DINASTIA BORGIA

Chiesa e potere nel Rinascimento

Montserrat Figueras
Pascal Bertin, Lluís Vilamajó
Marc Mauillon, Furio Zanasi, Daniele Carnovich
LA CAPELLA REIAL DE CATALUNYA
HESPÈRION XXI
JORDI SAVALL

1
 BORGIA DYNASTY
Church and Power in the Renaissance
PART ONE [CD 1]
Paths to power: the origins and expansion of a dynasty
ca. 1238 – 1492

I The origins and rise of the Borgia family

1063 Muslim Valencia 1453 Fall of Constantinople

1 Mowachah Billadi Askara Min adbi Llama 3’39 10 Makam Muhayyer “Küme” uşūleş Düyek - Acemler
D. El Maloumi (voice & oud), N. Nedyalkov, J. Savall (viele), (War turkish march) 3’27
G. Mouradian, D. Psonis, D. Mayoral Hespèrion XXI & invited musicians

1238 Conquest of Valencia by James I

2 Ductia (CSM 123) instr. 3’36
N. Nedyalkov, H. Sarikouyoumdjian, D. El Maloumi, D. Psonis (saz),
J. Savall (rebab), D. Mayoral
II The demise of the Three Cultures and the conquest of
1378 Birth of Alfonso de Borja, the future Pope Callistus III power: the Vatican
3 Saltarello - Guillaume Dufay / Jordi Savall 2’13
Pedro Memelsdorff, Jordi Savall (rebec), Rolf Lislevand (luth)
1455 Alfonso de Borja is Pope Callistus III.
1417 End of the Western Schism He proclaims the Crusade against the Turks
4 Da Pacem - Gilles Binchois 2’02 11 Exultet caelum cum laudibus - Anonymous (C. Montecassino) 4’46
E. Franzetti, L. Serafini, P. Bertin, M. Mauillon, M. Scavazza La Capella Reial de Catalunya & Hespèrion XX

1423 Alfonso the Magnanimous’s military expeditions to Naples 1456 Callistus III revokes the sentence of the trial of 1431
5 Deserts d’amichs, de béns e de senyor (rec.) 3’02 condemning Joan of Arc
Jordi de Sant Jordi (The prisoner) 12 Adoramus te - Anonymous (C. Montecassino) 2’22
Josep Piera (Recitation) La Capella Reial de Catalunya & Hespèrion XX

1431 Birth of Rodrigo de Borja 1455-58 Ferrante I, King of Naples

6 Rondeau (instrumental) “Ce jour” - Guillaume Dufay / Jordi Savall 1’46 13 Viva, viva Rey Fernando - Anonymous (C. Montecassino) 3’32
P. Memelsdorff, B. Delpierre, J. Borràs, P. Estevan La Capella Reial de Catalunya & Hespèrion XX

1438/42 King Alfonso V to Italy: To the conquest of Naples 1458 King Alfonso V dies on 27th June and Callistus III
7 Strambotto-caccia: Correno multi cani dies on 6th August
Anonymous (C. Montecassino) 2’26 14 Miserere nostri / Vexilla regis - Anonymous (C. Montecassino) 1’58
La Capella Reial de Catalunya & Hespèrion XX La Capella Reial de Catalunya & Hespèrion XX

1442 Naples, capital of the Crown of Aragon 1459 Death of Ausias March
8 Zappay lo campo (instr.) - Anonymous (C. Montecassino) 0’55 15 La gran dolor (rec.) - Ausiàs March 3’41
Hespèrion XXI: J.P. Canihac, B. Delpierre, D. Lassalle, J. Borràs, P. Estevan Josep Piera (Recitation)

1444 Alfonso de Borja is appointed cardinal 1474 Birth of Cesare Borgia

9 Ave Maris Stella - Guillaume Dufay 1’54 16 El cervel mi fa (instr.) - Anonymous 1’39
La Capella Reial de Catalunya, Andrew Lawrence-King Hespèrion XXI: J.P. Canihac, A. Bernardini, D. Lassalle, J. Borràs, P. Estevan
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 BORGIA DYNASTY
Church and Power in the Renaissance

PART TWO [CD 2]

Supremus est mortalibus: The culmination and end of a dream
1492 – 1509

III The culmination and end of a dream

1478 Sixtus VI excommunicates Lorenzo “the Magnificent” August 1492 Rodrigo Borja is elected Pope, taking the name of Alexander VI
17 Patres nostris peccaverunt - Johannes Cornago 2’16 1 Salve regis Mater / Hic sacerdos - Marbriano de Orto 8’56
La Capella Reial de Catalunya & Hespèrion XXI La Capella Reial de Catalunya & Hespèrion XXI

1480 Birth of Lucrezia Borgia 1493 Alexander VI gives refuge to the Jews of Sepharad
18 De Tous biens plaine - Haine van Guizeghem / Josquin Des Prez 3’24 2 Hebrew song of peace Adonay - Anonymous (Sinagogal Song) 2’27
J. Savall, S. Casademunt, F. Alqhai, Ph. Pierlot Lior Elmalich

1489 Prince Djem, the brother and rival of Bayazid II, 1493 Marriage of Lucrezia Borgia to Giovanni Sforza
a hostage in the Vatican 3 Eulogy for Lucrezia - B. Accolti (rec.) 0’34
19 Anonymous Ottoman - Taksim & Dance 4’40 Daniele Carnovich
Nedyalko Nedyalkov & David Mayoral
1495 Deaths of Prince Djem & J. Ockeghem
January 1492 The end of the Kingdom of Granada 4 Déploration pour la mort de J. Ockeghem - Josquin Des Prez 3’53
20 Viva el Gran Rey Don Fernando - Carlo Verardi 5’08 LCR: P. Bertin, Ll. Vilamajó, M. Mauillon, F. Garrigosa, F. Zanasi, D. Carnovich
J. Savall (sopran viol), I. David (bass viol)
La Capella Reial de Catalunya: A. Fernandez, D. Sagastume, F. Garrigosa,
J. Ricart, D. Carnovich
Hespèrion XXI 1496 Capitulation of the Viceroy of Naples
5 Fortuna desperata - Anonymous 1’49
April 1492 Death of Lorenzo de’ Medici “the Magnificent” Hespèrion XXI: Ll. Coll, B. Delpierre, E. Hernándis, J. Borràs, P. Estevan
21 Lamento per la morte di Lorenzo Il Magnifico - Heinrich Isaac 7’22
D. Sagastume, Ll. Vilamajó, F. Garrigosa, J. Ricart, D. Carnovich 1497 Murder of Giovanni Borgia, II Duke of Gandia
Hespèrion XXI 6 Absalon fili mi - Josquin Des Prez 3’28
La Capella Reial de Catalunya: P. Bertin, M. Mauillon, F. Zanasi, D. Carnovich
July 1492 The Jews are expelled from Spain
22 Romance: La rosa enflorece - Anonymous Sefardí 4’59 1498 Lucrezia marries Alfonso of Aragon
M. Figueras (voice & cytara), Hespèrion XXI 7 Un cavalier di Spagna - Anonymous 4’41
N. Nedyalkov, H. Sarikouyoumdjian, J. Savall, D. El Maloumi, La Capella Reial de Catalunya: Ll. Vilamajó, M. Mauillon, J. Ricart, D. Carnovich
G. Mouradian, D. Mayoral Hespèrion XXI: J. Savall, S. Casademunt, F. Alqhai, Ph. Pierlot,
A. Lawrence-King, X. Díaz-Latorre
23.05.1498 Torture and execution of Savonarola
8 Drums & bells - Fortuna desperata 1’09
La Capella Reial de Catalunya (cantus firmus)
Hespèrion XXI

1498 Birth of Rodrigo, the son of Lucrezia and Alfonso

9 Une musique de Buscaye (instr.) - Josquin Des Prez 2’57
P. Hamon, J. Savall, J. Valencia, F. Alqhai, P. Pierlot,
A. Lawrence-King (gothic harp), D Mayoral
3
1499 Cesare Borgia marries Charlotte of Albret The Song of the Valencian Sybil
10 Donna contro la mia voglia - Philippus de Lurano 3’28 20 Anonymous / Gandia Songbook
Furio Zanasi Refrains: Alonso and Bartomeu Cárceres
J. Savall (sopran viol), Andrew Lawrence-King (Spanish harp)
Al jorn del judici 0’54
D’una Verge naixerà 1’55
31.10.1501 Eclogues to Rome. The black legend.
Mostrar-s’han quinze senyals 2’26
11 Villancico: Si abrá en estre baldrés - Juan del Enzina 1’30
D’alt dels cels devallarà 2’09
M. Figueras, L. Bonnal, J. Cabero, D. Carnovich & Hespèrion XX
Portarà cascú escrit 2’34
July 1503 Lucrezia meets the poet and Humanist Pietro Bembo Als bons darà goig etern 2’36
12 Soneto: Amor la tua virtute - Arcadelt / Bembo 2’44 Mare de Déu pregau per nos 3’08
L. Serafini, E. Franzetti, P. Bertin, M. Mauillon, F. Zanasi Vosaltres tots qui escoltau 2’53
J. Savall, S. Casademunt, J. Valencia, F. Alqhai, A. Lawrence-King (harp) Montserrat Figueras, Xavier Díaz-Latorre (luth), Luca Guglielmi (organ)
La Capella Reial de Catalunya & Hespèrion XX
18.08.1503 Fatal illness and death of Alexander VI
13 Requiem - Josquin Des Prez 4’16
La Capella Reial de Catalunya & Hespèrion XXI

IV The age of upheavals and Humanism: the Sibyl

and the Prophecies of the Book of Revelation

1505
14
Lucrezia Duchess of Ferrara
Pavana alla Ferrarese - Joan Ambrosio Dalza 2’26
BORGIA DYNASTY
Hespèrion XXI: J. Savall, S. Casademunt, F. Alqhai, Ph. Pierlot,
X. Díaz-Latorre, D. Psonis Church and Power in the Renaissance
1506 Lucrezia at the court of Ferrara
15 Éloge de la duchesse de Ferrara (rec.) - Fondraglia 1’37 PART THREE [CD 3]
Pascal Bertin (Recitation)
From the turbulent “reign” of Alexander VI
to the spiritual triumph of St Francis Borgia
1507 Death of Duke Valentine (Cesare Borgia)
1510 – 1671
during the siege of Viana
16 Epitafio: Aquí yaze en poca tierra - Fernández de Oviedo 3’32
Lluís Vilamajó
Jordi Savall (sopran viol), Fahmi Alqhai (bass viol) V Battles and truces: military and political responsibilities
Lament for the death of Cesare
17 Castalios latices ploranda (rec.) - Ercole Strozzi 2’45 1510 Birth of Francisco de Borja
Francisco Rojas (Recitation)
1 Fantasia I (harp) - Lluís del Milà 2’02
Andrew Lawrence-King (arpa cruzada)
1508 Murder of Ercole Strozzi, Lucrezia’s confidant
18 Agnus Dei (Missa Hercules Rex) - Josquin Des Prez 3’02
L. Serafini, E. Franzetti, P. Bertin, F. Garrigosa, J.F. Novelli 1515 Francis I is King of France. Victory of Marignan
F. Zanasi, M. Scavazza, D. Carnovich 2 La Batalla (instr.) - Janequin / Susato 2’07
Hespèrion XXI Hespèrion XXI

