces, conference rooms and other areas with public access.\

2.1 SOCIAL ASPECTS OF THE USERS:

A good building is an elusive thing, but it is one which satisfies organizational needs at reasonable cost and
without unnecessary effort, and in which the inhabitants are happy to work. This brings us to a good brief, good
design, and good management. There must be four key features:
• Adaptability to meet a range of space and servicing requirements: The building should not make it
difficult for occupants to do what they want. For example, in addition to the current shell-and-core facilities,
offices might accommodate a wider range of choice in internal environmental services, from natural ventilation
and lighting upwards.

• Contact with the outside world: People like being near a window with clear glass. In Scandinavia and
Germany this is now almost a right, and is having a major influence on office design, with deep open plans
giving way to more diverse buildings with offices of a more domestic scale around a core or ‗street‘ of common
facilities. The degree to which similar views and solutions will prevail in the UK is not yet clear. Cultural and
climatic differences make building types and their services difficult to export, however international they may
feel, and new icons are just as likely to prove false gods as others have in the past.

• Better, healthier and more productive internal. And, of course, delight: a building which both works and
feels good to be in will be a much better investment in the long run than one which is functional but unloved.

• User control. Psychologists have observed that the human factor– for example, the open able window – is
example, over their environment (in the broadest sense) as by expenditure, however lavish, from an invisible
and unfeeling corporate exchequer‘ .Not nearly enough is known about the behavioral aspects of both simple
and advanced environmental control systems in buildings.

2.2 CIRCULATION:

INDIAN HABITAT CENTER 10

THESIS

This is the area required to conveniently permit ingress and egress to work stations. The size of an aisle
should be governed by the amount of traffic it bears. The following standards with regard to internal
circulation will be applied in space planning surveys:
o Aisles leading to main exits from areas, which carry substantial traffic (main aisles), should be
60m wide
o Aisles which carry a moderate amount of traffic (intermediate aisles) should be 48 in. wide.
o Aisles between rows of desks (secondary aisles) should be appropriately 36 in. wide.

S.NO FIG. 1 FIG. 2

A 79-99 195-223
B 167-213 76
C 53-71 116-147
D 114-142 61-91
E 106 121-152
F 76-114 61-71

Basic workstation with visitor seating

 DESIGN CRITERIAS:

INDIAN HABITAT CENTER 11

THESIS

 The size of the planning grid is less important in a completely open-plan office. If part of the space is
enclosed, however, the planning grid will determine the size of the office modules and the overall
efficiency in the use of space.

 Planning grids shall be used to integrate building interiors to allow more future serviceability,
particularly for building that will experience extensive reconfiguration through their life span.

 1.35 m grid allows 2.7 m wide offices; a 1.5 m grid will provide 3 m wide offices, and relates better to
building components in 600 mm modules.

 The location of stairs within buildings should encourage their use, in line of elevators, to the fullest
extent feasible. This will reinforce the recognition of sustainable energy conservation.

2.3.1 Floor to ceiling heights are recommended for floor areas of:

 Up to 50sqm 2.5m
 Over 50sqm 2.75m
 Over 100sqm 3.0sqm
 Over 250 and up to 2000 sqm 3.25m .

2.3.2 Space Use -:

Impact of office type of Space per person varies considerably within overall office types with call centers
averaging around 7.5m² per person and client-facing offices around 15.5m². o Space per workstation is highest
for HQs and standard offices at around 14.5 m2 . Call centers average 7.8 m2.

2.3.3 Provision of meeting space:

The private sector provides about 15% more meeting space per person than the public sector, despite operating
at lower space budgets per person

 Call centres probably need about 0.3m²/person

 Back offices need around 0.7m²/person
 HQ’s typically around 1.2m²/person.
 Space requirement of employee depends upon the factors like type of work, equipment used machinery,
degree of privacy, level of visits made by the outsiders and storage needs.

 Average workstation requirement till 1985 was 8sqm but it is increased to around 12-15sqm.

2.3.4 Glare Control-:

INDIAN HABITAT CENTER 12

THESIS

 Limit or protect the views of extremely bright exterior surfaces, such as parked cars and large paving or
sand areas. The reflected glare from these surfaces can be visually uncomfortable.

 When using an interior shade, select a light-color shade to minimize heat gain. To maintain an exterior
view while shading the window, consider fine screens that reduce illumination and glare while allowing
contact with the view. Another option is to use screens or louvers that operate upward from the window
sill.

 Insulation of walls is important for reducing conduction losses especially where significant difference
between inside and outside temperature. Many types of insulation are available, some that prevent air
movement and moisture movement into and out of the conditioned space.

FIG-: (8) Floor area Percentage.

Fig. (9). Floor area Percentage

 WORKSTATION SPACES-:

INDIAN HABITAT CENTER 13

THESIS

The following is a list of recommended workstation sizes for various jobs functions.

