Administration, Management and Supervision

 Participates in the formulation of the nursing services philosophy of the hospital.

 Formulates goals and objectives and participate in formation of nursing services
policies of the hospital.
 Implements hospital policies and rules for better health services to the patients.
 Makes plan for placement of nursing staff including sister, staff nurse, students in
different units, their rotation plan, and schedule.
 Recommends personnel requirement and material requirement.
 Reviews the census and daily reports of hospital and report to the higher authority
accordingly.
 Makes regular hospital rounds individually and with Medical Supritendent as well as
with various hospital committees to ensure the quality patient care services.
 Responsible for making nursing audit.
 Supervises various stocks of wards for keeping the stock position up to date with the
help of Deputy Nursing Superintendent and sister
 Takes initiative and participates actively in condemnation of articles of the hospital.
 Responsible to ensure issuance of show cause notice to all nurses remaining on
unauthorized absent and long absent and disobey the authority.
 Prepares confidential report/performance appraisal report of all nursing staff working
under her/him regularly and forward to the Director whenever asked for.
 Responsible to prepare working statement of all nursing personnel and coordinate
with hospital authority.
 Maintains various record registers, such as cumulative record, leave record,
attendance register, explanation letter file, grievance file of nursing services,
performance appraisal, health record, report of serious patients, census book (daily,
monthly & yearly), etc.
 Takes action of all disciplinary problems when Deputy Nursing Superitendent or
other subordinate staff in difficult to handle.
 Prepares the budget proposal of nursing department.
 Investigates the problem as asked by higher authority.
 Responsible for sending the names of various nursing professional the Directorate for
making gradation list.

2. Making Liaison Officer

 Member of various Hospital Committees like Diet Committee, Purchases Committee,
Disaster Management Committee, Infection control Committee, RGJY Committee,
Condemnation Committee, Enquiry Committee, College Council Committee, Quarter
Committee, etc., and participate in all developmental planning for the hospital.
 Keep communication with the head of the institution, Directorate, and Principal,
College Nursing, if any and other category of Staff for smooth hospital management.
 Maintain interdepartmental communication & act as a liaison officer between Bio
waste management System operator, Diet contractor, Linen contractor etc., to run the
hospital smoothly.
 Hold periodical meeting with the hospital administrators and nursing staff to make the
nursing administration effective.

3. Patient Care
  Observe and take active part for maintaining cleanliness of the wards, with the help of
Deputy Nursing Superintendent and Ward sister.
 Enquire regarding presence or Group D employees, presence of nurses, light
&ventilation, any sound pollution, safety security of the patient, fire extinguisher,
presence of security personnel, etc., during every day round.
 Formulate the standard protocol, enforce for implementation of the standard by
encouraging the unit in charge to supervise the maintenance of developed standard,
review the standard periodically for quality patient care and maintaining clean,
orderly and safe environment.
 Ensure regular supply of articles and equipments for proper nursing care to the
patients and be vigilant about proper utilization of hospital properties.
 Initiate and encourage the staff to implement the modern technology for the patient
care.
 Supervise the maintenance of various records such as admission register, discharge
register, Log Book, Hospital Report and Census, nurses notes, TPR Chart, intake &
output chart, etc., of the unit.
 Check and ensure the proper patient's diet as a member of diet committee and also to
visit the hospital kitchen periodically.
 Supervise the waste management, infection control and safety measures
(Universal/Standard precaution) of the hospital.

4. Staff Development and Welfare of the Nursing Staff

 Responsible to plan, organize, conduct and actively participate in ln- Service and
continuing education programme.
 Orientation & induction programme of newly posted staff.
 Participate in seminars/workshops directly.
 Select the participants for any workshop and keep records up to date.
 Encourage the nursing personnel to go for higher studies.
 Counsel the subordinate staff in problem and provide guidance.
 Ensure the comfortable physical facilities of the nursing staff in wards and guide them
as far as practicable.
 Ensure periodical health check-up of all nursing personnel the hospital, maintain
health records and take action for sick nurses.
 Arrange nurses sick room in the hospital for the sick nurses.
 Encourage recreational programme for nurses and actively participate in all
recreational, social and professional activities.
 Visit the nurses hostel periodically tor smooth running hostel & mess.
 Ensure that all nursing staff is in tidy, clean uniform and maintain fessional etiquette.

