9

NOT

Science
Quarter 2

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

0
 Science 9 Quarter 2- Module 1
Quantum Mechanical Model of an Atom

Lesson 1: Electrons and Energy Level

What’s New
Striking display of fireworks is done all over the world during
New Year’s Eve. Have you observed the different colors of light
emitted by this fireworks? Do you know what is responsible for this
array of colors? Would you believe that this is due to the
arrangement of electrons within the atoms? Excited to discover
more about the atom? Let’s go…
Firework effects are produced by the combustion of explosive
Photo illustrated by: Donnie Ray Obina
materials present in fireworks. These explosive materials are also
called metal salts. Metal salts emit characteristic color of light when heated as shown in the Table 1.
Table 1. Color emitted of some metal salts and its element responsible for its color.
Metal salts Element giving color Color of flame
Sodium Nitrate (NaNO3) Sodium (Na) Yellow
Barium Chloride (BaCl2) Barium (Ba) green
Barium Nitrate (Na2NO3) Barium (Ba) green
Calcium Chloride (Ca2Cl) Calcium (Ca) Orange
Copper Chloride (CuCl) Copper (Cu) Blue
Lithium Carbonate (Li2CO3) Lithium (Li) red
Analyze the information given in the table 1 and answer Q1 and Q2.

Q1. What can you conclude about the elements and the color of flame produced?
Q2. If sodium nitrate is change to another salt of sodium, ex. Sodium chloride (table
salt), do you think the color of the flame would be the same or different? Why

What Is It
Each color of light has a specific wavelength. Among the visible light, red light has the
longest wavelength and has the lowest energy. Violet light has the shortest wavelength and
has the highest energy.

When compounds of different elements are heated

over a flame, it comes to a point where the hot gaseous
atom begins to emit light of a definite color. Analysis of
light given off by the vapors of elements can be done
more precisely with an instrument called spectroscope.
With the use of spectroscope, one can detect a series of
narrow lines or line spectrum on the light given off by an
element. The spectral lines suggest different energy
levels in an atom.

How did Neils Bohr explain the spectral

lines of an element shown in the spectroscope?
Each line in the atomic spectra of elements Atomic emission spectra
suggest definite energy transformations within Photo illustrated by: Donnie Ray Obina

1
 the atom. Bohr stated that electrons are moving
around the nucleus in circular path or orbit at
definite distances from the nucleus. This is
similar to the planets revolving around the sun.
Electrons in each orbit have definite energy.
This energy increases as the distance of the
orbit from the nucleus increases. These orbits
are also known as “shells” or “energy levels”
and are assigned each a number: n=1, n=2,
n=3, etc. or letters (K, L, M, N, O, etc. ). As long
as the electron stays in its given orbit, there is
no absorption or emission of energy. If the
electron received extra energy, it can jump into
a higher energy level, this is also called excited
state. The electron in the excited state can
return to its original lower energy level or
ground state by releasing discreet amount of
energy in the form of light.
Bohr’s atomic model can only describe atomic spectrum of an atom having only one electron
like that of hydrogen. An Austrian physicist, Erwin Schrodinger together with Werner Heisenberg and
Louis de Broglie made a refinement of Bohr’s atomic model. Schrödinger used mathematical
equations to describe the possibility of finding an electron in a certain location this model is known as
the quantum mechanical model of the atom.
Based on the quantum mechanical model, it would be impossible to plot a definite path or orbit
for the moving electrons. At least, we can only guess the most probable location of the electron in a
given instant to be within a certain volume or region of space surrounding the nucleus. An atomic
orbital is the region around the nucleus where the electron is most likely to be found. The atomic
orbital serves as the “house” of the electron. It can accommodate a maximum of 2 electrons. Aside
from the main energy levels and atomic orbitals, there are also energy sublevels as shown by the
finer lines in the atomic emission spectra of elements.

What’s More
This atomic model presented by Bohr is comparable to a staircase
as shown on the figure below. When you walk up or down the stairs your
feet must hit the steps not on the empty space between each steps,
otherwise you will be in trouble until you hit another step. The higher you
climb the stairs; the more energy you need. Similarly, the electrons can
only stay in a definite energy level and not on the space between energy
Photo illustrated by: levels. The further the energy level from the nucleus the higher the energy.
Donnie Ray Obina

Activity 1. Refer to the illustration above to answer the questions below.

1. Similar with the electron, what does the man require to climb up the stairs?
2. When going up the stairs, is it possible to reach the top instantly? (represent man as
electron when explaining)
3. What happens to a person attempting to step on the next level with insufficient
energy? (represent man as electron when explaining)
4. Can electrons occupy any space between energy levels?
Activity 2. Complete the table.
Main Energy Number and Number of kind of atomic Maximum
Levels (n) kind of atomic orbital orbitals number of
sublevels electrons)
1 (K) 1 (s) 1 1s 2
1s 3p
2 (L) 2 ( s and p) 4 8

3
 3 (M) 3 (s, p, and d) 1s 3p 5d
9
4 (N) 4 (s, p, d, and f) 16 1s 3 p 5d 7f 32

5 (O) 5 (s, p, d, f, and g) 25 50

1s 3p 5d
7f 9g 11h
7 (Q) 98

What I Have Learned

1. Illustrate the atomic model of the given elements.

e e

e
e

e
Carbon (C) atom has 6 electrons Magnesium (Mg) atom has12 electrons

Beryllium (Be) atom has 4 electrons Chlorine (Cl) atom has 17 electrons

What I Can do
Luksong tinik is one of our traditional games which
originated in Cabanatuan city. Why do players move farther from
the barrier (tinik) as the height increases before jumping?

Photo illustrated by: Donnie Ray Obina

 Lesson 2: Electron Configuration
Tracking down the location of a given electron in an atom is similar to tracking where
a person lives. To find this person you need to know his complete home address: City,
Barangay, and house number. These corresponds to energy levels, sublevels, and atomic
orbitals in an atom.
In order to track where all the electrons in an atom are, chemists use notation called
electron configuration. This electron configuration is the most stable arrangement in which the
electrons have the lowest energy. An example of electron configuration is 1s22s22p6 for neon
atom. Do you know how this electron configuration is obtained? You will find out in this lesson.

Table 1: Distribution of electrons in the atomic orbitals of the first 10 elements.

Electron
atomic orbitals
Elements Configuration
1s 2s 2px 2py 2pz 3s 3px 3py 3pz
H1 ↑ 1s1
He2 ↑↓ 1s2
Li3 ↑↓ ↑ 1s22s1
Be4 ↑↓ ↑↓ 1s22s2
B5 ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ 1s22s22p1
C6 ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ ↑ 1s22s22p2
N7 ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ ↑ ↑ 1s22s22p3
O8 ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ ↑ 1s22s22p4
F9 ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ 1s22s22p5
Ne10 ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ 1s22s22p6

Q1. Do you see any pattern in the electron configuration of the elements?
Q2. What are these pattern?

What Is It
In the electron configuration of 1s2, 1 refers to the
main energy level occupied by the electron, s denotes
the kind of orbital and the superscript 2 for the number of
electrons in the orbital. The main energy level also tells
as the number of sublevels and the name of the sublevel
is also the same with the name of the orbital.
Three rules are applied in deriving the electron configuration. These are Aufbau’s
Principle, Pauli’s Exclusion Principle, and Hund’s rule of multiplicity.

1. Aufbau’s Principle is also known as the “building-up” principle, states that electron's
occupy orbitals in order of increasing energy. It follows this mnemonic in filling up
the orbital:
Example:
Write the electron configuration of
1. Li-3
Li-3: 1s2 2s1
2. Na-11
Na-11: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1

2. Pauli’s Exclusion Principle

- Electrons occupying the same orbital must have opposite spin ↑↓.
Example:
1. Consider the electron configuration of Lithium: 1s2 2s1
Orbital diagram:

not
1s 2s 1s 2s
2. Consider the electron configuration of Sodium: 1s 2s 2p 3s1
2 2 6

Orbital diagram:

1s 2s 2px 2py 2pz 3s

3. Hund’s rule of Multiplicity
When electrons enter a sublevel with more than one orbital, they will spread out to
the available orbitals with the same spin before pairing.

