đĂÖÿćøðøąÖĂïÖćøïøø÷ć÷ 1.

ĂąêĂö ēöđúÖčú ĒúąĕĂĂĂî

üĉßć Ùö 100 đÙöĊìĆęüĕð ĂąêĂö (Atom) : ĂîčõćÙìĊęđúĘÖìĊÿę éč ×ĂÜíćêčìĊęÿćöćøëìĞćðäĉÖøĉ ĉ÷ćđÙöĊĕéš
ðøĉöćèÿćøÿĆöóĆîíŤ ‰ ĂąêĂö ēöđúÖčú ĒúąĕĂĂĂî ƒ ĂąêĂö ðøąÖĂïéšü÷ ēðøêĂî (proton) îĉüêøĂî (neutron) Ēúą ĂĉđúĘÖêøĂî (electron)
(Stoichiometry) ‰ îĚĞćĀîĆÖĂąêĂö îĚĞćĀîĆÖēöđúÖčú
îĉüđÙúĊ÷ÿ (nucleus)
‰ ÿĎêøđÙöĊ ÖćøÙĞćîüèÿĎêøĂ÷ŠćÜÜŠć÷ ĒúąÿĎêøēöđúÖčú
‰ ēöú ƒ ÝĞćîüîēðøêĂîõć÷ĔîîĉüđÙúĊ÷ÿ đøĊ÷ÖüŠć đú×ĂąêĂö (atomic number) : Z
‰ ÿöÖćøđÙöĊ ƒ ñúïüÖ×ĂÜÝĞćîüîēðøêĂîÖĆïîĉüêøĂî đøĊ÷ÖüŠć đú×öüú (mass number): A = Z + N
ƒ ĂąêĂöìĊęđðŨîÖúćÜ ÝĞćîüîēðøêĂîÝąđìŠćÖĆïÝĞćîüîĂĉđúĘÖêøĂî
‰ ÖćøÙĞćîüèìĊęđÖĊę÷üךĂÜÖĆïÿöÖćøđÙöĊ
‰ ÿćøÖĞćĀîéðøĉöćè 27 ēðøêĂî = 13
A Al Ÿ îĉüêøĂî = 27-13 = 14
‰ ñúñúĉêêćöìùþãĊ ñúñúĉêÝøĉÜ ĒúąñúñúĉêøšĂ÷úą ÿĆâúĆÖþèŤ×ĂÜĂąêĂö
Z X 13
ĂĉđúĘÖêøĂî = 13
ĂćÝćø÷Ť éø. üĊøĉîìŤøéć ìąðąúą
ƒ ĂąêĂö×ĂÜíćêčìĊęöĊÝĞćîüîēðøêĂîđìŠćÖĆî ĒêŠöĊÝĞćîüîîĉüêøĂîêŠćÜÖĆî đøĊ÷ÖüŠć ĕĂēàēìð
ÿć×ćüĉßćđÙöĊ Ùèąüĉì÷ćýćÿêøŤ öĀćüĉì÷ćúĆ÷ĒöŠēÝš 1 2 3
(isotope) đߊî ĕăēéøđÝî öĊ 3 ĕĂēàēìð ÙČĂ 1 H , 1 H , 1 H
(http://www.science.mju.ac.th/chemistry/) 2

ēöđúÖčú (Molecule) : ĀîŠü÷ēÙøÜÿøšćÜìĊęđúĘÖìĊÿę éč ×ĂÜíćêčĀøČĂÿćøðøąÖĂïìĊęÿćöćøëĂ÷ĎŠĕéšēé÷ ĕĂĂĂî (Ion) : ĂąêĂöĀøČĂÖúčŠö×ĂÜĂąêĂöìĊęöĊðøąÝčïüÖĀøČĂðøąÝčúï

Ăĉÿøą Ēúą÷ĆÜÙÜöĊÿöïĆêĉ×ĂÜíćêčĀøČĂÿćøðøąÖĂïîĆĚîė ēé÷ÿöïĎøèŤ ‰ ĕĂĂĂîúï (negative ion ĀøČĂ anion): ĂąêĂöĀøČĂÖúčŠöĂąêĂöìĊęđðŨîÖúćÜøĆïĂĉđúĘÖêøĂî

‰ ēöđúÖčúĂąêĂöđéĊę÷ü (Monoatomic molecule): 1 ēöđúÖčú ðøąÖĂïéšü÷ 1 ĂąêĂö öćđóĉęö ìĞćĔĀšöĊÝĞćîüîĂĉđúĘÖêøĂî (ðøąÝčúï) öćÖÖüŠćÝĞćîüîēðøêĂî (ðøąÝčïüÖ)
đߊî ĒÖŢÿöĊêøąÖĎúĀøČĂĒÖŢÿđÞČĂę ÷ (noble or inert gas) ĕéšĒÖŠ He, Ne, Kr, Xe Ēúą Rn đߊî F- Cl- O2- SO42- PO43-

17 Cl ĂąêĂö Cl ĕĂĂĂî Cl-

‰ ēöđúÖčúĂąêĂöÙĎŠ (Diatomic molecule): 1 ēöđúÖčú ðøąÖĂïéšü÷ 2 ĂąêĂö 17 ēðøêĂî 17 ēðøêĂî
ƒ Homonuclear molecule đߊî H2, N2, O2, F2
17 ĂĉđúĘÖêøĂî 18 ĂĉđúĘÖêøĂî
ƒ Heteronuclear molecule đߊî HCl, CO, HF