5. Nursing Education and Research

 Participate in students selection and recruitment.
 Involved in planning, implementation and evaluation of the curriculum.
 Keep her apprised of the teaching programme attached to institute.
 Initiate new projects/study/evidence based research for professional growth and
submit the proposal to Directorate.
1. Nursing Administration and Management

 The Deputy Nursing Superintendent will assist the Nursing Superintendent in office
work.
 Deal with the matter which may be allotted to her/him and maintain official decorum.

 Be responsible for preparing master rotation of staff nurses subject to approval of

Nursing Superintendent.
 Check and verify the duty roster of the Staff Nurses prepared by Sister In charge,
guided by Nursing Superintendent.
 Be responsible for making relief arrangement for sudden absence of nursing staff
 Prepare roster of Sister-In charge guided by Nursing Superintendent and submitted to
Nursing Superintendent for approval.
 Make round in the hospital every day.
 Be responsible to receive report from the night supervisor of the hospital and provide
report to Nursing Superintendent.
 Check attendance of staff nurses every shift.
 Be responsible for compiling and submit nursing statistics to the concern authority.
 Arrange staff meeting periodically.
 Maintain records of staff statistics related to educational programme.
 Maintain cumulative record of all nursing personnel guided by Nursing
Superintendent.
 Act as a liaison officer between the nursing department and other sections of the
Hospital
 Perform morning, evening and night duty in the interest of the hospital

2. Patient Care
 Evaluate the nature and quantum of care required for each unit
 Organize and plan nursing care activities of the wards according to hospital policy
and service needed.
 Be actively involved for preparation of the standard protocol of nursing care and
implement that protocol with the help of Ward Sister for quality patient care.
 Plan staffing pattern and other necessary requirement of any unit.
 Supervise the cleanliness of the ward with the help of Sister-In charge
 Help Ward sister for procurement of supplies in the wards.
 Supervise the proper use and care of the equipments and supplies and verify the stock
ledger and inventory of Sister In charge periodically.
 Aware about general comfort of the patients and their relatives.
 Enquire regarding any sound pollution, electrical Hazards, Fire extinguisher and
presence of security personnel, etc., of the ward.
 Deal the problems met with during her/his round on the spot and port to Nursing
Superintendent.
 Make written report to Nursing Superintendent for any case of breach of discipline or
direction of duty on the part of any member of nursing personnel.
3. Waste Management
Supervise the waste management of the unit by:

 Ensuring the colour-coated collection bins and colour-coated plastic bags at the waste
generated site.
 Ensuring supply of bleaching solution in non-pierceable container for disposing of
sharps.
 Ensuring needle cutter in working condition.
 Ensuring proper disposal of the waste.
 Ensuring for keeping post exposure prophylaxis ready for sharp injuiry.
 Supervise the cleanliness of the ward with the help of Sister-in chare.

4. Education & Staff Development

 Aware about the clinical rotation plan and duty roster of the students make by the
Sister Tutor of the College of Nursing.
 Arrange, implement and supervise the Clinical Teaching/Health Education of the
nursing students of College of Nursing with the help of staff nurse and sister, Sister
Tutor and Faculty of College of Nursing.
 Counsel and guide the staff.
 Assist in planning and participate the training of ancillary staff, e.g. hand
washing, waste management, etc.
 Plan and participate in staff development programme like orientation programme for
newly appointed nursing staff.
 Conduction and participation in in-service training programme.
Arrange medical checkup of all nursing personnel in the Institution periodically and
maintain health record.
 Attend periodical meeting of the School of Nursing, if necessary
 Help in medical and nursing research.

1. Supervision of the Nurses Hostel & Mess

 Making round in the Nurses Hostel everyday and ensure Cleanliness

neatness and hygienic atmosphere.
 Supervise the cleanliness of kitchen, dining hall.
 Check the quality and quantity of the food.
 Supervise the smooth running of the hostel, kitchen & dining hall.
 Maintenance of crockery, cutlery, utensils & furniture of the hostel.
 Supervision of the inventory used in the hostel and make physical verification of
the stock at least once in a year.
  Make arrangement for repair and replacement of unserviceable articles.
 Make arrangement for condemnation of the articles of Nurses Hostel.
 Make arrangement for report of any theft or any incident occur in Nurses Hostel to
the concern authority.

