Final Exam Module 2

Roubenj S. Estrada | 2019151005 | ME-3 | Date Submitted: 10/22/2021

QUIZ 1
1. From the video. Explain EACH of the step-by-step processes involved in the DIFERENT
TYPES/KINDS of additive manufacturing? Explain EACH of these differences? Answer
completely.

Stereolithography - which works by scanning a laser

across a bath of liquid material which is called a
photo resin that when it interacts with the laser it
cures from each point in each layer of the part.
Stereolithography is a technique for layer by layer
structure fabrication, where a laser beam is focused
to a free surface of a photosensitive liquid to induce
polymerization of the liquid in that region and
transform it to a polymerized solid.
 Filament fabrication or fused deposition modeling
process- which is employed in the majority of
desktop 3d printers, is one of the AM procedures
used. It entails the layer-by-layer extrusion of
thermoplastic in the form of filament, with the parts
being created from the bottom to the top.

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 Powder bed fusion is another name for selective
laser sintering (SLS/SLM). A product is generated
by selectively melting successive layers of powder
by interacting with a laser beam. Irradiation heats
the powder material, which melts and forms a liquid
pool if enough power is applied. The molten pool
solidifies and cools quickly, and the consolidated
material begins to take shape.
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 2. Explain completely small setup of the
3D PRINTING: SHOP TOUR 360
VIDEO. Explain how did they set up the
small shop, include how they arrange
the material flow. Answer in DETAIL and
completely
They first show where their 3D printers and
filaments are located and they put it in their
steel shelves The filaments are out in the Roubenj S. Estrada
open because the air quality in their office is
appropriate for keeping 3D printing
filaments. The backup power source is kept
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under the filaments, and their larger projects
and overstock of printers are kept at the top
of the shelves for easy access. While the
next area they show is the place where they
put their important tools such as LED.
They're kept in small drawers like bins, and
their laptop, which they use for editing and
CAD, is kept in their primary working area.
Finally, the garage is where they conduct a
majority of polishing and post-processing Roubenj S. Estrada
work, as well as where they keep their
second 3D printer. They also have a
workstation wherein they conduct all of the
cleanup as well as staining and finishing
their items.
 3. From Prof. Harts explanation. Explain the value and scale of additive manufacturing? Explain
completely.

Manufacturing, according to Prof. John Hart, is value at scale. If we look

around our society, we will see that everything, including food,
automobiles, and medical devices is manufactured in factories.
Traditional manufacturing allows us to make a huge number of items in
order to provide value to the consumer. In order to establish a successful
firm, we also need to lower the unit cost of manufacturing. Because
additive manufacturing allows us to redefine value at scale or achieve
value at different scale definitions, we can redefine value at scale. We
can produce different parts on demand in controllable quantities without
having to make a fixed investment if we invest in 3d printing and have
knowledge of the process. We can attain a flat cost volume curve by
studying 3d printing more, especially in developing customized products
and producing them in lower volumes, giving us a cost advantage over
traditional production. Ideally, the price consistent with an element for
additive production is constant. As the complexity or customization of our
product will increase, we can achieve an advantage wherein we are able
to obtain complexity or customization for the equal price as a simple Roubenj S. Estradaa
component. In contrast, the price of traditional strategies arguably will
increase significantly.
 4. Who are the NASA virtual 360 tour guides, give their names, what did EACH of the tour guides virtually tour
you? ENUMERATE all the places and machine names they showed you, enumerate. Do not explain, just
enumerate. Include pictures! Answer completely.

Tour Guide: Joshua Santora

Roubenj S. Estrada Roubenj S. Estrada Roubenj S. Estrada

Shuttle Landing Facility Space X Facility Falcon Booster Processing

Roubenj S. Estrada Roubenj S. Estrada Roubenj S. Estrada Roubenj S. Estrada

The White Flight Launch Complex 39A Vertical Integration Facility Crew Access Tower
Control Room
Tour Guide Rachel Powers

Roubenj S. Estrada Roubenj S. Estrada Roubenj S. Estrada Roubenj S. Estrada

Building 9 at Johnson Space

Kennedy Space Center
Center Node 2- Harmony Boeing’s Starliner Capsul Mock
Up
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High Bay Neutral Buoyancy Lab Space X Crew Dragon Simulator

 5. Explain completely. How does 3D printing apply to CIVIL Engineering & Architecture? Do they
need it ? more than the ME & MFGE Engineers. Defend your answers.