‰ ĕĂĂĂîïüÖ (positive ion ĀøČĂ cation): ĂąêĂöĀøČĂÖúčŠöĂąêĂöìĊęđðŨîÖúćÜđÿĊ÷

‰ ēöđúÖčúĀúć÷ĂąêĂö (Polyatomic molecule): ēöđúÖčúìĊöę ĊöćÖÖüŠć 2 ĂąêĂö ×ċĚîĕð ĂĉđúĘÖêøĂîĕð ìĞćĔĀšöĊÝĞćîüîĂĉđúĘÖêøĂî (ðøąÝčúï) îšĂ÷ÖüŠćÝĞćîüîēðøêĂî (ðøąÝčïüÖ)
ƒ Homonuclear molecule đߊî S8, P4 đߊî Na+ Ca2+ NH4+
ƒ Heteronuclear molecule đߊî H2O, CH4, C6H12O6 ĂąêĂö Na ĕĂĂĂî Na+
11 Na
11 ēðøêĂî 11 ēðøêĂî
3 11 ĂĉđúĘÖêøĂî 10 ĂĉđúĘÖêøĂî 4
 2. îĚĞćĀîĆÖĂąêĂö îĚĞćĀîĆÖēöđúÖčú ‰ ĔîíøøößćêĉíćêčđÖČĂïìĆĚÜĀöéöĊĕĂēàēìð đߊî ĕăēéøđÝîöĊ 2 ĕĂēàēìð ÙČĂ 1H Ēúą 2H
éĆÜîĆĚî îĚĞćĀîĆÖĂąêĂö×ĂÜíćêčìĊęĔßšÝċÜđðŨîîĚĞćĀîĆÖĂąêĂöđÞúĊę÷×ĂÜĕĂēàēìð×ĂÜíćêčîĆĚîė
îĚĞćĀîĆÖĂąêĂöĀøČĂöüúĂąêĂö (Atomic mass) ēé÷đÞúĊę÷êćöĂĆêøćÿŠüî×ĂÜðøĉöćè×ĂÜĕĂēàēìðìĊęöĊðøćÖäÝøĉÜė Ĕîíøøößćêĉ
‰ đîČęĂÜÝćÖĂąêĂööĊ×îćéđúĘÖöćÖ ĂąêĂöđïćìĊęÿčéöĊöüúðøąöćè 1.6 X 10-24 ÖøĆö Ēúúą
ĂąêĂöìĊęĀîĆÖìĊęÿčéöĊöüúðøąöćè 250 đìŠć×ĂÜöüúîĊĚđìŠćîĆĚî ìĞćĔĀšĕöŠÿćöćøëßĆęÜöüú×ĂÜ
êĆüĂ÷ŠćÜ íćêčĕăēéøđÝîĔîíøøößćêĉöĊ 1H = 99.985% Ēúą 2H = 0.015% ēé÷öĊîĚĞćĀîĆÖ
ĂąêĂöēé÷êøÜĕéš ÝċÜĕöŠîĉ÷öĔßšöüúìĊęĒìšÝøĉÜ (absolute mass) ĒêŠîĉ÷öĔßšöüú
ĂąêĂö 1.0078 amu Ēúą 2.0141 amu êćöúĞćéĆï
đðøĊ÷ïđìĊ÷ï (relative mass) đøĊ÷ÖüŠć îĚĞćĀîĆÖĂąêĂö
99.985 u 1.0078 amu 0.015 u 2.0141 amu
‰ Ù.ý. 1961 Ĕßš 12C àċęÜđðŨîĕĂēàēìðĀîċęÜ×ĂÜíćêčÙćøŤïĂîđðŨîöćêøåćî ĒúąĕéšÖĞćĀîé éĆÜîĆĚî îĚĞćĀîĆÖĂąêĂöđÞúĊę÷×ĂÜ H = ( )( )
atomic mass unit (amu) ×ċĚî (êŠĂöćĕéšđøĊ÷ÖĀîŠü÷ amu đðŨî Dalton, D) 100 100
1
ēé÷îĉ÷ćöüŠćđðŨî “ ×ĂÜöüú×ĂÜ 12C” éĆÜîĆĚî öüúĂąêĂö×ĂÜ 12C = 12.00 D = 1.0079 amu
12

1 D (1 amu) = 1.66053 u 10-24 ÖøĆö * îĚĞćĀîĆÖĂąêĂöìĊęðøćÖäĔîêćøćÜíćêč

‰ îĚĞćĀîĆÖĂąêĂö×ĂÜíćêčđðŨîöüúđÞúĊę÷×ĂÜïøøéćĕĂēàēìðìĊęöĊðøćÖäĔîíøøößćêĉ×ĂÜíćêč
îĆĚîđðøĊ÷ïđìĊ÷ïÖĆïöüú×ĂÜíćêčöćêøåćî
5 6

îĚĞćĀîĆÖēöđúÖčúĀøČĂöüúēöđúÖčú (Molecular mass/Molecular weight: MW) 3. ÿĎêøđÙöĊ (Chemical formula)

“ñúøüö×ĂÜöüúĂąêĂöìčÖĂąêĂöìĊęöĊĂ÷ĎŠĔîēöđúÖčú” “ÖúčŠöÿĆâúĆÖþèŤ×ĂÜíćêčĀøČĂÿćøðøąÖĂï àċęÜïĂÖëċÜĂÜÙŤðøąÖĂï×ĂÜēöđúÖčú
øüöëċÜÿĆéÿŠüîìĊęĂąêĂöøüöêĆüÖĆî”
êĆüĂ÷ŠćÜ
ƒ H2O
‰ ÿĎêøĂ÷ŠćÜÜŠć÷ĀøČĂÿĎêøđĂöóĉøĉÙĆú (Empirical formula)
öüúēöđúÖčú×ĂÜ H2O = 2(öüúĂąêĂö H) + öüúĂąêĂö O “ÿĎêøìĊęïĂÖëċÜĂĆêøćÿŠüîĂ÷ŠćÜêęĞć×ĂÜÝĞćîüîĂąêĂöìĊęđðŨîĂÜÙŤðøąÖĂï×ĂÜÿćøîĆĚî”
= 2(1.008 amu) + 16.00 amu đߊî H2O Ÿ H : O = 2 : 1 C6H12O6 Ÿ C : H : O = 6 : 12 : 6 ĀøČĂ 1 : 2 : 1
= 18.02 amu ?ÿĎêøĂ÷ŠćÜÜŠć÷ ÙČĂ H2O ?ÿĎêøĂ÷ŠćÜÜŠć÷ ÙČĂ CH2O
‰ ÿĎêøēöđúÖčú (Molecular formula)
ƒ C6H12O6 “ÿĎêøìĊęïĂÖëċÜÝĞćîüîĂąêĂöìĊęĒìšÝøĉÜĔîēöđúÖčúîĆĚî”
öüúēöđúÖčú×ĂÜ C6H12O6 = 6(öüúĂąêĂö C) + 12(öüúĂąêĂö H) + 6(öüúĂąêĂö O) đߊî H2 O ðøąÖĂïéšü÷ H 2 ĂąêĂö Ēúą O 1 ĂąêĂö
= 6(12.01 amu) + 12(1.008 amu) + 6(16.00 amu) C6H12O6 ðøąÖĂïéšü÷ C 6 ĂąêĂö, H 12 ĂąêĂö Ēúą O 6 ĂąêĂö
= 180.16 amu
‰ ÿĎêøēÙøÜÿøšćÜ (Structural formula)
O
7 “ÿĎêøìĊęĒÿéÜëċÜÖćøđßČęĂöêŠĂ (ÖćøđÖĉéóĆîíą) ×ĂÜĂąêĂöĔîÿćøîĆĚî” đߊî H2O Ÿ
H H 8
ÖćøÙĞćîüèÿĎêøĂ÷ŠćÜÜŠć÷ ĒúąÿĎêøēöđúÖčú êĆüĂ÷ŠćÜ ÝćÖÖćøüĉđÙøćąĀŤÿćøðøąÖĂïßîĉéĀîċęÜ óïüŠćðøąÖĂïéšü÷ÖĞćöąëĆîĒúąĂĂÖàĉđÝîöĊ
øš Ă ÷úąēé÷îĚĞ ć ĀîĆ Ö ×ĂÜÖĞ ć öąëĆ î đðŨ î 50.05 ĒúąĂĂÖàĉ đ Ýî 49.95 ëš ć îĚĞ ć ĀîĆ Ö ēöđúÖč ú ×ĂÜ
ƒ êšĂÜìøćïüŠćÿćøðøąÖĂïîĆĚîðøąÖĂïéšü÷íćêčĂąĕøïšćÜ øšĂ÷úąēé÷îĚĞćĀîĆÖ×ĂÜĒêŠúąíćêč ÿćøðøąÖĂïîĊĚđìŠćÖĆï 64 ÝÜÙĞćîüèĀćÿĎêøĂ÷ŠćÜÜŠć÷ ĒúąÿĎêøēöđúÖčú×ĂÜÿćøðøąÖĂïîĊĚ
üŠćöĊĂ÷ĎŠđìŠćĔé ĒúąîĚĞćĀîĆÖĂąêĂö×ĂÜĒêŠúąíćêčéšü÷ (îĚĞćĀîĆÖĂąêĂö×ĂÜ S = 32 Ēúą O = 16)
üĉíĊìĞć ĂĆêøćÿŠüîēé÷îĚĞćĀîĆÖ×ĂÜ S : O = 50.05 : 49.95
ƒ đöČęĂĕéšÿĎêøđĂöóĉøĉÖĆúĒúšü ÝąÿćöćøëÙĞćîüèĀćÿĎêøēöđúÖčúĕéšđöČęĂìøćïîĚĞćĀîĆÖēöđúÖčú 50.05 49.95
×ĂÜÿćøðøąÖĂïîĆĚîė ĂĆêøćÿŠüîēé÷ēöú×ĂÜĂąêĂö S : O = :
(Āćøéšü÷îĚĞćĀîĆÖĂąêĂö) 32 16
= 1.56 : 3.12
ÿĎêøēöđúÖčú = (ÿĎêøđĂöóĉøĉÖĆú)n ēé÷ n = 1, 2, 3, … ìĞćĔĀšđðŨîĂĆêøćÿŠüîìĊęđðŨîđú×îšĂ÷ė ēé÷ÖćøĀćøêúĂééšü÷ 1.56
1.56 3.12
= :
1.56 1.56
S:O = 1 : 2
9 ? ÿĎêøĂ÷ŠćÜÜŠć÷ ÙČĂ SO2 10

