Lecture Method of Consistent Deformationpdf PDF Free

13.
Method of Consistent Deformations
By James C. Maxwell in 1864
13. Method of Consistent Deformations 1

13.1 Structures with a Single Degree of Indeterminacy
32k
A C E = 30,000 ksi
B I = 512 in4
10’ 10’
1. Free-Body Diagram
MA 32 k
Ax
Ay Cy
Unknown variables = 4 (Ax , Ay , M A , C y )

Equations of Equilibrium = 3 (∑ Fx = 0,∑ Fy = 0, ∑ M = 0)
→ Statically Indeterminate Structure
Degree of Indeterminacy = 4 -3 =1
= Number of Redundancy

Ma 32 k
Ax
Ay Cy
2. Selecting Cy as a redundant
MAO Determinate Structure
32k
→ Primary Structure
Axo
∆ CO
Ayo
ΣFx = 0 Axo = 0
ΣFy = 0 Ayo = 32 k ↑
ΣM A = 0 M AO − 32 ×10 = 0 M AO = 320 k − kf

321 k-ft 32k
∆ CO
32k
Bending Moment Diagram

A B C
-320
Determining ∆CO using conjugate-beam method,
320
−
EI

320
−
EI
320 1 2
∆ CO = − × 10 × × ( ×10 + 10)
EI 2 3
26666.67 k − ft 3 26666 . 67 × 12 3
=− =− = −3.0 in
EI 30000 × 512
∆ CO = 3.0 in ↓
3. Applying the redundant
MAC
f CC
Axc × Cy
1k
Ayc fCC : Flexibility Coefficient

Mac
f CC
Axc × Cy
1k
Ayc
ΣFx = 0 Axc = 0
ΣFy = 0 Ayc = 1 k ↓
ΣM A = 0 − M AC + 1× 20 = 0 M AC = 20 k − kf
Bending Moment Diagram

10
20
× Cy
A B C

Determining fCC using conjugate-beam method,
20
EI
20 1 2
f CC = × 20 × × ( × 20)
EI 2 3
2666.67 k − ft 3 = 2666.67 ×12 = 0.3in ↑
3
=
EI 30000 × 512
∆ CC = f CC × C y
4. Compatibility Condition
∆ C = ∆ CO + f CC C y = 0
∆ CO = − f CC C y
Unknowns : Forces Force Method
Flexibility Flexibility Method

∆ CO − 3.0
Cy = − =− = 10k ↑
f CC 0.3
5. Reaction Forces
Using the equilibrium equations,
ΣFx = 0, A x = 0
ΣFy = 0, Ay − 32 + 10 = 0, A y = 22 k ↑
ΣM A = 0, M A − 32 × 10 + 10 × 20 = 0, M A = 120 k − ft

Using the principle of superposition,
321 k-ft 32 k
3.0 in
32k
20 k-ft x 10
0.3 in ×10
1k x 10
MA = 120 k-ft
32 k
Ax = 0
Ay = 22 k Cy = 10 k

6. Shear Force Diagram & Bending Moment Diagram
Using the reaction forces & the applied loads,

A B C
-320
10 x 10
20 x 10
A B C
100
A C
-120 B

Moment as a redundant
Primary Structure가 Statically Determinate & Stable하다면, 어떤 반력 (혹은 내력)도
Redundant가 될수 있음
MA
Ax
Ay Cy
Selecting Ax as a redundant,
MA
Ay Cy
Unstable Structure

32k
MA 32k
Ax
Ay Cy
Selecting MA as a redundant,
32k
Axo
Ayo Cyo
Statically Determinate & Stable Structures

2. Selecting MA as a redundant
32k
Axo θ AO
Ayo Cyo
ΣFx = 0 Axo = 0
ΣM A = 0 C yo = 16 k ↑
ΣFy = 0 Ayo = 16 k ↑
PL2
θ AO =− = −0.0075 rad
16 EI

1 k − ft f AA
AxA ×MA
CyA
AyA
ΣFx = 0 AxA = 0
1
ΣM A = 0 C yA = k↓
20
1
ΣFy = 0 AyA = k↑
20
f AA = L = 0.0000625 rad / k − ft
3EI
θ AA = f AA × M A

θ A = θ AO + f AA M A = 0
θ AO = − f AA M A
θ AO 0.0075
MA = − = = 120 k − ft
f AA 0.0000625
5. Reaction Forces
Using the equilibrium equations,
Using the reaction forces & the applied loads,

Example 13.1
A EI = constant
B
L
M
MA
Ax
Ay Cy
Unknown variables = 4
Equations of Equilibrium = 3

M
MA
Ax
Ay By
2. Selecting By as a redundant
MAO M Determinate Structure
∆BO
∆ BO =