1. Nursing Care
 Assist the total needs of patients in the Ward/Department and prepare
planned nursing care.
 Demonstrate and supervise the nursing care of patients in the Ward/
Department.
 Attend regular round in the Ward/Department with the Medical and Nursing Officer.
Reviewing reports from Sister-In charge regarding the nursing care of patients in each
shift (Morning/Evening/Night).
 Arrange Guidance and counselling for patient and their family members.

2. Ward Management

 Ensure availability of adequate nursing staff in all shifts.

 Maintain cleanliness of Ward/Department its annexes and environment.
 Keeping Superintendent and Deputy Nursing Superintendent informed of the
needs of the patient care areas and brings it to their notice any special problems.
 Guide the Sister-In charge to ensure adequate supplies and equipments of different
stores and re-checking their use and care.
 Daily check of emergency and dangerous drugs, life saving equipments, monitors,
ventilators, defibrillators, suction machines and O, points etc., to ensure their
proper functioning
 Periodical check of all stocks and supplies.

3. Nursing Administration
 Supervise the nursing care given to the patients in various departments
by taking regular round of her area.
 Act as a liaison officer between deputy nursing superintendent and the nursing
staff of the hospital.
 Attend the emergency calls concerning nursing services.
 Keep up to date record and reports of Nursing Services.
 Maintain the records of attendance of nursing staff and leave teeism of any kind.
 Conduct regular physical verification of hospital stocks, i.e.dna equipments, etc.
 Project the annual requirements of drugs supplies and equipment the
Ward/Department.
 Initiate procedure for condemnation and procurement of hospital equipment/linen,
etc.
 Confidentiality should be maintained among nursing personnel.
  Assist the Deputy Nursing Superintendent on planning and organizing
nursing services in the hospital.
 Attend the official meetings.
Keep the senior nursing officials informed of the happenings in the ward
4. Educational Activities
 Assist in planning/organizing and implementing staff development programme.
 Ensure clinical experience facilities for student nurses in various clinical areas of
the hospital.
 Participate in clinical teaching for student nurses in Cooperation with the nursing
tutor.
 Provide guidance and counselling to nursing staff.
 Maintain discipline among nursing personnel.
5. General Duties

 Escorts special visitors, Nursing Superintendent Medical Superitendent for

hospital rounds.
 Arranges and participates in professional and social function staff and
students.
 Orientation to the new nursing staff and students.
 Maintains good public relations.
 Any other duties assigned to her from time to time.

6. Biomedical waste Management

 She will supervise the waste management of the Ward/Department by-

 Ensuring the colour-coated collectio bins and colour-coated plastic bags at the waste
generated site.
 Ensuring needle cutter in working condition
 Ensuring proper collection and disposal of the waste.
 Ensuring for keeping PEP ready for sharp injury.

7. Infection Control of Ward/Department

 Supervise the cleanliness of the ward/Department with the help of Sister

in charge, and Assistant Matron.
 Supply of Water round the clock.
 Hand washing facility.
 Attendance of ancillary staff.
  Supply of antiseptic, cleansing agents.
 Mopping/washing of the floor.
 Changing of bed sheet, curtain, etc.
 Light and ventilation of the unit.
 Ensure adequate Housekeeping of Ward/Department and its surrounding
area.
 Regularly monitor the microbiology report in required department.

