15 DETERMINATION OF ACCELERATION OF FORCE OF GRAVITY BY MEANS OF A REVERSIBLE PENDULUM

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L ABORATORY WORK number 2

DETERMINATION OF ACCELERATION OF FORCE OF GRAVITY BY MEANS OF

REVERSIBLE PENDULUM

Objective : measure the acceleration of gravity for Astrakhan.

Equipment: revolving pendulum, stopwatch, ruler.

Theoretical introduction

Between any kind of matter (both between particles of matter and

between field particles) there is a unique interaction that
always has in every corner of the universe. This interaction is called
pounding All the objects of nature to each other.
Isaac created the classic non-relativistic theory of gravity
Newton in 1687 According to this theory, the strength of the force can be
determined by the law of the world. Its law of the world
Newton discovered, based on the empirical laws of Johann Kepler,
known by the time watching the movement of celestial bodies. By checking
the law of the world on the example of the moon, Newton generalized it to all
bodies that can be mistaken for material points or bodies that have
spherical shape.
The law of universal perception: two material points with masses m 1 and m 2
attract each other with a force proportional to the product of the masses of these
points and inversely proportional to the square of the distance r between
Minimized along the line connecting these points:

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15 DETERMINATION OF ACCELERATION OF FORCE OF GRAVITY BY MEANS OF A REVERSIBLE PENDULUM

mm
F= G one2 . (2.1)
r2

In the vector form, the law is:

about mm about
F G one2 r . (2.2)
. 12 = r3
Here F 1,2 is the force acting on the first material point with
side of the second, Ԧ - radius vector directed from the first material

points to the second. The force F 2,1 differs from the force F 1,2 only in sign: → → .
F = F-
one
2, 2one,

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The proportionality coefficient G is called gravitational

constant or persistent. Common G Value :

N ∙ m2
G = 6.67 * 10 –11 .
kg 2

The law of world wideness expressed by the formula (2.1) is fair

only for two material points or two spherical bodies, or
material point and body spherical shape. In addition, it can
apply to the body of arbitrary shape, which can be taken for
material point, but with this if the second body is shaped like a ball, for example,
when one body is a rocket, and the other is a planet. In this case, over the distance r in
formula (2.1) take the distance between the material point and the center
the planets. In the case of two spherical bodies for a distance r in the formula (2.1)
take the distance between their centers.
To calculate the strength of a body between arbitrary shapes or
with an arbitrary distribution of matter in them, it should be vectorially folded

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15 DETERMINATION OF ACCELERATION OF FORCE OF GRAVITY BY MEANS OF A REVERSIBLE PENDULUM

forces of each i- th material point and every k- th point

the second. Then the law of the world has the form:

=σ· ேభ σ ேమ · ೖ
ୀଵ ୀଵ మ
ೖ
Here N 1 and N 2 - the number of material points in the first and second bodies,
m i and m k are the masses of the i -th and k -th points, r ik is the distance between these points.
The force with which two bodies attract each other is called
gravitational (or force of world wide). World forces
- the most universal of all forces of nature, as they act
between any bodies that have a mass, and all the material have a mass
body. They are also universal because there are no barriers for them,
they penetrate through all bodies and the area of ​their action is limitless. Forces
always are the forces of attraction and directed along one
direct passing through the centers of interacting bodies. Gravitational
interaction is fundamental. Most remarkable property
gravitational forces is their property to inform all bodies regardless of
mass, shape and size are the same acceleration. This property is associated with
proportionality of the forces of the masses of the bodies to which they act.
A gravitational force acts on any body located near the Earth.
the force F , under the influence of which, according to Newton's second law, the body
begins to move with the acceleration of free fall g , that is, in the system
the reference frame associated with the Earth, on every body of mass m acts a force equal to:

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F = mg , (2.3)

called gravity.
According to the fundamental physical law, the generalized law
Galileo, all the bodies in the same field of falling fall with the same
acceleration. Consequently, in this place of the Earth the acceleration of free

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15 DETERMINATION OF ACCELERATION OF FORCE OF GRAVITY BY MEANS OF A REVERSIBLE PENDULUM

falls are the same for all bodies. His change in different points of space
due to the daily rotation of the Earth around its axis, as well as its form
and heterogeneity.
If we neglect the daily rotation of the Earth around its axis, then the force of gravity
and the strength of the force is equal to each other:

mM
F = mg = F =G (2.4)
gr ( )2
R +h
0

where M is the mass of the Earth, R 0 is the radius of the Earth, h is the distance from the Earth’s surface
to the body. From the formula it follows that

M
Gg= )2,
( (2.5)
R +h
0
that is, g depends only on the distance between the body and the earth's surface.
An important consequence of this formula is that g does not depend on
body mass.
The state of the body in which it moves only by force
gravity, called free fall.

The gravitational interaction between the bodies is carried out.

through the field of gravity (gravitational field). This field is generated
bodies and is a form of matter.
For the force characteristics of the gravitational field, a vector
magnitude

about
aboutF
g = , (2.6)
m

where F is the force acting at a given point of the field on a body of mass m . this value
called the intensity of the gravitational field. You can say that
free fall acceleration and gravitational field strength alone and
same value.