3d printing is applied in Civil engineering and

architecture when it comes to making a small
version of their design so that they can have a
visual on their design. While in Mechanical and
Manufacturing engineers 3d printing is more
important since they use it in making prototypes
and models to analyze the structure of the
material. Since 3d printing is used when making
parts of a certain engine and some parts of
aircraft is made using 3d printing. It helps them to
cut down the cost of producing a product in large
volume since 3d printing lets them to make small
volume and customized materials based on the
design of their prototype that is why 3d printing is Roubenj S. Estrada
more important than Civil engineers and
architects.
 6. From the video. How does NASA assemble different space crafts in this area? Explain EACH
of the processes involved. Enumerate the names of the spacecraft or vehicles assembled here.
Explain completely.

As shown on the figure above, NASA have different facilities Roubenj S. Estrada
in building different parts of their space craft, one of the
facility they showed is the area where they assemble their
aircraft boosters. The facility also have a 3d printing
laboratory that helps them to create a variety of rockets and
spacecrafts. The next area that they showed in assembling
space crafts as shown at the figure above is where they
construct and accurately engineer the parts of the space
craft such as fuel, electronics, life supports, and
communication systems which are configured to maximize
safety.The following spacecraft that NASA constructed are: Roubenj S. Estrada

II Dragon First Falcon Perseverance Rover Mariner 4

Mariner 6 Mariner 7 Mariner 9 Path finder Sojourner

 7. What are the names of the rocket boosters/launchers that help NASA propel their mission to
space? Explain how these rockets assist spacecraft launch outside earth’s gravitational field.
Explain completely.

The Merlin engines, which push the first Roubenj S. Estrada

and second stages, and the falcon
boosters, which are utilized to launch the
spacecraft. The rocket boosters can
generate 120,000 pounds of axial thrust in
less than a second, enough to propel the
crew dragon about a hundred meters in
two seconds and more than half a
kilometer in approximately five seconds.
Even if a dangerous scenario is identified
during liftoff or in orbit, the super draco
engines are set to fire autonomously,
leaving the rocket behind and taking the
crew and spacecraft to safety.
 8. What are the exact reasons why the Japanese, American, European and Russian each have a
module in the NASA Training facilities why and why ? Explain. Explain completely.

Since every module have different set up Roubenj S. Estrada

since they are manufactured by different
countries they need to familiarize the module
since going to space is a dangerous operation.
One of its example is when you board to a
Russian module, the important part of
boarding a Russian module is to know how to
speak Russian first since you will use it to
communicate with the people in the flight room
who speaks Russian.
 9. From the Seminar. Explain how they apply (what ? and where ?) the PASSIVE FIRE
PROTECTIONS SYSTEMS AND DESIGN in the buildings. Are these protections sufficient
enough to protect the building? Defend your answers.

Passive Fire protections confines flames to slow down the spread of fire
in a building so that the people inside will have enough time to evacuate
Estrada, Roubenj S.
out of the building allowing the fire fighters to rescue them safely. The
materials are constructed in the building in order to decrease the
amount of damage in the building. Passive fire protection such as fire-
rated walls and doors helps to prevent the building to collapse. Passive
fire protection is applied on the steel structure of the building that coats
the steel when it is exposed to fire. While compartmentation is used to
separate areas, protect shafts, and escape routes. It also applied to fire
resistant doors that helps to minimize the spread of fire.

On my opinion it is not sufficient enough to protect the building since it

the purpose of passive fire protection is to contain fire on a building so
that there will be enough time to evacuate in a safer place. But it does
not extinguish the fire since it only limit the spread of fire and smoke,
protects the escape routes unlike Active fire protection that extinguish
the fire immediately prioritizing the safety of the property. It also have
dry chemical fire suppression system, Water Chemical suppression
system when there is a fire. For me passive fire protection is effective in
containing fire and smoke that helps the people inside to evacuate out
of the building but Active fire protection system is more effective since it
extinguish the fire quickly before it spreads throughout the building
preventing to damage the building.
 10. Completely EXPLAIN. The Fire Science and its application to Mechanical Engineering
practices? Explain each use.