JOB DESCRIPTION OF WARD SISTER/SUPERVISOR/HEAD NURSE

1. Patient Care

 Organize and make plan of all nursing activities of her ward for patient care according
to hospital policy and rules.
 Establish and reinforce the prepared standard protocol for patient care.
 Take the report of her ward from the on duty staff nurse and will read and sign the
report book.
 Make bed to bed round of the department with Staff& Students.
 Supervise direct patient care of the ward and provide direct care to seriously ill
patients as and when situation arises.
 Assign staff nurses, student nurses for nursing care especially for acute ill,
dangerously ill patient and post operative cases
 Coordinate with other department for patient care and for smooth running of the ward.
 Supervise dietary arrangement, serving of diet and feeding of the help less patient.
 Supervise, guide and direct the staff Nurses and students to carry treatment of the
patients as prescribed by the physician/surgeon of the ward.
 Check all the records of the patient related to diagnosis, condition and treatment and
ensure proper maintenance of records

2. Ward Management and Supervision

 Take active part to maintain cleanliness of the ward.

 Ensure safety and comfort of the patient of the ward.
 Make duty roster of the staff nurses, student nurses and work assignment.
 Check the attendance of all nurses posted in her/his ward and report to the office of
Nursing
 Indent and procure the ward supplies, equipment and drugs
 Check the inventory regularly and keep the stock register up to date
 Maintain the records of non-serviceable articles and make arrangement for
condemnation.
 Maintain stock register and it will be countersigned by Nursing Superintendent.
 Face the audit (Internal & External) periodically.
 Establish and reinforce the standard of nursing
 Ensure the maintenance of waste management and infection control of the ward.
 Ensure prevention of wastage and misuse of supplies and drugs.
 Act as a liaison officer between ward and administration
 Maintain good public relation in her/his ward.
 Maintain ward statistics and submit to concern authority.
  Deal with adverse situation and report any theft or loss to the higher authority
regularly.
 Report any theft or loss to the higher authority through Nursing Supritedent
 Report any medio-legal cases in the ward to the concern authority,
 Write and submit performance report of the staff and send to the office of the nursing
Supritendent.
 Make arrangement for keeping the patients belongings in safe custody as per laid
down policy of the hospital.
 Maintain daily patient's census of the ward and report about the critically ill patients
to the Nursing Superintendent.
 Perform any other other duty allotted to her by the Nursing Superintendent/ Deputy
Nursing Superintendent in the interest of the public and when necessary
 Perform morning, evening and night duty in the interest of the Hospital.

3. Nursing Education

 Organize the orientation programme of staff and student.

 Encourage and participate in staff development programme in her ward
 Implement the practical part of the Nursing Educational Programme.
 Guide the student for formulation of nursing care plan, nursing care studies for the
patient.
 Evaluate the student's performance in the ward & report accordingly.
 Assist and supervise the student for incidental teaching, health education
programme for the patients and their relatives.
 Help in Medical and Nursing Research.

4. Biomedical Waste Management

 Ensuring the colour-coated collection bins and colour-coated plastic bags

at the waste generated site.
 Ensuring needle cutter in working condition.
 Ensuring proper collection and disposal of the waste.
 Ensuring for keeping PEP ready for sharp injury.

5. Infection Control of Ward/Department

 Supervise the cleanliness of the ward with the help of Nursing Staff and
 Domestic Staff.
 Supply of water round the clock.
 Hand washing facility.
 Attendance of ancillary staff.
 Supply of antiseptic, cleansing agents
 Mopping/washing of the floor.
 Changing of bed sheet, curtain, etc.
 Light and ventilation of the unit.
  Ensure adequate Housekeeping of Ward and its surrounding area.

1. Direct Patient Care

 Assess the needs of the patients in the ward and make nursing cars . for all patients
consulting with ward sister. care plan
 Give direct patient care (bed making, changing of bed sheets, mor care, back care, bed
bathing, hair wash, changing of position, etc.) and mouth allotted nursing care to
her/his by the ward sister.
 Fulfills all basic needs (hygienic, nutritional need, etc.) of the patients
 Provide comfort to the patient and maintain safety of the patient.
 Take over the charge from duty nurse of previous shift, regarding patients (bed to
bed), instrument supplies, drugs, etc., and handing over the same to the next shift.
 Inform physician on duty of any new patient within 10 min of their arrival and record.
TPR and other vital signs immediately.
 Submit full report of all patients each morning.
 Write reports in day/evening and night shift books.
 Provide hospital linen and patient's clothing to all patients.
 Know all hospital and ward activities
 In case of any difficulty in the evenings/nigh/holiday duties, contact the supervisors
for help.
 Handing over and taking over of the patients form bed in each shilte
 Admission and discharge of patients
 Assisting doctors in medical examination and treatment
 Identifying the nursing needs of the patients and implements care.
 Providing bed-side care patients as assignment to her by the nursing sister.
 Escorting patients to and from department.
 Maintenance of accounts of narcotics and poisonous drugs.

