A2 Ans Big Idea

Chapter 6
Chapter 6 Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency (p. 293) 3. Begin by determining that the ratios of consecutive y-values
1. 3 ⋅ 24 =3 ⋅2⋅2⋅2⋅2 are equal.
= 3 ⋅ 16 4 7 7 10
— = 4, — = —, — = —, — = —
10 13 13
1 4 4 7 7 10 10
= 48
The ratios of consecutive y-values are not equal, so the
2. (−2)5 = (−2)(−2)(−2)(−2)(−2) data cannot be modeled by an exponential function. Next,
= −32 determine whether the differences of consecutive y-values
are equal.
( 56 ) = −( 65 ) ( 56 ) 4 − 1 = 3, 7 − 4 = 3, 10 − 7 = 3, 13 − 10 = 3
2
3. − — — —
The differences are equal, so the data can be modeled by
25 y = 3x + 1.
= −—
36 Using the model, when x = 10, y = 3(10) + 1 = 31.
( ) ( )( )( )
4. —
3
4
3 3 3 3
= — — —
4 4 4
4. Begin by determining whether the ratios of consecutive
y-values are equal.
27
=— 3 9 27 81
64 — = 3, — = 3, — = 3, — = 3
1 3 9 27
5. The domain of the function is −5 ≤ x ≤ 5 and the range is The ratios of consecutive y-values are equal, so the data can
0 ≤ y ≤ 5. be modeled by
y = 3x.
6. The domain of the function is {−2, −1, 0, 1, 2} and the
range is {−2, −1, 0, 1, 2}. Using the model, when x = 10, y = 310 = 59,049.
7. The domain of the function is all real numbers and the range 6.1 Explorations (p. 295)
is y ≤ 0. 1. a.
x −2 −1 0 1 2
8. The expression = −1 −4n ⋅ (4n)
is negative for all values f (x) = 2x 1
—4
1
—2 0 2 4
of n and the expression (−4)n = (−1)n (4n) is negative ⋅
when n is odd. The expression −4n is never positive and the The function matches graph A.
expression (−4)n is positive when n is even. b. x −2 −1 0 1 2
Chapter 6 Mathematical Practices (p. 294) f (x) = 3x 1
—9
1
—3 1 3 9
1. Begin by determining whether the ratios of consecutive
The function matches graph F.
y-values are equal.
c.
2 4 8 16 x −2 −1 0 1 2
— = 2, — = 2, — = 2, — = 2
1 2 4 8 1 1
f (x) = 4x —
16
—4 1 4 16
The ratios of consecutive y-values are equal, so the data can
be modeled by The function matches graph C.
y = 2x. d.
x −2 −1 0 1 2
Using the model, when x = 10, y = = 1024.
210
f (x) = ()
1 x
—2 4 2 1 1
—2
1
—4
2. Because the first point is (0, 0), first determine whether the The function matches graph D.
differences of consecutive y-values are equal. e. x −2 −1 0 1 2
4 − 0 = 4, 8 − 4 = 4, 12 − 8 = 4, 16 − 12 = 4
The differences are equal, so the data can be modeled by f (x) = ()
1 x
—3 9 3 1 1
—3
1
—9
y = 4x. The function matches graph B.

Using this model, when x = 10, y = 4(10) = 40. f. x −2 −1 0 1 2
f (x) = ()
1 x
—4 16 4 1 1
—4 —
1
16
The function matches graph E.
Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC Algebra 2 289

All rights reserved. Worked-Out Solutions
Chapter 6
2. The domain of f (x) = bx is all real numbers because the Step 4 Draw, from right to left, a smooth curve that begins
graphs have no holes, asymptotes, or stopping points. The just above the x-axis, passes through the plotted
range is y > 0 because the graphs approach but do not touch points, and moves up to the left.
the x-axis. The y-intercept is 1 because f (0) = b0 = 1. y
8
3. The domain is all real numbers, the range is y > 0, and the
x-axis is an asymptote. 6
4. It is not possible for the graph of f (x) = bx to have an 4

x-intercept because when b > 0, bx > 0.
2
6.1 Monitoring Progress (pp. 297–299)