A chemical reaction between oxygen in the air and some

kind of fuel typically causes fire .Just because wood and
gasoline come in contact with oxygen does not guarantee
they will catch fire. For the fire combustion reaction to
occur, the fuel must be heated to its ignition temperature.
A fire needs three things: heat, fuel, and oxygen. These
three elements work together to help a fire get started and
spread. Since Mechanical Engineering use fire and heat
as to produce energy or work especially in combustion of
vehicles, boiler, heating and powerplants. Knowing the
science behind fire helps them to operate the engine or
powerplant with enough knowledge on how to work safely Estrada, Roubenj S.
and controlling the fire so that it do not result in accidents
since they are working with high combustible materials.
Also studying the characteristics of fire help them to know
the thermal decomposition of materials at high
temperatures which is also applicable on combustion
engines.
QUIZ 2
 1. Explain how Robert Downey Jr. gets/sources his A.I. information? And how did he explain it to
you? Defend your answers. Answer completely.

Robert Downey Jr. explained the different applications of AI.

The first episode is all about how AI is used and how they Roubenj S. Estrada
construct AI. It shows how AI is used in making Baby X which is
an AI that uses object recognition. Robert Downey Jr. also
explains what kind of AI is used in making a certain invention.
He explains how machine learning works, object recognition,
voice recognition, and other types of artificial intelligence used.
He also explains how AI can help when it comes to medication,
the video shows the implication of AI in predicting vision loss in
India. He also explained how AI is used in agriculture which is
showed how AI is used to produce a several tomatoes and how
AI is used to grow a plant. It also showed how AI is used in
making movies, he explained how AI is able to make movies by
collecting a lot of movie script and use machine learning to
create a movie based on what genre you want to make. The
series provides information to the viewers and help them to
learn new knowledge about AI. It also helps people to
understand AI better and to know how it help our society. It also
shows how technology is evolving throughout the years. He got
his source by reaching out to experts and engineers about their
projects using AI.
 2. From the video, How can A.I. heal a person? How can A.I. enhance a person’s capabilities?
Answer completely.

The video shows how an amputated person to have a fully

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functional limb. The video shows how AI helps in building a
bionic limb. Hugh Herr, a professor of Media Arts and
Sciences at MIT, had both of his legs amputated due to
frostbite when he was 17 years old due to a climbing accident.
Hugh launched the prosthetic company into the bionic future a
decade later. One of his prosthetic layouts allows him to walk
uphill while maintaining a perfect upright stance. The Bionic
leg is made up of a tiny computer around the size of your
thumbnail that receives sensory data from sensors on the
bionic limb, then executes algorithms and chooses how to
actuate itself. Ai helps in enhancing the capabilities of an
amputated person to be able to walk comfortably as it works
like an actual limb.
Another usage of AI in medical field is that it Roubenj S. Estrada

helps people with ALS to speak clearly and have

their voice back using voice recognition which is
powered by AI. Using voice recognition, it helps
them to speak easily since ALS affects their
speaking and voice recognition helps particularly
when it comes to emergency situation.
While another medical illness that is uses AI is
that it helps to prevent more people from
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experiencing vision loss. Image recognition
utilizes models to train using labeled photos of
items, and the algorithm learns to recognize new
images without the aid of humans after looking
at thousands of examples. Image recognition
refers to software's ability to recognize things,
places, people, writing, and activities in
photographs in the context of machine vision.
Over time, the AI gained the capacity to predict
which eyes were exhibiting signs of disease.
When high blood sugar damages blood vessels
in the retina, blood leaks, and laser treatment
physically welds the blood vessels together to
stop the leakage. Routine eye exams can help
spot the problem early on. AI can serve as an
early warning system in remote or isolated
areas.
 3. From the video, How did A.I. accelerate technological advancements/improvements necessary
for space missions? Explain these technologies involved here. Answer completely.

AI is used in building houses and facilities for astronauts on Mars.