Example: Consider the electron configuration of Nitrogen: 1s2 2s2 2p3 Orbital diagram:

N-7:

1s 2s 2px 2py 2pz

What’s More
Write the electron configuration of the elements and show the orbital diagram using
the Hund’s Rule and Pauli’s Principle.
Elements Orbital Diagram Electron Configuration
↑↓ ↑↓
Be4 1s 2s 1s2 2s2

Mg12
Al13
Si14
P15

What I Have Learned

1. Which statement is NOT correct for an atom with an electron configuration of
1s22s22p63s23p5?
A. It has 17 electrons
B. It has 3 main energy levels.
C. The 3p orbitals are completely field.
D. The s orbitals are completely filled.
 2. Which electron configuration below is
correct? A. 1s22s22p53s23p6
B. 1s22p63s23p3
C.1s22s23s22p64
D.1s22s22p63s24
3. Write the electron configuration of Ca20 and show its orbital diagram.
Elements Orbital Diagram Electron Configuration

Ca20

What I Can Do
Suppose you are eating your favorite snack. What are the
elements present in your snack? List five (5) elements present
in your snack and make an element card with electron
configuration. Use short bond paper and cut into four for your
card. Sample element card:

Summary
• Bohr’s atomic model describes the atom like a solar system, where the electron is found
only in specific circular paths, or orbits around the nucleus. Electrons in each orbit has
fixed energy.
• An electron can jump to a higher energy level by gaining energy and returns to a lower
energy level by releasing energy in the form of light.
• The Bohr model was later replaced by a model of the atom that showed that electrons are
not limited to fixed orbits around the nucleus.
• Schrodinger formulated a mathematical equation that describes the behavior of the
electron. The solution to the equation is used to calculate the probability of finding
the electron at a particular region in space around the nucleus called atomic orbital.
• The quantum mechanical model of the atom describes the atom as having a nucleus at the
center around which the electrons move. This model describes a region in space where
the electron is most likely to be found.
• The distribution of electrons in the different atomic orbitals is called electron configuration.
Assessment
A. Multiple Choice: Select the letter of the best answer from among the given choices.
1. Which statement below supports the Bohr’s model of the atom?
A. The model accounted for the absorption spectra of atoms but not for
the emission spectra.
B. The model was accounted for describing the electron to be moving in
definite orbits around the nucleus.
C. The model was based on the wave properties of the electron.
D. The model accounted for the emission spectra of atoms, but not for
the absorption spectra.
2. Which orbital designation has the highest energy?
A. 2p B. 3p C.3d D. 4s
3. What happens when an electron jumps from higher to lower energy level?
A. colored light is given off C. another electron goes from a low energy level to a high one
B. the atom becomes excited D. this process is not possible
 4. Who among the scientist does not contribute to the development of the
quantum mechanical model of the atom?
A. Werner Karl Heisenberg B. Louie de Broglie
C. Erwin Schrodinger D. Neils Bohr
5. How many electrons can each p orbital hold?
A. 1 B. 2 C. 4 D.6
B. Shown here are the orbital configurations for the elements named. Each configuration
is incorrect in some way. Identify the error in each and write the correct configuration.
6. Aluminum-13 : 1s2 2s2 2p 2 2p 2 2p 2 3s2 3d 1
x y z 1
7. Chlorine-17 : 1s2 2s2 2p 2 2p 2 2p 2 3s2 3p 2 3p 2 4s1
x y z x y
8. Neon-10 : 1s2 2s2 2p 2 2p 2 2p 1
3s1
x y z
9. Potassium-19 : 1s2 2s2 2p 2 2p 2 2p 2 3s2 3p 2 3p 2 3p 2 3d 1

10. Nitrogen-7 : 1s2x 2s2 2p

y
2
2p 1

Science 9 Quarter 2- Module 2

FORMATION OF AN IONIC BOND AND COVALENT BOND

Lesson 1: Ionic Bond

What’s New
We usually encountered thousands of
compounds in our day - to - day activities.
Others look different and others look the same.
But do not be fooled by their physical
appearance. If you consider chemical and
other physical characteristics, they are different
substances. Consider sugar and salt as our
example. If you throw or accidentally dropped
few grains of sugar into a flame or hot surfaces,
it just melts with a distinct odor, turned brown and eventually http://finedininglovers.cdn.crosscast-
system.com/ImageAlbum/26161/original_Making-
turned into a black substance. caramel.jpg

On the other hand, if this happened to a few grains of salt, the salt produced somewhat a cracking
sound and you could even see it jumping on the hot surface or above the flame and give a distinct odor and
color.

https://media.buzzle.com/media/images-en/photos/education/chemistry/chemical-compounds/1200-17034274-sodium-chloride.jpg
https://www.angelo.edu/faculty/kboudrea/molecule_gallery/element078_platinum/flame_sodium_02.jpg

This could be best explained by looking at how the particles of these substances are linked together.
The nature of how the component elements are bonded together will give support to the observations
mentioned previously. These characteristics will be discussed separately
What Is It
Let us consider again a very familiar substance, salt. Salt is made up of elements sodium (Na)
and chlorine (Cl). Look at the periodic table below.

Sodium is a reactive metal found at the left part of the periodic table and chlorine, a reactive non-
metal found at the right part of the periodic table. Do you know to what family do the most reactive metals
and the most reactive nonmetals belong? Yes, sodium falls under family 1 or IA in the old classification
and chlorine in family 17 or VIIA in the old classification. When these two reactive atoms combined, salt
will be formed, and it is an example of an ionic compound. But how this ionic substance was formed?
Metals contain loosely held electrons that can be easily dislodged, which means these
electrons are easily removed from metals, like sodium atom.
- electron
Na Na +

So how do these loosely held electrons function in the bonding formation? Where will these
electrons go after being kicked off from a metal? Chlorine atom on the other hand is capable of accepting
electrons and accommodate it on its shell.
+ electron
Cl Cl –
 On the other hand, those elements capable of accepting electrons also require certain amount of
energy for them to accommodate the said electrons in their shell, this is known as electron affinity.
Before we will discuss the formation of the ionic bond, let’s consider first the information given on
the table below. This will give us some precautionary measure in illustrating the formation of an ionic
bond.
Family or Group IA (1) IIA (2) IIIA (3) IVA (4) VA (15) VIA (16) VIIIA (17)

Covalency number 1 2 3 4 3 2 1

Oxidation number 1+ 2+ 3+ 4+ to 4 - 3- 2- 1-

Covalency number refers to how many bonds an atom can have when it forms a compound, while
oxidation number refers to the charge of an atom when it lose or gain electrons and become an ion.

Now, look at your periodic table. What are the elements in family 1 or IA? These are Li, Na, K, Rb,
Cs, and Fr. What are their covalency number and charge? From the table given, each element has a
covalency number of 1 which means, they can only have 1 bond, and an oxidation number of 1+. How
can we account for the charge, 1+? This indicates that each element can give up only one electron, and
that explains why sodium has a 1+ charge.

How about the elements in family 4? They have a covalency number of 4, that means, they can
form 4 bonds only, a good example is C atom, which will be discussed separately, but, what is that 4- to
4+? What is the meaning of this value range? These values will tell us that C can have a charge of 4 -
up to 4+, depending on the type of compounds or ions it will form.
Elements in family 17 or VIIA can carry a charge of 1- . What does it mean? This means that the
elements of this family can accept one (1) electron. This explains why chlorine carries a charge of 1 -.

Another important table is the electronegativity table. The values in this table will give us an idea
of how to determine the type of bond will be formed by the combining atoms, would it be ionic or covalent.
Covalent bonding will be discussed in the next lesson.

Electronegativity Table

https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/courses-images-archive-read-only/wp-content/uploads/sites/887/2015/04/23211347/CNX_Chem_07_02_ENTable1.jpg
 The last table is the Lewis Electron Dot Structure (LEDS) of the different elements. The table
gives us the elements’ symbols surrounded by dots representing the valence electrons or the outermost
electrons, which are responsible for the combining capacity of the elements. The dots also tell us to what
family each element belong. So, it is expected that the family number is equal to the valence electrons of
the element. When the atom gained or lost electron/s, they tend to have the configuration of the elements
in the noble gas that has eight electrons, known as OCTET (except for the element He, which has 2
electrons or DUET).

https://www.chemistrylearner.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Germanium-Lewis-Dot-Structure.jpg

So, ready for the ionic bonding formation? Let’s start! Consider again salt. The combination of
sodium (Na) atom, from Family 1 and chlorine atom (Cl) from family 17.

The electronic configuration of sodium is 1s2 2s2 2p63s1, while that of chlorine atom is 1s2 2s2 2p6
3s23p5. Na is a metal, a very reactive metal in family one, and it is capable of losing an electron. How
many electrons? 1 electron. It will become an ion with a charge of 1+. Chlorine on the other hand is a very
reactive nonmetallic element, a gaseous element, and is capable of accepting or gaining one (1) electron.
How many? 1 electron, making an ion with a 1- charge. From the definition of an ionic bond, these two
charge particles will be attracting each other (called electrostatic attraction) to form a compound sodium
chloride. The best way to understand this is to have an illustration.

First, using the electronic configuration; second, using the orbital notation, and third, using the
Lewis Electron Dot Structure (LEDS)

A. Electronic configuration:
 Note that the charges become subscript and eventually removed because these
numbers are the same.

C. Lewis Electron Dot Structure (LEDS)

 Since the electronegativity difference is less than 1.9, then the bond formed could
not be classified as ionic. The value tells us that the energy is not enough to achieve the
complete transfer of electrons from Al to Bromine. (This is justifiable the fact that Al is not as
reactive as Li or sodium. It is under family 13 or IIIA family). So, the bond formed between them
is definitely covalent, and this will be discussed in the next lesson.
What I Have Learned
Activity1
Illustrate the bonding formation of the following combination of elements, use the three ways
of illustrating the ionic bonding formation: a) electronic configuration b) Orbital notation, and c)
Lewis Electron Dot Structure (LEDS).
1) Li and F
a) Electronic configuration:
b) Orbital Notation
c) LEDS
2) Be and O
a) Electronic configuration:
b) Orbital Notation
c) LEDS

Q1: What kind of elements usually form ionic bonds?

Q2: How do ionic bonds form between atoms?

What I Can Do
Answer as directed.
1) Why it is necessary for an atom to loss or gain an electron?
2) Why do we have to consider the covalency number and the oxidation number of the
atom in the construction of the ionic bond?
3) How does a noble gas configuration help in the concept of bonding formation?

