INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

19th CENTURY ART&ARCHITECTURE

1700

1800

1900

2000

2100
2017
Time line

The swift development of architectural technique and form in this century has
roots that go as far back as the 18th century.
 ▪ Transition started in manufacturing process in England,
from 1760 to 1840’s
▪ Hand labour to Mechanized ways- lead to Mass production

Pre-industrial society- Manufacture of goods in

small workshops, with machinery powered by
animals, wind, water or human labour

The Enlightenment

▪Enhanced the significance and the social status of every citizen

The commencement of the Industrial Revolution is closely linked to a small number of
innovations, made in the second half of the 18th century:

Textiles – Cotton spinning using Richard Arkwright's water frame, James Hargreaves's Spinning
Jenny, and Samuel Crompton's Spinning Mule (a combination of the Spinning Jenny and the
Water Frame) led to the erection of many cotton mills.

Steam power – The improved steam engine invented by James Watt and patented in 1775 was
initially mainly used for pumping out mines, but from the 1780s was applied to power machines.
This was the key power source for the revolution.

Iron founding – In the Iron industry, coke was finally applied to all stages of iron smelting,
replacing charcoal. This had been achieved much earlier for lead and copper as well as for
producing pig iron in a blast furnace, but the second stage in the production of bar iron
depended on the use of potting and stamping (for which a patent expired in 1786) or puddling
(patented by Henry Cort in 1783 and 1784).
James Hargreaves’s Spinning Jenny(1764)

Richard Arkwright’s Water Frame (1769)

James Watt’s Steam Engine (1790’s)

NEW INVENTIONS

The Steam Engine

Invented by James Watt in 1785, whose

production into newly built machine shop and
iron foundries engendered an appropriate type
of building.

Amos Beam Engine 1867

NEW INVENTIONS

The Railway

A meaningful symbol of the new age which in turn had

consequences for architecture - stations, bridges, tunnels.

Locomotive : 1813, Christopher Blackett

NEW INVENTIONS

The Steam Boat

An important means of
transportation which in turn had
consequences for mass migration
from across the globe.

Mississippi Steam boat in 1906 inspired by

Robert Fulton’s Clermont : 1807
OTHER NEW INVENTIONS

Rover Bicycle: 1888, John Kemp Starley

Daimler motorcycle : 1885, Gottlieb Daimler

OTHER NEW INVENTIONS

Motorwagen : 1888, Carl Benz

Quadricycle : 1896,
Henry Ford
OTHER NEW INVENTIONS

Thomas Alva Edison

Bell demonstration of the telephone : 1876

Alexander Graham Bell

OTHER NEW INVENTIONS

Spinning Jenny

Steam power cotton weaving machine :

1850’s
OTHER NEW INVENTIONS

Kodak Pocket Camera :

1895, George Eastman
Wallpaper printing
machine

Steam engine power supply : 1876,

George Corliss for Machinery Hall -
Philadelphia Centennial Exhibition
OTHER NEW INVENTIONS

Singer sewing machine :1870

First Singer sewing machine :

1851

First Remington Remington Typewriter No

Typewriter : 1874 10: 1907
OTHER NEW INVENTIONS

Toilet Bowl catalog : 1898

IMPACTS OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

▪ Redefined the distribution of population-

URBANISATION
MASS MIGRATION

The possibility of travel brought about

the migration of population from the
countryside to big cities and from
nation to nation.

Streets of New York City - Mid 1800

▪ New modes of transport
▪ Altered built environment
Living conditions varied from the palatial complexes
to squalors.
Worker class lived in very small houses in cramped
streets with shared toilet facilities, with open sewers
and contaminated water supply. Diseases were spread
due to unhygienic conditions.
▪ Exploration of new building materials- cast iron, steel & glass..
New techniques for construction – various form, massing,
were tried out using larger spans.

First cast iron bridge was built across the Severn

River in Coalbrookdale, England
Pontcysyllte Aqueduct Eiffel tower 1889, in Paris
Thomas Telford & William Jessop 1795-1805 by Gustave Eiffel.
Iron, wood, glass

The aqueduct is built on one strata of rock, each pier being constructed of
local stone and rising to a height of 116ft (35m). The support piers are
tapered, measuring 27ft (8m) in width at the bottom and 17ft (5m) at the top.
19 cast iron arches, each with a 45ft (13.6m) span support the bridgework.
Mortar used in the construction comprised of lime, water and Oxen blood
Influence of New material and techniques
As the compressive strength of Cast iron (10 tons per square inch) was 72 times of
that of limestone(20 tons per square foot), buildings with larger spans were made.