Nasa is holding an open competition for architects and engineers to
design a self-sustaining Mars home. Building houses in Mars is
essential for the safety of the astronauts since Mars have dangerous
weather that can cause danger to their safety. AI helps you to search Roubenj S. Estrada
through millions of options, compare variations, and choose the best
one. This is referred to as generative design, and it is the process by
which computers learn doing what architects do. In a simulated
Martian environment, AI algorithms compare and predict how
numerous layouts and shapes function. Tensile integrity, thermal
insulation, or a decrease in the quantity of material necessary to create
a habitat also might play a role. Geodesign is a new area that shows
how AI may be used in conjunction with geology, civil works, and city
design. It has the potential to transform our way of life, especially all
across towns and metropolises. They used renewable, fully recyclable,
and biodegradable materials to 3D print a structure on Mars. It turns
out that the material they used is incredibly long-lasting. The
substance is made out of a mix of basalt, a common rock on Mars, and
a corn-based synthetic polymer.
 4. From the video, How can and in what way can robots replace people and future engineers
why? and why not? Give two different contradicting answers. Pro and Con Answers. Answer
completely.

Robots can replace people in the future since AI is evolving

through the years. One of the example of robots replacing humans
in future is that robots can also learn how to drive since today
driverless cars are invented today and this can replace human Roubenj S. Estrada
drivers. The AI car has a complete 360-degree vision at all times.
Images from cameras are combined with data from other sensors
such as LiDAR and radar by the AI. A laser range finder, or LiDAR,
is a device that estimates the distance of two objects from all
sides. It gives us a three-dimensional perspective on the world.

But the downside of AI vehicle is that robots lack of common

sense since we use common sense in our daily lives including
driving. Self driving vehicles are not safe to use since it can still
make errors while driving since it is only base on what it see on
the camera and laser sensors. The labor force will decrease if we
use robots and it will cause chaos between humans and robots.
Robots cannot replace human since we have common sense and
it is not easily programmed to a computer.
 5. Enumerate completely and explain completely all the engines/machines that you saw in
Daimler-Detroit factory virtual tour. Give the specifications of each with matching pictures.

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The engines that I saw in the virtual tour is the Detroit DD5,
DD13,DD15, and DD16. The first engine is the Detroit DD5
which is the first engine that they released to the market. It
was made with the same engineering and sound principles
of their heavy duty engines such as DD13, DD15, and
DD16. The DD5 engine has the most advanced technology
engineered.

Another engine is the Detroit DD16 engine which is the most

powerful engine that they ever made. Since it has a wide, Roubenj S. Estrada
flat torque curve, and it has torque range around 1850-2050
lb/ft and has 500-600 hp with a displacement of 15.6 L. It is
run by a diesel engine and it can pull a lot of loads up hills.
Its 15.6 L displacement can produce 500-600 hp, while at
the same time it has an amazing torque.
For on-highway and over-the-road line-haul
operations, this is a good choice. The DD15
incorporates cutting-edge technologies and
improvements to provide unrivaled fuel efficiency and
performance. One of the main features of the Detroit
DD15 is the fuel efficiency since they reduced the
friction on their piston . It has asymmetric trubo
charger to reduce the weight. It has a torque range of
1550-1750 lb/ft with a displacement of 14.8L that can
produce 400-505 horsepower.
Roubenj S. Estrada
The Detroit DD13 provides improve fuel efficiency
and provides peak torque and power at low engine
speed. It has improved thermal management allows
for longer idle and low-load PTO operation, resulting
in fewer regens and new turbo chargers to improve
torque performance. It has a torque of 1250-1850 lb/ft
and displacement of 12.8L that able to reach up to
350-505 horsepower. It has quiet engine breaking
and powerful breaking power.

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 6. Technically explain the differences (too many) of German Sindelfingen Car Factory versus a
Japanese Toyota Car Factory versus an American Detroit Factory? Answer Completely.

Toyota car factory uses technology in manufacturing cars. They mostly use
robots for precise cutting and measuring of the parts. To bring the designers' Roubenj S. Estrada
thoughts to life with excellence, Toyota's production process begins with team
members using everything from computer controlled laser technology to manual
grinding equipment. It demonstrated their unique technique of building their
automobile with accurate measurements and maximizing the usage of robots to
handle the majority of the labor. They put a lot of care into their automobiles,
especially in the painting process, which involves eight steps. Toyota's success
is due to their manufacturing ingenuity, which has resulted in high-quality,
dependable, and efficient vehicles that may endure for many years.