−4 −2 2 4 x
1. Step 1 Identify the value of the base. The base, 4, is greater
than 1, so the function represents exponential growth.
Step 2 Make a table of values. 3. Step 1 Identify the value of the base. The base, 0.25,
is greater than 0 and less than 1, so the function
1 1 3
x −1 −— 0 — 1 — represents exponential decay.
2 2 2
Step 2 Make a table of values.
1 1
y — — 1 2 4 8
4 2
x −1.5 −1 −0.5 0 0.5 1
Step 3 Plot the points from the table. y 8 4 2 1 0.5 0.25
Step 4 Draw, from left to right, a smooth curve that begins
just above the x-axis, passes through the plotted Step 3 Plot the points from the table.
points, and moves up to the right. Step 4 Draw, from right to left, a smooth curve that begins
y
just above the x-axis, passes through the plotted
points, and moves up to the left.
8
y
6
8
4
6
2
4
−4 −2 2 4 x
2 −4 −2 2 4 x
2. Step 1 Identify the value of the base. The base, —, is greater
3
than 0 and less than 1, so the function represents
exponential decay. 4. Step 1 Identify the value of the base. The base,
1.5, is greater than 1, so the function represents
exponential growth.
x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 Step 2 Make a table of values.
27 9 3 2 4
y — — — 1 — —
8 4 2 3 9 x −2 −1 0 1 2 3
y 4 2 1 3 9 27
Step 3 Plot the points from the table. — — — — —
9 3 2 4 8
Step 3 Plot the points from the table.
290 Algebra 2 Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC

Worked-Out Solutions All rights reserved.
Chapter 6
Step 4 Draw, from left to right, a smooth curve that begins
5. a. 8 ⋅3 −2 =8 ⋅ —19 = —89
points, and moves up to the right. b. 8 ⋅ 33 = 8 ⋅ 27 = 216
6. a. 6 ⋅ 2 =6⋅—=—
y 1 3
−2
8 4 2
b. 6 ⋅ 23 = 6 ⋅ 8 = 48
6
1 46
4 7. a. 5 + 3−2 = 5 + — = —
9 9
2 b. 5 + 33 = 5 + 27 = 32
1 7
−4 −2 2 4 x 8. a. 2−2 − 2 = — − 2 = − —
4 4
b. 23 − 2 = 8 − 2 = 6
5. The decay factor is 0.9 = 1 − 0.1, so the annual percent
decrease is 0.1 or 10%. Use a graphing calculator to 9. Step 1 Identify the value of the base. The base, 6, is greater
determine that y = 8000 when t ≈ 10.8. After about than 1, so the function represents exponential growth.
10.8 years, the value of the car will be about $8000. Step 2 Make a table of values.
6. The equation is
x −2 −1 0 1
y = 6.09(1 + 0.015)t
1 1
= 6.09(1.015)t. y — — 1 6
36 6
Use a graphing calculator to determine that y ≈ 7 when t ≈ 9.
So, the world population was about 7 billion in 2009. Step 3 Plot the points from the table.
7. y = a(0.5)t/13 Step 4 Draw, from left to right, a smooth curve that begins
above the x-axis, passes through the plotted points,
= a[(0.5)1/13]t
and moves up to the right.
≈ a(0.9481)t
y
= a(1 − 0.0519)t
8
The hourly decay rate is about 0.0519, or 5.19%.
6
r nt
(
8. A = P 1 + —
n ) 4
⋅
(0.0146
= 9000 1 + —
365 ) 365 3
2
≈ 9402.95 −4 −2 2 4 x
The balance at the end of 3 years is $9402.95.
6.1 Exercises (pp. 300–302)

Vocabulary and Core Concept Check
1. The initial amount is 2.4, the growth factor is 1.5, and
the percent increase is 0.5, or 50%.
2. The 80% decrease does not belong because it gives a

