Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Job analysis refers to the process of studying the operations, duties and organizational aspects
of jobs in order to derive specifications or as they called by some, job descriptions.
- Michael L Jucius
A Job analysis is a systematic exploration of the activities within a job. It is a basic technical
procedure, one that is used to define the duties, responsibilities, and accountabilities of a job.
-DeCenzo and P Robbins
Job analysis is the process of studying and collecting information relating to the operations
and responsibilities of a specific job.
-Flippo
JOB CLASSIFICATION
Job classification is the process of defining and evaluating the task, duties, responsibilities
and authority of job. Job classification mostly performed in large organizations especially in
government sector.
JOB SPECIFICATION
Job specification is the educational qualification, experience, specific skill
and qualities needed to perform job. Job specification is derived from job
analysis. Job specification is the criteria of the physical, mental, social
psychological and behavioural characteristics, which employee should possess
to perform job.
Definition
Job specification is a statement of minimum acceptable human qualities necessary to perform
a job properly.
- Edwin B Flippo
Job specification states the minimum acceptable human qualifications that the incumbent
must possess to perform the job successfully.
- DeCenzo and Robin
JOB DESCRIPTION
Job description is a formal account and basic information of an employee's responsibilities.
Job description includes the job title, designation, duties and responsibilities, rules and
Working conditions. Job description is derived from job analysis and usually forms the basis
of job specification.
Definition
Job description is a list of job duties, responsibilities, reporting relationship and working
condition.
- Gary Dessler
Job description is an organized, factual statement of the duties and responsibilities of specific
job.
- Edwin B Flippo
Job description is a written statement of what the job holder does, how it is done, under what
condition it is done and condition of employment.
- DeCenzo and Robbin
Components of Job Description
1. Job title
2. Department
3. Roles and responsibilities
4. Educational qualification required
5. Work experience required
6. Skill required to do job
7. Personality traits
8. Working condition
9. Training activity
10. Rules and regulation
11. Pay scale and allowances
3. Patient Care
Observe and take active part for maintaining cleanliness of the wards, with the help of
Deputy Nursing Superintendent and Ward sister.
Enquire regarding presence or Group D employees, presence of nurses, light
&ventilation, any sound pollution, safety security of the patient, fire extinguisher,
presence of security personnel, etc., during every day round.
Formulate the standard protocol, enforce for implementation of the standard by
encouraging the unit in charge to supervise the maintenance of developed standard,
review the standard periodically for quality patient care and maintaining clean,
orderly and safe environment.
Ensure regular supply of articles and equipments for proper nursing care to the
patients and be vigilant about proper utilization of hospital properties.
Initiate and encourage the staff to implement the modern technology for the patient
care.
Supervise the maintenance of various records such as admission register, discharge
register, Log Book, Hospital Report and Census, nurses notes, TPR Chart, intake &
output chart, etc., of the unit.
Check and ensure the proper patient's diet as a member of diet committee and also to
visit the hospital kitchen periodically.
Supervise the waste management, infection control and safety measures
(Universal/Standard precaution) of the hospital.
4. Staff Development and Welfare of the Nursing Staff
Responsible to plan, organize, conduct and actively participate in ln- Service and
continuing education programme.
Orientation & induction programme of newly posted staff.
Participate in seminars/workshops directly.
Select the participants for any workshop and keep records up to date.
Encourage the nursing personnel to go for higher studies.
Counsel the subordinate staff in problem and provide guidance.
Ensure the comfortable physical facilities of the nursing staff in wards and guide them
as far as practicable.
Ensure periodical health check-up of all nursing personnel the hospital, maintain
health records and take action for sick nurses.
Arrange nurses sick room in the hospital for the sick nurses.
Encourage recreational programme for nurses and actively participate in all
recreational, social and professional activities.
Visit the nurses hostel periodically tor smooth running hostel & mess.
Ensure that all nursing staff is in tidy, clean uniform and maintain fessional etiquette.
The Deputy Nursing Superintendent will assist the Nursing Superintendent in office
work.
Deal with the matter which may be allotted to her/him and maintain official decorum.