The Mercedes-Benz brand, including Mercedes-Maybach, and Mercedes me

sub-brands, as well as the smart brand and the EQ product and technology
brand for electric mobility, make up the product range. Mercedes-Benz AG is one Roubenj S. Estrada
of the world's leading producers of luxury automobiles. It sold approximately 2.4
million vehicles and 438,000 vans in 2019. Mercedes-Benz AG's two business
divisions are constantly growing their global manufacturing network, which now
includes over 40 production facilities across four continents, while also aligning
themselves to meet the demands of electric mobility. Simultaneously, the
business is expanding its worldwide battery manufacturing network across three
continents.
 7. Enumerate Toyota TMMK President Susan Elkington mentioned during the Q&A interview?
Answer completely.

President Susan Elkington mentioned the use of automated driving

vehicles uses wifi. She also mentioned that they use different type
of technology in Toyota. They do a lot of data analysis on machines
that have sensors on them and use wifi to be able to transfer data
to monitor their equipment. Also it is mentioned in the interview that
they emphasize healthy working environment on their facility. It is
also mentioned that they utilize the technology first in their facility
before they put it all out in the market. Toyota also emphasize the
ease of access on their technology which is easy to use and user
friendly as they innovate the technology of the car by using touch
screen to control the accessories and other equipment of the car.
Susan was asked about her marketing objective outside the plant.
Her primary focus is manufacturing but they are more focus on Roubenj S. Estrada
work development and carrer pathways because she feels that it is
important in education start point where they support science and
engineering. They also support in teaching problem solving and
grasping those basic concepts. They also believe in environmental
causes.
 8. BASED from the TOYOTA videos, how will Toyota move forward into the FUTURE of
automobile design and production? Answer completely.

Toyota motor manufacturing in Kentucky are combining the time tested

principles of one of the world’s leading auto makers with hands on skill and
dedication to build a high standard for quality in American made vehicles.
Each day Toyota team members put into action the Toyota production
system known across the world for its quality, safety, and efficiency. Tmmk
covers about seven and a half million square feet of space with the
equivalent of about 156 football fields under roof. This is one of the
complete vehicle manufacturing plants in the world. Tmmk’s production
prcess starts by using everything from computer controlled laser technology
to hand grinding tools. The team members bring the designers plans to life
with quality. Toyota uses modern technology in manufacturing vehicles.
Toyota will move into the future as they ensure the quality of their work by
using precised measurements and big car factories that can help to build
many cars that are reliable through many years. Since Toyota built their Roubenj S. Estrada
credibility in making vehicles that could last several years and also the
availablility of the parts that is convenient to the consumers. Toyota will
continue to grow in the future in design and production by using AI
technology to manufacture faster in precised way. While automakers may
use AI-driven systems to create schedules and manage workflows, allowing
robots to safely function alongside humans on factory floors and assembly
lines, and identifying defects in components that go into cars and trucks.
 9. “How it’s Made” video. Explain completely each FINAL product generated by EACH factory and
its EFFECT (if effect is not mentioned then research it!) to the consumer mentioned in week 6
with matching pictures. Answer completely.