2. To Operation Theatre

 Lay out the trolley according to operation list.

 Prepare the trolley of anaesthesia.
 Check Oxygen, carbon dioxide, Nitrou Oxide, emergency drugs, crush trolley etc., &
keep them ready at hand.
 Carry out the instruction of O.T Sister when necessary.
 Count all instruments and mops before closing the wounds.
 Monitor the condition and take care of patient during operation, and post operatively
in recovery room.
 Act as O.T Sister in her absence
 Fumigate the O.T. room periodically.
3. Labour Room Management

 Autoclave necessary instruments, gloves, linen equipment, etc, of the unit.

 Keep ready the confinement trolley & episiotomy tray, forceps tray, etc. of the unit.
 Keep ready emergency drugs, fluids, equipments, Boyle's apparatus and other
necessary gadgets.
 Keep ready the baby resuscitation table, warmer, pre-warmed linens, etc, for
resuscitation of the newborn.
 Check all electrical points are in working condition.
 Assess the progress of labour by using partograph.
 Assist the doctors in any procedure the labour room.
 Supervise the students and ancillary staffs.
 Conduct normal delivery and provide care to the newborn.
 Resuscitate newborn, if needed.
 Repair episiotomy wounds accordance the laid down policy of the hospital.
 Carry out the duties as instructed by the Sister in-charge.
 Follow the waste management protocol.
 Maintain Log book properly.

4.To Critical Care Unit (1.C.U./Burn Unit/ H.D.U./ N.I.C.U.)

 Maintain the prepared standard protocol of asepsis strictly.

 Maintain the hand washing protocol, dress protocol as prescribed.
 Autoclave and disinfect necessary articles, instruments, linen, gadgets,
equipments, etc., and keep ready for use.
 Check all electrical points, pipe line O,, in built suction/Suction machine for
proper working condition.
 Communicate with concerned person for proper maintenance of unit.
 Carry out the instructions of the sister-in-charge as allocated by her.
 Prepare the drugs, crash trolley, etc., properly.
 Check Oxygen, Carbon dioxide, Nitrous Oxide, etc., for proper use.
 Check monitor, ventilator, all life saving gadgets for proper working condition.
 Provide special care to the patient guided by the physician
 Fumigate the department periodically.
 Keep records of all the procedures ot the patient neatly

5. Ward Administration

 Ensure to make the ward clean and tidy.

 Keep all articles well arranged and maintain the inventory.
 Take the report, make bed to bed round at the time of changing the shift of the unit.
  Orient the new patient with ward.
 Help the ward sister for supervision or work or Group D allotted in the ward for
maintenance of cleanliness and sanitation.
 Make list of patients belongings and Keep in safe custody, according to
laid down policy of the hospital.
 Keep a sub stock of drugs, linen and other supplies for ward maintenance.
 Maintain poisonous drugs registered.
 Sterilize all articles; maintain all equipments, gadgets, electrical connections Sight,
fan, etc.
 Indent drugs, diet and other supplies, if necessary.
 Vigilant to protect the patient from injury or accident by providing side rail.
 Write report of each shift and sign the report after checking properly
 Assist the ward sister in orientation programme of new stat and surdents.
 Make round with doctors and senior nursing officers.
 Help ward sister in indenting and checking of drugs, supplies and training inventories.
 Be deputed for the ward sister during her absent.
 Keep her/him self up to date with nursing knowledge by taking part in service
education programme

6. Teaching of Nursing students

 Assign patient to student nurse keeping in mind the level of knowledge of the
student, the learning objective and need of the patients.
 Provide direct supervision over patient care by the Students in her/his ward.
 Teach, supervise and guide nursing procedure performed by student Nurses.
 Guide and help the students in giving health education to the patient of student
her/his ward.
 Participate in clinical teaching programme of the students nurse.
 Assist and participate in any In-service education programme.