üĉíĊìĞć (êŠĂ) ÝćÖÿĎêøĂ÷ŠćÜÜŠć÷ ÙČĂ SO2 êĆüĂ÷ŠćÜ ÿćøðøąÖĂïßîĉéĀîċęÜðøąÖĂïéšü÷ C 40.1%, H 6.6% Ēúą O 53.3% ëšćîĚĞćĀîĆÖ
ēöđúÖčú×ĂÜÿćøðøąÖĂïîĊĚöĊÙŠćđìŠćÖĆï 180 ÝÜÙĞćîüèĀćÿĎêøĂ÷ŠćÜÜŠć÷ ĒúąÿĎêøēöđúÖčú
ÿĎêøēöđúÖčú đðŨî (SO2)n (îĚĞćĀîĆÖĂąêĂö×ĂÜ C = 12.01, H = 1.008 Ēúą O = 16.00)
ÝąĕéšüŠć (SO2)n = 64
[ 32 +16(2) ]n = 64
(64)n = 64
n = 1
? ÿĎêøēöđúÖčú ÙČĂ SO2

11 12
 4. ēöú (Mole) êĆüĂ÷ŠćÜ ÖĞćĀîéîĚĞćĀîĆÖĂąêĂö×ĂÜ He = 4, Ca = 40, Cl = 35.5
He 0.5 ēöú Ÿ He 3.01 x 1023 ĂąêĂö Ÿ He 2 ÖøĆö
“ēöú (mole ĀøČĂ mol) đðŨîĀîŠü÷ìĊęĔßšĔîÖćøïĂÖðøĉöćèÿćø”
™ 1 ēöú öĊÙŠćđìŠćÖĆï 6.02 x 1023 ĂîčõćÙ (ĂąêĂö/ĕĂĂĂî/ēöđúÖčú) CaCl2 2 ēöú Ÿ CaCl2 2(6.02) x 1023 = 1.20 x 1024 ēöđúÖčú
[6.0221367 x 1023 = đú×ĂćēüÖćēéø (Avogadro’s number: NA)]
Ÿ Ca2+ 6.02 x 1023 ĕĂĂĂî
™ 1 ēöú×ĂÜíćêč (ēöđúÖčú) Ĕéė ÝąöĊîĚĞćĀîĆÖđìŠćÖĆïîĚĞćĀîĆÖĂąêĂö (îĚĞćĀîĆÖēöđúÖčú) Ÿ Cl- 2(6.02) x 1023 = 1.20 x 1024 ĕĂĂĂî
×ĂÜíćêč (ēöđúÖčú) îĆĚîė ĔîĀîŠü÷đðŨîÖøĆö
Ÿ CaCl2 2(111) = 222 ÖøĆö
đߊî ÖĞćĀîéîĚĞćĀîĆÖĂąêĂö×ĂÜ H = 1, C = 12, O = 16
NA g
C 1 ēöú Ÿ C 6.02 x 1023 ĂąêĂö Ÿ C 12 ÖøĆö n = =
6.02 x 1023 MW
H2O 1 ēöú Ÿ H2O 6.02 x 1023 ēöđúÖčú Ÿ H2O 18 ÖøĆö ēé÷ n = ÝĞćîüîēöú
H2O 1 ēöú Ÿ H 6.02 x 1023 ĂąêĂö NA = ÝĞćîüîĂîčõćÙ (ĂąêĂö/ĕĂĂĂî/ēöđúÖčú)
Ÿ O 2(6.02 x 1023) ĂąêĂö = 1.20 x 1024 ĂąêĂö g = îĚĞćĀîĆÖ×ĂÜÿćø ĀîŠü÷đðŨîÖøĆö
13 MW = îĚĞćĀîĆÖĂąêĂöĀøČĂîĚĞćĀîĆÖēöđúÖčú 14

