ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS IGCSE SEMESTER 1 FORM 3

TOPIC : INDICES AND SURD

NAME : _____________________________________ CLASS : ____________

A. LAW OF INDICES

1. a m ´ a n = a m+n 5. (ab )m = a mb m

2. a m ÷ a n = a m-n 6. a0 = 1

( a)
m
3. (a )
m n
=a mn
7. a n
= n
m

-m m
1 æaö æbö
4. a -m = 8. ç ÷ =ç ÷
am èbø èaø

1.0 PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE

a m ´ a n = a m+n a m ÷ a n = a m-n (a )m n
= a mn

1. a 3 ´ a 2 = a 3+ 2 = a 5 a 5 ÷ a = a 5-1 = a 4 (a ) 3 2
= a 3´2 = a 6

2. 2 3 ´ 2 4 = 2 3+ 4 a 3 ÷ a 5 = a 3- 5 = a (3 ) 2 4
= 3 2´4 = 3
=2 1
= 2
a

3. p 3 ´ p -5 = p 3+(-5 ) p -4 ÷ p 5 = p -4-5 (p ) -5 2
= p -5´2 = p
=p =p =
= =

4. 2k 3 ´ (2k ) = 2k 3 ´ 2 3 ´ k 3
3
(4a )2 ÷ 2a 5 = ÷ (3x ) 2 3
= 33 ´ x 2´3
= = =
=

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2.0 SIMPLIFY AND EVALUATE EACH OF THE FOLLOWING

4 3
1. 64 3 = 5. 2 -3 ´ 16 4 =

1 3 2 3
-
2. 8 3 ´ 16 2 = 6. 27 3 ÷ 16 2
=

3 1 1 2
-
3. 32 ÷ 16 =
5 4 7. 4 2 ´ 8 3
÷ 2 -3 =

4. (2 3
´ 2 -1 )
4
=
1

33 ´ 9 3
1

8. 2
=
27 3

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3.0 EXPRESS AND SIMPLIFY EACH OF THE FOLLOWING

4n n
1. = 5. 3 2 n -3
÷ 27 ´ 9 =
n 2
8

( )
2. 8 2 n
2
= 6. ( m) ´( m) ÷ ( m)
3
3
4
6
5
=

3. 2 n ´ 3 n ´ 6 n +1 = 4 2- p ´ 2 p +3
7. =
2p

4. 8 3n ´ 4 n + 2 ÷ 2 4 n -1 =
8. 2 k ´ 4 2 k +1 ´
1 k
2
( )
16 =

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4.0 SOLVE THE FOLLOWING (simple questions)

1. 2 x = 16 5. 2 2 x -1 = 1

2. 4 x = 32 6. 4 3 x - 8 x +1 = 0

3. 3 n - 9 = 0 7. 5 3 x - 2 = 1

4. 4 m =
1 ( )
8. 4 8 x - 1 = 0
32

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5.0 SOLVE THE FOLLOWING (moderate/hard questions)

( ) ( )
1. Show that 2 n +1 - 5 2 n + 4 2 n + 2 is divisible by 13.

( )
2. Show that 4 n + 3 4 n +1 - 2 2 n +1 is exactly divisible by 11.

3. If y = 3 x , express each of the following in terms of y.

(a) 3 x + 2 - 3 x -1 (b) 3 x + 4 + 9 x -1 - 27 x +1

2x
4. Show that 5 2 x +1
(
÷ 4 x +1
+2 2x
) æ5ö
=ç ÷ .
è2ø

5. Show that 4 is a factor of 5 x +3 - 5 x +1 .

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B. SURDS

A radical is any number which is written with the

WHAT IS SURD???? radical sign . A surd is a real, irrational radical

such as 2 and 3 . Surd is usually used in
solution to some quadratic equations.

1.0 IMPORTANT PROPERTIES OF SURDS

• is never negative, so

• is only real if

• for and

• for and

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1.1 WRITE AS A SIMPLE SURD

1. 2´ 3= 3. 3 2´2 2 =

18 6 ´ 10
2. = 4. =
2 12

1.2 WRITE IN THE FORM a b WHERE a AND b ARE INTEGERS AND a IS AS LARGE AS POSSIBLE

1. 8= 3. 96 =

2. 20 = 4. 54 =

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1.3 OPERATING WITH SURDS ( +, -, X )

1. 3 3 + 5 3 = ( )(
4. 6 + 3 1 + 2 3 = )

2. 2 2 - 5 2 = (
5. 5 - 2 )2
=

3. (
5 6- 5 = ) ( )(
6. 7 + 2 5 7 - 2 5 = )

1.4 RATIONALISING THE DENOMINATOR (÷)

b
For any fraction , we can remove the
a
a
surd by multiply by . It does not
a Expression such as a + b and a - b are
change its value. known as RADICAL CONJUGATE.

Ex: The radical conjugate of 3 - 2 is 3 + 2

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1.4.1 Write with an integer denominator

6 2
1. = 4. =
5 2- 2

35 -2 2
2. = 5. =
7 1- 2

5 10 - 7
3. = 6. =
3- 2 10 + 4

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1.5 ALGEBRAIC EXPANSION AND FACTORISATION

DON’T FORGET THIS!!!!!!