2. Patient Care
Evaluate the nature and quantum of care required for each unit
Organize and plan nursing care activities of the wards according to hospital policy
and service needed.
Be actively involved for preparation of the standard protocol of nursing care and
implement that protocol with the help of Ward Sister for quality patient care.
Plan staffing pattern and other necessary requirement of any unit.
Supervise the cleanliness of the ward with the help of Sister-In charge
Help Ward sister for procurement of supplies in the wards.
Supervise the proper use and care of the equipments and supplies and verify the stock
ledger and inventory of Sister In charge periodically.
Aware about general comfort of the patients and their relatives.
Enquire regarding any sound pollution, electrical Hazards, Fire extinguisher and
presence of security personnel, etc., of the ward.
Deal the problems met with during her/his round on the spot and port to Nursing
Superintendent.
Make written report to Nursing Superintendent for any case of breach of discipline or
direction of duty on the part of any member of nursing personnel.
3. Waste Management
Supervise the waste management of the unit by:
Ensuring the colour-coated collection bins and colour-coated plastic bags at the waste
generated site.
Ensuring supply of bleaching solution in non-pierceable container for disposing of
sharps.
Ensuring needle cutter in working condition.
Ensuring proper disposal of the waste.
Ensuring for keeping post exposure prophylaxis ready for sharp injuiry.
Supervise the cleanliness of the ward with the help of Sister-in chare.
1. Nursing Care
Assist the total needs of patients in the Ward/Department and prepare
planned nursing care.
Demonstrate and supervise the nursing care of patients in the Ward/
Department.
Attend regular round in the Ward/Department with the Medical and Nursing Officer.
Reviewing reports from Sister-In charge regarding the nursing care of patients in each
shift (Morning/Evening/Night).
Arrange Guidance and counselling for patient and their family members.
2. Ward Management
3. Nursing Administration
Supervise the nursing care given to the patients in various departments
by taking regular round of her area.
Act as a liaison officer between deputy nursing superintendent and the nursing
staff of the hospital.
Attend the emergency calls concerning nursing services.
Keep up to date record and reports of Nursing Services.
Maintain the records of attendance of nursing staff and leave teeism of any kind.
Conduct regular physical verification of hospital stocks, i.e.dna equipments, etc.
Project the annual requirements of drugs supplies and equipment the
Ward/Department.
Initiate procedure for condemnation and procurement of hospital equipment/linen,
etc.
Confidentiality should be maintained among nursing personnel.
Assist the Deputy Nursing Superintendent on planning and organizing
nursing services in the hospital.
Attend the official meetings.
Keep the senior nursing officials informed of the happenings in the ward
4. Educational Activities
Assist in planning/organizing and implementing staff development programme.
Ensure clinical experience facilities for student nurses in various clinical areas of
the hospital.
Participate in clinical teaching for student nurses in Cooperation with the nursing
tutor.
Provide guidance and counselling to nursing staff.
Maintain discipline among nursing personnel.
5. General Duties
Organize and make plan of all nursing activities of her ward for patient care according
to hospital policy and rules.
Establish and reinforce the prepared standard protocol for patient care.
Take the report of her ward from the on duty staff nurse and will read and sign the
report book.
Make bed to bed round of the department with Staff& Students.
Supervise direct patient care of the ward and provide direct care to seriously ill
patients as and when situation arises.
Assign staff nurses, student nurses for nursing care especially for acute ill,
dangerously ill patient and post operative cases
Coordinate with other department for patient care and for smooth running of the ward.
Supervise dietary arrangement, serving of diet and feeding of the help less patient.
Supervise, guide and direct the staff Nurses and students to carry treatment of the
patients as prescribed by the physician/surgeon of the ward.
Check all the records of the patient related to diagnosis, condition and treatment and
ensure proper maintenance of records
3. Nursing Education
Supervise the cleanliness of the ward with the help of Nursing Staff and
Domestic Staff.
Supply of water round the clock.
Hand washing facility.
Attendance of ancillary staff.
Supply of antiseptic, cleansing agents
Mopping/washing of the floor.
Changing of bed sheet, curtain, etc.