base of 0.2 rather than 0.8.
Monitoring Progress and Modeling with Mathematics

1
3. a. 2−2 = —
4
b. 23 = 8
1
4. a. 4−2 = —
16
b. 43 = 64

Chapter 6
10. Step 1 Identify the value of the base. The base, 7, is greater 1
than 1, so the function represents exponential growth. 8
than 0 and less than 1, so the function represents
Step 2 Make a table of values. exponential decay.
x −2 −1 0 1 Step 2 Make a table of values.
1 1 x −1 0 1 2
y — — 1 7
49 7
1 1
y 8 1 — —
Step 3 Plot the points from the table. 8 64
Step 4 Draw, from left to right, a smooth curve that begins Step 3 Plot the points from the table.
above the x-axis, passes through the plotted points,
and moves up to the right. Step 4 Draw, from right to left, a smooth curve that begins
y
points, and moves up to the left.
8
y
6
8
4
6
2
−4 −2 2 4 x
1 −4 −2 2 4 x
6
than 0 and less than 1, so the function represents 4
exponential decay. 13. Step 1 Identify the value of the base. The base, —, is greater
3
Step 2 Make a table of values. than 1, so the function represents exponential growth.
x −1 0 1 2
1 1 x −2 −1 0 1 2 3
y 6 1 — —
6 36 9 3 4 16 64
y — — 1 — — —
16 4 3 9 27
Step 4 Draw, from right to left, a smooth curve that begins Step 3 Plot the points from the table.
just above the x-axis, passes through the plotted Step 4 Draw, from left to right, a smooth curve that begins
points, and moves up to the left. just above the x-axis, passes through the plotted
points, and moves up to the right.
y
8 y
10
6
8
4
6
−4 −2 2 4 x 2
−2 2 4 6 8 x

Chapter 6
2 16. Step 1 Identify the value of the base. The base, 0.75,
5 is greater than 0 and less than 1, so the function
than 0 and less than 1, so the function represents represents exponential decay.
exponential decay.
x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2
x −2 −1 0 1 2
— — —
25 5 2 4 y 2.370 1.7 1.3 1 0.75 0.5625
y — — 1 — —
4 2 5 25
Step 3 Plot the points from the table. Step 4 Draw, from right to left, a smooth curve that begins
Step 4 Draw, from right to left, a smooth curve that begins just above the x-axis, passes through the plotted
just above the x-axis, passes through the plotted points, and moves up to the left.
points, and moves up to the left. y
12
y
10
8
8
6
6
4
4
−4 −2 2 4 x
−8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 x
15. Step 1 Identify the value of the base. The base, 1.2, is
greater than 1, so the function represents exponential 17. Step 1 Identify the value of the base. The base, 0.6, is
growth. greater than 0 and less than 1, so the function
Step 2 Make a table of values. represents exponential decay.
x −2 −1 0 1 2 3
— — x −2 −1 0 1 2 3
y 0.694 0.83 1 1.2 1.44 1.728
— —
y 2.7 1.6 1 0.6 0.36 0.216
Step 4 Draw, from left to right, a smooth curve that begins Step 3 Plot the points from the table.
just above the x-axis, passes through the plotted Step 4 Draw, from right to left, a smooth curve that begins
points, and moves up to the right. just above the x-axis, passes through the plotted
y points, and moves up to the left.
20
y
16
8
12
6
6
8
4
4
2
−4 4 8 12 16 x
−4 −2 2 4 x

Chapter 6
18. Step 1 Identify the value of the base. The base, 1.8, is 23. a. The initial amount is a = 233, and the percent increase
greater than 1, so the function represents exponential is r = 0.06. So, the exponential growth model is
growth.
y = a(1 + r)t
= 233(1 + 0.06)t
x −1 0 1 2 3 = 233(1.06)t.
— Using this model, you can determine the number of cell
y 0.5 1 1.8 3.24 5.832
phone subscribers in 2008, when t = 2, to be
Step 3 Plot the points from the table. y = 233(1.06)2 ≈ 261.8 million.
Step 4 Draw, from left to right, a smooth curve that begins b. Use the table feature of a graphing calculator to determine
just above the x-axis, passes through the plotted that y ≈ 278 when t = 3. So, there were about 278 million
points, and move up to the right. cell phone subscribers in 2009.
y 24. a. The initial amount is a = 325, and the percent decrease

8
is r = 0.29. So, the exponential decay model is
y = a(1 − r)t
6
= 325(1 − 0.29)t
4 = 325(0.71)t
2 b. Use the table feature of a graphing calculator to determine
that y ≈ 100 when t = 3.4. So, after about 3.4 hours there is
−4 −2 2 4 x about 100 milligrams of ibuprofen in your blood stream.
25. y = a(3)t/14 Write original function.