êĆüĂ÷ŠćÜ ëšćöĊĒÖŢÿÙćøŤïĂîĕéĂĂÖĕàéŤ (CO2) ĀîĆÖ 9.24 g ÝÜÙĞćîüèĀć 5. ÿöÖćøđÙöĊ

Ö. ÝĞćîüîēöú×ĂÜ CO2
×. ÝĞćîüîēöđúÖčú×ĂÜ CO2 ðäĉÖĉøĉ÷ćđÙöĊ (Chemical reaction) đðŨîÖøąïüîÖćøìĊęÿćøĀîċęÜ (ĀøČĂÿćøĀúć÷ßîĉé) öĊÖćø
Ù. ÝĞćîüîēöú×ĂÜĒêŠúąíćêčĔîÙćøŤïĂîĕéĂĂÖĕàéŤ đðúĊę÷îĒðúÜđðŨîÿćøßîĉéĔĀöŠĀøČĂđðŨîÿćøĔĀöŠĕéšöćÖÖüŠćĀîċęÜßîĉé
Ü. ÝĞćîüîĂąêĂö×ĂÜĒêŠúąíćêč
ÖĞćĀîéîĚĞćĀîĆÖĂąêĂö×ĂÜ C = 12.0 Ēúą O = 16.0 ÿöÖćøđÙöĊ (Chemical equation) đðŨîÿĉęÜìĊęđ×Ċ÷îĒìîðäĉÖĉøĉ÷ćđÙöĊ àċęÜïĂÖĔĀšìøćïëċÜßîĉé
×ĂÜÿćøìĊęđךćìĞćðäĉÖĉøĉ÷ćÖĆî Ēúąßîĉé×ĂÜÿćøìĊęđðŨîñúñúĉê×ĂÜðäĉÖĉøĉ÷ć
ÿćøìĊęđךćìĞćðäĉÖĉøĉ÷ć Ÿ ÿćøêĆĚÜêšî (Reactant) đ×Ċ÷îĕüšìćÜ “àšć÷”
ÿćøìĊęđðŨîñúñúĉêÝćÖðäĉÖĉøĉ÷ć Ÿ ÿćøñúĉêõĆèæŤ (Product) đ×Ċ÷îĕüšìćÜ “×üć”
“o” Ÿ ìĉýìćÜ×ĂÜðäĉÖĉøĉ÷ć
“” Ÿ ìĞćðäĉÖĉøĉ÷ćÖĆï
(s), (l), (g) Ÿ ÿëćîą×ĂÜÿćø đ×Ċ÷îêŠĂìšć÷ÿćøĒêŠúąêĆü
(aq) Ÿ ÿćøúąúć÷ĔîîĚĞć (aqueous)

15 ÿćøêĆĚÜêšî o ÿćøñúĉêõĆèæŤ 16
ßîĉé×ĂÜÿöÖćøđÙöĊ ‰ ÿöÖćøĕĂĂĂîĉÖ
ƒ đ×Ċ÷îđÞóćąĕĂĂĂîĒúąēöđúÖčúìĊęÝĞćđðŨîĒúąđÖĉéðäĉÖĉøĉ÷ćđìŠćîĆĚî
‰ ÿöÖćøĒïïēöđúÖčú ƒ îĉ÷öĔßšÿĞćĀøĆïðäĉÖĉøĉ÷ćìĊęöĊÿćøðøąÖĂïĕĂĂĂîĉÖđךćöćđÖĊę÷üךĂÜ
ƒ ĒÿéÜðäĉÖĉøĉ÷ćøąĀüŠćÜēöđúÖčú×ĂÜÿćø
NaCrO2 + NaClO + NaOH o Na2CrO4 + NaCl + H2O
ƒ ÿöÖćøìĊęÿöïĎøèŤ êšĂÜöĊÝĞćîüîĂąêĂö×ĂÜĒêŠúąíćêčìĆĚÜÿĂÜךćÜ×ĂÜúĎÖýøđìŠćÖĆî
“éčúÿöÖćø” đîČęĂÜÝćÖ NaCrO2 Ēúą NaClO đðŨîÿćøðøąÖĂïĕĂĂĂîĉÖ đöČęĂĂ÷ĎŠĔîîĚćĞ ÝąĒêÖêĆüĔĀšĕĂĂĂî éĆÜîĊĚ
HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) o NaCl (aq) + H2O(l) Na+ + CrO2- + Na+ + ClO- + Na+ + OH- o 2Na+ + CrO42- + Na+ + Cl- + H2O
2H2 (g) + O2 (g) o 2H2O(l) Na+ ðøćÖäĂ÷ĎŠìĆĚÜàšć÷öČĂĒúą×üćöČĂ×ĂÜÿöÖćø ĒÿéÜüŠćĕöŠĕéšđךćøŠüöĔîÖćøìĞćðäĉÖĉøĉ÷ć
'
CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) o CO2 (g) + 2H2O(l) éĆÜîĆĚî ÿöÖćøĕĂĂĂîĉÖìĊđę ×Ċ÷îÝċÜĕöŠÝĞćđðŨîêšĂÜđ×Ċ÷î Na+ ĕüšéšü÷ éĆÜîĊĚ
CrO2- + ClO- + OH- o CrO42- + Cl- + H2O
ÿöÖćøìĊęéčúÙČĂ
2CrO2- + 3ClO- + 2OH- o 2CrO42- + 3Cl- + H2O