1.5.1 Expand and simplify

( )
1. x 2 x 3 + 2 x 2 - 1 = ( )(
3. 2 x + 3 2 x + 1 = )

2. x
æ 3
-
ç
1 1
- ö
1
x + 2 x - 3x 2 ÷ =
2
2
2
(
4. 7 x + 7 - x )
2
=
ç ÷
è ø

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 1.5.2 Factorize

1. 2 n +3 + 2 n = 3. 4 x - 9 =

2. 2 n +3 + 8 = 4. 9 x - 4 x =

1.5.3 Simplify

12 n 3n + 6 n
1. = 3. =
6n 3n

5 n +1 2 m +3 + 2 m
2. = 4. =
5n 9

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TUTORIALS/HOLIDAY TASKS : INDICES AND SURDS

1. Simplify :
a. (
5 3 4- 3 ) b. (6 - 5 2 ) 2

2. Write with integer denominator:

2 7 1
a. b. c.
3 5 4 7

3. Simplify :

a. 4 5
a b ´a b 2 2
b. 5
6 xy ÷ 9 x y 2 5
c.
( )
5 x2 y
2

(5x ) 2 2

4. Let f (x ) = 3 x
a. Write down the value of:
i. f (4 ) ii. f (- 1)

b. Find the value of k such that f (x + 2 ) = kf (x ), k ÎZ

5. Write without brackets or negative indices:

2(ab )
-2
a. x -2 ´ x -3 b. c. 2ab -2

6. Write as a single power of 3:

a.
27
9a
b. ( 3) 1- x
´ 91- 2 x

7. Evaluate:
2 2
-
a. 83 b. 27 3

8. Write without negative indices:

m 2 n -1
a. mn -2 b. (mn )-3 c. d. (4m n)
-1 2

p -2

9. Expand and simplify:

a. (3 - e ) x 2
b. ( x +2 )( x -2 ) c. (
2-x 22x + 2 x )
(
10. Find the positive solution of the equation 8 + 13 x 2 + 2 - 13 x - 1 = 0 .) ( )
Give your solution in the form x = a + b 13 , where a, b Î Q.

11. Solve for x :

1 1
a. 2 x -3 = b. 9 x = 27 2- 2 x c. e 2x =
32 e

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12. If f (x ) = 3 ´ 2 x , find the value of:
a. f (0 ) b. f (3) c. f (- 2 )

13. Simplify:
(
a. 7 + 2 3 5 - 3 3 )( ) b. (6 + 2 2 )(6 - 2 2 )
14. Rationalise the denominator:
1 11 8+ 2 4+5 5
a. b. c. d.
5- 3 7 -2 3- 2 6-3 5

15. Write each of the following in the form a ± b 2 where a, b Î Z + :

a. ( 2 -1 )
2
b.
2 -1
c.
1
d.
1
2 +1 ( 2 +1 ) 2
3+ 2 2
16. Simplify:

a. (a )7 3
b. pq 2 ´ p 3 q 4 c.
8ab 5
2a 4 b 4
17. Write the following as a power of 2:
a. 2 ´ 2 -4 b. 16 ÷ 2 -3 c. 84

18. Write the following without brackets:

4
æ 1 1ö
ç 2a 2 b 5 ÷
a. (2m ) 3 2
b.
æ - a3
ç
ö
÷
3

c.
(3x y ) 2 2
d.
ç
è
÷
ø
ç b ÷ 3x a
è ø

2 x +1
19. Simplify .
21- x

20. Write as powers of 5 in simplest form:

1
a. 1 b. 5 5 c. d. 25 a +3
4
5
21. Expand and simplify:
æ 1 öæ 1 ö
a. (
e x e-x + e x ) b. (2 x
+5 )
2
c. ç x 2 - 7 ÷ç x 2 + 7 ÷
ç ÷ç ÷
è øè ø

22. Solve for x :

x
a. b. æ1ö
6 ´ 2 x = 192 4 ´ ç ÷ = 324
è 3ø

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23. Solve for x without using a calculator:
x
x +1 æ1ö 25 x 5x 3 x + 2 271- 2 x
a. 4 =ç ÷ b. = c. = 2x
è8ø 5 x -3 125 x - 2 9 3- x 3

24. Suppose f (x ) = 2 - x +1
æ1ö
a. Find f ç ÷ b. Find a such that f (a ) = 3
è2ø

25. Solve the equation 32 4 x = 4 8 x + 6 .

26. Solve the equation 2 x + 4 - 2 x +3 = 1

1
27. Solve the equation 8 2 x -3 = .
4 x+2

( )
28. Given that 9 3 n -1 = 27 n , find the value of n .

29. Given that 3 n -3 ´ 27 n = 243 , find the value of n .

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30. Solve the equation 3 x + 2 + 3 x = .
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31. Solve the equation 2 3 x = 8 + 2 3 x -1 .

“ BILA KAMU TAK TAHAN LELAHNYA

BELAJAR, MAKA KAMU AKAN MENANGGUNG
PERITNYA KEBODOHAN ”


-Imam As-Syafie-

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