Cement is made of limestone, clay, and raw materials which are crushed
and mixed together then it is cooked in high temperature then it is crushed
again until it turned into powder then it is mixed with Gypsum and it is
stored in cement silos which is ready for packing. Cement is a fine powder
made from lime and clay that has been calcined. It may be mixed with
water to form mortar, or with sand, gravel, and water to make concrete, one
of the world's most versatile construction materials. One of the effects of
cement is that it is used to build strong structures that can withstand impact
and it is strong enough to make your home last in harsh weather. It is also
more safer to use in building establishments since it is not flammable. While
the effects of cement on humans is that it can burn your skin and it is also
dangerous to inhale. It may also cause irritation on nose, throat, and eyes
and it is also cause you to have trouble in breathing. You may also suffer
from respiratory disease if you are exposed for a very long time. Roubenj S. Estrada
The main ingredients of beer is barley, hops, and yeast. The
most common grain used is malted barley. Hops are generally
used to balance out the sweetness of the malt. Hops are also
used to preserve the beer. The brew is then fermented into
alcohol by brewer's yeast. Other grains are used in place of
barley in some brews, such as wheat, maize, or rice. Some
brewers make their beers with fruits, herbs, and spices to give
them a distinctive flavor. Depending on the beer type and
formula, beer's alcohol level can range from less than 3% to
40%. The alcohol content of most pale lagers is between 4%
and 6%. Beer contains carbs, a tiny quantity of B vitamins,
and potassium from hops, yeast, and grains.
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Marine-grade plywood, often known as marine plywood, is not
what it appears to be. It isn't waterproof, in other words. It's a
good-quality hardwood plywood with waterproof glue, but it's
not rot-resistant because it's not treated with chemicals. The
better grades are also lighter, stronger, and nearly defect-free.
This plywood's characteristics make it a popular choice for
manufacturing boats and boat parts. It's also a good choice for
long-lasting outdoor furniture projects in coastal locations,
especially once a strong protective finish is applied. The water
resistance of marine plywood is excellent. It also lasts a long
time after being exposed to water. As a result, it's useful for
producing boat and ship parts. However, because it is not
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entirely waterproof, it will need to be replaced after a few years
or decades. This Plywood is made up of a lot of tiny wood bits.
As a result, it may be readily folded to fit your needs. Marine
plywood is both durable and adaptable. So that it rotates and
does not fracture like wood when pressed harder on the
plywood.
The Blow and Blow method or the Press and Blow procedure can be
used to make glass bottles. The type of glass bottle being produced
determines which method is used. All glass bottles begin as
unprocessed materials. The desired characteristics of the bottle are
blended into a particular mixture of silica (sand), soda ash, limestone,
and cullet (furnace-ready, recycled glass). The combination is then
melted in a furnace at high temperatures until it forms a molten
substance that can be formed. Soda-lime glass, the most common
form of glass for food and beverages, will be produced by this mixture.
The advantages of glass packaging are obvious: it is environmentally
friendly, inert, 100% and endlessly recyclable, reusable, and refillable;
and it is safe to store food and beverages in. Glass is completely
recyclable and may be recycled indefinitely without losing its quality or
purity. Glass recycling is a closed-loop technology that produces no
trash or byproducts. Glass is one of the few materials that can be
recycled several times without losing its quality. Reusing glass bottles Roubenj S. Estrada
decreases total environmental effect and enhances the glass's long-
term value many times over. For particular market situations,
returnable glass is a suitable alternative solution the industry may
provide.
Aluminum is mainly made from Bauxite. In tropical countries,
bauxite is usually mined and delivered by boat. Electrolysis
must be used to break the bonds between aluminum atoms
and oxygen molecules in bauxite in order to produce pure
aluminum. Aluminum is an excellent conductor of heat and
electricity. It is a light metal with a density and rigidity roughly
one-third that of steel. It's ductile and malleable, so it may be
machined, cast, and extruded with ease. Aluminium is not
soluble in water or alcohol under normal conditions.
Aluminum has a high reflectivity, which makes it ideal for
mirrors. Furthermore, because powdered aluminium retains
its full silvery reflectivity, it is frequently used in silver paints.

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 10. “How it’s Made” video. Explain each WASTE product (if NOT mentioned in the video research
it!) generated by EACH factory and its EFFECT to the ENVIRONMENT mentioned in week 6 with
pictures. Answer completely.