MAB
f BB
× By
1
AyB
f BB =
∆ B = ∆ BO + f BB By = 0
By = −∆ BO / f BB =
5. Reaction Forces

Example 13.2
60 kN
15 kN/m
E = 200 GPa
A D I = 700×106 mm4
B C
10 m 5m 5m
60 kN
15 kN/m
Ax
Ay By Dy

60 kN
15 kN/m
Ax
Ay By Dy
2. Selecting By as a redundant
60 kN
15 kN/m
Axo ∆ BO
Ayo Dyo
∆ BO =

f BB
× By
AxB
1
AyB DyB
f BB =
∆ B = ∆ BO + f BB By = 0
By = −∆ BO / f BB =
5. Reaction Forces

Example 13.3
E F
28 k
15 ft
B C D
A
25 k 25 k
3 @ 20 ft

28 k
Ax Dx
Ay 25 k Dy
25 k
Unknown variables = m + r = 13
Equations of Equilibrium = 2j = 12
Degree of Indeterminacy = 13 – 12 = 1

28 k
Ax Dx
Ay 25 k Dy
25 k
2. Selecting Dx as a redundant
28 k
∆ DO
Axo
25 k 25 k
Ayo Dyo

FO
L
∆ = ∑ Fv F
AE
uD
L
∆ DO = ∑ uD FO =
AE

× Dx
uD f DD
AxD
1
AyD DyD
L
∆ = ∑ Fv F
AE
L
f DD = ∑ u D =
2
AE

∆ D = ∆ DO + f DD Dx = 0
Dx = −∆ DO / f DD =
5. Reaction Forces

Example 13.4
3 k/ft
EI = constant
B C
20 ft
A
30 ft

3 k/ft
Cx
Cy
Ax
Ay

2. Selecting Ax as a redundant
3 k/ft
Cx
Cy
∆ AO
Ay

M
∆ = ∑ ∫ Mv dx
MO EI
mA
MO
∆ AO = ∑ ∫ m A dx =
EI

CxA
mA × Ax
CyA
1
f AA
AyA
M
∆ = ∑ ∫ Mv dx
EI
m A2
f AA = ∑∫ dx =
EI

∆ A = ∆ AO + f AA Ax = 0
Ax = −∆ AO / f AA =
5. Reaction Forces

13.2 Internal Forces and Moments as Redundants
10 k 10 k 12 k EI = constant
A B C
6 ft 8 ft 6 ft 20 ft 10 ft
10 k 10 k 12 k
Ax
By Cy
Ay

B
MB
θ BL = θ BR
θ BL
θ Brel = θ BR − θ BL
θ BR
=0

2. Selecting Internal Moment (Bending Moment) MB as a redundant
10 k 10 k 12 k
Determinate Structure
θ BOL θ BOR
θ BOL ≠ θ BOR
θ BOrel = θ BOR − θ BOL ≠ 0
420 k − ft 2 533.33 k − ft 2
θ BOL = θ BOR = −
EI EI
953.33 k − ft 2
θ BOrel = −
EI

1 1
×MB
f BBL f BBR
6.67 k − ft / k − ft
2 10 k − ft 2 / k − ft
f BBL = f BBR = −
EI EI
16.67 k − ft 2 / k − ft
f BBrel = −
EI

θ Brel = θ BOrel + f BBrel M B = 0
M B = −θ BOrel / f BBrel = −57.19 k − ft
5. Reaction Forces
- Equilibrium Equations of Members & Joints
10 10 57.19 57.19 57.19 57.19 12
Ay = 7.14 ByAB = 12.86 12.86 5.91 ByBC = 5.91 Cy = 6.09
By = 18.77

Internally Indeterminate Structures
Selecting a reaction as a redundant
OR Selecting an internal force or moment as a redundant
Externally determinate, but Internally indeterminate structures

Selecting a reaction as a redundant (×)
Selecting an internal force or moment as a redundant
D
C P
A B

1. Static Determinacy
D Externally Static Determinacy

C P
r=3
Statically Determinate Externally
Internally Static Determinacy

A B m = 6, r = 3, j = 4
m + r > 2j
Statically Indeterminate

2. Selecting Internal Force FAD as a redundant
D
C P
L
∆ = ∑ Fv F
AE
FO FADO = 0
A B ∆ ADO u AD , AD = 1.0
D FO : Internal Forces due to External Forces

C 1 of the Primary System
uAD : Internal Forces due to unit axial Forces
of the Primary System
1
u AD
B L
∆ ADO = ∑ u AD
A
FO =
AE

D
C
1 × FAD ∆ = ∑ Fv
L
F
AE
1
u AD B f
A AD , AD
L
f AD , AD = ∑ u AD
2
=
AE
∆ AD = ∆ ADO + f AD , AD FAD = 0
FAD = −∆ ADO / f AD, AD =