The following is a list of FUNCTIONAL ASSIGNMENT Space Allocation

recommended workstation sizes (m2)
for various jobs functions.
SPACE TYPE
Enclosed Type A Frequent meetings with up to four others 22.5
and/or requiring confidentiality ,security,
visual and acoustical privacy .Typical
assignment for Deputy Minister or equivalent.
Enclosed Type B Frequent meetings with up to two others 13.9
and/or requiring confidentiality ,security,
visual and acoustical privacy. Typical
assignment for Assistant Deputy Minister,
Director, senior position in charge of a
regional or district office or equivalent.
Enclosed Type C Frequent meetings with up to two others 9.3
and/or requiring confidentiality, security,
visual and acoustical privacy. Typical
assignment for position involved with
counselling, other sensitive situations requiring
ongoing visual and acoustical privacy.

Open Type D Concentrated multi-source paperwork: 9.3

compiling information, reading, writing,
analyzing, calculating and referencing multiple
sources of material; allows for manual and
automated drafting functions. Typical
assignment for managerial, professional or
technical staff.
Open Type E Multi-task paper intensive work: telephone 6.5
work, keyboarding, filing, sorting documents,
handling mail, editing, operating equipment,
scheduling, receiving visitors. Typical
assignment for secretary and administrative
support staff.
Open Type F Specific, task-oriented work, focusing on data 4.5
input into electronic media. Typical
assignment for clerical and data-entry staff.

INDIAN HABITAT CENTER 14

THESIS

FIG-:Workstation Space Type A - Closed, 22.5 m2 FIG-: Workstation Space Type B - Closed, 13.9 m2

FIG-:Workstation Space Type C - Closed, 9.3 m2 FIG-:Workstation Space Type D - Open, 9.3 m2

Source: Neufert

INDIAN HABITAT CENTER 15

THESIS

FIG-: Workstation Space Type D - Open, 4.5 m 2 FIG-: Workstation Space Type E - Open, 6.5 m2

Source: Neufert

2.4.1 Private Offices-:

The private office is the most controversial problem facing the space planner . The assignment of private
offices and the type of partitioning to be used are issues to be settled by top management acting on the
advice and recommendations of the space planner . Private offices should be assigned primarily for
functional reasons, i .e ., nature of work, visitor traffic, or for security reasons . When private offices are
provided, they should be only large enough for the occupant to conduct his normal business with a
reasonable degree of dignity.

2.4.2 Sizes of Private Offices-:

It is desirable that private offices be a minimum of 100 sq ft and a maximum of 300 sq ft each in size,
depending upon the requirements of the occupant . See sketches of most widely used private offices .
Only in cases where it is necessary for the occupant to meet with delegations of 10 or more people at
least once a day should the size approach 300 sq ft . For the average Government function, the private
office should not exceed 200 sq ft .

2.4.3 Semiprivate Offices-:

The semiprivate office is a room, ranging in size from 150 to 400 sq ft, occupied by two or more
individuals . These offices can be enclosed by ceiling-high, three-quarter-high,or bank-type partitions .
Examples of semiprivate offices are shown . Because of the lossof flexibility introduced by the use of
the partitions required to enclose these offices,the same rigid review given private offices should be
employed .

2.5 Washrooms-:

INDIAN HABITAT CENTER 16

THESIS

Fig.10
Source: Neufert

2.6 Circulation-:

This is the area required to conveniently permit ingress and egress to work stations .The size of an aisle should
be governed by the amount of traffic it bears. The following standards with regard to internal circulation will be
applied in space planning surveys

1. Aisles leading to main exits from areas which carry substantial traffic (main aisles) should be 60 in.
wide.

2. Aisles which carry a moderate amount of traffic (intermediate aisles) should be 48 in. wide.

3. Aisles between rows of desks (secondary aisles) should be approximately 36 in. wide.

 Design Of Office Core-:

Position of primary circulation:

Fixed, may serve to one side or two.
Position of core: placed centrally, or at one end, or detached.
Central (interior): location has number of advantages.

INDIAN HABITAT CENTER 17

THESIS

 It allows all the windows space to be used as a rentable office space.

2.6 OFFICES SPACE:

Souce : Neufert

FIG-: (10) Type of office space.

2.6.2 SPACE STANDARDS:

INDIAN HABITAT CENTER 18

THESIS

FIG-: (11) Group layout of offices.

INDIAN HABITAT CENTER 19

THESIS

INDIAN HABITAT CENTER 20

THESIS

3 CONFERENCE ROOM :

A conference hall or conference room is a room provided for singular events such as business conferences and
meetings.

 Max. Area per person = 30 sq ft per person

 Min. Area per person = 20 sq ft per person
 Each person must have 60cm (2’-0”) long surface of table and at least 37.5cm (1’-3”) wide.
 Due consideration must be given to clearances and circulation around the larger conference table.
 Room should be well furnished and well lit.
 A minimum of 48 inches or 121.9 cm is suggested from the edge top of the wall or nearest obstruction.
 The actual dimensions of the conference table are
 a function of the no. of the people to be seated.