The trumpets of the Apocalypse

19 Fanfaria - Jordi Savall 1’46 1519 Death of Lucrezia. Death of Emperor Maximilian
Hespèrion XXI: G. Ferber, Ll. Coll, B. Delpierre, D. Lassalle, E. Hernándis, 3 Motet: Proch dolor - Josquin Des Prez 3’48
J. Borràs, P. Estevan, D. Psonis La Capella Reial de Catalunya & Hespèrion XXI 4
1520 War of the Guilds 1555 Francisco de Borja is present at the death of Joanna
4 La guerra: Todos los buenos soldados - Mateu Flecha 1’46 the Mad (at Tordesillas)
La Capella Reial de Catalunya & Hespèrion XX 14 Lachrimosa dies illa - Cristóbal de Morales 1’09
La Capella Reial de Catalunya

1526 Ferdinand of Aragon is installed at Valencia

1556 Abdication of Charles V
5 Fantasia II (harp) - Lluís del Milà 5’41 15 Mille regrets - Josquin Des Prez / Luys Narváez 2’42
Andrew Lawrence-King (arpa cruzada)
Hespèrion XXI (viols): J. Savall, J. Valencia, F. Alqhai, I. David

The Court of the Duke of Calabria

6 Tau garçó la durundena - Bartomeu Cárceres 2’01
LCR: A. Fernández, D. Sagastume, Ll. Vilamajó, F. Garrigosa,
J. Ricart, D. Carnovich
Hespèrion XXI VII Final years, death and canonization of Francisco de Borja

1529 Marriage of Francisco de Borja to Eleanor de Castro 1565 The Turks attack Malta
7 Meis olhos van por lo mare - Anonymous Portuguese 2’23 16 Improvisation & Dance – Traditional Turkish, anonymous 3’29
Lluís Vilamajó & Hespèrion XXI N. Nedyalkov, H. Sarikouyomdjian, G. Mouradian, J. Savall, D. Mayoral

1536 Garcilaso de la Vega dies in the arms of Francisco de Borja 1571 Victory of Lepanto
8 Égloga IIII (1536) Aquella voluntad honesta y pura (rec.) 17 Fanfare - Anonymous 1’06
Garcilaso de la Vega 2’44 Hespèrion XX
Francisco Rojas (Recitation)
24.08.1572 Journey to Paris. St Bartholemew’s Day Massacre
1538 Truce of Nice between Francis I and Charles V 18 Psalm 35: Deba contre mes debateurs - Claude Goudimel 3’46
9 Jubilate Deo omnis terra - Cristóbal de Morales 6’26 La Capella Reial de Catalunya, & Hespèrion XXI
La Capella Reial de Catalunya & Hespèrion XX
30.09.1572 Death of Francisco de Borja
1539 Francisco de Borja is appointed Viceroy of Catalonia 19 Réquiem: Pie Jesu Domine - Cristóbal de Morales 1’40
10 Pavana “O voy” - Juan Román (C. M. Palacio) 2’22 La Capella Reial de Catalunya
Hespèrion XXI
22.09.1609 Edict of expulsion of the Moriscos
20 El Rey y por S.M. Don Luis Carrillo (rec.)
Page 34 (Valencia 1611) 5’29
Francisco Rojas (Recitation)

Lament for the expulsion of the Moors

VI Renunciation and spiritual transformation 21 Improvisation - Moorish Lament 4’16
N. Neyalkov, H. Sarikouyomdjian, G. Mouradian, J. Savall, D. Mayoral

1549 Profession of faith 1671 Canonization of Francisco de Borja

11 Credo in unum Deum - Francisco de Borja (attributed) 5’40 22 Pange Lingua gloriosi (gregorian) - Anonymous 5’22
LCR: L. Serafini, E. Franzetti, P. Bertin, D. Sagastume, F. Garrigosa, Tiento de Pange Lingua - Joan Cabanilles
M. Mauillon, F. Zanasi, M. Scavazza, D. Carnovich La Capella Reial de Catalunya & Hespèrion XXI
Hespèrion XXI

1550 Departure from Gandia

12 Kyrie I (harp) - Venegas de Henestrosa 1’32
Andrew Lawrence-King (arpa cruzada)

1555 Meeting with Teresa of Avila Recorded on 20th and 21st September, from 11th to 14th and 25th - 29th October and 8th and 9th November, 2009, at the collegiate
church of Cardona and on 13th and 14th November, 2009, at Franc-Waret church (Namur, Belgium) by Manuel Mohino, Nicolas
13 Alma buscarte has en Mi - Teresa de Jesús 7’51 de Beco and Aline Blondiau; at the Monastery of Santa María del Parral, Segovia, in 1991, by Michel Bernstein (CD2 track 11);
M. Figueras, J. Savall, F. Alqhai, A. Lawrence-King, B. Olavide at the collegiate church of Cardona between 1998 and 2006 by Nicolas Bartholomée, Nicolas de Beco (AV9816 CD1: tracks 7, 9,
11, 12, 13, 14; AV9850 CD2 track 2; AV9806, CD2 track 20; AV9814 CD3 track 4) and Manuel Mohino (AV9850 CD2 track 2;
AV9847 CD3 track 13).
5
Digital editing and SACD mastering by Manuel Mohino
 BORGIA DYNASTY
Church and Power in the Renaissance:
a Musical Testimony
The celebration of the 500th anniversary of the birth of St Francis Borgia (Gandia 1510 - Rome 1572), the last of the
illustrious members of the “Borgia Dynasty,” prompted us to embark on the present historical and musical project,
recalling the most significant events of the age in which the chief protagonists of this extraordinary and fascinating
family lived: Alfonso de Borja (Callistus III), Rodrigo de Borja (Alexander VI), Giovanni Borgia, Cesare Borgia,
Lucrezia Borgia and St Francis Borgia.
Fr Batllori, the outstanding scholar, humanist and indisputable expert in the history of the Borgias, remarked that the
Borgias should not be made the subjects of crime fiction or romance. Instead, what is needed is simply an objective
account of who they were and what they did.
Informed by the latest findings of the leading specialists in the field, in our new CD-book devoted to the Borgia
“Dynasty” we present some of the essential aspects of ”who they were and what they did” without glossing over the
ups and downs of their chequered careers. In doing so, we are aware of the great difficulty of evoking the lives and
exploits of these historical figures who were indelibly marked by a terrible and persistent “black legend.” They lived
complex and turbulent lives that were deeply enmeshed in a vast web of historical facts and events which we place
within their specific historical and musical context: one of the most intense cultural and political periods of European
civilization, on the threshold of modern times, distinguished above all by the transition from the medieval world
to the cultural and humanistic flowering of the Renaissance. A time of great cultural and geographical discoveries,
from Greek civilization to the New World, and also of major conflicts, from the final stages of the Reconquest and the
expulsion of the Jews from the Iberian Peninsula to the beginning of the Protestant schism and inevitable war with the
Turks.
The story of the chief protagonists of this Valencian family, surnamed Borja, whose origins can be traced to Játiva (a
town in the kingdom of Valencia, one of the territories of the Catalano-Aragonese Crown), spans the period from 1400,
just before the end of the Western Schism (1417) and the conquest of Constantinople by the Turks (1453), to the
victory of the Christian armies against the Turks at the Battle of Lepanto (1570), followed two years later, in 1572, by
the terrible St Bartholemew’s Day massacre and the death in Rome of St Francis Borgia, the last great member of the
dynasty.
The Borgias lived in an age rocked by a fierce and unremitting struggle for the spiritual and worldly power of Rome,
the core of all Christendom and centre of the Vatican state. From medieval times the power of the Papacy had taken
precedence over all secular powers. If a king was excommunicated by the Pope, he lost his divine right to rule; and
only the Pope, as head of the Christian Church, had the authority to crown a Christian king as Emperor, as Pope
Clement VII crowned Charles V in 1530. It should also be borne in mind that the political methods and social customs
of ecclesiastical life in Rome at that time were very different from those of today. In those days the contradictory
human and religious double life led by much of the clergy was common knowledge – a far cry from our own times,
in which those double standards have long been denied and even silenced. The two Borgia Popes, therefore, merely
continued to act and behave according to customs based on nepotism and paternalism, particularly in the case of
Alexander VI, who is known to have fathered more than nine children: Girolama, Isabella and Pier Luigi by an
unknown mother, Giovanni, Lucrezia, Cesare, and Goffredo by his first mistress, Vannozza Cattanei, and another two
children by his third “long-term” mistress, Giulia Farnese. The dangerous conditions of life in the Vatican at that time
meant that the Pope needed to surround himself with as many members of his own family as possible, since eating a
dish prepared and served by a trusted kinsman, for example, could be the indispensable key to survival.
These towering figures, with their massive contradictions and many human weaknesses, led exuberant lives obscured
by violence and Machiavellian intrigues (in writing The Prince Niccolò Machiavelli took his inspiration from the
conduct of Alexander VI and, above all, Cesare Borgia); but they were also great champions of the supreme power of
the Church and the political and territorial independence of the Vatican, as well as skilled negotiators in all political
and military matters. As well as offering their protection to humanists and the Sephardic Jews (who had found refuge
in Rome, despite the protests of the ambassador of the Catholic Monarchs), Callistus III and, above all, Alexander VI
were also great patrons of music and the arts, although this latter activity has been inevitably been tainted by the
memory of their questionable mores, violent methods and extreme weakness of the flesh, which gave rise to a terrible
Black legend which continued unabated until the death of Alexander VI and has echoed through the centuries, thus
distorting our objective view of the true history of the Borgias. Let us not forget that this Black Legend was gradually
forged and developed out of lives that were hardly compatible with the principles and exemplary behaviour desirable
in the spiritual head of Christianity on earth. Lives that were too often stained with blood and numerous acts of
violence (murders and vendettas), depraved (orgies and drunken revelries) and even sacrilegious (sexual skirmishes
in the Pope’s private quarters during All Souls’ Day festivities). Despite such excesses, the Borgias’ behaviour was not
so different from that of other Italian nobles. Apart from these actual events, the lives and reputation of the Borgias
were further blighted by false or exaggerated accusations, often spread by the dominant clans in Italy at that time to
whip up public opinion as a means of self-defence or revenge for political acts and decisions which had damaged their
interests.
Few historical figures have suffered such a systematic and enduring deformation of objective reality as the
Borja/Borgia family, and particularly Alexander VI and his two most famous offspring - Cesare and Lucrezia. And few
provide such a stark and extreme illustration of the fraught relationship between the Church, as an institution, and the
spheres of secular and spiritual power, especially at a time when European society was witnessing an explosion of
artistic activity and a spectacular new spiritual and intellectual debate inspired by the discovery of Greek civilization,
which was to crystallize in humanist thought and a creative development which shaped the emergence from the
medieval world to a true cultural and social Renaissance.
The first illustrious Borgia was Alfonso de Borja, who accompanied Alfonso the Magnanimous in the conquest of
Naples and later took up residence in Rome, where he was crowned Pope Callistus III in 1445. His papacy was
distinguished by his determination to win back Constantinople (which became Istanbul in 1453), as well as the
humanist nature of his policies. He was described by Eneas Silvio Piccolomini as “a most excellent gentleman of
letters”, and he is known to have maintained a close friendship with the distinguished Latin scholar Lorenzo Valla
(1407-1457).
The case of Rodrigo de Borja is different in almost every respect from that of his uncle Alfonso. His terrible
reputation, however, should not blind us to the fact that he was one of the foremost patrons of the Italian Renaissance.
Although he was neither a great intellectual nor a particularly outstanding humanist, he numbered humanists among
his friends and he did a great deal to foster the development of the arts, letters and sciences. In the words of
Gregorovius (1877) “Alexander VI was nothing if not cultured.” Among the great geniuses of the age who collaborated
or were in some way connected with Alexander VI, we should mention Josquin des Prez (the most outstanding of his
favourite musicians, who composed the sombre, dramatic 4-part motet “Absalon Filii mi” as a tribute to the Pope’s
eldest son Giovanni Borgia, Second Duke of Gandia, who had been brutally murdered in 1497), Nicolaus Copernicus
(1500), Leonardo da Vinci (1502-1503) and Michelangelo (1500). 6
Among Alexander VI’s numerous children, we shall focus especially on those who were closest to their father:
Giovanni, Cesare and Lucrezia. The firstborn, Giovanni di Gandia, was murdered in 1497, one year after returning to
Rome. Cesare, who in spite of being devoid of any inclination for the ecclesiastical life, had been appointed
archbishop of Valencia at the age of seventeen and cardinal at eighteen, became heir and head of the Borgia family in
Italy when his brother Giovanni died in 1497. Subsequently appointed captain general of the papal army and the
model for Machiavelli’s The Prince, in his thirty-two years of life Cesare Borgia was the living expression of the
turbulence of a period scarred by conflict and bitter struggle for the control of secular and spiritual power. Cesare’s
sister Lucrezia is surrounded by a sulphurous halo. For centuries the calumnies spread by the enemies of her father
Alexander VI – she was accused of double incest – have captured the popular imagination. Admired by the greatest
geniuses of her day, including Bembo, Titian and Ariosto, Lucrezia symbolizes the power of Renaissance woman, with
her beauty, her intelligence, her shrewd political sense, her talent and generosity as a patron, and her social awareness
(in Ferrara her subjects called her “the mother of the people”). Far from being the romantic heroine that we had been
led to believe, she was the true antagonist of the tragedies that framed her life.
On his father’s side the great-grandson of a Pope of Rome, and on his mother’s side the great-grandson of the King of
Aragon, Francis Borgia was a protégé of Emperor Charles V, whom he served faithfully at court. The death of Empress
Isabella of Portugal in 1539 marked a profound turning point for Francis and, following a brief period as viceroy of
Catalonia, he devoted the rest of his life to the austere and militant practice of his faith as a member of the Society
of Jesus, becoming a great benefactor and instigator of numerous educational and spiritual projects. In 1565 his
religious career culminated in his being appointed the third Vicar General of the Society of Jesus. Sent by Pope Pious
V on an important diplomatic mission to the royal houses of Madrid and Lisbon, his final mission took him to Blois,
where he was granted a royal audience with Catherine de’ Medici. Had it been successful, it would probably have
prevented the St Bartholemew’s Day massacre in August 1572. As those terrible events unfolded, Francis Borgia rested
in Ferrara at the court of his uncle Ercole d’Este, the son of Lucrezia Borgia. On 30th September of that same year,
Francis Borgia died in Rome. In 1624 he was beatified by Urban VII and, in 1671, just one year before the centenary
of his death, he was canonized by Pope Clement X.
Except for specialist studies such as Studien zur Geschichte der Papstlichen Kapelle by Bernhard Janz, the huge
number of historical and literary works devoted to the Borjas/Borgias contain very few references to their musical
context. Among the few exceptions which deserve special mention because of the wealth of detail that they provide
on musical practice, are Maria Bellonci’s writings on Lucrezia Borgia, Vicent Ros’s interesting study entitled La
Música i els Borja, published together with an interesting selection of articles on the age of the Borgia, entitled Els
Temps dels Borja, published in 1996 by Játiva City Hall and the Generalitat of Valencia, and Josep Piera’s fascinating
new historical biography entitled San Francesc de Borja, sant i duc de Gandia. We would also like to draw the reader’s
attention to the importance of a number of studies, some classic and others more recent, which have helped to restore
the balance and offer a more objective view of the Borgias, such as those written by Fr Miquel Batllori and, more
recently, Joan Francesc Mira, Óscar Villarroel González and Santiago La Parra López.
As in our previous CD-book projects, we have divided the various stages of the “Borgia Dynasty” into seven chapters,
from 13th Century Muslim Valencia to the death and canonization of Francis Borgia in 1671.
Part I deals with
(CD 1) Paths to power: the origins and expansion of a dynasty.
1238 – 1492
I. The origins and rise of the Borgia family
II. The demise of the Spain of the Three Cultures and the conquest of power: the Vatican
Part II focuses on the years of the reign of Pope Alexander VI;
(CD 2) Supremus est mortalibus: The culmination and end of a dream.
1492 – 1509
III. The culmination and end of a dream
IV. The age of upheavals and humanism
And Part III deals with the passage from
(CD 3) The turbulent “reign” of Alexander VI to the spiritual triumph of St Francis Borgia. 1510 – 1671
V. Battles and truces: military and political responsibilities
VI. Renunciation and spiritual transformation
VII. Final years, death and canonization of Francis Borgia
This broad historical sweep allows us to demonstrate the musical richness surrounding the Borgias and their period
through a selection of the most representative works from the Cancionero de Montecassino, Cancionero de Palacio,
Cancionero del Duque de Calabria and Cancionero de Gandía. Written by the greatest Hispanic composers of the age
(Johannes Cornago, Cristóbal de Morales, Lluís del Milà, Bartomeu Cárceres, Mateo Flecha and Joan Cabanilles,
including the Credo from the Mass attributed to St Francis Borgia himself, as an example of a more popular musical
style), as well as those written by their European contemporaries (Gilles Binchois, Guillaume Dufay, Josquin des Prez,
Heinrich Isaac, Claude Goudimel), in many cases to mark a specific occasion, such as the celebration of a military
victory, a battle or a truce, or the coronation of Pope Alexander VI, or to lament the death of outstanding figures such
as Johannes Ockeghem, Lorenzo the Magnificent and Emperor Maximilian, etc. The musical programme is
complemented by the recitation of a number of poetic testimonies, eulogies and critical accounts, including the terrible
decree of the expulsion of the Moriscos in 1609.
The beauty and the emotion of this music brings some key moments of that convulsed and extraordinary period back
to life, offering us a thrilling and, at the same time, a more objective view of the social and cultural context of the age
of the Borgia Dynasty.
JORDI SAVALL
Turin, 27th May 2010
Translated by Jacqueline Minett
7
 Foto: Toni Peñarroya