Lesson 2: Covalent Bond

What’s New
At room temperature, sodium chloride (NaCl) is a crystalline solid. It has a very high melting point
while water (H2O) is a liquid that has a low melting and boiling points. They differ in the way they form
bonds. Sodium chloride is an ionic compound while water is a covalent compound. Covalent
compounds are combinations of two non-metals. A covalent bond is formed by the sharing of electrons
between two atoms with identical or relatively close electronegativity values.
Table l. Covalent Bond Type

Bond Type Electronegativity value

Polar Covalent Bond 0.5 to 1.9

Non-polar Covalent Bond 0 to 0.4

There are two types of covalent bonds. Polar covalent bond if the electronegativity difference is
0.5 to 1.9. If the electronegativity difference is 0 to 0.4 that is a non-polar covalent bond. Atoms could
also form single, double or triple covalent bond.
1. A single bond is formed when only one pair of the electron is shared between the two participating
atoms. It is represented by one dash (-). Although this form of covalent bond has a smaller density
and is weaker than a double and triple bond, it is the most stable.

• For Example, HCl molecule has one Hydrogen atom with one valence electron and one Chlorine
atom with seven valence electrons. In this case, a single bond is formed between hydrogen and
chlorine by sharing one electron.

2. A double bond is formed when two pairs of electrons are shared between the two participating
atoms. It is represented by two dashes (=). Double covalent bonds are much stronger than a single
bond, but they are less stable.

• For Example, Carbon dioxide CO2 molecule has one carbon atom with four valence electrons and
two oxygen atoms with six valence electrons. Each oxygen atom shares its two electrons with
carbon and theref ore there are two double bonds in CO2.

CO2 Molecule with Double bond

3. A triple bond is formed when three pairs of electrons are shared between the two participating
atoms. Triple covalent bonds are represented by three dashes (≡) and are the least stable types
of covalent bonds.

• For Example, in the formation of a nitrogen molecule, each nitrogen atoms having five valence
electrons provides three electrons to form three electron pairs for sharing. Thus, a triple bond is
formed between the two nitrogen atoms.

What Is It
As we know that the group number of the representative elements in the periodic table represents
the valence electron in the outer shell, likewise it is also the same with the number of dots. The
covalency number represents the number of bonds formed by the atoms. Refer to the previous table.
Example: show the covalent bond of oxygen gas (O2)

Activity 1.

A. Using Lewis Dots Structure, illustrate the bonding formation of the following
covalent compounds:
1. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)
2. Sulfur trioxide (SO3)
3. Ammonia (NH3) ____
4. Methane (CH4) ____
5. Hydrogen chloride (HCl) ________
14
What I Have Learned
Activity 2.
Complete the table below: Show the sharing of electrons given the chemical formula then
identify the type of bond as polar or non-polar covalent bond.
Chemical Lewis structure/sharing of electrons Type of bond Polar or non-
Formula polar
H2O

BF3
Cl2
NH3
CH4

Q1. What kind of elements usually forms covalent bond?

Q2. How do the covalent bonds form between atoms?

What I Can Do
You have learned that covalent bonds result from sharing of electrons in order to attain stable
configuration like noble gases and covalent compound is formed.

Activity 2.

Q.1 Why do atoms combine? Justify your answer.

Q2. Why is it that diatomic molecule such as N2, Cl2, and O2 always form nonpolar covalent
bonding?
Q3. How would you differentiate polar and nonpolar based on its electronegativity difference?
Q4. Apply to the real situation, why stability important? How do people become stable?

Summary
▪ Atoms combine to have stability. This could be achieved by either losing or gaining an
electron.
▪ By losing or gaining electron or electrons, the atom takes the electronic configuration of a
noble gas, in which the outermost configurations or the outermost s and p configurations
are being filled up, having a total of 8 electrons.
▪ In forming an ionic bond, there is a total or net transfer of electron or electrons from a very
reactive metal to a very reactive nonmetal.
▪ Lewis symbol is composed of the symbol of the element and dots which represent the
number of valence electrons of an atom that can easily be determined through the group/
family number in the Periodic Table of Elements.
▪ Covalent bond involves the sharing of electrons that results in the formation of a covalent
compound.
▪ Covalent bonds may be polar and nonpolar.
▪ Diatomic molecules always form nonpolar covalent compounds such as O2, N2, H2, F2, and
Cl2.

15
Assessment:
I. Multiple Choice. Choose the letter that corresponds to the correct answer.
1) How many bonds can Sr atom form?
a. 5 b. 4 c. 3 d. 2
2) How many electrons must an N atom accept to gain stability?
a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5
3) Which of the following statements best describes the formation of KF?
a) potassium must accept 1 electron from chlorine.
b) Fluorine must gain 3 electrons from Potassium.
c) Fluorine must accept 1 electron from Potassium.
d) Potassium must gain 2 electrons from chlorine.
4) Aluminum ion has a formula of, Al3+, it indicates that Aluminum can:
a) Lost 2 electrons c) Lost 3 electrons
b) Gain 2 electrons d) Gain 5 electrons
5) Sulfide has the formula S2-, this means that sulfur can gain two electrons from
a) Lithium c) Magnessium
b) Chlorine d) Helium
 Science 9 Quarter 2- Module 3
Properties of Ionic and Covalent Compounds
What’s New

Can you guess from the pictures given which is table sugar and which is salt? How are you going to
identify which substance is sugar and which is salt?
There is a wide variety of compounds and most of these looked physically the same as white sugar
and iodized table salt. It would be easier to determine these two substances by tasting, but this method
of identifying substances does not apply to other compounds as some can be toxic.
There are two common types of compounds based on their chemical bonding characteristics – Ionic
Compounds and Covalent Compounds.

What Is It?

To determine if an element is a metal, non-metal, or metalloid one should refer to their location in the
periodic table. Figure 3 shows the location of these three types of elements. The pink colors are the
metals, the blue ones are nonmetals and the green elements are the metalloids. As you can see, most
elements are metals and placed on the left side of the periodic table except for Hydrogen. On the right
side are the nonmetals separated by a stair-like barrier of elements which are the metalloids or semi-metals
The Ionic Compounds
 Have you seen these rocks and minerals around? Try to collect a sample of rocks with crystals and
compare their similarities and differences, you may refer it to the pictures above as examples.
What I Have Learned
The following statements are the properties of ionic and covalent molecular compounds.
Write RED if the property is an ionic compound, and BLUE if the property is a covalent molecular
compound
1) Formed between nonmetallic elements
2) formed between a metal and a nonmetal element
3) held by ionic bonds
4) held by covalent bonds
5) Relatively low melting and boiling points
6) Relatively high melting and boiling points
7) Good conductors of electricity in aqueous solutions
8) Insulators in solid form
9) Hard and brittle
10) Soft and flexible
11) Can be classified as polar and nonpolar
12) Consists of Cations and anions
13)There is a complete transfer of electrons from one atom to another
14) There is sharing of valence electrons between atom
15) Flammable because of the presence of carbon and hydrogen atoms

Summary

• There are two common types of compounds based on their chemical bonding characteristics; these
are ionic compounds and covalent molecular compounds.
• Ionic compounds are formed between a metal and a nonmetal.
• The atoms in an ionic compound are held together by ionic bonds, in which there is a complete
transfer of electron from one atom to another.
• The physical properties of ionic compounds are as follows:
o They form crystals.
o They have high melting and boiling points.
o They are hard and brittle.
o They are good conductors of electricity when in aqueous solutions.
• Covalent Molecular Compounds are formed from the chemical combination of two or more nonmetals.
It could also be between a metalloid and a nonmetal.
• The atoms in a covalent compound are held together by covalent bonds, in which the electrons are
shared between the atoms.
• The following are the properties of covalent molecular compounds:
o They have low melting and boiling points.
o Most of their solids are soft and flexible.
o They are flammable.
o With few exceptions to the rule in covalent bonding, they form network solids like those of
diamonds.
• They are not conductors of electricity.
• They can be polar and nonpolar molecules.
• Electronegativity is the ability of the atom to attract electrons. During covalent bonding some compounds
do not have the same electronegativity values in their bonded atoms, creating an unequal sharing of
electrons between atoms. The resulting compound is a polar covalent compound or polar molecule.
• When there is an equal sharing of electron between two atoms, the compound is said to nonpolar
covalent compounds.
Assessment:
Multiple Choice: Read the statements carefully. Choose the letter of your answer.
__ 1. It is the tendency of an atom to attract electrons
a. Polarity c. Chemical Bonding
b. Ionic Bonding d. Electronegativity

________ 2. What accounts for the polarity of compounds?

a. It is a result of the uneven partial charge distribution between various atoms in a
compound.
b. The structure of covalent compounds is unique that’s why they can be polar and
nonpolar.
c. The strength between covalent bonding causes molecules to have polar and nonpolar
characteristics
d. Due to some exception, the sharing of electrons between atoms in covalent compounds
results in a stable balance of attractive and repulsive forces between atoms.
_______3. Which of the following explains the flammability of covalent molecular compounds?
a. Molecules easily react with heat-producing flames.
b. They contain carbon and hydrogen atoms that react readily with oxygen gas.
c. Covalent molecular compounds share their electrons forming polar and nonpolar bonds.
d. Because they generally have low melting and boiling points and the addition of a small
amount of energy causes intermolecular attraction to break.
4. Which of the following compounds is covalent?
a. Sodium Hydroxide c. Barium chloride
b. Table sugar d. table salt