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ɗ energy characteristic of the gravitational field is

gravitational field potential whose numerical value is expressed
formula:
Ep M
φ = =-G , (2.7)
m ( R + )h
0

where E p is the potential energy that a body of mass m has at a given point
fields.
The relationship between intensity and potential of the gravitational field
sets the ratio:

about
g - = grad φ . (2.8)

In physics, every solid body, oscillating under the action of force

gravity around a fixed point or axis, called a pendulum.

Thus, a physical body is called a physical pendulum, which can

sway around motionless horizontal axis. (Fig.2.1).
When the pendulum deviates from the equilibrium position, a moment M of force arises.
gravity, seeking to return the pendulum to the equilibrium position. this moment
equals:

M = - mgl sin φ , (2.9)

where m is the mass of the pendulum, l is the distance between the point of suspension and the center
severity c . The center of gravity of the body is the point to which the force is applied.
gravity acting on this body. The moment M has such a direction that
tends to reduce the deflection angle φ. Therefore, the ratio (2.9) is
minus sign. To find the law of motion of the pendulum, we use
the basic equation of the dynamics of rotational motion:
Σ Mabout
== I ∙ εabout
, (2.10)

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15 DETERMINATION OF ACCELERATION OF FORCE OF GRAVITY BY MEANS OF A REVERSIBLE PENDULUM

where I is the moment of inertia of the body relative to the axis passing through the point O; ε -
angular acceleration, numerically equal to:
2
dφ
ε=
dt 2

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ABOUT
l

C
l pr
O′

Fig.2.1
Physical pendulum

The moment of frictional forces for ease of calculation is not taken into account.
Substituting relation (2.9) into this law, we obtain the equation of motion
pendulum in differential form:

d 2φ
I = - mglsin φ (2.11)
dt 2

In the case of small angles with a pendulum deviation sin φ≈φ , then the equation
(2.11) can be written in simplified form:

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15 DETERMINATION OF ACCELERATION OF FORCE OF GRAVITY BY MEANS OF A REVERSIBLE PENDULUM

d 2φ
I = - mgl φ . (2.12)
dt 2

The solution to this equation is:

φ = A ∙ cos ( ω ∙ t + φ ) (2.13)
0
∙ ∙
lgm
Whereω = - cyclic frequency.
I

Knowing that

2π
ω =
T
we obtain for the period of oscillations of the physical pendulum:

I
T =π2 (2.14)
lgm∙ ∙

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A special case of a physical pendulum is a mathematical

pendulum. This is the name of the pendulum, the entire mass of which is practically
concentrated at one point - in the center of mass of the pendulum C. For example
mathematical pendulum can serve as a ball suspended on a long
threads.
The moment of inertia of the mathematical pendulum, as a material point
relatively fixed point O is equal to:

lmI=∙ 2 (2.15)

Substituting the expression (2.15) into formula (2.14), we obtain that the oscillation period

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15 DETERMINATION OF ACCELERATION OF FORCE OF GRAVITY BY MEANS OF A REVERSIBLE PENDULUM

mathematical pendulum is equal to:

l
T = π2
g
(2.16)

ABOUT

about
gm
Fig.2.2
Math Pendulum

Comparing the formulas (2.14) and (2.16), it turns out that the physical
The pendulum has the same oscillation period as the mathematical one with a length:

I
l pr = (2.17)
m ∙l

The expression I / ml is called the reduced length of the physical pendulum .

l np - this is the length of such a mathematical pendulum, the oscillation period of which
coincides with the period of the physical pendulum.

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In practice, the reduced length of the physical pendulum is determined by

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15 DETERMINATION OF ACCELERATION OF FORCE OF GRAVITY BY MEANS OF A REVERSIBLE PENDULUM

the distance between the suspension point of the pendulum O and its center of swing O ‫׳‬, if
oscillation periods on both prisms
coincide (Fig.2.1). Point on the line
G1 connecting suspension point with center
P1 gravity at a distance of reduced length
from the rotation is called the center of swing
physical pendulum. Suspension point O and
rocking center About ‫׳‬ possess property
R2 reciprocity. If you hang physical
P2 pendulum at point O ‫ ׳‬, and the former point
the suspension will become the center of the swing then
given length, and hence the period
Fig.2.3
Revolving pendulum oscillations of the pendulum will not change.
The definition is based on this property.
accelerating free fall with the help of a revolving pendulum. Revolving
pendulum is called a pendulum, which has parallel
fixed near its ends are the supporting prisms P 1 and P 2 , on which it can
oscillate based on the edge of a particular prism (Fig.2.3). Along
pendulum can move fixed on it load G 1 . By moving
This load can be used to establish such a position of the center of gravity of the pendulum that
when hanging it on any of the prisms, the oscillation period will remain
the same. Then the distance between the support prisms will be l np .
By measuring the period of oscillation of the pendulum and knowing its reduced length, you can
formula:

l
T = π 2 etc (2.18)
g

determine the acceleration due to gravity:

4 π2
g = l .
T 2 etc

Since the reverse pendulum is a special case of the physical pendulum,

it is necessary to solve the question: when can the physical pendulum be considered
negotiable?