Jordi Savall
8
 ORIGINAL
DINASTIA BORGIA
Chiesa e potere nel Rinascimento
PRIMA PARTE [CD 1]
Le strade verso il potere:
origini ed espansione di una dinastia
ca. 1238 – 1492
I Origini e sviluppo della famiglia Borgia
4. DA PACEM DOMINE
Gilles Binchois
Da pacem, Domine,
In diebus nostris
Quia non est alius
Qui pugnet pro nobis
Nisi tu Deus noster.
5. DESERTS D’AMICHS, DE BÉNS
E DE SENYOR
EL PRESONER
Jordi de San Jordi
Deserts d’amichs, de béns e de senyor,
en strany loch y en stranya contrada,
luny de tot bé, fart d’enuig e tristor,
ma voluntat e pensa caytivada,
me trop del tot en mal poder sotmés;
no vey algú que de me s’aja cura,
e soy guardats, enclòs, ferrats e pres,
de què·n fau grat a ma trista ventura.
Eu hay vist temps que no·m plasia res,
ara·m content de ço qui·m fay tristura,
e los grillons laugers ara preu més
qu·en lo passat la bella brodadura.
Ffortuna vey qu·à mostrat son voler
sus me, volent qu·en tal punt vengut sia;
però no·m cur, pus ay fayt mon dever
ab tots los bons que·m trob en companyia.
Car prench conort de com suy presoner
per mon senyor, servint tant com podia,
d’armes sobrat e per major poder,
no per defaut gens de cavalleria;
e prench conort quan no puch conquerir
honor en res sens que treball no senta,
mas, d’altre part, cuyt de tristor morir
com vey que·l món del revers se contenta.
Tots aquests mals no·m són res de soffrir
en sguart d’u qui al cor me destenta
e·m fay tot jorn d’esperança partir:
com no vey res que·ns avans d’una spenta
en acunçar nostre deslliramén,
e més que vey ço que·ns demana Sforça,
que no sofir algú raonamén,
de què langueix ma virtut e ma força.
ENGLISH
BORGIA DYNASTY
Church and Power in the Renaissance
PART ONE [CD 1]
Paths to power: the origins
and expansion of a dynasty
ca. 1238 – 1492
I The origins and rise of the Borgia family
4. LORD, GRANT US PEACE
Gilles Binchois
Lord, grant us peace in our day,
for we have no other
champion to fight
on our behalf
but You, our God.
5. BEREFT OF FRIENDS AND DESTITUTE,
WITHOUT A LORD
THE PRISONER
Jordi de San Jordi
Bereft of friends and destitute, without a lord,
in this foreign place, in a strange country,
far from every comfort, I am weary and I sigh;
my will and thought both languish in captivity,
and I am subject to a malicious power:
No soul I see who has a care for me,
but guarded, trapped, in shackles and confined,
I accept my bitter fortune gratefully.
There was a time when nothing gave me joy,
but now I revel in the source of my distress,
and chains sit lighter on me now
than the fine brocades in which I used to dress.
Plainly, Fortune has had her whim with me
in bringing me to this present pass;
but, it is no matter; I did what duty asked
like all the brave men in my company.
Though I am a prisoner, it comforts me;
for I did all I could to serve my lord,
and though subdued by greater arms and power,
it was not for my want of chivalry;
and I take comfort that nothing is gained
unless it is with effort honourably earned;
but I could die with sadness and dismay
to see how the opposite satisfies the world.
All these ills I easily can bear
compared with one that pains my heart
and every day turns hope into despair:
no sign of progress can I report
of a ransom to obtain our prompt release,
and when I consider what Sforza demands,
impervious to all reasonable parlance,
the more my valour and my strength decrease.
ORIGINAL ENGLISH
Per què no say ni vey res al presén For there is nothing, as far as I can see or tell,
que·m puixe dar en valor d’una scorça, to give me the least encouragement,
mas Déu tot sol, de qui prench fundamén save God alone, who is my rock,
e de qui fiu, hi ab qui mon cor c’esforça; in whom I trust, who gives me strength;
e, d’altre part, del bon rey liberal, and also the good and generous king,
qui socorrech per gentilesa granda who so kindly his assistance sent
lo qui·ns ha mes del tot en aquest mal, to him who is the cause of our predicament;
qu·ell me’n traurà, car soy jus sa comanda. since I am his servant, he will surely set me free.
Tornada Envoi
Virtuous king, my natural lord,
Reys virtuós, mon senyor natural,
tots al presén no us fem altra demanda here and now we all beg but one thing:
mas que us recort que vostra sanch reyal remember that your royal blood
has never failed its kith and kin.
may defallí al qui fos de sa banda.
7. Strambotto-caccia: CORRINO MULTI CANI 7. Strambotto-caccia: MANY DOGS ARE RUNNING
Anonimo (C. Montecassino) Anonymous (C. Montecassino)
Corrino multi cani ad una cazia. Many dogs run to the hunt.
The one that wearies its prey makes the kill.
Quillo la piglia chi e stanca la trova.
The hound that does not follow the scent
Lu braccho che non cerca per la trazia
achieves less the more it runs.
quanto piu corre tanto mino jova.
The bird that eludes many
L’ucello che da multi se discazia
in the end is caught in the nets.
al ultimo alli riti se retrova.
9. HAIL STAR OF THE SEA
9. AVE MARIS STELLA Guillaume Dufay
Guillaume Dufay
Hail star of the sea,
Ave maris stella, loving and ever-virgin
Dei Mater alma, Mother of God,
At que semper Virgo; happy portal of heaven.
Felix coeli porta.
II The demise of the Three Cultures
II Fine delle tre culture e conquista del potere. and the conquest of power.
Il Vaticano The Vatican
11. Himno: EXULTET CELUM LAUDIBUS 11. Hymn: LET THE HEAVENS RESOUND WITH
Anònim (C. Montecassino) PRAISE
Himne de Vespres Anonymous (C. Montecassino)
Hymn for Vespers
Exultet celum laudibus,
Let the heavens resound with praise,
resultet terra gaudiis:
Apostolorum gloriam let the earth exult with joy:
The sacred hymns sing
sacra canunt sollemnia.
the glory of the Apostles.
Vos, saecli iusti iudices
Just judges of the world,
et vera mundi lumina,
who are its beacons of truth,
votis precamur cordium,
we entreat you in our hearts
audite preces supplicum.
to hear our supplicant prayers.
Qui caelum verbo clauditis
You, who with a single word the heavens seal
serasque eius solvitis,
or the bolts of heaven loose,
nos a peccatis omnibus
from all our sins deliver us
solvite iussu, quaesumus.
at one command, we pray.
Quorum praecepto subditur
You, in whose power lies
salus et languor omnium,
the health and faintness of all,
sanate aegros moribus,
cure us of our evil ways
nos reddentes virtutibus.
and restore us to virtue. 9
 ORIGINAL
Ut, cum iudex advenerit
Christus in fine saeculi,
nos sempiterni gaudii
faciat esse compotes.
Deo Patri sit gloria,
eiusque soli Filio
cum Spiritu Paraclito,
et nunc et in perpetuum.
Amen.
12. ADORAMUS TE
Anònim (C. Montecassino)
Adoramus te Domine, Jesu Christe,
et benedicamus tibi qui per sanctum crucem
Tuam redemisti mundum.
13. VIVA, VIVA REY FERRANDO
Anónimo (C. Montecassino)
Viva, viva rey Ferrando
e vivan los vencedores.
Vivan los que batallando
vencieron perseverando
todos trabajos d’amores.
Vagan todas, luminaria,
las damas enamoradas.
Vaia la gente contraria
fuera de nuestras moradas!
Viva, viva rey Ferrando
e vivan los vencedores.
14. MISERERE NOSTRI /
VEXILLA REGIS
Anònim
(C. Montecassino)
Vexilla regis prodeunt:
Fulget crucis mysterium,
Quo carne carnis conditor
Suspensus est patibulo.
Quo vulneratus insuper
Mucrone diro lancee,
Ut nos lavaret crimine,
Manavit unda et sanguine.
15. LA GRAN DOLOR, QUE LLENGUA
NO POT DIR
Ausiàs March
La gran dolor que llengua no pot dir
del qui·s veu mort e no sap on irà
(no sab sson Déu si per a si·l volrrà
o si’n l’infern lo volrrà sebollir):
semblant dolor lo meu esperit sent,
ENGLISH ORIGINAL
So that when Christ comes to judge us no sabent què de vós Déus à ordenat,
at the end of the world, car vostre bé ho mal a mi és dat,
He may call us to share del que aureu jo·n seré sofirent.
in His everlasting bliss.
Tu, esperit, qui as fet partiment,
Glory be to the Father ab aquell cos qual he yo tant amat,
and to His only Son, veges a mi qui ssó passionat.
and to the Holy Ghost, the Paraclete, Duptant estich fer-te rahonament:
now and for ever more. lo lloch hon est me farà cambiar
Amen. d’enteniment de ço que·t volré dir;
goig o tristor per tu he yo complir,
en tu està quant Déu me volrà dar.
12. WE WORHIP THEE Preguant a Déu, les mans no·m cal pleguar,
Anonymous (C. Montecassino) car fet és tot quant li pot avenir:
si és al cel, no·s pot lo bé spremir,
Lord Jesus Christ, we worship thee, si en infern, en foll és mon preguar.
and bless thee, who by thy holy cross Si és axí, anulla·m l’esperit,
redeemed the world. sia tornat mon ésser en no-res,
e majorment si’n lloc tal per mi és;
no sia yo de tant adolorit.
13. LONG LIVE KING FERDINAND No ssé qué dir que·m fartàs d’aver dit:
Anonymous (C. Montecassino) si crit o cal, no trop qui·m satisfés;
si vach o pens, é temps en va despés:
Long live, long live King Ferdinand! de tot quan faç, ans de fer me penit.
Long live the victors! No planch lo dan de mon delit perdut,
Long live those who, doing battle, Tanta’s la por que·m ve de sson gran mal!
triumphed through perseverance Tot mal és poch si no·s perpetual,
over all the trials of love. e tem aquest no l’haja merescut.
Their ladies are all enamoured
by the dazzling sight. Lo dan mortal és molt més que temut
Contrary folk, be gone! e tol-ne part esser a tots egual.
Hie them far from our dwelling! O tu, Dolor, sies-me cominal:
Long live, long live King Ferdinand! encontra ublit vulles-me sser escut.
Long live the victors! Ffir-me lo cor e tots los senys me pren,
Farta-t’en mi, car no·m deffens de tu,
dóna·m tant mal que me’n planga cascú;
tant com tu pots, lo teu poder m’estén!
14. HAVE PITY ON US /
THE STANDARDS OF THE KING Tu, espirit, si res no te·n deffén,
Anonymous romp lo costum que dels morts és comú:
(C. Montecassino) torna’n lo món e mostra qu’és de tu:
lo teu esguard no em donarà spavén.
The standards of the King appear;
resplendent is the mystery of the Cross,
that in flesh the Creator of flesh
is hung upon the cross. 17. PATRES NOSTRIS PECCAVERUNT
Johannes Cornago
From aloft his body wounded
by the sharp point of the spear, Patres nostri peccaverunt,
poured water and blood et non sunt:
to wash away our sins. et nos iniquitates
eorum portavimus.
15. ANGUISH SO GREAT THAT LANGUAGE
CANNOT TELL 20. VIVA EL GRAN RE DON FERNANDO
Ausiàs March Carlo Verardi
Anguish so great that language cannot tell, Viva el gran Re Don Fernando
knows one who meets his death, his fate unknown con la Reyna Donn’Isabella.
(doubting if God will claim him as His own or bury him Viva Spagna e la Castella
instead in deepest hell): such anguish now torments my pien de gloria triumphando!
grieving soul
ENGLISH
to think what is for thee by God ordained,
for that which is thy portion, fair or foul,
shall also surely be by me sustained.
O spirit, thou who hast but lately flown
the body that I once so dear did own,
mark how my present agitated state
to speak to thee doth make me hesitate:
the place where thou hast gone will change the sense
of all the things I wish to say to thee;
my sadness or my joy thou shalt dispense,
the source of all that God bestows on me.
Vainly I join my hands in prayer to God,
for my beloved’s destiny is sealed:
if found in heaven, hers is joy untold;
if in hell, my prayers are obsolete.
My spirit quell, if such should be the case,
and fling me back, O God, into the void;
if by my fault my love is in that place,
let me not live in torment thus employed.
What have I not yet said that I can say?
No crying out or silence gives me rest;
in vagary or thought, time slips away,
and all I do seems vain and meaningless.
Far from pining over long lost pleasure,
I tremble at the ravages it wrought!
Pain is nothing, save it last for ever,
and yet I fear such shall be my reward.
The pain of dying fills our hearts with care,
although we all receive an equal share.
O Grief, scourge me no more than I can bear!
Be my shield against oblivion’s snare
Pierce my heart and ravish every sense;
do what thou wilt, I’ll offer no defence;
make me the wretched butt of insolence,
and crush me with thy might’s omnipotence.
O spirit, if nothing hindereth thee,
release thyself from death’s accustomed rein.
What hath been thy fate? Come back and tell me:
I would not dread to see thine eyes again.
17. OUR FATHERS HAVE SINNED
Johannes Cornago
Our fathers have sinned
and are no more,
and we have borne
their iniquities.
20. LONG LIVE GREAT KING FERDINAND
Carlo Verardi
Long live great King Ferdinand,
long live Queen Isabella!
Long live Spain and Castile,
in triumphant glory crowned forever!
10
 ORIGINAL ENGLISH ORIGINAL ENGLISH