5. Which of the following example is ionic in nature?

a. CO2 b. H2O c. NaCl d. C12H22O11
6. Which type of compound results from the combination of metal and non
metal elements?
a. Ionic compounds c. Organic compounds
b. Covalent molecular compounds d. Acids and Bases
7. Which type of compounds results from the combination of two nonmetallic
elements?
a. Ionic compounds c. Organic compounds
b. Covalent molecular compounds d. Acids and Bases
8. These are electrostatic forces of attraction that results from the complete
transfer of electrons from one atom to another.
a. Covalent bonds c. Metallic Bonds
b. Ionic bonds d. Polar and Nonpolar Bonds
______9. All of the following describes ionic compounds except:
a. They form crystals.
b. They are hard and brittle.
c. They have high melting and boiling points
d. It possesses polar and nonpolar characteristics.
10. Why are ionic compounds good conductors of electricity?
a. Ionic compounds are electrical
b. The strong electrostatic attraction between ions allows electricity to flow freely
c. Aqueous solutions of ionic compounds cause ions to dissociate and are free
to conduct electricity.
d. Strong electrostatic attraction between crystal lattice of ionic compounds is
strong which needs high temperature to melt or boil these compounds.
 Science 9 Quarter 2- Module 4
Properties of Metals

What’s New

Elements are divided into three groups –metals, non-metals, and metalloids. Looking at the periodic
table you will see a heavy zigzag line. The elements on the left side are metals except hydrogen while
those on the right are non-metals. Some elements do not belong to either group. They are called
metalloids. They are found next to the stairstep having either both the properties of metals and
non-metals.
Dmitri Mendeleev revealed a pattern when he arranged the elements based on their properties. He
noticed that the pattern was periodic. Each column represents a group based on the number of electrons
in the outer energy level or valence configuration. In particular, metals can be distinguished from non-
metals and metalloids based on their chemical and physical properties. Their location in the periodic table
tells you more about the kind of elements and how they can possibly be used.
 Furthermore, metals belonging to the same group share common characteristics.
The alkali metals (Group IA) except hydrogen are very reactive that they have to be stored under
a substance like kerosene in which they become inert. They are fairly soft metals and can be cut with a
knife. They have low densities, in fact sodium (Na), potassium (K), and Lithium (Li) have lower densities
compared to water. Most of their compounds are soluble in water.
The alkaline earth metals (Group 2A) except Beryllium tarnish readily in air. They react with
oxygen and water in the air but not as fast as the alkali metals. They are commonly used to make alloys.
Groups of transition metals are found in periods 4 through 7 between groups 2A and 13 in the
periodic table. Most of the metals belonging to this group are shiny, easy to shape, hard and strong, except
for mercury. This is what you usually think when you think of metals.
Some transition metals could also be classifiedas noble metals. They are found as pure metals,
very nonreactive, and don’t corrode easily. These make them ideal for jewellery and coins. Noble metals
include copper, palladium, silver, platinum, and gold.
Others are considered poor metals because theyare fairly soft, and most are not used very much
on their own. They become so useful when added to other substances. Poor metals include aluminum,
gallium, tin, thallium, antimony, and bismuth.
The elements found at the bottom of the periodic table that are seemingly detached from it, and
are divided into two rows of elements are called inner transition metals.The inner transition metals are
not that common compared to the other group of metals. Actinides are synthetic while, lanthanides
mostly occur in nature.
What Is It

Most metals are malleable and ductile but the amount of force needed to reshape or flatten a
metal varies. For example, thin sheets of lead can be readily bent into shape using your hands, while iron
requires heating and hammering. Metals can easily be formed into different shapes without breaking
because the layers within the lattice structure are able to slide over each other due to the free floating
electrons and non-directional nature of metallic bond.
 You haven’t seen a wire made of plastic or wood. This is because these materials are not capable
of conducting electricity. Materials in which electric current cannot pass through are called insulators.
Hence, the flow of electric charge is not possible. Metals are electrically conductive due to the highly
mobile electrons which can transmit or transfer electrical charges.

Most of the cooking wares at home are metals. Metals conduct

heat more readily than any materials. The delocalized valence electrons
acquire heat faster and transfer heat to its neighboring electrons and
cations.

Aside from these, metals are lustrous which means that they have shiny
appearance due to light reflected off by delocalised electrons.The electrons can
move freely causing any light incident to get reflected back.

Lastly, almost all metals except mercury are solids with high melting points. This is related to the
strength of metallic bond due to the attraction between electrons and cations. High amount of energy is
needed to overcome the bond strength which is generally high in metals. This is also directly related to
some of the properties such as hardness and tensile strength of metals.

Chemical Properties of Metals

You are living near the beach. You noticed that some parts of your house are tarnishing with a
reddish-brown colored substance. What do you think happened to these parts? What causes them to rust?

https://www.pexels.com/photo/arrow-bali-beach-direction-1654688/

Aside from the physical properties, metals also have chemical properties. They react with other
substances leading to some changes in their composition.
Remember, metals form positive ions arranged in a lattice structure by losing their electrons. This
means that metals are electropositive elements. Metals undergo chemical reactions due to its electropositive
character.
Almost all metals except the noble metals like gold and silver react with oxygen to form basic or metal
oxides. Metals vary in terms of reactivity. They combine with oxygen at different temperature and intensities.
For example, sodium (Na) metal is always kept immersed in kerosene because it reacts so vigorously with
oxygen present in air that it catches fire.
 Some metals will undergo chemical change on their own or with other elements and release energy.
They cannot be found in pure form and are hard to separate from the minerals they are found in. Sodium
and potassium are the most reactive metals. They react violently with air and water. Potassium ignites when
it comes in contact with water. Not all metals react with water at equal intensity. There are metals that are
very reactive in cold water while some in hot water or steam.For example, magnesium reacts mildly with
water but vigorously with steam while zinc and iron react mildly with steam. Copper, gold and silver do not
react with water at all.They react with water to produce metal oxide (or metal hydroxide) and hydrogen gas.
In addition, metals react with dilute acid to form salts and hydrogen gas. Sodium and magnesium
react with dilute hydrochloric acid to form their salts.
Moreover, metals that are highly reactive are more prone to chemical destruction or corrosion. This
is primarily due to the reaction between oxygen and metals. For example, iron and steel have serious
corrosion problems if not treated and prevented.

What’s More
Part I. Identify whether the property is intensive or extensive.
1. Mass
2. Boiling point
3. Color
4. Volume
5. Density

Part II. Identify whether the property is either physical or chemical.

1. Malleability
2. Corrosiveness
3. Thermal Conductivity
4. Reactivity
5. Ductility
6. Oxidation
7. Electrical Conductivity
8. Luster
9. Melting Point
10. Formation of hydroxides

What’s New
Metals offer a variety of uses in everyday life. They have interesting physical and chemical
properties which make our lives easier. Their properties can be combined by mixing two or more of them
together resulting to a substance known as alloys. They are mixtures of metals with other metals or
nonmetals. It gives the product a more desirable property like increased tensile strength, hardness and
lower melting points. Mixing them together offers more advantages since their physical and chemical
properties are enhanced.
You probably see metals wherever you may go. But, did you know that 90% of these metals are
alloys? You just learned that alloys are metal solutions which means that various metals and other
elements are melted together to improve their properties.

What Is It
You have learned that some metals are highly reactive and can easily be destroyed by
surrounding gases and moisture. Metals are allowed to enhance their physical, chemical, and mechanical
properties because they don’t have exactly the right properties needed for certain purposes.
The atomic arrangement in metals makes it easier to make alloys. Keep in mind that electrons
are not localized or in fixed position which means that the electrons can move easily from one atom to
another. So, the atoms can just slide past each other. When metals react together, the atoms normally
just mix into a lattice structure forming metallic bond having no fixed proportion and with random
distribution.

Types of Alloys
Interstitial alloys are alloys where atoms of the added element occupy spaces (interstices)
between atoms in the lattice, rather than displace atoms of the main metal. The atoms of the interstitial
element are much smaller than the atoms of the main metal. While substitutional alloys are alloys
where atoms of the added element substitute atoms of the main metal in the lattice. The atoms of the
substitutional element are of a similar size to atoms of the main metal.
Interstitial Alloy Substitutional Alloy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alloy_Substitutional.svg
What I Have Learned
 Activity 2: Iron or Steel?
Objective: To investigate and describe how the superior properties of alloys make them
suitable for certain situations
Procedure: Review the table below. Answer the questions that follow.

Metal Description Properties Uses

Iron -Element -Density: 7.8 g/cm3 -Make alloys
-with atomic number 26 -Melting point: 1538 oC -Vital to plant and
(Fe) -the fourth most abundant -Very reactive animal life; it carries
element in the Earth’s crust
-Rapidly corrodes oxygen
-Hard
-Brittle
Steel -Alloy (mixture) -Density: 7.9 g/cm3 -to make bridges
Composed of mostly iron, -Melting point: 1510 oC -to make buildings
magnesium, silicon and -Non-corrosive in most (skyscrapers)
carbon environments
-High strength
Non-brittle

Q1. How do the properties of iron change once it is alloyed?

Q2. Why do engineers prefer the use of steel over pure iron in building bridges?