3.1 POSITIONS OF ROOMS:

 If possible, these rooms should be placed in quiet positions.

 The floors should be carpeted over the whole area to produce an absorbent and to reduce circulation
noise.
 A pantry should be provided so as to offer refreshments.

Fig. 12

INDIAN HABITAT CENTER 21

THESIS

S.NO INCHES
A G E A 48-60
F E B C D C B
B 4-6
I

J C 20-24
H

Circulation E
zone K D 6-10

Sitting
E 18-24
zone

F 30-36
G 54-60
SQUARE CONFERENCE CIRCULAR H 30
AREA CONFERENCE AREA
I 72-81
J 42-51
Fig. 13
K 24-27
L 48-54

3.2 RECORD ROOM:

 Record rooms in an office are typically used for secondary activities such as filing documents, drawings
filing and recording equipment.

 The filing room should be centrally located, and the best window grid module is between 2.25m and 2.5m. A
clear height of 2.1m is required, 3 storeys of filing could be fitted into a space which would only take two
storeys in normal offices.

Fig. 14

INDIAN HABITAT CENTER 22

THESIS

4 AUDITORIUM:

An auditorium is a room built to enable an audience to hear and watch following kind of performances like:
dramas, presentation, etc. The auditorium space type are large areas for large meetings, presentations, and
performances. Auditorium space type facilities may include assembly halls, exhibit halls, and theaters.
Auditorium spaces are designed to accommodate large audiences. As such they tend to have wide spaces are
multiple-stories high in order to accommodate seating, sightline, and acoustical requirements.

4.1TYPES OF LAYOUT:
These may be straight across the entire theatre, or side banks may be canted or entire rows may be
curve. Minimum radius foe the curved rows due to seat construction is 20°,centre for radii of rows and
centre of screen or stage need not coincide ,although this is a ideal case
The seating layout in an auditorium depends mainly on selection of format - the relationship between
audience and performance - and the visual and aural limitations associated with a particular type of
production as well as the number of levels and sightlines. Other aspects which influence the layout, and
thereby condition seating capacity, include factors in the following sections.

 Fan shaped layout - This is the poorest type, uncomfortable for spectators at side,
unequal stress on seats and backs.

 Straight layout - This is the poorest type, uncomfortable for spectators at side,
unequal stress on seats and backs

 Compound layout - This is the poorest type, uncomfortable for spectators at side,
unequal stress on seats and backs.

 Curved layout - This is the poorest type, uncomfortable for spectators at side,
unequal stress on seats and backs

4.2SEATING CAPACITY :

 The maximum capacity of an auditorium depends on the format selected and on aural and visual
limitations set by the type of production.
 Other factors include levels, sightlines, acoustics, circulation and seating density as well as size and
shape of stage.

INDIAN HABITAT CENTER 23

THESIS

Seating geometry is mainly determined by the

auditorium plan and the aural and auditory
considerations. Rows of fixed seats may be straight,
curved, partly splayed or in combination.
 Seat width, with or without arms: the minimum
dimension with arms is 500 mm and without
arms is 450 mm, as stipulated by legislation. For
seats with arms a width of 525 mm may be
regarded as a minimum to offer reasonable
comfort.

 The maximum viewing distance to recognize a

performer facial expressions are about 75’ gross gestures, about 125’ & gross movement about 150’.

 Seat height and Inclination: height of 430-450

mm: and angle to the horizontal of 7 to 9 degree.

 With traditional seating the maximum number in

a row is limited to 22 if there are gangways at
both ends of the row and 11seats if gangway is on
one side only.

 For traditional seating the minimum is 300 mm

and this dimension Increases with the Number of
seats in a row. For continental seating the
clearway is to be not less than 400 mm and not
more than 500 mm. Legislation also dictates the
minimum row to row dimension at 760 mm this is
usually not adequate and the minimum should be
850 mm for traditional seating.

 Aisles should be large enough for two people to pass

each other comfortably in the darkened theatre.

 The minimum width for gangway is 1100mm and

can be ramped up to a ratio of 1:10 to 1:12. If used
by persons on wheel chair. Steeper slopes must have
regular steps extending the full gangway width.

4.2.1 Aisle - For the purpose of seeing radial aisles are

the best as there is no wastage of space and a clear picture is
seen.

4.2.2 Wheel chair location –

Regulation requires a minimum of six places for wheelchair
or 1/100th of the audience whichever is greater. Wheelchair

INDIAN HABITAT CENTER 24

THESIS

location can occur in front rear, or on sides with in the seating. In case the audience is shifted to the seat a
position has to be provided for the folded wheel chair.
 A minimum of four wheelchair spaces shall be provided at spectator level in the auditorium with not
more than 800 fixed seats. For auditorium with more than 800 fixed

 Seats at spectator level, two wheelchair spaces shall be provided for every 400 fixed seats and any part
thereof.