5. Member Forces
F = FO + u AD FAD
6. Reaction Forces
R = RO + rAD FAD

Example 13.5

Example 13.6

13.3 Structures with Multiple Degrees of Indeterminacy
A B C D E
w
Ax
By Cy Dy Ey
Ay
Degree of Indeterminacy = 6 - 3 =3

w
Ax
By Cy Dy Ey
Ay
2. Selecting By, Cy and Dy as the redundants

w
AxO ∆ BO ∆ CO ∆ DO
AyO EyO
∆ BO =
∆ CO =
∆ DO =

f BB f CB f DB
AxB × By
1
AyB EyB
f BB = f CB = f DB =
f BC f CC f DC
AxC × Cy
1
EyC
AyC f BC = f CC = f DC =
f BD f CD f DD
AxD × Dy
1
AyD EyD
f BD = f CD = f DD =

∆ BO + f BB By + f BC C y + f BD Dy = 0
∆ CO + f CB By + f CC C y + f CD Dy = 0
∆ DO + f DB By + f DC C y + f DD Dy = 0
No. of Unknown Redundants = 3

No. of Compatibility Equations = 3
Æ By, Cy, Dy

5. Reaction Forces
Deflections to be calculated for determining unknown reducdants
∆ BO = ∆ CO = ∆ DO =
f BC = f CC = f DC =
12
According to the Maxwell’s Law of Reciprocal Deflections,
∆ BO = ∆ CO = ∆ DO =
f BC = f CC = f DC =
9
Homework 4 (10 Points)
Definition & Proof
- Betti’s Law
- Maxwell’s Law of Reciprocal Deflections

Example 13.7

Example 13.8

Example 13.9

Example 13.10

Example 13.11

13.4 Support Settlements and Temperature Changes
Support Settlements
w
A D
∆B
B ∆C C
2. Selecting By and Cy as the redundants

w
∆ BO ∆ CO
∆ BO = ∆ CO =

f BB f CB
× By
1
f BB = f CB =
f BC f CC
× Cy
1
f BC = f CC =
∆ BO + f BB By + f BC C y = ∆ B
∆ CO + f CB B y + f CC C y = ∆ C

A B C D
∆A
∆B ∆D
∆C
Chord of
Primary
Beam
∆ BR
∆ CR
Rigid-Body Displacement
∆ BO + f BB By + f BC C y = ∆ BR
∆ CO + f CB B y + f CC C y = ∆ CR
Relative Displacement

Rigid-Body Displacement
A B C D
Æ No Bending Deformations
Æ No Member Forces (Bending Moments)
Æ No Stresses
Support Settlements in a Externally Determinate Structure

Æ No Effects

Example 13.12

Temperature Changes
Support Settlements or Temperture Changes in a Determinate Structure

Æ No Effects
Support Settlements or Temperture Changes in a Indeterminate Structure
Æ Resulting Stresses
Externally Indeterminate, and Internally Indeterminate

Æ Reactions ≠ 0 Æ Internal Forces ≠ 0
Externally Determinate, and Internally Indeterminate

Æ Reactions = 0 Æ Internal Forces ≠ 0
Externally Determinate, and Internally Determinate

Æ Reactions = 0 Æ Internal Forces = 0

Example 13.13
∆T1
C D
A ∆T2 B
1. Static Determinacy
Externally Static Determinacy Internally Static Determinacy
r=3 m = 6, r = 3, j = 4
Statically Determinate Externally m + r > 2j
Statically Indeterminate

2. Selecting Internal Force FAD as a redundant
∆T1
C D ∆ = ∑ Fvα ( ∆T ) L
∆ ADO
A ∆T2 B
C 1 D
∆ ADO = ∑ u ADα ( ∆T ) L =
1
u AD B
A

C D L
1
× FAD ∆ = ∑ Fv F
AE
1
u AD B f AD , AD
A
L
f AD , AD = ∑ u AD
2
=
AE
∆ AD = ∆ ADO + f AD , AD FAD = 0
FAD = −∆ ADO / f AD , AD =

5. Member Forces
F = FO + u AD FAD = u AD FAD
6. Reaction Forces
R = RO + rAD FAD = rAD FAD = 0

13.5 Method of Least Work
w
Ax A B C
Ay By Cy
Selecting By as the redundant

w
By
By

U = f (w) U = f ( w, By )
According to the Castigliano’s Second Theorem,

∂U
= 0 Å Compatibility Condition
∂By
Î For the value of the redundant that satisfies the equilibrium equation and compatibility,
the strain energy of the structure is a maximum or minimum.
Î MINIMUM
Î The magnitude of the redundants of a statically indeterminate structure
must be such that the strain energy (internal work) is a minimum (the least).
Î Principle of Least Work