La Cita Mahometana The city of the Mohammedan, mi alma s’escurece, my soul is filled with gloom
potentissima Granata Granada, the mighty emirate sufriendo del amor. and aches with love.
da la falsa fe pagana from false and pagan faith
e disciolta e Liberata. has been seized and liberated Los bilbilicos cantan, The nightingales are singing
Per virtute e manu armata by the virtue and arms sospiran del amor, and voicing lovers’ sighs,
del Fernando e l’Isabella. of Ferdinand and Isabella. y la pasión me mata, while I am a prey to passion
Viva Spagna … Long live Spain… muchigua mi dolor. and my suffering multiplies.
Más presto ven Palomba,
Gran auspicio e gran impresa Great protection and great endeavour, But hasten, come, Paloma,
más presto ven a mí,
gran consiglio e gran virtute great counsel and great virtue, más presto tú mi alma, don’t tarry, come to me;
gran honore e sancta chiesa great honour and the Holy Church; que yo me vo morir. hurry to me, my darling,
a ignoranti gran salute to the ignorant, great salvation, or else I shall surely die.
gran provincia in servitute and a great province in servitude
al Fernando et l’Isabella. to Ferdinand and Isabella.
Viva Spagna … Long live Spain…

Nostra fede ciaschum senti All acknowledge the great debt

quanto a questi e obbligata that is owed them by our faith,
perche Mori non contenti For the Moors, not content
d’Asia et Africa occupata to occupy Africa and Asia,
in Europa debacchata their armies and ships
già facevan sforzo e vela. to outraged Europe had sent.
Viva Spagna … Long live Spain… DINASTIA BORGIA BORGIA DYNASTY
Hora ognum fa festa e canti Now let everyone rejoice and sing, Chiesa e potere nel Rinascimento Church and Power in the Renaissance
el Signor regratiando giving thanks unto the Lord,
per tal palma tucti quanti and in honour of this great victory
dirren ben forte gridando let all now shout out loud: SECONDA PARTE [CD 2] PART TWO [CD 2]
Viva el gran Re Don Fernando Long live great King Ferdinand,
colla Reina Donn’ Isabella. Long live Queen Isabella. Supremus est mortalibus: Supremus est mortalibus:
Viva Spagna e la Castella Long live Spain and Castile, Culmine e fine di un sogno the culmination and death of a dream
pien de gloria triumphando! in triumphant glory crowned forever! 1492 – 1509 1492 – 1509