 Each wheelchair space shall have unobstructed line of vision to the stage areas at which the relevant
activity takes place, and be of minimum size of 800 mm X 1300 mm, with the side of 800 mm facing
towards the stage podium or screen.

Fig. 16

Fig. 15

4.3 SIGHT LINES: Main criteria if a patron is to see clearly planned, section must confirm to a
limitation such as:

INDIAN HABITAT CENTER 25

THESIS

 Focal point on platform- Stage height varies from 800-1100mm ad the focus is usually taken at
50mm above furthest point of stage for acting. Care should be taken that the areas beyond the acting areas
are masked.

 Eye level- when seated usually taken as 1120mm along the centre line.

 Vertical distance between the average viewer’s eyes and top of the head preferably 125mm.

 The horizontal angle of polychromatic vision is approximately 40 degree

 The horizontal angle to the centre line on which the object onstage ,upstage of the curtain line cease to
bear the intended relationship to other object onstage and to the background is 60 degrees.

 The largest peripheral area should fall within 60 degrees.

 The horizontal angle to a flat projection sheet at which the distortion on the screen becomes
intolerable is 60 degrees

 The vertical angle beyond which the ability to recognize standard shapes fall off very rapidly is 30
degrees.
Fig. 16

4.4 STAGE DIMENSIONS:

For theatrical performance: the acting area is about 9m wide and 4.5m deep. A space 2m wide should be
allowed around this for stage sets, with 1.2m for circulation space. Thus the minimum dimensions overall
for small stage about 15.4m wide and 9.2m deep and with side storage and equipments storage dimension
of stage will be 22-27m wide and 9-12m deep.

4.5 ACOUSTICS IN AUDITORIUM:

INDIAN HABITAT CENTER 26

THESIS

For instance, a hall may be used as a concert hall on one occasion or as a drama theatre or a lecture hall on
other occasion. In such a situation a great deal of compromise is
called in the acoustical design criteria. Deign objectives for good
acoustics:
 Good direct sound: Determined by the size and shape of the
hall, distance to side and rear position.
 Early reinforcement of direct sound: Position and construction
of reflecting panels and design of electronic amplification
system.
 Freedom from discreet echoes and strong envelopmental
sound: selective absorption and diffusion, adjustment of
reverberation for differing conditions.

4.6 INTIMACY:
The most important requirement of a
theatre is intimacy between the
audience and the performers, so that
the audience can see gestures and
facial expression of the performers. To
ensure intimacy, the theatre’s audience
capacity should be as small as
economically feasible. The distance
from the stage to the farthest seat
should preferably not exceed 20m (60
ft).

Fig. 17
4.7 ROOM VOLUME:
 Minimizing room volume is
another critical requirement. The
smaller the volume per seat, the
greater the sound energy available
to each listener. A smaller volume
also means that a smaller amount
of absorption is needed to obtain a
given reverberation time, since the
reverberation time is directly
proportionate to room volume.
 The provision of balconies can
increase average room height, and
hence the volume per seat, which
can increase reverberation time, increasing the

INDIAN HABITAT CENTER 27

THESIS

need for sound absorbing material. As far as possible room volume should be limited to a maximum of
5.6 m³ (200ft³) per person.

4.8 FLOOR RAKE & FLOOR SURFACE:

Since good vision of the performers is important, adequate floor rake should be provided. However an
excessive floor rake will increase the average height of the hall, leading to an excessive volume, which
should be avoided. Provide carpet is aisles to reduce footfall noise. Floor line slope 1.5"/1" max.

4.9 BALCONY PARAPET TREATMENT:

An upright (vertical) balcony parapet can be source of-
delayed reflections, causing an echo in the front part of the
audience. Since the height of the parapet (together with any
underlying structural support) is usually large as compared
with the wavelength of speech frequencies, the parapet
functions as a reflection. The echo problem is worse if the
balcony parapet is concave in plan, which is usually the
case in most auditoriums. A reflective parapet produces
sound focusing, worsening the echo problem.
Thus the balcony parapet may be treated with an
absorbing material, such as fiberglass covered with a
protective screen used as the parapet.
Fig.18
 SEATING:

Use fabric covered seats, which provide roughly the same

absorption with or without the audience. Avoid seats
covered with leather or plastic.
 REVERBERATION:

The reverberation time of the hall should be somewhere

between the required for a speech auditorium and an opera
theatre. If reverberation time calculations indicate the need
to provide sound absorption on room boundaries, provide it
on the rear wall and the rear part of the sidewalls.
 STAGE ENCLOSURE:

The reverberation time of the stage enclosure should be

approximately the same as that of the hall. Stage surfaces

INDIAN HABITAT CENTER 28

THESIS

should be reflective and profiled to direct sound toward the audience. The stage floor should be of wood
with at least 300 mm (1.2in) space below.
 REAR WALL: fig. 19

Ensure that the rear wall does not provide delayed reflections. It is usual to treat the rear wall with a sound
absorbing material. If the rear wall absorption is considered undesirable, the rear wall should be made
diffusive.
 CEILING: Ceiling should be reflective and profiled to direct reflected sound to rear parts of the hall.