17 18

ßîĉé×ĂÜðäĉÖĉøĉ÷ćđÙöĊ ‰ ðäĉÖĉøĉ÷ćĂĂÖàĉđéßĆî-øĊéĆÖßĆî ĀøČĂðäĉÖĉøĉ÷ćøĊéĂÖàŤ

(Oxidation-reduction reaction: Redox reaction)
‰ ðäĉÖĉøĉ÷ćìĊęĕöŠöĊÖćøđðúĊę÷îĒðúÜđú×ĂĂÖàĉđéßĆî
“ðäĉÖĉøĉ÷ćÖćøÿąđìĉî “ðäĉÖĉøĉ÷ćìĊęöĊÖćøđðúĊ÷ę îĒðúÜđú×ĂĂÖàĉđéßĆî×ĂÜĂąêĂö ŸöĊÖćøĔĀšĒúąøĆïĂĉđúĘÖêøĂî”
HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) o NaCl (aq) + H2O (l)
×ĂÜÖøéĒúąđïÿ” ÖćøÖĞćĀîéđú×ĂĂÖàĉđéßĆî
AgNO3 (aq) + NaCl (aq) o AgCl (s) + NaNO3 (aq) ƒ íćêčĂĉÿøąìčÖßîĉéìĆĚÜìĊĂę ÷ĎŠĔîøĎðĂąêĂöĀøČĂēöđúÖčú öĊđú×ĂĂÖàĉđéßĆîđìŠćÖĆïýĎî÷Ť
đߊî Fe, Zn, H2, N2, O2, P4, S8
2NaNO3 (aq) + H2SO4 (aq) o Na2SO4 (aq) + 2HNO3 (aq) ƒ ĕĂĂĂî×ĂÜíćêčöĊđú×ĂĂÖàĉđéßĆîđìŠćÖĆïðøąÝč×ĂÜĕĂĂĂîîĆĚî
đߊî H+ đú×ĂĂÖàĉđéßĆîđìŠćÖĆï +1
Ca2+ đú×ĂĂÖàĉđéßĆîđìŠćÖĆï +2
Cl- đú×ĂĂÖàĉđéßĆîđìŠćÖĆï -1
ƒ ĂĂÖàĉđÝîĔîÿćøðøąÖĂïìĆęüĕðöĊđú×ĂĂÖàĉđéßĆî -2
đߊî Na2O2, H2O2, BaO2
÷ÖđüšîĔîÿćøðøąÖĂïđðĂøŤĂĂÖĕàéŤ
ÿćøðøąÖĂïàĎđðĂøŤĂĂÖĕàéŤ đߊî KO2 ĂĂÖàĉđÝîöĊđú×ĂĂÖàĉđéßĆî -1/2
19 ðøąÖĂïđðĂøŤĂĂÖĕàéŤ đߊî K2O2, K2O2 ĂĂÖàĉđÝîöĊđú×ĂĂÖàĉđéßĆî -1 20
 ÖćøÖĞćĀîéđú×ĂĂÖàĉđéßĆî (êŠĂ) êĆüĂ÷ŠćÜìĊę ÝÜĀćđú×ĂĂÖàĉđéßĆî×ĂÜ Mn ĔîÿćøðøąÖĂï KMnO4
ƒ ĕăēéøđÝîĔîÿćøðøąÖĂïìĆüę ĕðöĊđú×ĂĂÖàĉđéßĆî +1 ÷ÖđüšîĔîÿćøðøąÖĂïēúĀąĕăĕéøéŤ ñúøüöđú×ĂĂÖàĉđéßĆî×ĂÜ KMnO4 = 0
đߊî H2O, NH3, HCl K + Mn + 4(O) = 0
÷ÖđüšîĔîÿćøðøąÖĂïēúĀąĕăĕéøéŤ (+1) + Mn + 4(-2) = 0
đߊî NaH, LiH ĕăēéøđÝîöĊđú×ĂĂÖàĉđéßĆîđìŠćÖĆï -1 Mn = (+8) – 1
Mn = +7
ƒ ĔîÿćøðøąÖĂïĔéñúøüö×ĂÜđú×ĂĂÖàĉđéßĆî×ĂÜìčÖĂąêĂöđìŠćÖĆïýĎî÷Ť
đߊî CaO đú×ĂĂÖàĉđéßĆî×ĂÜĒÙúđàĊ÷öđìŠćÖĆï +2 ×ĂÜĂĂÖàĉđÝîđìŠćÖĆï -2
àċęÜøüöÖĆîÝąđìŠćÖĆï 0 êĆüĂ÷ŠćÜìĊę êĆüĂ÷ŠćÜìĊę 2 ÝÜĀćđú×ĂĂÖàĉđéßĆî×ĂÜ Cr ĔîÿćøðøąÖĂï K2Cr2O7
ñúøüöđú×ĂĂÖàĉđéßĆî×ĂÜ K2Cr2O7 = 0
ƒ ĕĂĂĂîìĊęðøąÖĂïéšü÷ĂąêĂööćÖÖüŠć 1 ßîĉé ñúøüö×ĂÜđú×ĂĂÖàĉđéßĆî×ĂÜìčÖĂąêĂö 2K + 2Cr + 7(O) = 0
đìŠćÖĆïðøąÝč×ĂÜĕĂĂĂîîĆĚî 2(+1) + 2Cr + 7(-2) = 0
đߊî Cr2O72- öĊðøąÝč -2 ñúøüö×ĂÜđú×ĂĂÖàĉđéßĆî×ĂÜ Cr2O72- ÝċÜđìŠćÖĆï -2 Cr = [(14) – 2] / 2
(ĂĂÖàĉđÝîöĊðøąÝč -2 Ÿ(-2) u 6 = -12 éĆÜîĆĚîđú×ĂĂÖàĉđéßĆî×ĂÜēÙøđöĊ÷öÝċÜđìŠćÖĆï +5) Cr = +6
ƒ íćêčĀöĎŠ IA Ēúą IIA öĊđú×ĂĂÖàĉđéßĆîđóĊ÷ÜÙŠćđéĊ÷ü ÙČĂ +1 Ēúą +2 êćöúĞćéĆï
21 22

ðäĉÖĉøĉ÷ćĂĂÖàĉđéßĆî-øĊéĆÖßĆî ĀøČĂðäĉÖĉøĉ÷ćøĊéĂÖàŤ êĆüĂ÷ŠćÜðäĉÖĉøĉ÷ćøĊéĂÖàŤ

(Oxidation-reduction reaction: Redox reaction)
+3 -2 +2 0
“ðäĉÖĉøĉ÷ćìĊęöĊÖćøđðúĊ÷ę îĒðúÜđú×ĂĂÖàĉđéßĆî×ĂÜĂąêĂö ŸöĊÖćøĔĀšĒúąøĆïĂĉđúĘÖêøĂî” 2FeCl3 + H2S o 2FeCl2 + 2HCl + S
Zn (s) + CuSO4 (s) o Cu (s) + ZnSO4 (aq)
ĀøČĂđ×Ċ÷îđðŨîÿöÖćøĕĂĂĂîĉÖ éĆÜîĊĚ +3 +3 +4 +2
SnCl2 + 2FeCl3 o SnCl4 + 2FeCl2
Zn (s) + Cu2+ (aq) o Cu (s) + Zn2+ (aq)
0 +2 0 +2
+3 +5 +6 -1 0
2Cr3+ + ClO3- + 10OH- o 2CrO42- + Cl- + 5H2O
Ē÷ÖÿöÖćøđðŨî 2 ÿŠüî àċęÜĒêŠúąÿŠüî đøĊ÷ÖüŠć ÙøċęÜðäĉÖĉøĉ÷ć (half reaction)
Zn (s) o Zn2+ (aq) ðäĉÖĉøĉ÷ćĂĂÖàĉđéßĆî Ÿ ĔĀšĂĉđúĘÖêøĂî
Cu2+ (aq) o Cu (s) ðäĉÖĉøĉ÷ćøĊéĆÖßĆî Ÿ øĆïĂĉđúĘÖêøĂî
23 24
 6. ÖćøÙĞćîüèìĊęđÖĊę÷üךĂÜÖĆïÿöÖćøđÙöĊ êĆüĂ÷ŠćÜÖćøéčúÿöÖćø
ƒ ÝÜéčúÿöÖćø KClO3 o KCl + O2
“ÿöÖćøđÙöĊìÝĊę ąĔßšÿćĞ ĀøĆïÖćøÙĞćîüèêšĂÜđðŨîÿöÖćøìĊęéčúĒúšü”
KClO3 o KCl + 3/2O2
üĉíĊÖćøéčúÿöÖćøđÙöĊìüĆę ĕð
ÙĎè 2 êúĂéìĆĚÜÿöÖćøđóČęĂĔĀšĕéšÙŠćÿĆöðøąÿĉìíĉĝ×ĂÜđú×ÝĞćîüîđêĘö
ƒ øąïčüŠćÿćøĔéđðŨîÿćøêĆĚÜêšî ĒúąÿćøĔéđðŨîÿćøñúĉêõĆèæŤ
ƒ đ×Ċ÷îÿĎêøđÙöĊìĊęëĎÖêšĂÜ×ĂÜÿćøêĆĚÜêšîĒúąÿćøñúĉêõĆèæŤ àċęÜÿĎêøđÙöĊîĊĚÝąĕöŠöĊÖćø 2KClO3 o 2KCl + 3O2
đðúĊę÷îĒðúÜ
ƒ éčúÿöÖćøēé÷ĀćêĆüđú×ÿĆöðøąÿĉìíĉĝöćđêĉöךćÜĀîšćÿĎêøđÙöĊ đóČęĂìĞćĔĀšĂąêĂößîĉéđéĊ÷üÖĆî ƒ ÝÜéčúÿöÖćø C2H6 + O2 o CO2 + H2O
ìĆĚÜàšć÷Ēúą×üć×ĂÜÿöÖćøöĊÝĞćîüîđìŠćÖĆî
(1) C2H6 + O2 o 2CO2 + H2O
ƒ ĔĀšÙĉéĕĂĂĂîìĊęđðŨîÖúčŠöĂąêĂöđðøĊ÷ïđÿöČĂîĀîċęÜĀîŠü÷ ëšćĕĂĂĂîîĆĚîĕöŠĒêÖÖúčŠöĂĂÖöć
ĔîðäĉÖĉøĉ÷ć (2) C2H6 + O2 o 2CO2 + 3H2O
ƒ êøüÝÿĂïĂĊÖÙøĆĚÜüŠćëĎÖêšĂÜēé÷öĊÝĞćîüîĂąêĂößîĉéđéĊ÷üÖĆîđìŠćÖĆîìĆÜĚ ÿĂÜךćÜ (3) C2H6 + 7/2O2 o 2CO2 + 3H2O
“ÿöÖćøđÙöĊìéĊę čúĒúšü ÝąïĂÖĔĀšìøćïëċÜÙüćöÿĆöóĆîíŤđßĉÜðøĉöćè (ēöú) ×ĂÜÿćøêŠćÜė ÙĎè 2 êúĂéìĆĚÜÿöÖćø Ÿ 2C2H6 + 7O2 o 4CO2 + 6H2O
ìĊęđÖĊę÷üךĂÜĔîðäĉÖøĉ ĉ÷ć ĒúąÿćöćøëÙĞćîüèðøĉöćè×ĂÜñúĉêñúìĊóę ċÜĕéšÝćÖðäĉÖøĉ ĉ÷ćîĆĚî” 25 26