1. Administration

 Formulate the Vision, Mission, Philosophy & Objectives of the Institute.

 Planning of Nursing Institute with the higher authority.
 Maintain Office Management and Finance with the help of administrative staff.
 Prepare the budget for nursing institute.
 Make arrangement for scrutinizing the applications of students in admission
process.
 Ensure library will maintain properly.
 Formulate different committees for academics purpose.
 Plan and implement the curricular activities and monitor them.
 Distribute academic work load among teachers.
 Responsible for correspondence with higher authority and Indian Nursing Council
and State Nursing Council.
 Maintain records and reports related to finance and academics.
 Periodical verification of cash book and countersign.
  Arrange the periodical meetings with teachers and staffs.

2. Curriculum

 Plan, implement and evaluate the curriculum.

 Prepare master plan for teaching faculty.
 Prepare and guide the teachers to prepare master rotation plan and clinical rotation
plan.
 Check course plan, unit plan and lesson plan of teaching faculties and guide them.
 Guide the teachers for evaluation of students.
 Participate in teaching programme.
 Guide the teachers for clinical supervision.
 Guide the teachers to complete student's record.
 Conduct the examination.
 Arrange guidance and counselling session for teaching faculties and students.

3. Professional Activities and Recreation

 Arrange for educational visit for students.

 Arrange health check up programme for students.
 Plan recreational and social function for students.
 Motivate student for active participation in professional activities.
 Regular visit to hostel.

4. Staff Education

 Arrange the staff welfare programme.

 Motivate teaching faculties for further studies.
 Organize educational programme.

5. Profession and Research

 Maintain professional ethics.

 Encourage teachers to participate in professional activities.
 Keep up to date professional knowledge.
 Encourage teachers to participate.
 Participate in evidence-based nursing practices.
 Encourage teachers to conduct research studies.

JOB DESCRIPTION OF LECTURER, COLLEGE OF NURSING

1. Teaching
 Plan and implement the curriculum.
 Teach the nursing subject to students.
 Prepare master rotation and clinical rotation plan.
  Act as class coordinator.
 Take clinical round and supervise the students.
 Supervise the students in clinical as well as in community.
 Organize and implement seminar, workshop for students.
 Plan and conduct periodical test.
 Prepare teaching aids.
 Maintain necessary academic record.
 Take active participation in recreational as well as professional activity.

2. Administration

 Help Principal/Vice Principal in administrative work.

 Carry out all responsibilities assigned by principal.
 Plan and implement lamp lighting ceremony.
 Maintain cleanliness of classroom.
 Assist in library work.
 Regular visit to hostel.
 Arrange staff development programme.

3. Clinical Supervision
 Guide the students in clinical area.
 Supervise and evaluate the students as per clinical rotation plan.
 Carry out roll call of students.

4. Profession and Research

 Maintain professional ethics.

 Update professional knowledge.
 Plan and organize workshop, conference, etc.
 Participate in professional and community programme
 Conduct evidence-based research.
 Guide the students in research studies.
 Guide the student for paper presentation and publication.
 Help the students in statistical analysis.

JOB DESCRIPTION OF TUTOR/ CLINICAL INSTTRUCTOR,

COLLEGE OF NURSING
1. Academic Activity
 Plan and implement the curriculum of students.
 Responsible for teaching nursing subject.
 Prepare master rotation and clinical rotation plan.
 Clinical teaching and demonstration at bed side.
 Supervise students in clinical areas
 Assess the student's clinical competencies.
 Prepare teaching aids.
  Conduct examination.
 Maintain necessary academic and clinical record.
 Counsel the students.
 Active participation in recreational and professional actuvic

2. Administration
 Work under guidance of Principal and Vice principal.
 Carry out the responsibilities assigned by Principal and
 Assist administrative activities.
 Supervise cleanliness of classrooms.
 Help in staff development programme.

3. Clinical Supervision

 Supervise and evaluate the performance of students in clinical area.

 Carry out roll call.
 Make clinical rotation of students.

3. Profession and Research

 Maintain professional ethics.

 Update professional knowledge.
 Participate in clinical research and evidence based practices.
 Guide students for research work.