Summary
● An element is a substance made up of the same kind of atom that cannot be broken down
into simpler parts.
● Elements are divided into three groups –metals, non-metals, and metalloids.
● Around 80% of these elements are metals.
● The elements on the left side are metals except hydrogen while those on the right are non-metals.
Some elements do not belong to either group. They are called metalloids.
● Their location in the periodic table tells you more about the kind of elements and how they can
possibly be used.
● The groupings of elements based on similarities in their properties is important in
determining their uses.
● The properties of matter can either be extensive or intensive and either physical or chemical.
● Metals have similar physical and chemical properties because they have a common atomic
arrangement.
● In metals the outermost electrons are free to move between atoms forming the so- called “sea
of electrons” or sea of delocalized electrons. The metal ions are arranged in a lattice structure
surrounded by these electrons.
● The structure is held by strong forces of attraction between positively charged metal ions and
negatively charged valence electrons known as metallic bonding.
● Metals can easily be formed into different shapes without breaking (malleability and ductility)
because the layers within the lattice structure are able to slide over each other due to the
free floating electrons and non-directional nature of metallic bond.
● Metals are electrically conductive due to the highly mobile electrons which can transmit or transfer
electrical charges.
● Metals conduct heat more readily than any materials. The delocalized valence electrons acquire heat
faster and transfer heat to its neighboring electrons and cations.
● Metals are lustrous which means that they have shiny appearance due to light reflected off by delocalized
electrons.
● Almost all metals are solids with high melting points. This is related to the strength of metallic bond due
to the attraction between electrons and cations.
● Metals undergo chemical reactions due to its electropositive character.
● Metals vary in terms of reactivity. Almost all metals except the noble metals like gold and silver react with
oxygen to form basic or metal oxides.
● They react with water to produce metal oxide (or metal hydroxide) and hydrogen gas.
● Metals that are highly reactive are more prone to chemical destruction or corrosion.
● Their properties can be combined by mixing two or more of them together resulting to a substance known
as alloys.
● Mixing them together offers more advantages since their physical and chemical properties are enhanced.

Assessment
Multiple Choice: Read the statements carefully. Choose the BEST answer.
1. Which of the following statements best describes metallic bonding?
A. Metal transfers or donates its electron to a non-metal forming an
ionic compound.
B. Non-metals share electrons to become stable forming a compound
whose representative particle is a molecule.
C. Strong forces of attraction between positively charged metal ions and
negatively charged valence electrons.
D. Bond between two atoms where the electrons forming the bond are
unequally distributed.
2. What do you call the outermost electrons that are free to move between atoms
in metals?
A Cloud of electrons C. Sea of electrons
B. Electro positivity D. Electron configuration
3. These are properties that can be measured and observed without changing
the substance’s chemical composition or identity.
A. Intensive properties C. Extensive properties
B. Chemical properties D. Physical properties
4. Most metals are malleable. What do you mean by this?
A. They are strong and hard.
B. They are solids at room temperature.
C. They can be shaped without breaking or cracking.
D. They will turn into another element over time.
5. It is the ability of the material to carry electric current.
A. Thermal conductivity C. Malleability
B. Ductility D. Electrical conductivity
6. Which of the following statement is TRUE about metals?
A. Metals do not produce sound when hit with an object.
B. Mercury metal is liquid at room temperature.
C. Metals have low densities
D. Metals cannot be converted into thin sheets.
7. Why is aluminum used for making cooking utensils?
A. It is good conductor of heat. B. It is sonorous. C. It is malleable D. It is ductile.
8. What best explains why metals are good electrical conductors?
 A. Their atoms are loosely packed and able to move freely
B. Metal atoms form a long lines that allows little movement
C. Metal ions form a lattice surrounded by a “sea” of free electrons
D. Their atoms are held together by strong electrostatic attraction between
anions and cations
9. Which of the following groups of three metals is arranged in order of
increasing chemical reactivity?
A. Potassium, iron, lead C. Zinc, calcium, silver
B. Gold, tin, sodium D. Lithium, silver, gold
10. Which of the following metals is used in making airplanes?
A. Iron B. Copper C. Zinc D. Aluminum

Science 9 Quarter 2- Module 5

Formation of Ions
Lesson 1: Cations and Anions

What’s New

You may have heard about your mother telling you to drink oral rehydration salts when you are
experiencing diarrhea to replenish the ions your body may have lost. Have you ever wondered what
the things that your body may have lost? Or what are these oral rehydration salts contain that prevent
you from being dehydrated every time you are having a severe case of diarrhea?
You may have also seen some electronic gadgets that shows Li-ion on their battery packs. What
does Li-ion mean?
Ions are atoms that carry either a positive or a negative charge. These charges are a result of the
atom losing or gaining electrons.
Below are boxes that contain symbols. Check those boxes that contain ions.

Na+ Cl- S2- F2+ K+3

You would have probably checked all five boxes above but did you now that elements have their
tendencies of whether to carry a positive or a negative charge?
We have what we know as the general tendencies of atoms. Sodium ion (Na+), chlorine ion
(Cl-) and sulfide ion (S2-) are all carrying their correct charges. Fluorine (F) cannot carry a 2+ charge since
it is more likely to gain an electron, hence fluorine will have a 1- charge when ionized. Potassium (K) on
the other hand cannot carry a 3+ charge since it belongs to group 1 and has 1 valence electron, hence, it
can only lose an electron and will have a 1+ charge when ionized.

What Is It
Consider
the following part
of the periodic
table:
 Q1. Which of the above elements are metals, non-metals and noble gases? Identify them.
Q2. Which number will give you an idea on the number of valence electron that an
atom has?
Q3. What do you observe of the number of valence electron of metals, non-metals
and noble gases?
Q4. What can you say of the electronegativity values of metals, nonmetals and noble gases?
Q5. How can you describe the ionization energy values of metals, nonmetals and
noble gases?
The valence electrons are the electrons found in the outermost shell of an atom. These
are the electrons that are lost or gained in the process of forming ions. The valence electron of an
atom is reflected in its group number. Hence, carbon which belongs to Group 4A has four valence
electrons.
Electronegativity is the ability of an atom to attract electrons. The higher the
electronegativity value of an atom, the higher is its ability to attract electrons. In period 2 of the
periodic table, fluorine is located at the rightmost part of the row, hence,
fluorine has the highest electronegativity value and it is the atom that is most likely to attract
electrons, thus, it has the highest tendency to gain electrons and become negatively- charged.
Generally, non-metals are the ones that tend to gain electrons and become negatively-charged
ions. They are called anions.
Ionization energy is the energy required to pull or remove electrons from an atom. The
lower the ionization energy value of an atom, the easier it is to remove an electron from such an
atom. In period 2 of the periodic table, lithium is located in the leftmost part of the row and is the
element having the lowest ionization energy, thus, it has the highest tendency to lose electrons
and become positively-charged. Generally, metals are the ones that tend to lose electrons and
become positively-charged ions. They are called cations.
To illustrate the above atoms from their neutral state to their ionized state, we make use
of the Bohr model of an atom.

What I Have Learned

Using the Bohr model, illustrate the neutral and ionized states of sodium and chlorine atoms.

neutral state of a Sodium atom ionized state of Sodium

neutral state of a Chlorine atom ionized state of Chlorine

What I Can Do
Write a pretend dialogue between a calcium atom and an oxygen atom where they talk
about their experience in becoming a cation and anion respectively.

Lesson 2: Ions and Charges

What’s New
How well you remembered your periodic table? Label the numbered parts of the periodic table.

What are the information you can get from your periodic table? The periodic table provides
us an enormous information about the elements. Several scientists have presented various
system in arranging elements in the periodic table. The elements in the periodic table are arranged
according to increasing atomic number. The rows are called periods and the columns are called
group which is numbered 1 and 2 respectively. Group number in the periodic table gives us the
number of valence electron in its outermost energy shell. Noble gases elements are stable
elements, which numbered 3 above. What is the possible reason for calling those elements noble?
It means they don’t have to loss or gain electrons in order to satisfy the octet rule. The elements
with a lighter shade of grey are the metallic elements.
What are the characteristic of these elements? They have the tendency to loss electrons
in order to be stable. These elements are most stable when giving out their electrons in their
outermost shell. The elements in number 5 are most likely to gain electrons since they lack 1 or 2
electrons in order to attain stability.
What Is It

Based from the periodic table. Determine the group number of the elements enumerated below.
1. Na 6. B
2. F 7. N
3. P. 8. Be
4. Ba 9. Ra
5. C 10. S

The group number in the periodic table gives the number of electron in its outermost shell or the
valence shell, thus it is called as the valence electron. The valence electron gives us the number of
electron that an atom may loss or gain. An atom that losses or gains electron will become positively or
negatively charged and becomes an ion. For example, Li belongs to group 1 it means it can loss or gain
1 electron.
Use the periodic table above to give the valence electron of the given atom:

What I Have Learned

Supply what is ask in each column. The 1st number is done for you.

Name of Symbol Group Number of Ion formula

Element number valence
electron
Bromine Br 7 7 Br-
Nitrogen
Aluminum
Barium
Copper
Strontium
Iodine
Magnesium
Fluorine
Sulfur
 Summary
• Atoms are electrically neutral. It means they contain the same number of protons
and electrons.
• Atoms like to be stable. They feel stable when their outermost shell has
eight electrons.
• The Octet rule states that atoms tend to have eight electrons in its outermost shel
• Valence electron are electrons in the outermost energy shell of an atom. That
is directly involved in any chemical activity.
• The group number in the periodic table gives us the number of valence electron.
• Ions are atoms that loss or gain electrons.
• Anions are negatively charged ions because they have more electrons than protons.
• Cations are positively charged ions because they have more protons than electrons.