Light and ventilation of the unit.
Ensure adequate Housekeeping of Ward and its surrounding area.
Assess the needs of the patients in the ward and make nursing cars . for all patients
consulting with ward sister. care plan
Give direct patient care (bed making, changing of bed sheets, mor care, back care, bed
bathing, hair wash, changing of position, etc.) and mouth allotted nursing care to
her/his by the ward sister.
Fulfills all basic needs (hygienic, nutritional need, etc.) of the patients
Provide comfort to the patient and maintain safety of the patient.
Take over the charge from duty nurse of previous shift, regarding patients (bed to
bed), instrument supplies, drugs, etc., and handing over the same to the next shift.
Inform physician on duty of any new patient within 10 min of their arrival and record.
TPR and other vital signs immediately.
Submit full report of all patients each morning.
Write reports in day/evening and night shift books.
Provide hospital linen and patient's clothing to all patients.
Know all hospital and ward activities
In case of any difficulty in the evenings/nigh/holiday duties, contact the supervisors
for help.
Handing over and taking over of the patients form bed in each shilte
Admission and discharge of patients
Assisting doctors in medical examination and treatment
Identifying the nursing needs of the patients and implements care.
Providing bed-side care patients as assignment to her by the nursing sister.
Escorting patients to and from department.
Maintenance of accounts of narcotics and poisonous drugs.
2. To Operation Theatre
5. Ward Administration
Assign patient to student nurse keeping in mind the level of knowledge of the
student, the learning objective and need of the patients.
Provide direct supervision over patient care by the Students in her/his ward.
Teach, supervise and guide nursing procedure performed by student Nurses.
Guide and help the students in giving health education to the patient of student
her/his ward.
Participate in clinical teaching programme of the students nurse.
Assist and participate in any In-service education programme.
1. Administration
2. Curriculum
4. Staff Education
1. Teaching
Plan and implement the curriculum.
Teach the nursing subject to students.
Prepare master rotation and clinical rotation plan.
Act as class coordinator.
Take clinical round and supervise the students.
Supervise the students in clinical as well as in community.
Organize and implement seminar, workshop for students.
Plan and conduct periodical test.
Prepare teaching aids.
Maintain necessary academic record.
Take active participation in recreational as well as professional activity.
2. Administration
3. Clinical Supervision
Guide the students in clinical area.
Supervise and evaluate the students as per clinical rotation plan.
Carry out roll call of students.
2. Administration
Work under guidance of Principal and Vice principal.
Carry out the responsibilities assigned by Principal and
Assist administrative activities.
Supervise cleanliness of classrooms.
Help in staff development programme.
3. Clinical Supervision
Supervise and evaluate the performance of students in clinical area.
Carry out roll call.
Make clinical rotation of students.
The concept of total patient care developed during the Florence nightingale
Total patient care is also referred as case method.
Total patient care is client centred method.
One nurse is responsible for the comprehensive care of group of patients.
The nurse is responsible for planning, organizing and implementing the
nursing care for the patient.
Staff nurse is responsible to provide complete quality nursing care to
patient.
The nursing care can be delegated to other staff nurses or student nurses.
Staff nurses are assigned to complete specific task for the o
for the group of patients.
Nurse has greater sense of control and autonomy.
In this method, the patient is contact with one nurse during a shift
Total patient care usually used at Operation theatre, Post operative room
etc.
Advantages
Disadvantages
2. Primary Nursing
The concept of primary nursing developed during the Cultural revolution in the
US in 1960s to place registered nurses at the at the bed side and improve
accountability of nursing for patient outcome.
The concept of Primary nursing founded by the Marie Manthey.
Primary nursing supports the nurse and patient relationship.
Primary nursing is that one nurse is responsible to provide comprehensive and
individualized and consistent nursing care for 24 years.
Staff nurses assume a 24-hr of responsibility for plan, implement and evaluate the
nursing care provided to the patients.
Primary nursing collaborate, communicates and coordinates communicates and
coordinates all aspect of patient care with other health team member.
The nurse assesses the patients, identify the needs and develop, plan and evaluate
the nursing care provided to the patients.