4. METHODS OF PATIENT CARE ASSIGNMENT

Since, the time of Florence Nightingale nurses have used a various nursing care
delivery model to provide the care to the patient. These models used various nursing
care concepts, theories, nursing role and nursing functions.
There are various methods to provide quality care to the patients is.

1. Total Patient Care

 The concept of total patient care developed during the Florence nightingale
 Total patient care is also referred as case method.
 Total patient care is client centred method.
 One nurse is responsible for the comprehensive care of group of patients.
 The nurse is responsible for planning, organizing and implementing the
nursing care for the patient.
 Staff nurse is responsible to provide complete quality nursing care to
patient.
  The nursing care can be delegated to other staff nurses or student nurses.
 Staff nurses are assigned to complete specific task for the o
for the group of patients.
 Nurse has greater sense of control and autonomy.
 In this method, the patient is contact with one nurse during a shift
 Total patient care usually used at Operation theatre, Post operative room
etc.

Advantages

 High patient's satisfaction.

 Collaboration with other health care team member.
 Care is provided to the patient efficiently
 The task assigned to the nurses complete mmediately.

Disadvantages

 The care may be disintegrated.

 Care may not be cost effective as required more number of staft nurses
to provide care.
 Nurse may feel overload.
 Continuity of care cannot be maintained.

2. Primary Nursing

 The concept of primary nursing developed during the Cultural revolution in the
US in 1960s to place registered nurses at the at the bed side and improve
accountability of nursing for patient outcome.
 The concept of Primary nursing founded by the Marie Manthey.
 Primary nursing supports the nurse and patient relationship.
 Primary nursing is that one nurse is responsible to provide comprehensive and
individualized and consistent nursing care for 24 years.
 Staff nurses assume a 24-hr of responsibility for plan, implement and evaluate the
nursing care provided to the patients.
 Primary nursing collaborate, communicates and coordinates communicates and
coordinates all aspect of patient care with other health team member.
 The nurse assesses the patients, identify the needs and develop, plan and evaluate
the nursing care provided to the patients.
 Primary nursing incorporates all aspects of the professional role such as teaching,
advocacy, decision making and continuity of care.

Advantages
 It helps to establish the rapport with the patients.
 Primary nursing is flexible and can be used at various levels.
  It helps to provided high quality nursing care to the patients.
 Staff nurses feel challenged and rewarded.
 Primary nursing care has high level of autonomy and authority.
 Primary nursing promotes the continuity of care.
 Primary nursing reduces the chances of error.

Disadvantages
 Staff nurses have to provide round a clock duty, it may be hectic for
nurses.
 Require more number of staff nurses.
 It is costly
 Assistant nurse cannot change the plan of care without discussing with
primary nurse

3. Team Nursing

 The concept of team nursing developed during the World War II in response to
severe nursing shortage.
 Team nursing evolved in the 1950s to improve patient satisfaction.
 The main objective of team nursing is to reduce the fragmented care.
 The team of nurses provides the direct patient care under supervision of Sister and
senior staff.
 The nursing team includes the sister, staff nurses, nursing aids and student nurses.
 In team nursing, one staff nurse administers the medication and other nurse will
give the bath and other care to patient..
 The purpose of team nursing is to provide quality nursing care to patient by
utilizing the abilities and potentials of staff nurses.
 Team leader develops the plan of care.
 Simple nursing task can be carried out by the staff nursing aids or students.
 Intermediate nursing task can be carried out by the staff nurse.
 Professional nursing task performed by the expert staff nurse.

Advantages

 Team nursing encourages the staff nurses to work with the other health team
members.
 It promotes high level of autonomy.
 It increases the efficiency of nurse
 In team nursing, decision making occurs at clinical level
 It helps to solve patient's problems.

Disadvantages
  Time consuming
 It is costly.
 Continuity of care may not be possible.
 Inconsistency in staff members.
 Lack of supervision.
 Conflict may arise due to different educational background nurses

4. Functional Nursing Method

 The concept of Functional nursing developed in 1930s in USA

 Functional nursing method is that the nurse has to be assigned complete tasks, such as
administering medication, recording vitals, etc.
 Functional nursing is the task oriented approach of patient care
 In functional nursing, there is less scope for the utilization o
nursing care.