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15 DETERMINATION OF ACCELERATION OF FORCE OF GRAVITY BY MEANS OF A REVERSIBLE PENDULUM

The main property of the revolving pendulum is that the center

rotation (point O) and the center of swing (point O ') are interchangeable.

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Consider three possible relationships between length l and reduced

length l np physical pendulum:

one) l pr < ;l

lmI+ ∙ 2
c <l;
lm∙

Ic
+ ll < ;
lm∙

Ic
< 0,
lm∙

which is impossible, since the values ​of I, m, l are inherently positive. At

this ratio between l and l np the pendulum will roll over, since
the center of gravity is above the point of suspension and the body is in the position
unstable equilibrium.

2) l ol = ; l

lmI+ ∙ 2
c = l;
lm∙

Ic
+ ll = ;
lm∙

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15 DETERMINATION OF ACCELERATION OF FORCE OF GRAVITY BY MEANS OF A REVERSIBLE PENDULUM

Ic
=0;
lm∙

I = 0,
c

that is, the body will be at rest.

3) l pr > ;l

lmI+ ∙ 2
c > l;
lm∙

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Ic
+ ll > ;
lm∙

Ic
>0,
lm∙

that is, only in this case will oscillations occur.

The order of performance of work.

1. Put the load G 1 in position 1 on the scale of the pendulum.

2. Rejecting the pendulum at an angle of not more than 20 °, measure t 1 - time 25 full
oscillations on the reference prism P 1 .
3. Invert the pendulum and measure t 2 - time 25 full oscillations on
support prism P 2 .
4. We repeat paragraphs 2 and 3 for the cases when the load G 1 is in the provisions

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15 DETERMINATION OF ACCELERATION OF FORCE OF GRAVITY BY MEANS OF A REVERSIBLE PENDULUM

2, 3, 4, 5 scales of the pendulum.

5. The result is entered in the table number 1.

Table number 1

Scale divisions, cm N - number of oscillations t 1 T1 t2 T2

c c c c
No
payment order
one one 25
2 2 25
3 3 25
four four 25
five five 25

where, T 1 - the period of oscillation of the pendulum on the prism P 1 , T 2 - the period of oscillation
pendulum on the prism of P 2 .
6. Calculate periods 1 T and 2 T according to the formula: T = t / n .
7. According to tabular data, we build a graph of the dependence
periods 1 T and 2 T from the position of the load G 1 on the scale of the pendulum. If the
intersection
two graphs did not occur or several intersection points, then work
performed incorrectly. It is required to repeat measurements again.

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15 DETERMINATION OF ACCELERATION OF FORCE OF GRAVITY BY MEANS OF A REVERSIBLE PENDULUM

8. From the intersection of the curves on the graph we find T 0 - the period is the same for
oscillations of a pendulum on prisms P 1 and P 2 .
9. Put the movable load in position X, corresponding to the intersection
curves on the graph and measure the periods of oscillations on one and the second prism
(number of oscillations not less than 50).
10. Based on the values ​obtained 0 T, T / find mean
T / and
one 2
oscillation period ( T cp ).
11. Determine the relative error in determining the period ( E T , %).
12. Calculate the average absolute error in determining the period (∆ T cp ).
13. Calculate the average value of the acceleration of gravity by the formula:

π 2∙ l
four
g = etc
wed T2
wed

14. Calculate the relative error in determining the acceleration of free

falls, based on the relative period error:

∆g 2 ∆π ∆l 2∆t
E = cp = + np + cp .
g g π l t
cp np cp

15. Find the mean absolute gravitational acceleration error:

∆g = g δ∙ .
wed wed g

16. Record the measurement result in the form:

g = (g ± ∆g ) m / c 2 E = ...%
cp cp g

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17. Write down conclusion about done work.

Safety rules.
1. The angle of deviation of the pendulum from the vertical position should not
exceed 10 ° -20 0 .
2. Ensure that the edge of the pendulum prism does not
slid off the support bracket.

Test questions .

1. The law of the world. For what cases of interaction of bodies is he

will be fair?
2. Gravitational force.
3. Gravity.
4. Gravitational field. The main characteristics of the gravitational field.
5. What are the mathematical, physical and negotiable
pendulums?
6. Make the differential equations of motion of pendulums. Write them down
solutions. Make a decision analysis.
7. Derive the period formula for the physical pendulum.
8. How to get the formula of the period for mathematical and working
pendulum.
9. Get the calculation formula for determining the acceleration of free
the fall.
10. Explain the physical meaning of g. What values ​and how it depends
this one?
11. What are the main stages of the work and the rules of technology?
Security while explaining:
a) the calculation of the desired quantities;
b) finding errors in determining these quantities.
12. What is the reduced length for a physical and revolving pendulum? How in
experiment, determine the reduced length of the reverse pendulum?
np

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15 DETERMINATION OF ACCELERATION OF FORCE OF GRAVITY BY MEANS OF A REVERSIBLE PENDULUM

13. Which sign should be placed between l and l for a physical pendulum, so that
could it be considered negotiable? (Consider in terms of theory
equilibrium).

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