21. LAMENTO PER LA MORTE DI LORENZO
IL MAGNIFICO
QUIS DABIT CAPITI MEO AQUAM?
Heinrich Isaac
Quis dabit capiti meo aquam?
Quis oculis meis fontem lachrimarum dabit,
ut nocte fleam, ut luce fleam?
Sic turtur uiduus solet, sic cygnus moriens solet,
sic luscinia conqueri.
Heu miser, o dolor!
Laurus impetu fulminis illa iacet subito,
laurus omnium celebris musarum choris,
nympharum choris.
Laurus iacet impetu fulminis.
Et requiescamus in pace.
Sub cuius patula coma et Phebi lira
blandius insonat et uox blandius [insonat],
nunc muta omnia, nunc surda omnia.
22. Romance: LA ROSA ENFLORECE
Anónimo sefardí
La rosa enflorece,
en el mez de May,
21. LAMENT FOR THE DEATH OF LORENZO
THE MAGNIFICENT
WHO WILL GIVE WATER TO MY SPRING?
Heinrich Isaac
Who will give water to my spring?
Who will fill my eyes with tears
that I might weep both night and day?
Thus sorrowfully sing the widowed turtledove, the dying
swan and the nightingale.
Woe is me, ah grief, ah grief!
Lightning has struck the laurel tree,
the laurel sung by muses in fabled choirs
and choruses of nymphs.
The laurel lies dashed by the lightning ray.
Now let us rest in peace.
Beneath his generous boughs the lyre and voice
of Phoebus did more sweetly sound;
now all are deaf, now all are dumb.
22. Romance: THE ROSE IS BLOOMING
Anonymous Sephardic
The rose is blooming
in the month of May;
III Culmine e fine di un sogno
1. SALVE REGIS MATER SANCTISSIMA /
HIC EST SACERDOS
Marbriano de Orto - (I-Rvat C.S. 35)
Transcripció: Nigel Davison
Edició: Antico Edition
Salve regis mater sanctissima.
Salve humani advocata generis.
Ad te nos turba canemus.
Largos atque humiles preces effundimus,
Ut velis nostro miseratu misereri
et fletu mundo aspires nostris fecundis gemitibus,
quos peccatorum precibus
ad te pie clamantium pietatis tue ames accomodes.
Nostros ergo suscipe, benigna,
conquestus quos, mater Dei et gratie,
non inmeriti invocavis fugenti ad te precanti copia.
Nostris misereri animis
ut quam usas clavigeri ministrare celestis Alexandro.
Pronoscemus hilari, protegens Virgo,
intuitu ut que felix investitus
per curiam terminet annos, te favente, certos.
Talis enim, Virginum gemma, dignus est honoris.
Alleluia.
III The culmination and end of a dream
1. HAIL, MOST HOLY SOVEREIGN MOTHER /
BEHOLD THY PRIEST
Marbriano de Orto - (I-Rvat C.S. 35)
Transcription: Nigel Davison
Edition: Antico Edition
Hail, most holy sovereign Mother.
Hail, thou advocate of the human race.
To thee we sing
and offer profuse and humble prayers,
beseeching you to have pity on us.
Hear the cries and moaning of our world;
heed and tend the supplicant sinners
who piously implore thy mercy.
And give thy protection, O merciful Mother,
to those who implore thee, Mother and Grace of God.
Do not call unworthy of thy bounty
those who beseechingly run to thee.
Have mercy on our souls
for the sake of Alexander, thy heavenly priest.
May the blessed one, protected by the Virgin,
and happily invested by the curia,
in steadfastness fulfil his days with thy help.
For he, oh precious Virgin, is worthy of honour.
Aleluya.
11
 ORIGINAL
Cantus firmus
Hic est sacerdos quem coronavit Dominus.
Hic est sacerdos Alexander quem coronavit Dominus.
Alleluia.
2.
3. ELOGIO DI LUCREZIA /
REGI INVICTI
B. Accolti
Regi invicti e accorti, hor chiaro parmi
ch’a tutta Italia dominar volete
poi che quella che in mezzo a voi tenete
vince co’ gli occhi più che noi con l’armi.
La spesa è la fatica or si risparmi
di Macchine fatal che conducete
che dove volge lei sue luci liete
romperà ’l ciel non che ripari e marmi.
4. LA DEPLORATION SUR LA MORT
DE JOHANNES OCKEGHEM
Josquin Des Prez
Nymphes des bois, déesses des fontaines,
chantres experts de toutes nations,
changez voz voix fort clères et haultaines
en cris tranchantz et lamentations.
Car d’Atropos, les molestations,
vostre’Ockeghem par sa rigueur attrappe
le ray trèsoir de musique’et chief d’oeuvre
qui de trépas dè sormails plus n’eschappe,
dont Grant doumaige’est que la terre coeuvre.
Acoutrez vous d’abitz de deuil:
Josquin, Brumel, Pierson, Compère,
et plorez grosses larmes de’œil :
Perdu avez vostre bon père.
Requiescat in pace. Amen.
Cantus fìrmus :
Requiem aeternam dona eis, Domine,
Et lux perpetua luceat eis.
Requiescat in pace. Amen.
6. ABSALON FILI MI
Josquin Des Prez
Absalon fili mi,
quis det ut moriar pro te, fili mi Absalon.
Non vivam ultra,
sed descendam in infernum plorans.
ENGLISH ORIGINAL
Cantus firmus 7. Villotta: UN CAVALIER DI SPAGNA
Behold thy priest, whom the Lord hath crowned. Testo: Anonimo
Behold thy priest, Alexander, whom the Lord hath crowned. Musica: Anonimo
Aleluya. (Messer Fra Pietro da Hostia?)
Un cavaglier di Spagna
cavalcha per la via
a pie d’una montagna
2. ADONAY
cantando per amor d’una fantina:
Anonymous (Sinagogal Song)
Voltati in qua bella donzellina,
Hebrew song of peace voltati un poco a me per cortesia
dolce speranza mia,
ch’io moro per tuo amor.
Bella fantina t’ho donato el cor,
3. EULOGY OF LUCREZIA /
bella fantina, t’ho donato el cor.
VICTORIOUS KINGS
B. Accolti
Wise, victorious kings, I clearly realize 10. DONNA CONTR’A LA MIA VOGLIA
that to rule all Italy is your intention, Frottola - Philippus de Lurano
for one there is in your midst whose eyes
are far more powerful than our munitions. Donna contr’a la mia voglia
me convien da ti partire,
So spare yourselves the trouble and expense, non ti creder per fugire
by taking your deadly machine from hence, de l’amor tuo moi me spoglia.
Donna contr’a la mia voglia
for wherever its serene gaze comes to rest
me convien da ti partire.
the heavens open, as do marble walls and parapets.
DONNA QUESTA E LA MIA VOGLIA
4. THE LAMENT FOR THE DEATH Frottola - Philippus de Lurano
OF JOHANNES OCKEGHEM
Josquin Des Prez Donna questa e la mia voglia
ch’io mi voglio da ti partire.
Wood nymphs, fountain goddesses, Che ben spesso per fugire
expert singers from all the nations, da una ingrata, amor spoglia.
exchange your limpid, lofty voices Donna questa è la mia voglia
for piercing cries and lamentations. ch’io mi voglio da ti partire.
Since Atropos’s cruellest blow
has felled your Johannes Ockeghem,
treasure of music, perfect maestro,
11. ¿SI HABRÁ EN ESTE BALDRÉS?
he can no longer death evade
Juan del Enzina
and now, alas, in earth is laid.
Clothe yourselves in mourning dress,
¿Si habrá en este baldrés
Josquin, Brumel, Pierson and Compère, mangas para todas tres?
and bathe your eyes in copious tears,
for you have lost your father dear. Tres moças d’aquesta villa
May he rest in peace. Amen. tres moças d’aquesta villa
desollaban una pija.
Cantus firmus: Para mangas a todas tres.
Grant him eternal rest, o Lord,
and let perpetual light shine upon him. Tres moças d’aqueste barrio
May he rest in peace. Amen. tres moças d’aqueste barrio
desollavan un carajo.
Para mangas a todas tres.
¿Si habrá en este baldrés
mangas para todas tres?
6. ABSALOM MY SON
Josquin Des Prez Desollavan una pija
desollavan una pija
Absalom, my son, y faltóles una tira
if only I had died instead of you, la una a buscalla yva.
Absalom, my son! Para mangas a todas tres.
I shall live no more,but go down weeping into hell.
ENGLISH
7. Villotta: A SPANISH KNIGHT
Lyrics: Anonymous
Music: Anonymous
(Messer Fra Pietro da Hostia?)
A Spanish knight
rides along the path
beneath a mountain,
singing of his love for a country maid.
Turn this way, O pretty damsel,
turn a little towards me, pray,
O my sweet hope,
I am dying for your love.
O pretty maid, I gave you my heart.
O pretty maid, I gave you my heart.
10. LADY, IT IS AGAINST MY WILL
Frottola - Philippus de Lurano
Lady, it is against my will
that I must go from thee,
but think not that because I flee
I do not love thee still.
Lady, it is against my will
that I must go from thee
LADY, THIS IS WHAT I WILL
Frottola - Philippus de Lurano
Lady, this is what I will:
to hie me hence from thee.
A lover often does well to flee
when his ingrate lady has used him ill.
Lady, this is what I will:
to hie me hence from thee.
11. CAN THIS KIDSKIN BE STRETCHED?
Juan del Enzina
Can this kidskin be stretched
to make sleeves for all three?
Three girls from our village,
three girls from our village,
were skinning a pizzle
to make sleeves for all three.
Three girls from our village,
three girls from our village,
were skinning a prick
to make sleeves for all three.
Can this kidskin be stretched
to make sleeves for all three?
They were skinning a pizzle,
they were skinning a pizzle,
but they couldn’t quite stretch it,
so one went to get a bit
to make sleeves for all three.
12
 ORIGINAL ENGLISH ORIGINAL ENGLISH

¿Si habrá en este baldrés Can this kidskin be stretched por todo el mundo hacía. did make throughout the world.
mangas para todas tres? to make sleeves for all three? O tú, que vas a buscar O, you who go in search
dignas cosas de loar: Of subjects worthy of your praise,
y faltóles un pedaço but they couldn’t quite stretch it si tú loas lo más digno, if you would praise what is worthy,
la una yva a buscarlo. so one went to get a bit aquí pare tu camino, let your search halt here
Para mangas a todas tres. to make sleeves for all three. no cures de más buscar. and pray inquire no further.

¿Si habrá en este baldrés Can this kidskin be stretched

mangas para todas tres? to make sleeves for all three?
PARODIA DEL EPITAFIO PARODY ON AN EPITAPH
Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo
12. AMOR, LA TUA VIRTUTE 12. LOVE, YOUR VIRTUE
Jacques Arcadelt / Pietro Bembo Jacques Arcadelt / Pietro Bembo Aquí yace en poca tierra Here lies in but a little earth
el que no la merescía. he who scarce deserved it;
Amor, la tua virtute Love, your virtue El que con paz ni con guerra he whose quest in peace and war
non è dal mondo e dalla gente intesa, is misconstrued by people and the world cosa buena no hazía. was never what was right.
che da viltat’offesa, who, blinded by their wickedness, ¡O, tú, que vas a buscar O, you who go in search
segue suo dann’e fugge sua salute. pursue their ruin and flee what does them good. dinas cosas de loar, of subjects worthy of your praise,
Ma se tue lode fusser conosciute But if your qualities here were known dexa al Duque Valentino, forget Duke Valentine
tra noi sí come là dove risplende as they are yonder on that other shore, Eçepto si tu camino unless you are willing
più del tuo vivo raggio, where shine most brightly your living rays, le quieres mal emplear! to waste your time!
dritto camin’e saggio our life would take a straight, wise path,
prenderia nostra vita che no’l prende, which presently it does not trace,
e tornerian con la prima beltate and bygone splendour would again return
gl’anni dell’oro e la felic’etate. with the golden years and the age of happiness. 17. CASTALIOS LATICES PLORANDA 17. CASTALIOS LATICES PLORANDA
LAMENT PER CÈSAR BORGIA LAMENT FOR CESARE BORGIA
Ercole Strozzi Ercole Strozzi
13. REQUIEM 13. REQUIEM Caesaris Borgiae ducis epicedium, […] ad divam Lucretiam To the legendary Cesare Borgia, […] the divine Lucrezia
Josquin Des Prez Josquin Des Prez
Borgiam, Ferrariae ducem. Borgia, and the Duke of Ferrara.
Requiem aeternam dona eis, Domine, Eternal rest give unto them, O Lord,
Castalios latices ploranda ad funera Paean Paean, wailing and weeping with exhausted eyes, unleash
et lux perpetua luceat eis. and may everlasting light shine upon them.
Requiescant in pace. May they rest in peace. Exhaustis infunde oculis, ululandaque nobis the flow of Castalia’s rivers to the funeral place,
Amen. Amen. Orsa refer, vocemque novam, et nova suffice plectra: answer our designs and give us new voices and new lyres.
Vosque chori Aonidum, tuque o Iovis inclyta plores, O Aeneid’s chorus, and you, o Jupiter, mourn the illustrious ones,
Tu rege singultantem animam, numerosque labanteis lead the sobbing soul and the host of the weak to Alcides.
Alcide, te flere decet, tibi tristia mecum It is good to cry to you, it is good for you to weep
Fata, et ducentes fatalia pensa sorores with me for the sorrows and adversities.
IV Tempi di rivolte e di umanesimo: IV The age of upheavals and Humanism: Incusare licet, neque enim dolet aemula virtus It is more than just to blame Fate for her baneful duties,
la Sibilla e le profezie dell’Apocalisse the Sibyl and the Prophecies of the Book of Revelation Alterius fama, et paribus non invidet actis. for competitive virtue is not weakened by the fame of others.