ÖćøÙĞćîüèðøĉöćè×ĂÜÿćøêĆĚÜêšîĒúąÿćøñúĉêõĆèæŤ êĆüĂ÷ŠćÜ ÝćÖÿöÖćø CaC2 (s) + H2O (l) o Ca(OH)2 (aq) + C2H2 (g)
ëšćĔßš CaC2 2.5 mol ìĞćðäĉÖĉøĉ÷ćÖĆïîĚĞćìĊöę ĊðøĉöćèöćÖđÖĉîóĂ
NA g V ðøĉöćêøĒÖŢÿ (L) ìĊę STP Ö. Ýąĕéš C2H2 ÖĊęēöú
n = = = ×. Ýąĕéš C2H2 ÖĊęÖøĆö
6.02 x 1023 MW 22.4 (0 qC, 1 atm)
Ù. ĕéš C2H2 ÖĊęúĉêø ìĊę STP
Ü. îĚĞćìĞćðäĉÖĉøĉ÷ćĕðÖĊęēöúĒúąÖĊÖę øĆö
(ÖĞćĀîéöüúĂąêĂö×ĂÜ H=1, C = 12 = 16, Ca = 40)
CaC2 (s) + 2H2O (l) o Ca(OH)2 (aq) + C2H2 (g)
üĉíĊìĞć CaC2 (s) + 2H2O (l) o Ca(OH)2 (aq) + C2H2 (g)
1 2 1 1 ēöú
6.02 u1023 2(6.02 u1023) 6.02 u1023 6.02 u1023 ēöđúÖčú 2.5 2(2.5) = 5 2.5 2.5 ēöú
? Ýąĕéš C2H2 = 2.5 ēöú
64.0 2(18) =36.0 74.0 26.0 ÖøĆö
= 2.5 u 26 = 65 ÖøĆö
- - - 22.4 úĉêø ìĊęSTP = 2.5 u 22.4 = 56 úĉêø ìĊę STP
(öüúĂąêĂö H=1.0, C = 12.0, = 16.0, Ca = 40.0) îĚĞćìĞćðäĉÖĉøĉ÷ć = 2 u 2.5 = 5 ēöú
27 = 5 u 18 = 90 ÖøĆö 28
êĆüĂ÷ŠćÜ ÝÜÙĞćîüèüŠćÝąêšĂÜĔßšÿĆÜÖąÿĊÖēĊę öúĒúąÖĊÖę øĆöìĞćðäĉÖøĉ ĉ÷ćÖĆïÖøéđÖúČĂ ÝċÜÝąĔĀšĒÖŢÿ êĆüĂ÷ŠćÜ ÝÜÙĞćîüèüŠćÝąêšĂÜĔßšĒÖŢÿĂĂÖàĉđÝîÖĊúę êĉ ø ÝċÜÝąìĞćðäĉÖĉøĉ÷ćóĂéĊÖïĆ ĒÖŢÿĂĊđìî 25.0
ĕăēéøđÝî 0.224 úĉêø ìĊę STP ðäĉÖĉøĉ÷ćìĊęđÖĉé×ċĚîÙČĂ úĉêø ìĊę STP ðäĉÖĉøĉ÷ćìĊęđÖĉé×ċĚîÙČĂ
Zn + HCl o ZnCl2 + H2 C 2 H6 + O 2 o CO2 + H2O
(ÖĞćĀîéöüúĂąêĂö×ĂÜ H=1.0, Cl = 35.5, Zn = 65.4) (ÖĞćĀîéöüúĂąêĂö×ĂÜ H=1.0, C = 12.0, O = 16.0)
üĉíĊìĞć C2H6 + 7/2O2 o 2CO2 + 3H2O
üĉíĊìĞć Zn + 2HCl o ZnCl2 + H2
2C2H6 + 7O2 o 4CO2 + 6H2O
? mol 0.224 L ìĊę STP
25.0 L ?L
V 0.224 V 25.0
Āć mol H2 ÝćÖ n = = = 0.0100 mol Āć mol C2H6 ÝćÖ n = = = 1.12 mol
22.4 22.4 22.4 22.4
ÝćÖÿöÖćø H2 1 mol ñúĉêÝćÖ Zn 1 mol ÝćÖÿöÖćø C2H6 2 mol ÝąìĞćðäĉÖĉøĉ÷ćóĂéĊÖĆï O2 7 mol
? H2 0.0100 mol ñúĉêÝćÖ Zn 0.0100 mol 7 u 1.12
? C2H6 1.12 mol ÝąìĞćðäĉÖĉøĉ÷ćóĂéĊÖĆï O2 = 3.92 mol
đðúĊę÷îđðŨîÖøĆö Zn 1 mol ĀîĆÖđìŠćÖĆï 65.4 g 2
đðúĊę÷îđðŨîúĉêø O2 1 mol öĊðøĉöćêøđìŠćÖĆï 22.4 L
65.4 u 0.0100
? Zn 0.0100 mol ĀîĆÖđìŠćÖĆï = 0.654 g 22.4 u 3.92
1 ? O2 3.92 mol öĊðøĉöćêøđìŠćÖĆï = 87.8 L
1
g V
ÝćÖ n = Ÿ g = n u MW = 0.0100 u 65.4 = 0.654 g 29
ÝćÖ n = Ÿ V = n u 22.4 = 3.92 u 22.4 = 88.7 L 30
MW 22.4