Truss were used to make bridges including cantilever bridges consisting of truss
complexes balanced on supporting piers.

Suspension bridges were another variable of steel bridges, on which roads were
suspended from steel cables.
Forth Bridge in Edinburgh Brooklyn bridge
New york
St. Pancras Station, London,
 Crystal Palace, London, 1851

Iron was used for skeletal as well as façade

treatment.

Milan Galleria, Italy, 1877

WORLD EXPOSITION

Great exhibitions, since their birth in London’s Hyde Park in 1851, have
served repeatedly as testing grounds for new architectural ideas .

Joseph Paxton’s Crystal Palace soon became the model for other
experiment in iron and glass.

The Crystal Palace was designed by Joseph Paxton for

the Great Exhibition of 1851, held in Hyde Park,
London. It was afterwards re-erected on Sydenham Hill,
where it stood until accidentally destroyed by fire in
1936.
WORLD EXPOSITION - Crystal Palace

Its iron frame was prefabricated in sections

and its glass panels, set into wooden sash-
bar, were of standard 4 feet lengths. In
1851, it was the largest building ever
constructed, with an area of 770,000 sq.ft.

Opening Ceremony by Queen Victoria

WORLD EXPOSITION - Crystal Palace

Facade

Floor Plan
 WORLD EXPOSITION - Crystal Palace

Main
Nave

Transcept

Transcept with fountain

WORLD EXPOSITION - Crystal Palace

Closing Ceremony
Centhall

Foreign
WORLD EXPOSITION - Centennial Exhibition 1876

Centennial Exhibition 1876,

Philadelphia, United States
WORLD EXPOSITION - Paris World Exhibition 1889

Paris World Exhibition 1889

Paris World Exhibition 1889 :

Machine Hall,
Charles Dutert (architect) &
Victor Contamin (engineer).

Eiffel Tower, Paris:Gustave Eiffel

IRON, STEEL, GLASS &CONCRETE

▪New materials were increasingly used. Cast Iron, an essentially brittle

material, is approximately four times as resistant to compression as stone.
▪Structures consisting of metal columns and girders no longer needed
walls for their statics. This marked the onset of the most significant
technological revolution in architectural history.
▪Solid structures could be replaced by skeleton structures, making it possible
to erect buildings of almost unrestricted height and width very quickly,
using prefabricated elements.
▪Wrought Iron, which is forty times as resistant to tension and bending as
stone, is only four times heavier. It can be form and molded into any shape.
▪Glass can be manufacture in larger sizes and volumes.
▪Francois Hennebique developed the reinforced concrete construction,
particularly in overcoming the weakness which existed in previous reinforced
concrete structures.
SOCIAL EFFECTS

In terms of social structure, the Industrial Revolution

witnessed the triumph of a middle class of industrialists
and businessmen over a landed class of nobility and
gentry.

Ordinary working people found increased opportunities

for employment in the new mills and factories, but these
were often under strict working conditions with long
hours of labour dominated by a pace set by machines.

However, harsh working conditions were prevalent long

before the Industrial Revolution took place. Pre-
industrial society was very static and often cruel - child
labour, dirty living conditions and long working hours
were just as prevalent before the Industrial Revolution
SOCIAL EFFECTS

Women taking a break in between long working hours City environment and living condition
very bad
SOCIAL EFFECTS

The Industrial Revolution concentrated

labour into mills, factories and mines,
thus facilitating the organisation of
combinations or trade unions to help
advance the interests of working people.

The power of a union could demand better terms by withdrawing all labour and causing a
consequent cessation of production. Employers had to decide between giving in to the
union demands at a cost to themselves or suffer the cost of the lost production.
The main method the unions used to effect change was strike action. Many strikes were
painful events for both sides, the unions and the management. In England, the Combination
Act forbade workers to form any kind of trade union from 1799 until its repeal in 1824. Even
after this, unions were still severely restricted.
SOCIAL EFFECTS

Strike action

Eventually effective political organisation for working people

was achieved through the trades unions who, after the
extensions of the franchise in 1867 and 1885, began to
support socialist political parties that later merged to became
the British Labour Party.