15. SUR TOUTES PERSONNES
Éloge de la duchesse de Ferrara
Sur toutes personnes, la bonne duchesse qui était une perle
de ce monde, leur fit [aux françaises] singulier recueil de
tous les jours leur faisait banquets et festins à la mode
d’Italie, tant beaux que merveilles. Bien ose dire que, de son
temps, ni de beaucoup d’avant, ne s’est point trouvé de plus
triomphante princesse, car elle était belle, bonne, douce et
courtoise à toutes gens. Elle parlait espagnol, grec, italien et
français, quelque peu très bon latin, et composait en toutes
ces langues : et n’est rien si certain que combien son mari fût
sage et hardi prince, ladite dame, par sa bonne grâce, a été
cause de lui avoir fait de bons et loyaux services.
16. AQUÍ YACE EN POCA TIERRA
Epitafio de César Borja
Antonio de Guevara
15. ABOVE ALL PEOPLE
Eulogy of the Duchess of Ferrara
Above all people, the good duchess, who was a pearl in this
world, always welcomed them [the French] with banquets
and celebrations in the Italian style, as fine as they were
wonderful. I dare say that there was never a princess more
acclaimed than she, both in her own day and long before her
time, for she was beautiful, good, gentle and courteous towards
all manner of men. She spoke Spanish, Greek, Italian and
French, not to mention very good Latin, and she could write in
all these languages: and there is no doubt that, although her
husband was a wise and bold prince, the said lady, by her good
grace, was able to render him good and loyal service.
16. HERE LIES IN BUT A LITTLE EARTH
Epitaph for Cesare Borgia
Antonio de Guevara
Fer Cristam eversam, atque eversa insignia Mavors,
Moestaque funereos tantum tuba clangat in usus.
Et vos communem in medium conferte dolorem
Hispani, Oenotrique viri, pariter fleamus.
Ite Decor, Charitesque nigrae ad solennia pompae,
Et feruginca vestigia verrite palla,
Molliaque alternis contundite pectora palmis,
Borgia dam scissisque genis, scissoque capillo
Fraternos obitus, miserandaque vulnera deflet.
Dumque deos omneis, magno viduata marito
Increpitat, gelido degens Carlotta sub axe.
Consciaque immodici contristant sidera questus.
Fert durum silicem indomitumque adamanta rigenti
Pectore, qui miserae planctum, et lamenta sororis,
Immotisque animis, oculisque arentibus haurit.
Per Danaas acies, phacbeaque pergama circum
Hectora cum saevus curru raptaret Achilles
Moesta minus Cassandra, minusque Polyxena flevit.
It wears the ravaged crest and the broken insignia of Mars;
many a mournful trumpet intones its funereal sound.
O, bear this grief in public to the Hispanic nation!
And let us equally weep for Oenotrius.
Ye Graces three and Decorum, attend the solemn exequies.
Cover your deep scars with your cloaks,
and beat your soft breasts with your palms.
Borgia bemoans with furrowed cheeks and shaven head
the deaths of his brothers and the ghastly wounds.
Meanwhile, his widow Charlotte, beneath the pall,
rebukes the gods as her egregious husband, cold, is borne
away.
The heavens are saddened by the terrible lamentations.
Hard silica and enduring diamond lie on his rigid breast,
which prompts his wretched sister’s tears and moans,
while his eyes now are dry and his spirit stilled.
By the sword of Danaos, near Pergamum and the Phaeacians,
Cruel Achilles plundered Hector and on his chariot bore away
the sorrowful Cassandra, who mourned for Polyxena less and less.

Aquí yace en poca tierra Here lies in but a little earth

al que toda le temía, he whom once the whole earth feared,
el que la paz y la guerra 13
he who war and peace
 ORIGINAL
18. AGNUS DEI
Josquin Des Prez
Agnus Dei qui tollis peccata mundi:
dona nobis pacem.
20. SIBIL˙LA VALENCIANA
Anònim / Cançoner de Gandia
Al jorn del judici
se pagarà nostre servici.
(Anònim)
D’una Verge naixerà
Déu i hom qui jutjarà
de cascú lo bé i lo mal
al jorn del Juí final.
Al jorn del judici
se pagarà nostre servici.
(Anònim)
Mostrar-s’han quinze senyals
per lo món molt generals,
los morts ressuscitaran
de on tots tremolaran.
Al jorn del judici
se pagarà nostre servici.
(Alonso)
D’alt dels cels davallarà
Jesucrist i es mostrarà
en lo vall de Josafat
on serà tothom jutjat.
Al jorn del judici
se pagarà nostre servici.
(B. Cárceres)
Portarà cascú escrit
en lo front al seu despit
les obres que haurà fet.
d’on haurà cascú son dret.
Al jorn del judici
se pagarà nostre servici.
(Alonso)
Als bons darà goig etern
e als mals lo foc d’infern
a on sempre peneran
puix a Déu ofés hauran.
Al jorn del judici
se pagarà nostre servici.
(B. Cárceres)
Mare de Déu, pregau per nós,
puix sóu mare de pecadors,
que bona sentència hajam
i paradís possejam.
Al jorn del judici
se pagarà nostre servici.
(Alonso)
Vosaltres tots qui escoltau,
devotament a Déu pregau
ENGLISH ORIGINAL ENGLISH
18. LAMB OF GOD de cor ab gran devoció, that with great devotion in your hearts
Josquin Des Prez que us porte a salvació. by Him you might be saved.
Al jorn del judici On judgement day
Lamb of God, who takest away the sins of the world: se pagarà nostre servici. we servants shall be paid.
grant us peace. (B. Cárceres) (B. Cárceres)
20. VALENCIAN SIBYL
Anonymous / The Gandia songbook
On judgement day
we servants shall be paid.
(Anonymous)
Born of a Virgin one shall come
as God and man to judge DINASTIA BORGIA BORGIA DYNASTY
the deeds both good and ill of men
on the final judgement day.
Chiesa e potere nel Rinascimento Church and Power in the Renaissance
On judgement day
we servants shall be paid. TERZA PARTE [CD 3]
(Anonymous) PART THREE [CD 3]
Fifteen general signs shall be From the turbulent “reign” of Alexander VI
Dal “regno” convulso di Alessandro VI
around the world displayed, al trionfo spirituale di Francesco Borgia to the spiritual triumph of Francisco de Borja
those who have died shall rise again 1510 – 1671
1510 – 1671
by trembling man surveyed.
On judgement day
we servants shall be paid.
V Battaglie e tregue: responsabilità militari V Battles and Truces: military and political
(Alonso) responsibilities
e politiche
From heaven on high shall Jesus Christ
descend and be revealed, 3. PROCH DOLOR 3. ALAS
in the valley of Jehoshaphat Josquin Des Prez Josquin Des Prez
where judgement shall be held.
On judgement day Proch dolor, proch dolor! Alas, alas!
we servants shall be paid. Let the German peoples weep
Amissum terris Germanica turba
(B. Cárceres) Magnanimum regem defleat. for their magnanimous king
Ille jacet atque ruit subito who has vanished from their midst!
Written upon his brow each one Preclarum Cesaris astrum. He lies dead, and suddenly
despite himself shall bear Vulnere non major nunc dolor esse potest. Caesar’s illustrious star has fallen:
the deeds he has committed Fortia stelliferi pandantur lumina celi. there is no greater grief than this.
and so receive his share. Excipiat magnum celica turma virum. May the living lights of the starry heavens hasten here,
On judgement day and the hosts of heaven welcome the great man.
we servants shall be paid.
(Alonso) Cantus firmus Cantus firmus
Pie Jesu Domine, dona ei requiem. Lord Jesus, give him rest.
Eternal joy He shall give to the good, Amen. Amen.
to the bad the fire of hell,
where they shall suffer evermore
since God they did offend.
4. TODOS LOS BUENOS SOLDADOS 4. ALL GOOD SOLDIERS
On judgement day
Mateu Flecha Mateu Flecha
we servants shall be paid.
(B. Cárceres) All good soldiers
Todos los buenos soldados
que asentaren a esta guerra who go to this war,
Pray for us, o Mother of God, let them have no earthly loves
no quieran nada en la tierra,
since mother of sinners thou art, if they would take leave light of heart.
si quieren ir descansados.
that we be sentenced kindly
and in paradise take part. If they should win a victory,
Si salieren con victoria,
On judgement day la paga que les darán the wages they´ll be paid
we servants shall be paid. será que siempre ternán will be the eternal glory
(Alonso) en el cielo eterna gloria. that heaven holds for them.
All you who hearken unto me,
to God devoutly pray, 14
 ORIGINAL
6. TAU GARÇO LA DURUNDENA
Bartomeu Cárceres – Branle
Tau garçó la durundena
tau garçó la durundó
e tau hillot, la durundó.
Tan chiquet e tan polit
com t’és nat aquesta nit.
Lucifer serà scarnit
tot l’infern n’haurà gran pena
Tau garçó la durundena...
Los angeus n’an gran plausir,
vent complit nostre deusir
que l’alt cel s’a de fornir
de gascons per bella strena.
Tau garçó la durundena...
O Jhesús e com miràveu
com los angelets baylaven
dant en l’ayre, no tombaven
ni caÿen en l’arena.
Tau garçó la durundena...
I ab ses veus tan angelines
rausonaven les maytines
e tocaven les orguines
tot cantant ab veu gran plena.
Tau garçó la durundena...
E sonaven tots acords
ab rebequins e manacors
y ab veus autes grans e forts
dansaven l’hauta serena.
Tau garçó la durundena...
Tot ensemps li fan la xiera
en esta nit plazentiera
davant la Vergen partiera
que trau lo món de cadena.
Tau garçó la durundena
tau garçó la durundó
e tau hillot, la durundó.
7. Villancico: MEIS OLHOS VAN POR LO MARE
Anonimo português
Meis ollos van per lo mare
mirando van Portugale.
Meis ollos van per lo rrio
buscando van Douro e Minho.
8. Égloga III (1536)
AQUELLA VOLUNTAD HONESTA I PURA
Garcilaso de la Vega
Aquella voluntad honesta y pura,
ilustre y hermosísima María,
que en mí de celebrar tu hermosura,
tu ingenio y tu valor estar solía,
ENGLISH
6. SUCH A BEAUTIFUL CHILD
Bartomeu Cárceres – Branle
Such a beautiful child, la durundena,
Such a beautiful child, la dirindó,
such a lovely infant, la durundó.
So small and lovely,
he was born this night.
Lucifer looks on with fear
and hell is filled with dread.
Such a beautiful child, la durundena …
The angels with great delight
thus see their hopes fulfilled,
and the vaults of heaven are adorned
for the magnificent first night.
Such a beautiful child, la durundena …
Oh Jesus, how intently you gazed
as the angels danced on high!
They did not falter in their steps
or stumble in the sand.
Such a beautiful child, la durundena …
And with their heavenly voices
the matins they did sing;
they played upon the organs
and their voices loud did ring.
Such a beautiful child, la durundena …
And so they sweetly sang in tune
in joyful celebration;
their ethereal voices filled the air
and they danced till dawn had broken.
Such a beautiful child, la durundena …
All around the bonfire gathered,
on this pleasant night we sing
to the Virgin who has borne a child
who will free the world from sin.
Such a beautiful child, la durundena,
Such a beautiful child, la dirindó,
such a lovely infant, la durundó.
7. Villancico: MY EYES STRAY OVER THE SEA
Anonymous from Portugal
My eyes stray over the sea,
their gaze fixed on Portugal.
My eyes stray over the river,
seeking the Douro and the Minho.
8. Eclogue III (1536)
THAT PURE AND HONOURABLE INTENT
Garcilaso de la Vega
That pure and honourable intent
which prompted me to celebrate
your beauty, wit and excellence,
in spite of and defying fate
ORIGINAL
a despecho y pesar de la ventura
que por otro camino me desvía,
está y estará tanto en mí clavada,
cuanto del cuerpo el alma acompañada.
Y aún no se me figura que me toca
aqueste oficio solamente en vida;
mas con la lengua muerta y fría en la boca
pienso mover la voz a ti debida.
Libre mi alma de su estrecha roca
por el Estigio lago conducida,
celebrándote irá, y aquel sonido
hará parar las aguas del olvido.
Mas la fortuna, de mi mal no harta,
me aflige, y de un trabajo en otro lleva;
ya de la patria, ya del bien me aparta;
ya mi paciencia en mil maneras prueba;
y lo que siento más es que la carta
donde mi pluma en tu alabanza mueva,
poniendo en su lugar cuidados vanos,
me quita y me arrebata de las manos.
TIRRENO
El álamo de Alcides escogido
fue siempre, y el laurel del rojo Apolo;
de la hermosa Venus fue tenido
en precio y en estima el mirto solo;
el verde sauz de Flérida es querido,
y por suyo entre todos escogiólo:
doquiera que sauces de hoy más se hallen,
el álamo, el laurel y el mirto callen.
ALCINO
El fresno por la selva en hermosura
sabemos ya que sobre todos vaya,
y en aspereza y monte de espesura
se aventaja la verde y alta haya;
mas el que la beldad de tu figura,
donde quiera mirado, Filis, haya,
al fresno y a la haya en su aspereza
confesará que vence tu belleza.
Esto cantó Tirreno, y esto Alcino
le respondió; y habiendo ya acabado
el dulce son, siguieron su camino
con paso un poco más apresurado.
Siendo a las ninfas ya el rumor vecino,
juntas se arrojan por el agua a nado,
y de la blanca espuma que movieron,
las cristalinas ondas se cubrieron.
9. JUBILATE DEO OMNIS TERRA
Cristóbal de Morales
Jubilate Deo omnis terra,
cantate omnes, jubilate et psallite,
quoniam, suadente Paulo,
Carolus et Franciscus,
Principes terrae,
convenerunt in unum,
et pax de caelo descendit.
ENGLISH
which forces me new paths to steer,
O fair, illustrious Maria,
stands firm and shall remain the same
while spirit dwells in body’s frame.
I think, not only while I live,
to this my mission to be true;
In death, although my tongue be stiff,
I’ll raise the song I owe to you.
Freed from the body’s shell my soul
across the Stygian lake shall glide,
and sing your praise till to its sound
oblivion’s waters shall subside.
But Fortune, on my sorrow bent,
demands I labour without rest,
far from my home and comfort sent
to put my patience to the test;
and this above all I lament:
she from my hand the letter rent
in which my pen commends your grace,
and futile cares left in its place.
TYRRHENUS
Poplar was loved by Alcides,
and laurel by flushed Apollo;
the myrtle did fair Venus please,
while Flerida the green willow
esteemed above all other trees:
today wherever willows grow,
poplar, laurel and myrtle bow.
ALCINOUS
The ash of all the woodland trees
we know is far the loveliest;
on rugged ground and wooded hills
the tall and verdant beech is best;
but he who has your lovely face
once spied, O Phyllis, must concede
that ash and beech, in artless grace,
your loveliness cannot exceed.
So Tyrrhenus and Alcinous
discoursed in song and, having ceased,
both following their former course
the swiftness of their pace increased.
The nymphs, at their approach disturbed,
together plunged into the waves,
and in the crystal foam thus stirred
they disappeared without a trace.
9. REJOICE BEFORE GOD, ALL THE EARTH!
Cristóbal de Morales
Sing, rejoice, recite psalms,
for it is the bidding of Paul,
Charles and Francis,
Princes of this world,
who have reached an accord
that peace might descend from Heaven.
Oh happy time! Oh happy Paul
15
 ORIGINAL ENGLISH ORIGINAL ENGLISH