Clinker production and spoil rocks, which are separated from the
raw materials during the raw meal processing, are the major
sources of solid waste in cement manufacture. Solid waste also
includes kiln dust and fly ash from power plants. Plant
maintenance generates other waste, such as spent oil and metal
scrap. The solid waste known as cement by-pass dust, which is
collected from the bottom of the dust filter, is the primary source
of pollution created by the cement industry. Because of its size
(1-10 millimeters) and alkalinity, it constitutes a serious pollution
concern in Egypt, where 2.4 million tons of cement dust are
dispersed into the atmosphere each year, producing air pollution
problems (pH 11.5) (El Haggar, 2005).
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Brewer's wasted grain, hot trub, and leftover brewer's yeast are
the three primary brewing industry byproducts. Proper waste
management may save money while also protecting the
environment from pollutants caused by their excessive buildup.
These wastes are difficult for manufacturers to dispose of, yet
they are excellent for reuse in the food business. They can be
used as a low-cost, high-nutrient source of feed and food
additives due to their composition. Beer wastewater contains a
high concentration of organic matter, such as untreated
wastewater discharged directly into natural water bodies, where
natural degradation of microbes in the water blooms, consuming
natural dissolved oxygen in the water body, depriving the water
of oxygen, and eventually resulting in water quality that is Roubenj S. Estrada
blackened, smelly, and polluted (Qin, 2018).
Plywood industry environmental effects may be divided into two
categories: onsite and offsite. Onsite impacts are those that
occur at the point of manufacture, whereas offsite impacts are
those that occur during the harvesting of timber used as a
plywood input. The plywood industry pollutes the air, water,
noise, and soil. Due to transportation and energy use, it also has
a high carbon impact. Surface water near the plywood industry
can be polluted by runoff, while ground water inside the facilities
and outside can be polluted by infiltration. Leaching of organic
compounds from the storage of timber, bark, and saw dust
causes soil pollution in the ply wood business. Process chemical
and hydrocarbon waste runoff and drainage.
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Glass manufacture has a significant environmental effect due to
atmospheric emissions from melting operations. CO2 is
produced by the burning of natural gas/fuel oil and the
breakdown of raw materials during the melting process. This is
the sole greenhouse gas produced during the glass
manufacturing process. Acidification can be caused by sulphur
dioxide (SO2) from the fuel and/or the breakdown of sulphate in
the batch ingredients. Nitrogen oxides (NOx) contribute to
acidification and smog production owing to high melting
temperatures and, in some circumstances, breakdown of
nitrogen compounds in batch materials. Particles can be
released into the atmosphere as molten glass and raw
ingredients evaporate. Roubenj S. Estrada
Steel manufacturing has a multitude of environmental
consequences, including CO, SOx, NOx, and PM2 emissions,
wastewater pollutants, hazardous wastes, and solid wastes.
Coking and iron-making have the greatest environmental effect
from integrated steel plants. Steel manufacturing produces a lot
of coke, which is one of the primary pollution causes. The
majority of iron-making by-products are slag, limestone, and iron
ore impurities gathered at the top of the molten iron. Sulfur
dioxide and hydrogen sulfide are volatized and collected in air
pollution control equipment, with the slag supplied to the building
sector. While this isn't a pollution-prevention strategy, the solid
waste isn't dumped in landfills.
Roubenj S. Estrada
Sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide are volatized and collected in
air pollution control equipment, with the slag supplied to the
building sector. While this isn't a pollution-prevention strategy,
the solid waste isn't dumped in landfills (Brough & Jouhara,
2020). Both the aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems are severely
impacted. Aluminium is harmful to gill-breathing organisms like
fish and invertebrates in the aquatic environment because it
causes a loss of plasma- and haemolymph ions, which leads to
osmoregulatory failure. Plants may collect aluminum.
Invertebrates and plants polluted with aluminum might thus be a
pathway for aluminum to infiltrate terrestrial food systems.

Roubenj S. Estrada
 References

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24202562/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7367049/
https://www.greenspec.co.uk/building-design/steel-products-and-environmental-impact/
https://www.agc-glass.eu/en/sustainability/environmental-achievements/environmental-impact
http://plywoodplainfacts.blogspot.com/p/environmental-issues.html
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/cement-industry
https://www.processindustryforum.com/article/advantages-disadvantages-metals-commonly-used-
manufacturing
https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/aluminum/
https://www.timberblogger.com/marine-plywood-advantages-and-disadvantages/

Brough, D., & Jouhara, H. (2020). The aluminium industry: A review on state-of-the-art technologies,
environmental impacts and possibilities for waste heat recovery. International Journal of Thermofluids,
1–2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijft.2019.100007

Qin, R. (2018). The characteristics of beer industrial wastewater and its influence on the environment.
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 170(3). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-
1315/170/3/032068