Primary nursing incorporates all aspects of the professional role such as teaching,
advocacy, decision making and continuity of care.
Advantages
It helps to establish the rapport with the patients.
Primary nursing is flexible and can be used at various levels.
It helps to provided high quality nursing care to the patients.
Staff nurses feel challenged and rewarded.
Primary nursing care has high level of autonomy and authority.
Primary nursing promotes the continuity of care.
Primary nursing reduces the chances of error.
Disadvantages
Staff nurses have to provide round a clock duty, it may be hectic for
nurses.
Require more number of staff nurses.
It is costly
Assistant nurse cannot change the plan of care without discussing with
primary nurse
3. Team Nursing
The concept of team nursing developed during the World War II in response to
severe nursing shortage.
Team nursing evolved in the 1950s to improve patient satisfaction.
The main objective of team nursing is to reduce the fragmented care.
The team of nurses provides the direct patient care under supervision of Sister and
senior staff.
The nursing team includes the sister, staff nurses, nursing aids and student nurses.
In team nursing, one staff nurse administers the medication and other nurse will
give the bath and other care to patient..
The purpose of team nursing is to provide quality nursing care to patient by
utilizing the abilities and potentials of staff nurses.
Team leader develops the plan of care.
Simple nursing task can be carried out by the staff nursing aids or students.
Intermediate nursing task can be carried out by the staff nurse.
Professional nursing task performed by the expert staff nurse.
Advantages
Team nursing encourages the staff nurses to work with the other health team
members.
It promotes high level of autonomy.
It increases the efficiency of nurse
In team nursing, decision making occurs at clinical level
It helps to solve patient's problems.
Disadvantages
Time consuming
It is costly.
Continuity of care may not be possible.
Inconsistency in staff members.
Lack of supervision.
Conflict may arise due to different educational background nurses
Disadvantages
Fragmentation of care.
Patients may get confused as many nurses providing the care.
Non-quantifiable aspects of care.
Communication gap may occur as many nurses work nurses work for same patient.
5. Case Management
The concept of case management firs introduced by the insurance company in 1970.
The hospitals adopted this system as care system in 1980.
According to CMSA, Case management is the collaborative process includes
assessment, planning advocacy for services to meet the individual needs through
Communication and promote quality patient outcome.
In case management, Sister-In charge assigned the responsibility to staff nurse to
provide nursing care to patient from diagnosis to rehabilitation
and up to discharge.
6. Modular Nursing
Advantages
Modular nursing helps to improve continuity of care.
Staff nurses actively participate in planning and coordinating of nursing care.
It helps staff nurses to save time.
It helps in effective communication.
Disadvantage
The concept of progressive patient care developed in the 1950 to organize the
hospitals and nursing services.
Progressive patient care focuses on the self care.
Assist the patient to achieve self care while continuity of care is maintained.
Progressive patient care is the systematic classification of patients based
on their medical and nursing needs.
Progressive patient care focuses on the setting up and organizing of facilities, staff
and services within the hospital.
In progressive patient care, the admitted patient's area is divided into separate
sections. First, the Intensive Care unit which takes in acute stage of illness. Second,
the intermediate unit and third is convalescent unit, which takes patients who are
nearly recovered a minimum care.
Critical care
Intermediate care
Long-term care
Specialized care
Self care
Home care
Ambulatory care
Advantages
Effective utilization of nurses knowledge and skill to provide quality nursing care to
patient.
Improve quality nursing services.
Disadvantages
Duty Roster is also called as Duty Schedule. Duty schedule is important for the day-
to-day exercise in hospital. Schedule may be daily, weekly and monthly. Mostly, the duty
roster will be prepared weekly in nursing. Duty roster of staff nurses for ward/department is
prepared by the ward manager or Ward Sister.
Definition
- Merriam Webster
Good duty roster ensures that each shifts enough staff to keep things running
smoothly.
It prevents the staff from exhaustion.
It helps to distribute workload evenly and fairly.
It helps everyone gets turn in all shifts.
It prevents the disorganization.
It improves the day-to-day activity.
It improves the efficiency.