Advantages

 The functional nursing method is simple, economical and efficient

 It permits the centralized direction and control.
 It is good for long term care settings.
 It helps to improve coordination and communication.
 Functional method has less confusion.
 Functional nursing method helps to increase confidence and skill devolpment.

Disadvantages

 Fragmentation of care.
 Patients may get confused as many nurses providing the care.
 Non-quantifiable aspects of care.
 Communication gap may occur as many nurses work nurses work for same patient.

5. Case Management

 The concept of case management firs introduced by the insurance company in 1970.
 The hospitals adopted this system as care system in 1980.
 According to CMSA, Case management is the collaborative process includes
assessment, planning advocacy for services to meet the individual needs through
Communication and promote quality patient outcome.
  In case management, Sister-In charge assigned the responsibility to staff nurse to
provide nursing care to patient from diagnosis to rehabilitation
and up to discharge.

6. Modular Nursing

 Modular nursing is the modification of team nursing.

 It focuses on geographical location and assigned task.
 The main aim of modular nursing is to improve quality of care.
 Modular nursing focuses on the patient satisfaction and safety.
 In modular nursing, patients are divided into two parts and the team on nurses is
assigned the group of the patients.
 In modular nursing, small group of staff nurses providing the nursing care to smaller
group of patients.

Advantages

 Modular nursing helps to improve continuity of care.

 Staff nurses actively participate in planning and coordinating of nursing care.
 It helps staff nurses to save time.
 It helps in effective communication.

Disadvantage

 Modular nursing may be costly.

7. Progressive Patient Care

 The concept of progressive patient care developed in the 1950 to organize the
hospitals and nursing services.
 Progressive patient care focuses on the self care.
 Assist the patient to achieve self care while continuity of care is maintained.
 Progressive patient care is the systematic classification of patients based
on their medical and nursing needs.
 Progressive patient care focuses on the setting up and organizing of facilities, staff
and services within the hospital.
 In progressive patient care, the admitted patient's area is divided into separate
sections. First, the Intensive Care unit which takes in acute stage of illness. Second,
the intermediate unit and third is convalescent unit, which takes patients who are
nearly recovered a minimum care.
Elements of Progressive Patient Care

 Critical care
 Intermediate care
 Long-term care
 Specialized care
 Self care
 Home care
 Ambulatory care

Advantages

 Patient will get specialized care.

 Patients will get assistant at hospital, home and community.

 Effective utilization of nurses knowledge and skill to provide quality nursing care to
patient.
 Improve quality nursing services.

 Efficient use of available manpower.

 Hospital can maintain continuity of care

Disadvantages

 Nurse patient relationship is difficult for long period of time.

 Sometime, continuity of care may be difficult.
 Difficulty in staffing and evaluation.

DUTY ROSTER/DUTY SCHEDULE

Duty roster is the list of staff represents the information of nurse's distribution for each shift,
i.e. Morning, Evening and Night in ward or hospital to provide quality nursing care to
patients. To achieve the continuous staffing needed on hospital wards, a 24-hr period is
broken down into a number of shifts. These shifts are assigned to staff members in a manner,
which ensures the whole 24-hr period is correctly staffed. It is common to see a 3-shift
system on many wards, i.e. Morning shift, Evening shift and Night shift.

Duty Roster is also called as Duty Schedule. Duty schedule is important for the day-
to-day exercise in hospital. Schedule may be daily, weekly and monthly. Mostly, the duty
roster will be prepared weekly in nursing. Duty roster of staff nurses for ward/department is
prepared by the ward manager or Ward Sister.

Definition

Duty Roster is the, what duties each staff has performed.

 - Merriam Webster

Duty Roster is a schedule of work assigned and shifts to members of a team

Importance of Duty Roster

 Good duty roster ensures that each shifts enough staff to keep things running
smoothly.
 It prevents the staff from exhaustion.
 It helps to distribute workload evenly and fairly.
 It helps everyone gets turn in all shifts.
 It prevents the disorganization.
 It improves the day-to-day activity.
 It improves the efficiency.