4.10 SIZE OF AUDITORIUM

An area of at least 0.5sqm per spectator is to be used for sitting spectators. This no. is derived from a seat width
X row spacing of at least 0.45sqm per seat plus an additional minimum of 0.5m X 0.9m i.e. approximately
0.05sqm per seat.

4.10.1LENGTH OF ROWS:

 A maximum of 16 seats per aisle

 25 seats per aisle is permissible if one side exit door of 1m width is provided per 3-4 rows.

Fig. 20

4.10.2 AMBIENT NOISE:

Ambient noise in an auditorium or a theatre can arise from the following sources.
 External noise, such as the traffic noise, or other noise producing activity outside the hall.
 Noise generated by audience footsteps.
 Air-conditioning noise.
 Recommended maximum HVAC background noise level for a theatre is RC-25 (or NC-25). External
noise is best managed by providing ancillary to surround the hall, such as the foyer and toilet. These
spaces function as sound locks between the hall and the outside.

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THESIS

Fig. 21
4.11 EXITS :

 1m wide per 100people.(minimum width 0.8m).

 As gangways are essential escape routes, their widths are determined by the number of seats served. The
minimum is 1100 mm.

4.12 VIEW ANGLE

 These are obtained from the spectator‘s psychological perception and viewing angle as well as the
requirement for a good view from all seats.

 Good view without head movement but slight eye movement approx. 30 degree.

 Good view with slight head movement and slight eye movement approx. 60 degree.

 Minimum perception angle without head movement is about 110 degree.

4.13 ROW TO ROW SPACING:

 Spacing is controlled by the clearway between the leading edge of the seat and the rear of the back of
the seat in front.

 For traditional seating the minimum clearway for people to pass along the row is 300 mm and this
dimension increases with the number of seats in a row. For continental seating the clearway is not less
than 400 mm and not more than 500 mm.

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THESIS

FIG-: (21) Seating density.

5. EXIHIBITION SPACES AND GALLERIES:

 PLANNING:

 The relationships between functions are common to all museums and art galleries. But note that not
every operation necessarily requires a separate space, and some services may be provided by outside
agencies.

 As far as possible, collection movement and public circulation should be kept separate. To show works
of art and objects, the institute should provide protection against damage, sun, theft, dust etc.

 Types of different pictures to be displayed should be segregated .Exhibits to be displayed so that it’s
easy for the visitors to view them.

 The stand with low level details and displays also ignore the face that below 60 cm, perspective will
diminish the scale and reduce the emphasis of such area.

 Lighting should not come from an angle less then 45 degree, but the source of light should be screen
against the glare.

 It is necessary to allow 3-5sqm for pictures, 6-10sqm ground surface for sculptures, 1sqm space cabinets
for coins.

 Most exhibition halls are rectangular and so are most stands. A rectangular layout is therefore the
obvious easy solution.

 The only way to make sure that everything sees everything and in the right order is by controlled
circulation.

 People can’t be offered choices of routes around the displays but are directed along the correct path.

 Absolutely controlled circulation should not last more than a maximum of about a hundred yards.

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THESIS

5.1 EXHIBITION SPACES:

 A linear arrangement of spaces with beginning, middle and end.

 A loop where the essentially linear storyline leads naturally back to the beginning,
 An arrangement of core and satellites where each theme or detailed treatment of a subject leads back to
a central introductory or orientation area,
 A more complex scheme combining linear, loop and core–satellite arrangement of spaces which is
specifically structured to account for more or less stable relationships between collections and
interpretive themes, or expansion.

 It is a space which collects, documents, preserves, exhibits and interprets material evidence & associated
information for the public benefit.

 The layout may be based on a simple concept of free circulation around a single open-plan exhibition
space, or on more complex concepts related to generic interpretive structures.

FIG-: (22) Exhibition space.

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THESIS

FIG-: (23) Ideal lighting angles.

5.2 ORIENTATION:

 In any arrangement of exhibition spaces consider the problem of orientation, at the entrance to the
museum and at key decision points in the museum information and visible clues should be provided to
enable the visitor to grasp the organization of the collections, the interpretive scheme, and the public
services offered by the museum.

 The aim of orientation is not only easy understanding of the building layout access to collections,
information and museum services. Many museums carefully control access to all collection storage
spaces.