Assessment

Multiple Choice: Read each question carefully. Choose the BEST answer.
1. What sub-atomic particle is mainly involved in the formation of ions?
a. electrons b. neutrons c. protons d. all of them
2. Potassium belongs to group IA in the periodic table.
Potassium is most likely to
a. gain an electron c. either gain or lose an electron
b. lose an electron d. neither gain nor lose an electron
3. Which of the following atoms is most likely to become a cation?
a. argon b. bromine c. calcium d. iodine
4. Which atom is most likely to form a 1- ion?
a. Ag b. I c. P 4. S
5.What are the general characteristic of metal?
a. losing valence electrons.
b. gaining valence electrons.
c. sharing valence electrons.
d. sometimes gaining and sometimes losing valence electrons.
6. How many valence electrons does an atom of any element in
Group 7A have?
a. 2 b. 4 c. 7 d. 8
7. Calcium belongs to Group IIA. What will be the charge of
calcium when it becomes an ion?
a. 2+ b. 6+ c. 2- d. 6-
8. An atom carries a 2+ charge. What can you say about the atom?
a. The atom gained two electrons.
b. The atom lost two electrons.
c. The atom either lost or gained two electrons.
d. The atom neither lost nor gained two electrons.
9. What happens when Fe3+ ion is formed?
a. an atom of iron loses three electrons
b. an atom of iron loses three protons.
c. an atom of iron gains three electrons.
d. an atom of iron gains three electrons
10. What happens to metals in Groups 5A, 6A, and 7A when they
form ions?
a. lose electrons
b. form positively charged ions.
c. form ions with charges of 3-, 2-, and 1-, respectively.
d. form ions with a numerical charge equal to their group number.
 Science 9 Quarter 2- Module 6
Carbon Compounds
Lesson 1: Carbon and It’s Bond

What’s New
A. Describe your observations from the following pictures below:
1. Burning of salt and sugar (http://www.mcutter.com/nat/experiment626/)

2. A traditional cooking setup (https://cybernag.files.wordpress.com/2018/05/three-stone-stove.png)

B. Show the Lewis symbol of the following atoms: (Sci 9 LRM, 2014, pp 115)
Element Family or Group Lewis Symbol

1. Lithium 1 Li ▪
2. Fluorine
3. Oxygen
4. Nitrogen
5. Carbon
6. Hydrogen

C. Identify the type of Covalent Bonds (Sci9 LRM, 2014, pp122)

Type of Covalent
Chemical Lewis
Compound Bond
Formula Structure
(polar / nonpolar)
1. Water
2. Methane
3. Ethane
4. Methanol

What Is It
The compounds which contain carbon forms with H, N, O, and few other elements are usually
called organic compounds. All these are obtained from plants and animals and their changed remains
like coal and petroleum. Sugars, starches, oils, and proteins are examples of carbon compounds obtained
from plants and animals. While hydrocarbons, such as hexane and benzene, are examples of carbon
compound obtained from coal and petroleum.
Organic compounds have low thermal stability and usually decompose,
easily char, and burn when heated. Thus, organic compounds have lower melting
points and boiling points due to its weaker bonds -which is the covalent bond.
Salt (NaCl) is classified as inorganic compound that has a higher melting
point as compared to sugar (C12H22O11). Sugar easily melts in the presence of
flame or fire and eventually changes into black color. This is an evidence that
organic compound has a weaker bond, its chemical properties changes like the
color, odor, and taste.

Lewis Structure of Carbons and Hydrogens

The only distinguishable characteristic of organic compounds is that all contain the element
carbon. Carbon is the most common element present in all biodegradable materials. Carbon has a unique
ability to bond together, may form a long chains and rings.
The ground-state electron configuration (lowest-energy arrangement) of an atom is a description
of the orbitals that the atom’s electrons occupy. The Carbon (6C12) atom with electron configuration of 1s2
2s2 2p2 has four (4) electrons on its valence shell (outer shell). While hydrogen (1H) with electron
configuration of 1s1has one (1) valence electron.
G.N. Lewis in 1916 proposed a shared-electron bond and now called a Covalent Bond. The
carbon bonded to other atoms, not by losing nor gaining, instead, by sharing its electrons.

The four (4) valence electrons of carbon represent the 4 dots

of carbon in its Lewis structure:
So, with one dot for hydrogen atom:

A stable molecule results when a valence octet of electrons (Octet Rule) has been achieved for
all

atoms in a molecule, as shown below:

Carbon has 4 valence electrons that can form a

maximum of four covalent bonds. Bonds are usually
represented by a short, straight line connecting the atoms, with
each bond representing a shared pair of electrons.

What’s More
Illustrate the Lewis and Kekule (Line) structure of the following molecules. The first one has
been done for you.
 What I Have Learned
Sentence Completion/Word Pool. Pick your answers from the given word pool.

Cue words:

Carbon four (4) Octet three (3) Covalent

multiple Organic Diamond pi-bond sharing

as element is present in sample like charcoal, paper and even in a precious stone
like .

compounds are carbon compounds which properties depend on the number of bonds
formed. The bonds found in organic or carbon molecules are formed by
of electron pairs between atoms. The primary bond that holds between carbon atoms is
sigma bond, while the multiple bond (double or triple) formed by .
Atoms with four (4) or more valence electrons like carbon form as many bonds as they need
electrons to fill their valence shells and thereby reach a stable .

It is important to always count the number of bonds of each particular atom. Carbon should have
bonds. Hydrogen has only one (1) bond, oxygen with two (2) bonds, nitrogen could have
bonds, and only one (1) bond for halogens.

Carbon, oxygen and nitrogen, with more than one bond, could possible formed
bond (double or triple bond).

Lesson 2: Saturated and Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

What’s New
In your everyday activities, you may have come across articles or items that you find very
useful and make daily living comfortable. In this lesson, hydrocarbons will be further discussed and
it is hoped that appreciation will be one of the end realizations elicited from you.

What Is It
SATURATED HYDROCARBONS: Alkanes
Alkanes, whose general formula is CnH2n+2, also called paraffin (meaning, ‘low affinity’), are
hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds. They are classified as saturated hydrocarbons (with
all carbon atoms linked by single bonds). Therefore, for an alkane with five (5) carbon atoms, the
formula would be C5H12. The simplest alkane is methane, CH4, a major component of natural gas
and is used for some heating in cold countries.
 Table 1 show you the hydrocarbons’ names and their corresponding molecular structure,
expanded and condensed structural formulas, which are very important in understanding their
individual makeup and differences. Study the table thoroughly and answer the succeeding guide
question.
Table 1. Alkanes

Guide Question:
1. In the table above, the names of the alkanes are written using a system that tells us the exact
number of carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon compound. How is this method done? On the
succeeding table, please write down your observation by providing the added group of words
(affix) for each hydrocarbon compound name. The first one has been done for you.

# of carbon atoms Compound Name Affix

1 methane Meth-
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS: Alkenes and Alkynes
Alkenes, also called olefins, are unsaturated hydrocarbons containing one or more
double bonds (C=C). As a result, it contains less hydrogen atoms bonded to the carbon atoms
and follows the general formula: CnH2nin an alkene, the formula of a three-carbon atom with
one double bond then would be C3H6. Ethene is the simplest alkene with the chemical formula,
C2H4 a plant hormone that plays important roles in seed germination and ripening of fruits.

Alkynes, containing one or more triple

bonds, (C≡C) have the general formula of CnH2n-2.
The simplest alkyne, a highly reactive molecule
used in oxyacetylene torches is acetylene or
ethyne, C2H2.

SELF-CHECK: Classify the following compounds as alkene or alkyne based on the given structure.

1. CH3CH = CHCH3
2. HC Ξ C - CH3
3. H2C = CH - CH3
4. H3C - CH2 - C Ξ C - CH3

The table below shows the physical properties of each hydrocarbon in terms of its phase,
boiling point and melting point. Observe the changes of the properties as the number of carbon
atoms (Recall Table 1) in the hydrocarbon compound increases.
Table 2. Physical Properties of Hydrocarbons
 Guide Questions:
1. Examine the data in Table 2 and identify the trends (increasing or decreasing) of the
properties of the three (3) hydrocarbon groups with regard to the number of carbon atoms.
Write your observations below.
a. Alkanes
Phase:
Boiling Point Trend:
Melting Point Trend: _
b. Alkenes
Phase:
Boiling Point Trend:
Melting Point Trend:
c. Alkynes
Phase: _
Boiling Point Trend:
Melting Point Trend:

What I Have Learned

Complete the concept map below by providing the missing terms. Choose from the word pool below
 What I Can Do
Let’s Investigate!
In your daily activities, you usually encounter common products containing hydrocarbon
compounds at home or anywhere. Classify the corresponding pictures to the class of hydrocarbon
it belongs to.

Complete the table by writing the name of the product on the first column and then classify the
product as to the kind of hydrocarbon group it belongs to by checking the appropriate column.