êĆüĂ÷ŠćÜ ÝÜÙĞćîüèüŠćÝąêšĂÜĔßšúĉđìĊ÷öÖĊęÖøĆö đóČęĂñúĉêĒÖŢÿĕăēéøđÝî 9.89 ÖøĆö 7. ÿćøÖĞćĀîéðøĉöćè (Limiting agent)

ðäĉÖĉøĉ÷ćìĊęđÖĉé×ċĚîÙČĂ Li (s) + H2O (l) o LiOH (aq) + H2 (g)
(ÖĞćĀîéöüúĂąêĂö×ĂÜ Li = 6.94, H=1.0, O = 16.0) “đîČęĂÜÝćÖÿćøđךćìĞćðäĉÖøĉ ĉ÷ćđÙöĊÖĆîĔîĂĆêøćÿŠüîēöúêŠĂēöúìĊĒę îŠîĂî
ÿćøìĊęöĊðøĉöćèîšĂ÷ÖüŠćÝċÜđðŨîêĆüÖĞćĀîéüŠćðäĉÖĉøĉ÷ćÿćöćøëđÖĉéñúñúĉêĕéšĂ÷ŠćÜöćÖìĊęÿéč đìŠćĔé
đøćđøĊ÷ÖÿćøìĊöę ĊðøĉöćèîšĂ÷îĊĚüŠćÿćøÖĞćĀîéðøĉöćè (Limiting reactant)”
óĉÝćøèćðäĉÖĉøĉ÷ć 2NO (g) + O2 (g) o 2NO2 (g)
ĀćÖöĊ NO 8 ēöú Ēúą O2 7 ēöú ÿćøĔéđðŨîÿćøÖĞćĀîéðøĉöćè
ÝćÖÿöÖćø NO 2 mol ÝąìĞćðäĉÖĉøĉ÷ćóĂéĊÖĆï O2 1 mol
? NO 8 mol êšĂÜìĞćðäĉÖĉøĉ÷ćóĂéĊÖĆï O2 4 mol
ĀøČĂ NO ëĎÖĔßšĀöé
O2 đĀúČĂ
ÝćÖÿöÖćø O2 1 mol ÝąìĞćðäĉÖĉøĉ÷ćóĂéĊÖĆï NO 2 mol
? O2 7 mol êšĂÜìĞćðäĉÖĉøĉ÷ćóĂéĊÖĆï NO 14 mol
éĆÜîĆĚî NO ÝċÜđðŨîÿćøÖĞćĀîéðøĉöćè
31 îĆęîÙČĂ đöČęĂ NO ëĎÖĔßšĕðĀöé ÝąĕöŠöĊÿćøñúĉêõĆèæŤ NO2 đÖĉé×ċĚîĂĊÖđú÷ 32
êĆüĂ÷ŠćÜ ÝÜÙĞćîüèüŠćÝąđêøĊ÷öúĉđìĊ÷öĂĂÖĕàéŤĕéšÖĊęēöú ÝćÖúĉđìĊ÷ö 1.0 g ĒúąĂĂÖàĉđÝî 1.5 êĆüĂ÷ŠćÜ ÝÜÙĞćîüèüŠćđÖĉé H2O ÖĊęÖøĆö ÝćÖðäĉÖĉøĉ÷ćøąĀüŠćÜĕăēéøđÝî 11.2 L ĒúąĂĂÖàĉđÝî
g ÿćøĔéđðŨîÿćøÖĞćĀîéðøĉöćè ÿćøĔéđĀúČĂ ĒúąđĀúČĂÖĊÖę øĆö 11.2 L ìĊę STP (ÖĞćĀîéöüúĂąêĂö×ĂÜ H = 1.0, O = 16.0)
ðäĉÖĉøĉ÷ćìĊęđÖĉé×ċĚîÙČĂ 4Li + O2 o 2Li2O (ÖĞćĀîéöüúĂąêĂö×ĂÜ Li = 6.9, O = 16.0) 2H2 + O2 o 2H2O
g 1.0 g V 11.2
Āć mol Li ÝćÖ n = = = 0.14 mol Āć mol H2 ÝćÖ n = = = 0.500 mol
MW 6.9 g/mol 22.4 22.4
g 1.5 g V 11.2
Āć mol O2 ÝćÖ n = = = 0.047 mol Āć mol O2 ÝćÖ n = = = 0.500 mol
MW 32.0 g/mol 22.4 22.4
óĉÝćøèćÝćÖÿöÖćø H2 2 mol ÝąìĞćðäĉÖĉøĉ÷ćóĂéĊÖĆï O2 1 mol
óĉÝćøèćÝćÖÿöÖćø Li 4 mol ÝąìĞćðäĉÖĉøĉ÷ćóĂéĊÖĆï O2 1 mol 0.500 u 1
0.14 u 1 ? H2 0.500 mol ÝąìĞćðäĉÖĉøĉ÷ćóĂéĊÖĆï O2 = 0.250 mol
? Li 0.14 mol ÝąìĞćðäĉÖĉøĉ÷ćóĂéĊÖĆï O2 = 0.035 mol 2
4 éĆÜîĆĚî H2 ÝċÜđðŨîÿćøÖĞćĀîéðøĉöćè
éĆÜîĆĚî Li ÝċÜđðŨîÿćøÖĞćĀîéðøĉöćè ÝćÖÿöÖćø H2 2 mol ÝąìĞćĔĀšđÖĉé H2O đìŠćÖĆï 2 mol
O2 đĀúČĂđìŠćÖĆï 0.047 – 0.035 = 0.012 mol = 0.012 mol u 32.0 g/mol ? H2 0.500 mol ÝąìĞćĔĀšđÖĉé H2O đìŠćÖĆï 0.500 mol
= 0.38 g = 0.500 mol u 18.0 g/mol
33 = 9.00 g 34

êĆüĂ÷ŠćÜ ÝćÖðäĉÖĉøĉ÷ć 2Al + Fe2O3 o Al2O3 + 2Fe 8. ñúñúĉêêćöìùþãĊ ñúñúĉêÝøĉÜ ĒúąñúñúĉêøšĂ÷úą