 However, it is increasingly worth considering the provision of open-access storage areas particularly for
collection study.

 he former requires that storage areas are made secure and that visitorsare closely supervised. Open access,
on the other hand, requires that secure forms of storage equipment and furniture are arranged in very
compact layouts.

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THESIS

Fig. 25
5.3 INTERPRETATION, COMMUNICATION AND DISPLAY:

 At an early stage the communications strategy of the museum should be determined.

 The relative importance and coordination of exhibition, education, publication, live interpretation and
other forms of direct communication with the public are the essential factors that will determine the
interface between staff and public.

 It is not sufficient to consider only the relationship between visitor and displayed collections, a wide
variety of media are now used in museum exhibitions to facilitate communication with the visiting
public – graphic display, audio-visual, theatre, video, computer graphics, animatronics, reconstruction,
and working environments.

 Once beyond the stage of producing a general scheme it is important to consult an exhibition designer
and a museum consultant to explore the matrix of interactions between people, information and
collections that must be accommodated.

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THESIS

FIG-: (26) Grid system.

5.4 ACOUSTICS AND ZONING:

 The transport of sound through structure should be controlled.

 Functional zones should be provided with surface or sub-surface materials that dampen impact sounds
and isolating cavities to interrupt the structural transmission of sound. Noise levels should be controlled
within zones by appropriate choices of material finishes on floors, walls and ceilings, and the shaping of
interior spaces to prevent flutter and unwanted amplifying effects.

 To generalize and simplify, the penetration of low-frequency sound is lessened by structural mass, of
middle frequencies by diffusing and absorbing surfaces, and of high-frequency sound by the elimination
of small-scale air gaps in doors, windows and partition walls.

6. GUEST ROOMS:

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THESIS

Guest rooms are usually numbered to allow guests to identify their room.

6.1 LAYOUT AND AREA REQUIREMENT:

 Accommodation facilities including rooms, toilets, bathrooms etc., Corridor and floor service should
occupy 50-60% of the floor area.

 Public guest rooms, a reception area, hall and lounges require 4-7% area.

 Restaurant and bars for guest and visitors 4-8 %.

 Banqueting area with conference rooms needs 4-12% .

 Domestic areas. Kitchen and store require 9-14%.

FIG-: (27) Relationship Diagram..

 BEDROOMS

 Bedrooms are the core of the hotel industry.

 Hotel offer different types of accommodation, including bedroom, suites , self catering units using the
hotel services.

 .TYPE OF ROOMS:

a) Module: a single space, based on the structural grid, which can be used for any purpose including
business.

b) Bedroom: a single module containing a bedroom with its own bathroom.

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THESIS

c) Suite: two or more modules incorporating bedrooms, bathroom and a separate sitting room .

 PLANNING:

 This gives natural ventilation to the bathroom.

 The service duct can only be inspected by passing through the bedroom. The main disadvantage is the If the
bathrooms are adjacent one of them is internal, so the ventilation problem is only half solved, and access to
the service duct is still through a bedroom.

 These necessitate a lobby, but it is generally used for the furnishings and so can be subtracted from the
bedroom area.

 It can help with sound insulation from corridor noise. The bathrooms will require artificial lighting and
ventilation. But the external walling and the corridors are minimised. This is the most common layout.

Fig. 28

6.2 CIRCULATION:

A) Corridor: Corridors in bedroom areas should be minimized. Widths vary from 1.3m wide to 1.8m.

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THESIS

FIG-: (30) General plans block forms.

6.3ENTRANCE LOBBY:

 Every hotel, regardless of its size, must have a public lobby. The size of the lobby is largely determined
by the number of guest rooms as well as by the type of hotel

 Functional areas are planned appropriately so that staff can reach all parts of the hotel without passing
through the lobby and other public spaces.

 All public entrances must be accessible to ambulant disabled people, and at least one to those in
wheelchairs.

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THESIS

6.4FUNCTION ROOMS:

 Function rooms tend to be linked to the business facilities as they are also used for conferences, etc. But
these large rooms have to be designed to be multi-functional and so they have to be in frequent use.

 They may need to be adaptable for banqueting, dancing, conferences or exhibitions. Floors may have to
be changed, e.g. by changing the covering.

 For banquet, 1.2 sqm areas per seat are provided and for conferences 1.6sqm area per seat are provided.

 30% of banquet room is provided for banquet kitchen and storage.

 LAUNDRY:

 A hotel laundry that does its own uniforms and flatwork (sheets, pillowcases, linens, etc.) requires a
good-sized space for washers, dryers, drum ironers, and various pressing machines-each suitable for
its own type of flatwork, uniforms and guests' laundry, and men's and women's wearing apparel.

 HOUSEKEEPING DEPARTMENT :

 The housekeeping department, having several functions, is the province of the chief housekeeper,
who will usually have assistant floor housekeepers.

 1.40 sqm area per room is provided for housekeeping room .