Products Alkane Alkene Alkyne

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Summary
Carbon atom is a unique kind of element that has four (4) valence electrons, which enables it
to form four covalent bonds with atoms of other elements and other carbon atoms.
The simplest and most commonly encountered class of carbon compounds are the
hydrocarbons. These are classified into two groups based on their structure: the saturated carbon-
hydrogen compounds known as alkanes that indicate a single bond between the carbon-carbon
atoms; and the unsaturated hydrocarbons which are further classified into
alkenes and alkynes.
Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons with a double bond present between one of the carbon-
carbon atoms (C=C) in the compound while alkynes contain a triple bond (C≡C) between the
carbon atoms.
The type of bonds present in the compound affects the physical properties of the
hydrocarbons. The increasing number of carbons in the compound indicates a high boiling point
as it exists in a liquid state; on the other hand, as the number of carbon atoms decreases in the
compound with the presence of a double or triple bond, the boiling point decreases as its phase
changes to gaseous form.
Long chained hydrocarbons are polymers and many of them occur naturally. Other polymers
are synthetic. This means that they are produced in labs or factories. Synthetic polymers are
created in synthesis reactions in which monomers bond together to form much larger compounds.
Plastics are examples of synthetic polymers. The plastic items in Figure below are all made of
polythene (also called polyethylene). They consist of repeating monomers of ethene (C2H4).3

Assessment
Multiple Choice: Choose the best answer.
1) Carbon atom forms how many bonds?
a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4
 2) To which element can carbon bond?
a. H b. N c. O d. all of these
3) An organic (carbon molecule) bond represents ?
a. a transfer of protons c. a pair of shared electrons
b. a transfer of electrons d. a pair of shared protons
4) Most organic compounds have boiling and melting point as compared to inorganic compound.
a. higher c. constant
b. lower d. varied
5) Which of the following pairs is highly flammable?
a. gasoline; acetone c. oil; vinegar
b. water; ethanol d. LPG; kerosene
6) Princess wants to remove her nail polish. What must she use?
a. gasoline c. ethanol
b. vinegar d. acetone

7) Which alkane would likely to have a very low boiling point?

a. butane b. hexane c. pentane d. propane
8) What is the common use of methane?
a. disinfectant c. fertilizer
b. artificial ripening agent d. fuel

Science 9 Quarter 2- Module 7

Mole Concept
Lesson 1: Mole Concept
What’s New

Have you ever try to count every granule of rice in your kitchen? 0r even sell a chicken eggs
individually? Not that easy right? The above pictures show how hard to count small things in this world.

• Pair, 2 (dice, people) • Gross, 144 (pencils, straws, etc.)

• Dozen, 12 (eggs, donuts, etc.) • Ream, 500 (paper)
• Score, 20 (Gettysburg Address) • Gig or Giga, 1 billion (GigaByte)
• Century, 100 (years)
Can we measure or handle a dozen, gross, or Giga of atoms?
To figure out the countless things in this world we used MOLE. Did you know that one ream
of paper is 500 pieces of it? Not so. Another one, pair of shoes is 2 pieces of same shoes. This is
a techniques used in order to easily understood and visualize the things in real life.
Matching Type: Match Column A (measuring units) to Column B (equivalent number).

Column A Column B
1. 1 dozen of eggs a. 2
2. 1 gross of leaves b. 20
 3. 1 ream of bond paper c. 144
4. 1 pair of slippers d. 24
5. 1 quire of writing paper e. 500
6. 1 score of peanut seeds f. 12

What Is It
The mole concept is a convenient method of expressing the amount of a substance. Any
measurement can be broken down into two parts – the numerical magnitude and the units that the
magnitude is expressed in. For example, when the mass of a ball is measured to be 2 kilograms,
the magnitude is ‘2’ and the unit is ‘kilogram’. When dealing with particles at an atomic (or
molecular) level, even one gram of a pure element is known to contain a huge number of atoms.
This is where the mole concept is widely used. It primarily focuses on the unit known as a ‘mole’,
which is a count of a very large number of particles.
Reminders:

✓ Mole is the SI unit used to measure the amount of substance whose number of
particles is the same as the number of atoms of carbon in exactly 12g of Carbon-12
✓ Avogadro’s number is the number of representative particles in a mole
(6.02x1023)
✓ Atom is the smallest particle of an element
✓ Moles can be used to count “representative particles:” atoms, molecules, ions, and
formula units.
✓ The representative particle of an ionic compound is the formula unit.
✓ The representative particle of a covalent compound is the molecule.
✓ The representative particle of an element is the atom.

The number 6.02214076 x 1023 is popularly known as the Avogadro constant or Avogadro’s
number and is often denoted by the symbol ‘NA’. The elementary entities that can be represented
in moles can be atoms, molecules, monoatomic/polyatomic ions, and other particles (such as
electrons).
For example, one mole of a pure carbon-12 (12C) sample will have a mass of exactly 12
grams and will contain 6.02214076 x 1023 (NA) number of 12C atoms. The number of moles of a
substance in a given pure sample can be represented by the following formula:
n = N/NA
Where n is the number of moles of the substance (or elementary entity), N is the total
number of elementary entities in the sample, and NA is the Avogadro constant.
Note:
The word “mole” was introduced around the year 1896 by the German
chemist Wilhelm Ostwald, who derived the term from the Latin word
moles meaning a ‘heap’ or ‘pile.

Illustration:
To visualize the concept here is a mole of popcorn
seeds compared to the salt cube:

The number of moles of a molecule may not always be equal to the number of
moles of its constituent elements. For example, a mole of water contains NA number of H2O
molecules. However, each water molecule contains 2 hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.
Therefore, one mole of H2O contains 2 moles of hydrogen and one mole of oxygen.
 Sample Problem:
How many molecules are there in 4.0 moles NaCl (Table Salt)? To
answer this question, you have to consider this:

1 mole = 6.02 x 1023 particles

Using the dimensional analysis approach, you will be able to convert the number of
moles to its equivalent amount in the number of particles.

4.0 moles NaCl (table Salt) x6.02 x 1023 molecules of NaCl = 1 2.41 x 1024 molecules NaCl
mole NaCl

What I Have Learned

Provide the missing word/s to complete the correct
statements. Information:
• When you buy eggs you usually ask for a eggs. You know that one dozen of
any item is .
• Paper is not packaged by the dozen. Paper is packaged by a ream. A ream of paper
has 500 sheets. Why is it useful to use units like a dozen or a ream?
• What determines how many items should make up a particular unit?
• If you were asked to design a new unit to count something, what would you consider
when choosing how many items should be included in your new counting unit?

Lesson 2: Molar Mass

What’s New
Activity 1
Consider a part of the Periodic Table below. Try to locate the elements and identify their
atomic mass and complete the given table below.

H He
1.0
0
Li Be B C N O F 19. Ne
6.9 9.01 10. 12. 14. 16. 00 20.1
4 81 01 00 00 8
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
22. 9.01 26. 28. 30. 32. 35. 39.9
98 98 08 97 06 45 5
K Ca S Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
39. 40.0 c
10 8

NAME SYMBOL MASS (g)

Example: Boron B 10.81
1. Carbon C
2. Sodium Na
3. Potassium K
What Is It
It would be helpful in teaching this topic if you going to unlock difficulties through the definition of
some terminologies such as atomic mass and molar mass.
Atomic and Molecular Mass
The atomic mass of an element is the mass of one atom of the element expressed in atomic
mass units (amu). It accounts for the abundance of the various isotopes of the element and assigns
an average value to the mass of one atom of the element.For example, the atomic mass of carbon
is 12.011 atomic mass units since carbon samples generally contain 98.89% of the carbon-12
isotope, 1.11% of carbon-13, and trace amounts of carbon-14.However, the atomic masses of
these isotopes are different.
The atomic mass of a carbon-12 atom is 12 atomic mass units, but that of a carbon- 13
atom is 13 amu. The atomic mass of an element is roughly equal to the sum of all the protons and
neutrons present in its nucleus.
The molecular mass of an element is the sum of the atomic masses of all its constituent
elements. This quantity is also represented in terms of atomic mass units. Therefore, the molecular
mass of water is equal to the sum of the atomic masses of its constituents – hydrogen and oxygen.
The atomic mass of hydrogen is 1.00794 amu and that of oxygen is 15.9994. Since water
molecules contain 2 hydrogen atoms and only one oxygen atom, the molecular mass of H2O is
18.0154 amu.

Molar Mass
The molar mass of a substance is defined as the total mass of one mole of the substance.
It is often represented in terms of ‘grams per mole’ (g/mol). However, the SI unit of this quantity is
kg/mol. Molar mass can be represented by the following formula:

Molar mass of a Substance = (Mass of the Substance in grams)/(Number of Moles)

For example, the molar mass of water is approximately 18.015 g/mol, which is the mass of NA
number of water molecules.

Before we proceed, answer the following activity seriously using the given periodic
table.
Practice 1:

Element name Mole Molar mass Grams (g)

Sodium 1 or 6.02 x 10 23
Hydrogen 1 or 6.02 x 10 23

Steps to follow to calculate for the molar mass:

1. Identify the elements in the compound.

2. Determine the number of atoms of each element.

3. Write the atomic mass of each element.

 4. Multiply the atomic mass with the number of atoms.

5. Get the sum of the product in g/mole.

What I Have Learned

Complete the given table by applying the concepts you have learned.

SUBSTANCE REPERESENTATIVE MOLAR No. of

PARTICLE MASS(g/mole) moles
1.Silver ,Ag 107.87 1
2.Oxygen gas molecules
,O2
3.Sulfur 64.06 2.0
dioxide, SO2

What I Can Do
Activity: Learner, this is now your chance to show your skill in what you have learned in this lesson.