O felix aetas, o felix Paule, and you, happy princes Y si acaso no supieres If, perchance, thou know’st not where
o vos felices Principes, who have brought peace to dónde me hallarás a Mí, to go in search of Me,
qui christiano populo, Christ´s people. no andes de aquí para allí, then look not high nor low, nor near nor far,
pacem tradidistis. Long live Paul! long live Charles! sino, si hallarme quisieres but if thou truly seekest Me,
a Mí, buscarme has en ti. look only for Myself in Thee.
Vivat Paulus! Vivat Carolus! long live Francis!
Vivat Franciscus! Long may they live, long may they live Porque tú eres mi aposento, I have my dwelling place in thee,
Vivant, vivant, simul and likewise give us everlasting peace eres mi casa y morada, thou art my home and hall.
et pacem nobis donent in aeternum! y ansí llamo en cualquier tiempo, And should thy mind be closed to me,
si hallo en tu pensamiento no matter what the hour may be,
estar la puerta cerrada. the door will open when I call.

Fuera de ti no hay buscarme, Seek not outside Thyself for Me,

VI Rinunce e trasformazione spirituale VI Renunciation and spiritual transformation porque para hallarme a Mí, for I’ll be found more certainly
bastará sólo llamarme, if you but speak and call my name,
que a ti iré sin tardarme and straight to Thee I’ll come,
12. CREDO IN UNUM DEUM 12. CREED y a Mí buscarme has en ti. for thou must seek Myself in Thee.
Francesc Borja (atribuït) Francesc Borja (atributed to)

Credo in unum Deum Patrem omnipotentem, factorem
cœli et terrae, visibilium omnium et invisibilium. Et in
unum Dominum Jesum Christum, Filium Dei unigenitum.
Et ex Patre natum ante omnia sæcula; Deum de Deo,
lumen de lumine, Deum verum de Deo vero; genitum, non
factum, consubstantialem Patri, per quem omnia facta
sunt. Qui propter nos homines et propter nostram salutem
descendit de cœlis. Et incarnatus est de Spiritu Sancto ex
Maria virgine, et homo factus est. Crucifixus etiam pro
nobis sub Pontio Pilato, passus, et sepultus est. Et
resurrexit tertia die secundum Scripturas, et ascendit in
cœlum, sedet ad dexteram Patris. Et iterum venturus est
cum gloria iudicare vivos et mortuos; cuius regni non erit
finis. Et in Spiritum Sanctum, Dominum et vivificantem,
qui ex Patre Filio que procedit. Qui cum Patre et Filio
simul adoratur et conglorificatur, qui locutus est per
prophetas. Et unam sanctam catholicam et apostolicam
ecclesiam. Confiteor unum baptisma in remissionem
peccatorum. Et expecto resurrectionem mortuorum et
vitam venturi sæculi. Amen.
14. ALMA, BUSCARTE
HAS EN MÍ
Teresa de Jesús / Anónimo (CMP)
I believe in one God the Father Almighty, Maker of heaven and
earth, and of all things visible and invisible; and in one Lord 15. LACRIMOSA DIES ILLA 15. THAT TEARFUL DAY
Cristóbal de Morales Cristóbal de Morales
Jesus Christ, the only-begotten Son of God, begotten of the
Father before all worlds, God of God, Light of Light, Very God
Lacrimosa dies illa, That tearful day,
of Very God, begotten, not made, being of one substance with Qua resurget ex favilla. by which from the ashes resurrects
the Father by whom all things were made; who for us men, and Judicandus homo reus: the guilty man who must be judged
for our salvation, came down from heaven, and was incarnate Huic ergo parce Deus. Spare him therefore, God.
by the Holy Spirit of the Virgin Mary, and was made man, and
was crucified also for us under Pontius Pilate. He suffered
and was buried, and the third day he rose again according to the
Scriptures, and ascended into heaven, and sitteth on the right
hand of the Father. And he shall come again with glory to judge VII Ultimi anni, VII Final years,
both the quick and the dead, whose kingdom shall have no end. morte e canonizzazione di Francesco Borgia death and canonization of Francisco de Borja
And I believe in the Holy Spirit, the Lord and Giver of Life,
who proceedeth from the Father and the Son, who with the
Father and the Son together is worshipped and glorified, who 19. DEBA CONTRE MES DEBATEURS 19. DO BATTLE AGAINST MY ENEMY
spoke by the prophets. And I believe one holy catholic and Psaume 35 Psalm 35
apostolic Church. I acknowledge one baptism for the Claude Godimel Claude Godimel
remission of sins. And I look for the resurrection of the dead
Deba contre mes debateurs, Do battle against my enemy,
and the life of the world to come. Amen.
comba, Seigneur, mes combateurs, O Lord, contend with those who taunt me.
empoigne moy bouclier et lance, Take up thy shield and lance,
et pour me secourir t’avance. step forward, give me thy assistance.
Charge les, et marche au devant, Charge against them, lead the way,
14. IN ME, MY SOUL, garde les d’aller plus avant. Lord, frustrate them in their advance,
THINE OWN SELF SEEK Di à mon ame, Ame, je suis and to my soul say, I am he,
Teresa of Jesus / Anonymous (CMP) celuy qui garentir te puis. O soul, who shall be thy deliverance.