7. RESTAURANTS:
 Restaurants should be planned so that variety of seating arrangement can be achieved.
 Ambience is an important part in restaurant design
 Decoration, lighting should be a integral part of restaurant design
 Large regular spaces should be broken up in small more intimate areas.
 Changes of level not usually favored by caterers but acceptable providing, they may positive
contribution to design. Do not involve more than 2 or 3 steps and main restaurant should be same level as
kitchen.

7.1 AREA REQUIREMENT:

 Per Seat: 1480mm-2150mm
 Ratio of service area to total area: 25-50%
 Net kitchen area: 15-25%
 Service aisles- not less than 900mm-1350mm

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THESIS

7.2 RESTAURANT & KITCHEN DESIGN:

 While designing a restaurant there are several critical dimensions that the designer must consider;
 Aisle circulation must be adequate in width,
 Clearances to consider inclusion of chair depth from edge of table and clearances between chairs
 While laying out chair and table arrangements, a designer must anticipate the potential conflict between
a patron leaving a seat and a tray-carrying waiter.
 Cafeteria in a commercial area should be 16-18 sq.ft./per seats.

7.3.1 DINING AREA :

These areas will typically be designed for consumer comfort and will include aesthetic features such as
ambient lighting and durable finishes.

 Area required per seat- 16-18sq.ft.

 To be able to eat comfortably, one person requires a table area of around 60cm X 40cm, an
overall area of table 80 to 85 cm in width and 120cm in depth.

 Round tables or tables with six or eight sides with a diameter of 90cm to 120cm are ideal for
four people.

FIG-: (31) Diagonal arrangement.

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THESIS

FIG-: (32) Parallel arrangement.

Fig.33

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THESIS

FIG-: (34) Clearance dimensions.

 Service area: - Service areas typically include the tray service lines, counters, packaged goods display,
beverage dispensing, check out, and service ware dispensing.

 Receiving and storage areas: - These areas typically include dedicated food service docks, general dry
goods storage, ventilated storage, and refrigerator and freezer storage.

FIG-: (35) Functional layout.

8. KITCHENS:

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THESIS

 Kitchen space requirements for various functions :

1. Preparation

2. Service

3. Staff facilities

4. Cooking

5. Washing up

6. Storage.

The function and organisation of the restaurant kitchen is primarily dependent on the no. Of customer
seats, customer expectation and proportion of raw materials which have to be freshly prepared.

FIG-: (36)Functional spaces.

7.1.1 KITCHEN AREA-SPACE REQUIREMENT(SQM PER SEAT)

 Aisle widths in storage, preparation and production areas are different according to whether they purely
traffic routes, or if they also lead to service areas.

1. Working aisle width should be 0.90-1.20m.

2. Main traffic route (transport and two way through traffic) 2.10 -3.30m

3. Aisle widths of 1.0 to 1.5m should be sufficient for medium sized restaurant kitchen areas.

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THESIS

TYPE OF RESTAURANT AREA REQUIRED

SQ.M/ PERSON

1.SNACK BAR SERVICE 1.50-2.20

(including counter and cooking)

2.CAFE SERVICE 0.83 sqm /Person

3. SELF SERVICE CAFETERIA 1.4-1.7

4. SPECIALITY RESTAURANT Space requirement vary widely

7.1.2 SERVICE AREA:

Service area may be estimated in the proportion of a small one for every 20 seats sand a large one for
every 50 to 60 seats. Small substation for silver, dishes, napery, beverages, and ice may measure 20-24 sq.
inches and 36-38 sq. inches for large one. The size of central station varies from small enclosed room to
that of screened section measuring approx. 8-10, long, 27-30 wide by 6-7 ft. high.

OTHER SERVICES:
 Toilet for customers, staff toilets, food storage including refrigerator and deep freeze.
 In large snack bars separate entrance and exit desirable
 Cashier should be near the exit.

9. PARKING:
There continues to be an increase in vehicle numbers, with a corresponding demand for facilities to serve
the car and the owner: petrol garages, high-road service stations, car parks, car showrooms and repair
garages.

9.1 LOCATION:
Parking arrangements should be clear and organized, using road markings and signs, preferably with one-
way systems. Keep dead ends as short as possible so that the driver can view vacant spaces
 Staff car parking must be quite separate and entered from service areas and not from visitor’s access
points.

9.2 CAR PARKING:

Single-storey open car parks can be required for both private and public use. Large open plan parking
areas often need to be broken down in scale by incorporating:

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THESIS

 Variety in surfaces
 Screening or separation to delineate areas and help locate vehicles.
 Use of landscaping to soften hard expanses

9.3 PARKING LAYOUT:

 Parking lots, exclusive of drivers for entering them, require 350 sq. Ft as a rough preliminary figure.
The area per car varies from 280 sq. Ft to 585 sq. Ft.
 A central drive way with two rows of cars and 90 degree parking gives the best economy. Diagonal
parking is easier for the driver reduces driveway width but require more space.