SUBSTANCE Representative Molar No. of No. of

particle mass(g/mole) moles particles
1.mercury(Hg) 1
2.nitrogen 1
gas(N2 )
3.sucrose(C12 2
H22 O11 )

Summary:

• The mole is defined as the number of atoms contained in exactly 12 grams of carbon-12 (the
isotope ). There are 6.0221415 x 1023 particles in a mole. Remember, a mole is just a number
(like dozen) and you can have a mole of anything.
• The concept of a mole is based on Avogadro’s Hypothesis (equal volumes of all gases at the
same temperature and pressure contained the same number of molecules) and the number of
particles in a mole (6.0221415 x 1023) is commonly referred to as Avogadro’s number (typically
rounded to 6.02 x 1023 for most calculations).
• Because atomic masses, and the number of particles in a mole, are both based on the isotopic
atomic mass of the isotope carbon-12, the mass of any substance expressed in atomic mass
units is numerically equal to the molar mass of the substance in grams per mole. Thus, exactly
12 grams of carbon-12 contains exactly a mole of carbon atoms; likewise, 31.9988 grams of
O2 contains 6.02214 x 1023 oxygen molecules (note, six significant figures)
• To convert the number of moles of a substance into the mass of a substance, you simply need
to multiply (moles x molar mass).
• To convert the mass of a substance into the number of moles, you simply need to divide the
mass by the molar mass.
• To convert the number of moles of a substance into the number of particles of that substance,
you simply need to multiply (moles x Avogadro’s number).
 Assessment
Multiple Choice: Read the statements carefully. Choose the letter of your answer.
1. What is the SI unit for measurement of number of particles in a substance?
a.Kilogram b. Mole c. ampere d. Kelvin
2. Which of the following choices is NOT a representative particle?
a. molecule b. electron c. anion d. atom
3. Aspirin has a chemical formula of C9H8O4. What is the mass of 0.40 molof
aspirin?
a. 72 g b. 45 g c. 160 g d. 10.8 g
4. How many particles of any substance does a one mole?
a. 6.02 x1022 particles c. 6.02 x1024 particles
b. 6.02 x1023 particles d. 6.02 x1025 particles
5. If one dozen of egg is 12 pieces of eggs, how many pieces of paper has a
one Ream?
a. 100 pieces b. 250 pieces c. 350 pieces d. 500 pieces
6. What is the molar mass of AuCl3?
a. 96 g b. 303.6 g c. 130 g d. 626.5 g
7. What is the equivalent of Avogadro's number of representative particle?
a. 1 liter b. 1 mole c. 2 liters d. 2 mole
8. What is the equivalent of one Mole of a substance?
a. molar mass c. electron mass
b. atomic mass d. neutron mass
9. Given one mole of AuCl3,What its equivalent mass?
a. 96 g b. 130 g c. 231.5 g d. 303.5 g
10. How many atoms of hydrogen are there in 2 moles of NH3?
a. 5 x 1023 atoms c. 3.61 x 1024 atoms
23
b. 3.01 x 10 atoms d. 4 x 1023 atoms

Science 9 Quarter 2- Module 8

Percentage Composition of
Compounds
What’s New
It’s picture analysis time. What can you tell about the image below?
Yes, this picture tells you about a test
score. What else can you see in this image? This
image shows the score of a student on a 20-item
quiz. The student gets a score of 18 over 20
(18/20) or 90%. It means that the student gets
18 correct answers and 2 wrong answers.
The 90% is called the percentage score.
If you want to get your percentage score in a
test, you simply divide your score over the total
test item and multiply it by 100. So, in this
example, we have 18/20 x 100 = 90%. The table below, shows the percentage score of the
student.
 Number of Total Number of (No. of correct answers/ % Score of Correct
correct answers Items total number of items) x answer
100
18 20 (18/20) x 100 90%

How much percent did the student answered wrong in the test? Try this one.

Number of Total Number of (No. of wrong answers/

wrong answers Items total number of items) x % Wrong answer
100

Now, why do we need to multiply the percentage score by 100? Because percentage would also
mean an amount in hundred or by a hundred. It is often represented by the percent sign (%). In
this lesson, you will know about percentage composition. Similarly, the concept is likely the same as
getting a percentage in a test score like the example above. So, what is percentage composition?

What Is It
A compound as you might recall from your past lessons is usually represented by a chemical
formula that shows the number of atoms of each element in a compound. It contains the symbols of
the atoms of the elements present in the compound as well as the number of each element present
in the form of subscripts.
The percentage composition of any given compound is identified as the fraction of the amount
of each element on the total amount of individual elements present in the compound multiplied by
100. It is simply an expression of its composition in terms of all the elements present. Knowing the
percent composition in a compound is useful in determining the empirical formula of a chemical
substance which will be discussed in your higher years. The percentage composition of a compound
can be computed given its chemical formula or given its mass data.
A. Percentage Composition from a Chemical Formula of a compound
The percent composition of a compound can be determined from the chemical formula of a
compound. The subscripts in the formula are first used to calculate the mass of each element in one
mole of a compound. Then it will be divided by the molar mass of the compound, and then multiply
by 100%. The formula is given below.

From the given formula, you can get the percentage composition by knowing the following
data first: 1. The elements present in the compounds
2. Atomic mass of each elements
3. Number of atoms of each element
4. The Molar mass
Let’s try this one!
Sample Problem 1.
Muriatic acid or known as Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is used as a cleaning agent in the house to
get rid of tough stains and molds. Calculate the percentage composition of muriatic acid?
(Atomic masses: H=1.01g, Cl=35.45 g from the Periodic Table)
 Name of Chemical Symbol of Atomic Mass Number of atoms %
Compound Formula Elements (Refer to the Composition
Chemical formula)
Hydrochloric HCl H H = 1.01 g 1 atom of H H= ?
Acid Cl Cl = 35.45 g 1 atom of Cl Cl =?

From this table, you list down the known and unknown quantities.
Step 1: List the known and unknown quantities.
Known:
➢ mass of H in 1 mol H=1.01 g (where, 1 mole H=1.01g)
➢ mass of Cl in 1 mol HCl= 35.45 g (where; 1 mole Cl=35.45g)
➢ Molar mass of HCl=36.46 g/mol
Unknown:
➢ Percent H= ? %
➢ Percent Cl =? %

Calculate the percentage composition of each element by dividing the mass of each
element by the molar mass of the compound and multiplying by 100%.

B. Percent Composition from Mass Data

Percentage composition can be calculated given its masses from each of the
element present in a compound. The sample problem below shows the calculation of the
percentage composition of a compound based on mass data.
Sample Problem 2.

A certain newly synthesized compound is known to contain elements zinc and oxygen.
When 30.00 grams of sample is decomposed; 24.12 g zinc remains. Determine the percent
composition of the compound?
Step 1: List the known and unknown quantities.
Known:
➢ mass of compound = 30.00 g
➢ mass of zinc =24.12 g
Unknown:
➢ Percent Zn =? %
➢ Percent O =? %

Hint: Subtract to find the mass of oxygen in the compound. Divide each element’s
mass by the total
 B. Fill-In the table below. Then, calculate the percentage composition of each element in
the compounds.

Guide Questions:
Q1. What are the elements present in these compounds
a. water
b. calcium carbonate
c. phosphoric acid
Q2. What is the percentage composition of the elements of each compound?
Q3. Do you think these compounds are important or beneficial? Explain briefly.

What I Can Do
Activity No. 2: What’s your Snack Nutritional Composition?
Objective:
1. Determine the composition of a chocolate cracker on a percent by mass basis.
2. Determine the composition of a fish cracker on a percent by mass basis.
3. Analyze which has more protein, fats and carbohydrates.
Materials: Nutrition facts of certain snack crackers: chocolate cracker and fish cracker
Procedure:
1. Foods that you buy typically at the store or at the school canteen have nutritional
information provided on the label. Study the label of certain snack crackers shown
below.
2. List down the nutrition facts that are present in these snack crackers. Note the one
that has been encircled for you.

Figure A. Chocolate Cracker Figure B. Fish Cracker

Guide Questions:
For questions 1 to 4. Provide your answer on the table below.
Q1. What are the nutrition facts given in these snack crackers?
Q2. How much is one serving size in terms of grams?
Q3. The label also gives the masses of various types of compounds that are present in each
serving. One serving contains how many grams of proteins, fats and sugar?
 Snack Cracker Nutrition facts Mass of each Serving size in % Composition
nutrition facts grams
a. Chocolate g of fats % of fats
Cracker g of protein % of protein
g of sugar % of sugar
b. Fish g of fats % of fats
Cracker g of protein % of protein
g of sugar % of sugar

Q4. Determine the composition of the snack crackers on a percent by mass basis by
calculating the fraction of fats, protein and sugar in one serving of size of cracker and
converting to percent values. Use the following formula as your guide:

Assessment:
Direction: Read the following questions carefully and answer.
A. List down the elements that are present in the following substances:
1. Water, H2O:
2. Sodium Hypochlorite, NaOCl:
4. Eggshell, CaCO3:
5. Baking Soda, NaHCO3:
B. Read the text carefully and answer the questions in the statement that follows.

Sodium chloride (NaCl), or commonly known as the Table Salt is a compound

that is used in food preparation as a food flavoring and a preservative. Each
element present in the table salt contains the following atomic masses:
Na=22.99g and Cl = 35.45g.
 C. Water (H2O) as a compound is the most essential commodity for human consumption.
Complete the given table below and calculate the percentage composition of water.
(Atomic masses: H= 1.01 g, O=16.00g)

Name of Chemical Symbol of Atomic Number of atoms %

Compound Formula Elements Mass (g) (Refer to the Composition
Chemical formula)
Water 11. H H = 1.01 12. _ atoms of H 14. H =
O O = 16.00 13._ atoms of O 15. O =

Key to Answers : Module 1

Module 2
Module 3

Module 4

Module 5

Module 6
Module 7

Module 8