For structures with n redundants,
U = f ( w, R1 , R2 , R3 ,L, Rn )
∂U ∂U ∂U ∂U
∂R1
=0
∂R2
=0
∂R3
=0 L ∂Rn
=0

Example 13.14
30 kN/m 80 kN
EI = constant
A B C D
10 m 5m 5m
Free-Body Diagram
30 kN/m 80 kN
Ax
By Dy
Ay
Degree of Indeterminacy = 4 - 3 = 1

Selecting By as the redundant
30 kN/m 80 kN
Ax
By
Ay Dy
Ax = 0 Ay = 245 − 0.5By Dy = 135 − 0.5By
L M2
U= ∫
0 2 EI
dx
∂U L ∂M M
∂By
= ∫ 0 ∂By EI
dx = 0

30 kN/m 80 kN
B
A C D
By
245 – 0.5By 135 – 0.5By
X coordinates
Segment M ∂M / ∂B y
Origin Limit (m)
AB A 0 − 10 (245 − 0.5 B y ) x − 15 x 2 − 0 .5 x
DC D 0−5 (135 − 0.5 B y ) x − 0 .5 x
CB D 5 − 10 (135 − 0.5 B y ) x − 80( x − 5) − 0 .5 x
∂U L ∂M M 5
∫ L dx + ∫0 L dx + ∫ L dx = 0
10 10
∂By
=
0 ∂By EI
dx = ∫0 5
By = 242.5 kN (↑)
Ay = Dy =

Example 13.15

Example 13.16

Why cannot the method of least work be used for analyzing the effects of support
settlements and temperature changes?

Solve the following problems.
13.1 ~ 13.12 : 2 problems
13.13 ~ 13.25 : 2 problems
13.26 ~ 13.36 : 2 problems
13.37 ~ 13.45 : 2 problems
13.46 ~ 13.47 : 1 problem
13.48 : 1 problem
13.49 ~ 13.61 : 2 problems
12 problems

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13.

Method of Consistent Deformations

By James C. Maxwell in 1864

13. Method of Consistent Deformations 1

Unknown variables = 4 (Ax , Ay , M A , C y )

13. Method of Consistent Deformations 2

13. Method of Consistent Deformations 3

Bending Moment Diagram

Determining ∆CO using conjugate-beam method,

13. Method of Consistent Deformations 4

3. Applying the redundant

Ayc fCC : Flexibility Coefficient

13. Method of Consistent Deformations 5

Bending Moment Diagram

13. Method of Consistent Deformations 6

13. Method of Consistent Deformations 7

13. Method of Consistent Deformations 8

13. Method of Consistent Deformations 9

Using the reaction forces & the applied loads,

Using the principle of superposition,

13. Method of Consistent Deformations 10

13. Method of Consistent Deformations 11

Statically Determinate & Stable Structures

13. Method of Consistent Deformations 12

13. Method of Consistent Deformations 13

13. Method of Consistent Deformations 14

6. Shear Force Diagram & Bending Moment Diagram

Using the reaction forces & the applied loads,

Using the principle of superposition,

13. Method of Consistent Deformations 15

13. Method of Consistent Deformations 16

13. Method of Consistent Deformations 17

6. Shear Force Diagram & Bending Moment Diagram

13. Method of Consistent Deformations 18

13. Method of Consistent Deformations 19

13. Method of Consistent Deformations 20

6. Shear Force Diagram & Bending Moment Diagram

13. Method of Consistent Deformations 21

13. Method of Consistent Deformations 22

13. Method of Consistent Deformations 23

13. Method of Consistent Deformations 24

13. Method of Consistent Deformations 25

13. Method of Consistent Deformations 26

6. Shear Force Diagram & Bending Moment Diagram

13. Method of Consistent Deformations 27

13. Method of Consistent Deformations 28

13. Method of Consistent Deformations 29

13. Method of Consistent Deformations 30

13. Method of Consistent Deformations 31

13. Method of Consistent Deformations 32

6. Shear Force Diagram & Bending Moment Diagram

13. Method of Consistent Deformations 33

13. Method of Consistent Deformations 34

13. Method of Consistent Deformations 35

13. Method of Consistent Deformations 36

13. Method of Consistent Deformations 37

M B = −θ BOrel / f BBrel = −57.19 k − ft

10 10 57.19 57.19 57.19 57.19 12

Ay = 7.14 ByAB = 12.86 12.86 5.91 ByBC = 5.91 Cy = 6.09

6. Shear Force Diagram & Bending Moment Diagram

13. Method of Consistent Deformations 38

Externally determinate, but Internally indeterminate structures

13. Method of Consistent Deformations 39