Fig. 37

 In designing parking spaces, end stalls should be about 1 ft. wider than usual.

 Parking spaces under building access drives should be 20 ft. wide for one-way traffic. If a restricted
site frontage requires a right angle turnoff, the drive way should be 25 ft. wide and the curb should
have a 30 ft. radius.

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THESIS

9.4 PARKING CONFIGURATION:

 Dimensions of vehicle parking spaces in parking bays range from 1.80x4.60 m to 2.50x 6.00m.But
slightly longer for longer parking.
 While the 90 degrees parking is more R W R
economical in space requirements (20-22 sq. OUTER MIN. INNER RADIUS
per car), 45 degrees parking (23-26 sq. m) RADIUS WIDTH
can be more convenient. 29'-0" to 30'-0" 11'-0" 18'-0" to 19'-0"
30'-0"to 31'-0" 10'-11" 19'-1" to 20'-1"
31'-0"to 32'-0" 10'-10" 20'-2" to 21'-2"
32'-0"to 33'-0" 10'-9" 21'-3" to 22'-3"
33'-0"to 34'-0" 10'-8" 22'-4" to 23'-4"
34'-0"to 35'-0" 10'-7" 23'-5" to 24'-5"
35'-0"to 36'-0" 10'-6" 24'-6" to 25'-6"
36'-0"to 37'-0" 10'-5" 25'-7" to 26'-7"
37'-0"to 38'-0" 10'-4" 26'-8" to 27'-8"
38'-0"to 39'-0" 10'-3" 27'-9" to 28'-9"
39'-0"to 41'-0" 10'-2" 28'-10" to 30'-10"
41'-0"to 43'-0" 10'-1" 30'-11" to 32'-11"
43'-0"to 45'-0" 10'-0" 33'-0" to 35'-0"
45'-0"to 47'-0" 9'-11" 35'-1" to 37'-1"
47'-0"to 49'-0" 9'-10" 37'-2" to 39'-2"
49'-0"to 51'-0" 9'-9" 39'-3" to 41'-3"
51'-0"to 54'-0" 9'-8" 41'-4" to 44'-4"
54'-0"to 57'-0" 9'-7" 44'-5" to 47'-5"
57'-0"to 61'-0" 9'-6" 47'-6" to 51'-6"
61'-0"to 65'-0" 9'-5" 51'-7" to 55'-7"

Fig. 38

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THESIS

Angle of Stall Curb Stall Min. Low Sq ft Lot width Sq ft Lot width Sq ft
parking width length depth driveway width per car 2 rows +1 per car 4 rows+2 per car
per car width 1row+ driveway driveway
1 s
driveway
Along 9' 23' 9' 12' 21' 483 30' 345 51' 391
curb=0º 10' 23' 10' 12' 22' 506 32' 368 54' 414
30º 9' 18 17'4" 11' 28'4" 510 45'8" 411 66'2" 397
10' 20 18'3" 11' 28'9" 585 47'6" 475 68'0" 453
45° 9' 12'9" 19'10" 13' 32'10" 420 52'8" 336 79'0" 376
10 14'2" 20'6" 13' 33'6" 420 54'0" 383 80'4" 379
60° 9' 10'5" 21'0" 18' 39'0" 407 60' 313 95'0" 330
10' 11'6" 21'6" 18' 33'6" 455 61' 351 95'6" 366
90° 9' 9' 19' 24' 43' 387 62' 279 105' 315
10' 10' 19' 24' 43' 430 62' 310 105' 350
9.5 Turning Radius:

9.6

RAMPS:
Ramps may be straight, curved or a combination. No single ramp system is best for all applications. The
choice should be based on the site shape and dimensions and parking demand characteristics. Ramps may
be one-way or two-way. In some instances, site topography allows direct access to several parking levels

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THESIS

from the street system. This is a desirable arrangement since it leaves no space for parking and provides
more flexibility for traffic distribution the street system and the parking facility.

The ramp break over angle: The ramps break over angle is the measure of the ability of a car to break over
a steep ramp. The society of automotive engine calls for a minimum of 10 degrees as a design standard.
Ramp slopes: The maximum ramp slopes should be 20 percent. For slopes over 10%, a transition at least
feet long should be provided at each end of the ramp at one half of the slope of the ramp itself.
Type of vehicle Length (m) Width (m) Height (m) Turning circle
radius (m)
Motorcycle 2.20 0.70 1.00 1.00
Car
 Standard 4.70 1.75 1.50 5.75
 Small 3.60 1.60 1.50 5.00
 Large 5.00 1.90 1.50 6.00

Fire engine 6.80 2.50 2.80 9.25

Refuge collection 7.64 2.50 3.30 7.80
vehicle
Furniture van 9.50 2.50 2.80 9.25
Standard vehicle - bus 11.00 2.50 2.95 11.20

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