ĔîÖøąïüîÖćøđßČęĂöēúĀą ĀćÖĔßš Al 124 g ìĞćðäĉÖĉøĉ÷ćÖĆï Fe2O3 601 g
ÝÜÙĞćîüè Ö. îĚĞćĀîĆÖ×ĂÜ Al2O3 ìĊęđÖĉé×ċĚîÝćÖðäĉÖøĉ ĉ÷ć ‰ ñúñúĉêêćöìùþãĊ (Theoretical yield)
×. îĚĞćĀîĆÖ×ĂÜÿćøìĊęđĀúČĂĀúĆÜÿĉĚîÿčéðäĉÖĉøĉ÷ć (Al = 27.0, Fe = 55.8, O = 16.0) ðøĉöćè×ĂÜñúñúĉêìĊęĂćÝđÖĉé×ċĚîĕéšöćÖìĊęÿéč àċęÜÙĞćîüèĕéšÝćÖÿöÖćøđÙöĊìéĊę čúĒúšü

‰ ñúñúĉêĒìšÝøĉÜ (Actual yield)

ðøĉöćè×ĂÜñúñúĉêìĊęđÖĉé×ċĚîÝøĉÜ àċęÜüĆéĀøČĂßĆęÜĕéšÝćÖÖćøìéúĂÜ

ñúñúĉêÝøĉÜ
ñúñúĉêøšĂ÷úą (%yield) = u100
ñúñúĉêêćöìùþãĊ

35 36
êĆüĂ÷ŠćÜ đöČęĂîĞć C2H4 1.93 ÖøĆö öćđñćĕĀöšÖĆïĂĂÖàĉđÝîìĊęöćÖđÖĉîóĂ óïüŠćđÖĉé CO2 đÖĉé×ċĚî êĆüĂ÷ŠćÜ ÝÜĀćðøĉöćèñúñúĉêêćöìùþãĊ (ÖøĆö) ×ĂÜìĂÜĒéÜìĊęĕéšÝćÖÖćøĒ÷ÖÙĂðđðĂøŤ (I)
3.44 ÖøĆö ÝÜÙĞćîüèñúñúĉêøšĂ÷úą×ĂÜ CO2 îĊĚ (C = 12.0, H = 1.0, O = 16.0) àĆúĕôéŤ (Cu2S) 1590 ÖøĆö ðäĉÖĉøĉ÷ćìĊęđÖĉé×ċĚî ÙČĂ
C2H4 + 3O2 o 2CO2 + 2H2O Cu2S + O2 o 2Cu + SO2 (Cu = 63.5, S = 32.0, O = 16.0)
g 1.93 ëšćĔîÖćøìéúĂÜĕéšìĂÜĒéÜ 1200 ÖøĆö ÝÜÙĞćîüèñúñúĉêøšĂ÷úą×ĂÜìĂÜĒéÜîĊĚ (1270g, 94.5%)
Āć mol C2H4 ÝćÖ n = = = 0.0689 mol
MW 28.0
óĉÝćøèćÝćÖÿöÖćø C2H4 1 mol ÝąìĞćĔĀšđÖĉé CO2 đìŠćÖĆï 2 mol
? C2H4 0.0689 mol ÝąìĞćĔĀšđÖĉé CO2 đìŠćÖĆï 0.0689 u 2 = 0.138 mol
ÙĉéđðŨîîĚĞćĀîĆÖ×ĂÜ CO2 đìŠćÖĆï 0.138 mol u 44.0g/mol = 6.07 g
ñúñúĉêÝøĉÜ
ñúñúĉêøšĂ÷úą (%yield) = u100
ñúñúĉêêćöìùþãĊ
3.44
= u 100
6.07
= 56.7 % 37 38

ĒïïòřÖĀĆéìïìüîìšć÷ïì 5. ÖćøĔßš÷ĊÿêŤñúĉêĒĂúÖĂăĂúŤÝćÖîĚĞćêćú đðŨîĕðêćöÿöÖćø

C6H12O6 o 2C2H5OH + CO2 (C = 12.0, H = 1.0, O = 16.0)
1. ÿćøðøąÖĂïĂĂÖĕàéŤ×ĂÜĕîēêøđÝîßîĉéĀîċęÜ öĊĕîēêøđÝîđðŨîĂÜÙŤðøąÖĂï 30.4% ÝÜĀć ëšćĔßšîĚĞćêćú 500 g ÝąĕéšĒĂúÖĂăĂúŤÖÖĊę øĆö ĒúąĒÖŢÿÙćïĂîĕéĂĂÖĕàéŤÖĊęúĉêø ìĊę STP
ÿĎêøĂ÷ŠćÜÜŠć÷ĒúąÿĎêøēöđúÖčú×ĂÜÿćøîĊĚ ĀćÖöüúēöđúÖčú×ĂÜÿćøîĊĚöĊÙŠćđìŠćÖĆï 92.04
6. đĂìĉúĊîēïøĕöéŤ (C2H4Br2) ìĞćðäĉÖĉøĉ÷ćđñćĕĀöšÖĆïêąÖĆęü (Pb) éĆÜÿöÖćø
2. ÖøéôĂÿôĂøĉÖ (H3PO4) 0.05 ēöú (H = 1.0, O = 16.0, P = 31.0) C2H4Br2 + Pb + O2 o PbBr4 + CO2 + H2O
ƒ ðøąÖĂïéšü÷ÖøéôĂÿôĂøĉÖÖĊēę öđúÖčú
ëšćĔßš C2H4Br2 0.80 mol ìĞćðäĉÖĉøĉ÷ćÖĆï Pb 145.0 g ĒúąöĊĂĂÖàĉđÝîöćÖđÖĉîóĂ
ƒ ðøąÖĂïéšü÷ H, P Ēúą O Ă÷ŠćÜúąÖĊęĂąêĂö
ƒ ÿćøĔéđðŨîÿćøÖĞćĀîéðøĉöćè
ƒ öĊîĚĞćĀîĆÖÖĊęÖøĆö
ƒ öĊÿćøĔéđĀúČĂĒúąđĀúČĂÖĊÖę øĆö
3. ĕéĕîēêøđÝîđóîêąĂĂÖĕàéŤ (N2O5) 25.0 g öĊĂąêĂöĕîēêøđÝîÖĊęēöú ÖĊęĂąêĂö ĒúąÖĊęÖøĆö ƒ O2 ëĎÖĔßšĕðÖĊęēöú
ƒ öĊ CO2 đÖĉé×ċĚîÖĊęúêĉ ø STP
4. ÝÜéčúÿöÖćøêŠĂĕðîĊĚ ƒ ëšć PbBr4 ìĊęøüïøüöĕéšÝćÖÖćøìéúĂÜöĊđóĊ÷Ü 190.0 g ÝÜĀćñúñúĉêøšĂ÷úą×ĂÜÿćøîĊĚ
ƒ ZnS + HCl o ZnCl2 + H2S (C = 12.0, H = 1.0, O = 16.0, Pb = 207.0, Br = 79.9)
ƒ Na2S2O + I2 o NaI + Na2S4O6
ƒ C4H10 + O2 o CO2 + H2O
ƒ ZnS + O2 o ZnO + SO2 39 40