Alma, buscarte has en Mí, In Me, my Soul, thine own self seek De honte soyent tous esperdus, Let them be put to shame and routed,
y a Mí buscarme has en ti. and Myself seek in Thee. soyent reversez et confondus driven back and sore confounded,
tous ceux qui pourchassent ma vie all those who persecute my life
De tal suerte, pudo amor, For love did etch thy portrait, et de m’outrager ont envie. and against me continually strive.
alma, en Mí te retratar, so true, my Soul, in Me Soyent comme la poudre qui est Let them be like dust upon the wind,
que ningún sabio pintor that never painter, with all his art, du vent jettée où il luy plaist: carried hither and thither at its whim:
supiera con tal primor a truer image could impart, L’Ange du Seigneur tout-puissant may the angel of the Lord omnipotent
tal imagen estampar. or one so fine create.
par tout les aille pourchassant. pursue them always and never once relent.
Fuiste por amor criada Fair and beautiful thou art,
for love has fashioned thee, Tous chemins soyent glissans pour eux: May all their paths be slippery,
hermosa, bella, y ansí
en mis entrañas pintada, and thus thou art painted on my heart. par chemins noir set tenebreux may all their paths be dark and gloomy,
si te perdieres, mi amada, Beloved Soul, if ever from thyself thou strayst, l’Ange de Dieu de place en place and the angel of the Lord from town to town
alma, buscarte has en Mí. then seek Thyself in Me. tousjours les poursuivre et les chasse. implacably pursue and hunt them down.
D’autant qu’à tort ils m’ont dressé For they did plot against me and prepare
Que yo sé que te hallarás For this I know, that in my breast leur engin dedans un fossé: to trap me in a pit with a hidden snare:
en mi pecho retratada thine image thou shalt find, leur engin, di-je, ils ont à tort a snare, I say, with treacherous stealth,
y tan al vivo sacada, and there so vividly portrayed appresté pour me mettre à mort. they set for me to engineer my death!
que si te ves te holgarás that it shall be a joy to thee
viéndote tan bien pintada. such likeness of thyself to see displayed.
16
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20. PIE JESU DOMINE
Cristóbal de Morales
Pie Jesu Domine,
dona eis réquiem.
Amen.
21. EL REY Y POR S.M. DON LUIS CARRILLO
Folio 34 (Valencia 1611)
Bando de la expulsión de los moriscos del reino de
Valencia, publicado en la capital el dia 22 de setiembre de
1609.
S.M. el Rey en una su Real carta de cuatro de agosto
pasado deste año, firmada por su Real mano, y refrendada
de Andrés de Prada, su Secretario de Estado, nos escribe lo
siguiente.
Marqués de Caracena, primo, mi Lugarteniente y Capitán
General de mi reino de Valencia. Entendido tenéis lo que
por tan largo discurso de años he procurado la conversion de
los moriscos de ese reino y del de Castilla, y los edictos
de gracia que se les concedieron, y las diligencias que se
han hecho para instruillos en nuestra santa fe, y lo poco que
todo ello ha aprovechado, pues no se ha visto que ninguno
se haya convertido, ántes ha crecido su obstinacion; y
aunque el peligro y irreparables daños que en disimular con
ellos podia suceder, se me representó dias há por muchos y
muy doctos y santos hombres, exhortándome al breve
remedio, á que en conciencia estaba obligado para aplacar á
nuestro Señor, que tan ofendido está desta gente,
asigurándome que podia sin ningun escrúpulo castigándoles
en las vidas y haciendas, porque la continuación de sus
delitos los tenia convencidos de herejes, apóstatas y
proditores de lesa Majestad divina y humana; y aunque
podia proceder contra ellos con el rigor que sus culpas
merecian, todavía, deseando reducirlos por medios suaves y
blandos, mandé hacer en esa ciudad la junta que sabeis, en
que concurrísteis vos, el Patriarca, y otros Prelados y
personas doctas, para ver si se podia excusar el sacallos
destos reinos. Pero habiéndose sabido que los dese y los de
Castilla pasaban adelante con su dañado intento, y he
entendido por avisos ciertos y verdaderos que continuando
su apostasía y prodicion, han procurado y procuran por
medio de sus embajadores y por otros caminos el daño y
perturbacion de nuestros reinos; y deseando cumplir con la
obligacion que tengo de su conservacion y seguridad, y en
particular la de ese reino de Valencia, y de los buenos y
fieles súbditos dél por ser mas evidente su peligro, y que
cese la herejía y apostasía; y habiéndolo hecho encomendar
á nuestro Señor, y confiado en su divino favor por lo que
toca á su honra y gloria, he resuelto que se saquen todos los
moriscos de ese reino, y que se echen en Barbería. Y para
que se ejecute y tenga debido efecto lo que S.M. manda,
hemos mandado publicar el bando siguiente.
(1) Primeramente, que todos los moriscos deste reino, así
hombres como mugeres, con sus hijos, dentro de tres dias
de como fuere publicado este bando en los lugares donde
cada uno vive y tiene su casa, salgan dél, y vayan á
embarcarse á la parte donde el comisario, que fuere á tratar
ENGLISH
20. LORD, ALL PITYING
Cristóbal de Morales
Lord, all pitying, Jesus blest,
grant them thine eternal rest.
Amen.
21. EL REY Y POR S.M. DON LUIS CARRILLO
Page 34 (Valencia 1611)
Edict of the expulsion of the Moriscos from the kingdom
of Valencia, published in the capital on 22nd September,
1609.
His Majesty the King, in a Royal charter dated 4th August
this year, signed in the King’s own hand, and witnessed by
Andrés de Prada, his Secretary of State, writes as follows:
Marquis of Caracena, cousin, my deputy and Captain General
of my kingdom of Valencia: You are aware that for many long
years I have, by force of argument, attempted to bring about the
conversion of the Moriscos of the kingdoms of Valencia and
Castile, and you are also aware of the edicts of grace granted to
them, and the efforts that have been made to instruct them in
our holy faith; and you know to what little effect all these
endeavours have been carried out, for none of them has
converted, but rather they have increased their obstinacy;
and given the danger and irreparable harm that could result
from failing to take action, some days ago many learned and
saintly men urged me to seek a swift solution, a duty which, in
conscience, I was obliged to fulfil to placate Our Lord, who has
been so gravely offended by these people; and I was assured by
those learned men that I might without scruple take punitive
action against the lives and property of the Moriscos, because
the latter’s continual offences have persuaded them that the said
Moriscos are heretics, apostates and guilty of treason against
divine and human Majesty; and although I could have
proceeded against them with the severity that their offences
deserved, yet, wishing to deal with them more leniently and
gently, I commanded, as you know, that a council be set up in
the city of Valencia, in which you, the Patriarch, and other
Prelates and learned persons gathered to determine whether
they might be spared expulsion from these realms. But having
learned that those of Valencia and Castile continue in their evil
intent, and being apprised by certain and true accounts that they
persist in their apostasy and treason, that they have tried and
continue to try, through their spokesmen as well as by other
means, to jeopardize and perturb our kingdoms; and, desirous
of fulfilling my obligation to preserve and protect the said
kingdoms, in particular the kingdom of Valencia and its good
and faithful subjects, since they are those most clearly at risk,
and wishing to put an end to heresy and apostasy, and having
commended this undertaking to Our Lord, trusting in His divine
approval since it is pursuant to His honour and glory, I have
resolved that all the Moriscos are to be expelled from this
kingdom, and that they be deported to Barbary.
(1) First, that all the Moriscos of this kingdom, both men
and women, together with their children, shall, in the space
of three days from the date of publication of this edict in
the towns and villages where they live and have their
houses, obey the orders of the commissary in charge of the
ORIGINAL
desto, les ordenare, siguiendo y sus órdenes; llevando
consigo de sus haciendas los muebles, lo que pudieren en
sus personas para embarcarse en las galeras y navíos, que
están aprestados para pasarlos á Barbería, á donde los
desembarcarán, sin que reciban mal tratamiento ni
molestias en sus personas.
(2) Que cualquiera de los dichos moriscos que publicado
este bando, y cumplidos los tres dias fuese hallado
desmandado fuera de su propio lugar, por caminos ó otros
lugares hasta que sea hecha la primera embarcacion, pueda
cualquiera persona, sin incurrir en pena alguna, prenderle y
desbalijarle, entregándole al Justicia del lugar mas cercano,
y si se defendiere lo pueda matar.
(5) Y para que se conserven las casas, ingenios de azúcar,
cosechas de arroz, y los regadíos, y puedan dar noticia á los
nuevos pobladores que vinieren, ha sido S.M. servido á
peticion nuestra, que en cada lugar de cien casas, queden
seis con los hijos y muger que tuvieren, y que el nombrar
las casas que han de quedar en los tales lugares, como
queda dicho, esté á eleccion de los Señores de ellos.
(10) Item, los mochachos y mochachas menores de seis
años, que fueren hijos de cristianos viejos, se han de quedar,
y sus madres con ellos aunque sean moriscas; pero si el
padre fuere morisco y ella cristiana vieja, él sea expelido, y
los hijos menores de seis años quedarán con la madre.
(13) Item, S.M. es servido y tiene por bien que si algunos
de los dichos moriscos quisieren pasarse á otros reinos, lo
puedan hacer sin entrar por ninguno de los de España,
saliendo para ello de sus lugares dentro del dicho término
que les es dado; que tal es la Real y determinada voluntad
de S.M., y que las penas de este dicho bando se ejecuten,
como se ejecutarán irremisiblemente. Y para que venga á
noticia de todos se manda publicar en la forma
acostumbrada. Datis en el Real de Valencia á veinte y dos
dias del mes de setiembre del anyo mil seiscientos nueve.
– El Marqués de Caracena. – Por mandato de su
Excelencia. – Manuel de Espinosa.
23. TIENTO DE PANGE LINGUA
Joan Cabanilles
Pange, lingua, gloriosi
Córporis mystérium
Sanguinísque pretiósi,
Quem in mundi prétium
Fructus ventris generósi
Rex effúdit géntium.
Nobis datus, nobis natus
Ex intácta Vírgine,
Et in mundo conversátus,
Sparso verbi sémine,
Sui moras incolátus
Miro clausit órdine.
In supremæ nocte coenæ
Recumbens cum frátribus,
Observata lege plene
Cibis in legálibus,
ENGLISH
matter, and depart and embark at the port designated by the
said commissary, taking with them as much of their
furniture and goods as they are able to carry on their
persons, and board the galleys and ships which are waiting
to take them to Barbary, where they are to be set ashore,
without suffering ill treatment or personal harassment.
(2) That any Moriscos who, after the publication of this
edict, and after the stipulated period of three days, is found
without authorization outside his place of residence, on the
highway or in any other place, prior to the first
embarkation, shall be arrested and delivered into the hands
of the legal authorities at the nearest town; and if the
Morisco offers resistance, he may lawfully be killed.
(5) And, at our request, in order that the buildings, sugar mills,
rice fields and irrigated lands be maintained in good order,
and that the new tenants may be instructed in their upkeep,
His Majesty has determined that six out of every hundred
households, including the wives and children, shall remain,
and that the selection of those families which are permitted to
stay, as indicated, shall be the responsibility of their Lords,.
(10) That boys and girls under the age of six who are the
children of Old Christians are to remain, together with their
mothers, even if the latter are Moriscas; in those cases where
the father is a Morisco and his wife an Old Christian, he shall
be expelled, and any children under the age of six shall remain
with the mother.
(13) That His majesty decrees that if any of the said
Moriscos wish to travel to other kingdoms, they may do so,
provided that they do not enter any of the kingdoms of
Spain, and that they depart from their place of residence
within the period ordained; such is the Royal and firm will
of His Majesty, and also that the penalties described in this
edict be strictly executed. And in order that all may have
knowledge of this edict, we order that it be made public in
the customary way. Issued in the Royal city of Valencia this
twenty-second day of August, in the year sixteen hundred
and nine. – The Marquis of Caracena. – By order of his
Excellency. – Manuel de Espinosa.
23. OF THE GLORIOUS BODY TELLING
Joan Cabanilles
Of the glorious Body telling,
o my tongue its mysteries sing,
and of the precious Blood, all price excelling,
of our holy, universal King,
that was shed for the world’s redeeming
by Him who from a generous womb did spring.
He was given unto us descending,
of a spotless Virgin born,
Man with man He dwelt conversing
and words of heavenly truth did sow,
until at last, His time among us ending,
He brought His sojourn to a wondrous close.
At supper on that last night sitting,
with His chosen brethren band,
first the sacrificial Lamb did eat
and then fulfilled the Law’s command, 17
 ORIGINAL ENGLISH

Cibum turbæ duodenæ and thus immortal food providing

Se dat súis mánibus. He gave Himself with His own hand.

Verbum caro, panem verum Word made Flesh, who by His word
Verbo carnem éfficit, the bread is turned to Flesh,
Fitque Sanguis Christi merum, and wine is changed to Christ’s own blood.
Et, si sensus deficit. And if dull senses fail the test.

Translated by Jacqueline Minett

Tau Garçó la Durundena – Ensaladas de Cárceres m. 851 – Biblioteca de Catalunya 18