19. The base b is 3 because the value of the function is 3 when = a[(3)1/14]t Power of a Power Property.
x = 1. ≈ a(1.0816)t Evaluate power.
20. The base b is 5 because the value of the function is 5 when = a(1 + 0.0816)t Rewrite in form y = a(1 + r)t.
x = 1.
26. y = a(0.1)t/3 Write original function.
21. a. The base, 0.75, is greater than 0 and less than 1, so the = a[(0.1)1/3]t Power of a Power Property.
model represents exponential decay. ≈ a(0.4642)t Evaluate power.
b. Because t is given in years and the decay factor is = a(1 − 0.5358)t Rewrite in form y = a(1 − r)t.
0.75 = 1 − 0.25, the annual percent decrease is 0.25,
or 25%. 27. y = a(0.5)t/5730
c. Use the trace feature of a graphing calculator to determine = a[(0.5)1/5730]t
that y ≈ 50 when t = 4.8. After 4.8 years, the value of the
≈ a(0.9999)t
bike will be about $50.
= a(1 − 0.0001)t
22. a. The base, 1.03, is greater than 1, so the model represents The yearly decay rate is about 0.0001, or 0.01%.
exponential growth.
b. Because t is given in years and the growth factor is 28. y = a(1230.25)t/16
1.03 = 1 + 0.03, the annual percent increase is 0.03, = a[(1230.25)1/16]t
or 3%. ≈ a(1.56)t
c. Use the trace feature of a graphing calculator to determine = a(1 + 0.56)t
that y ≈ 590 when t = 6. The population was about
The daily growth rate is about 0.56, or 56%.
590,000 six years after the beginning of the decade.
29. y = a(2)t/3
= a[(2)1/3]t
≈ a(1.26)t
= a(1 + 0.26)t
The growth rate is about 0.26, or 26%.

Chapter 6
30. y = a(4)t/6 37. With interest compounded quarterly (4 times per year), the
balance after 5 years is
= a[(4)1/6]t
r
≈ a(1.26)t A=P 1+—
n ( )nt
= a(1 + 0.26)t
The growth rate is about 0.26, or 26%. (
0.0225
= 5000 1 + —
4 )⋅
4 5
31. y = a(0.5)t/12 ≈ 5593.60.

= a[(0.5)1/12]t The balance at the end of 5 years is $5593.60.
≈ a(0.94)t 38. Account Compounding Balance after 6 years
= a(1 − 0.06)t
The decay rate is about 0.06, or 6%. 1 quarterly ( 0.03
A = 2200 1 + —
4 )⋅
4 6
≈ 2632.11
32. y = a(0.25)t/9
⋅6
= a[(0.25)1/9]t
≈ a(0.86)t
2 monthly ( 0.03
A = 2200 1 + —
12 )12
≈ 2633.29
= a(1 − 0.14)t
⋅6
The decay rate is about 0.14, or 14% 3 daily ( 0.03
A = 2200 1 + —
365 ) 365
( 23 )
33. y = a —
t/10
Account 1 earns about $2632.11 − $2200 = $432.11

≈ 2633.86
= a[ ( ) ]
1/10 t
2 in interest.
—
3 Account 2 earns about $2633.29 − $2200 = $433.29
≈ a(0.96)t in interest.
= a(1 − 0.04)t Account 3 earns about $2633.86 − $2200 = $433.86
The decay rate is about 0.04, or 4% in interest.
( 54 )
34. y = a —
t/22
39. The percent decrease was used as the decay factor. The
decay factor is 1 − 0.02 = 0.98.
= a[ ( ) ]
1/22 t
5 y = (initial amount)(decay factor)t
—
4
y = 500(0.98)t
≈ a(1.01)t
= a(1 + 0.01)t 40. The percent was not changed to its decimal form of 0.0125.
The growth rate is about 0.01, or 1%.

(
0.0125
A = 250 1 + —
4 )⋅
4 3
35. y = a(2)8t A = $259.54

= a[(2)8]t r
= a(256)t (
41. A = P 1 + —
n )nt
= a(1 + 255)t
The growth rate is 255, or 25,500%.
(
0.0216
= 3500 1 + —
4 )⋅
4 6
= $3982.92
( 13 )
36. y = a —
3t
r
(
42. A = P 1 + — )nt
= a[ ( ) ]
3 t n
1
—
⋅6
3
≈ a(0.04)t
(
0.0229
= 3500 1 + —
12 )12
= a(1 − 0.96)t = $4014.98

The decay rate is about 0.96, or 96%. r nt
(
43. A = P 1 + —
n )
⋅6
(
0.0183
= 3500 1 + —
365 )365
= $3906.18

Chapter 6
r nt
(
44. A = P 1 + —
n ) 51. a. The decay factor is 0.89 and the percent decrease is 0.11,
or 11%.
⋅6
(0.0126
= 3500 1 + —
12 )12
b.
E
Eggs Produced by Leghorn
= $3774.71 180
170
45. The value of a represents the initial number of referrals. 160
Number of eggs
150
So, the website received 2500 referrals at the start of the
140
10-year period. The value of b represents the growth factor. 130
The growth factor is 1.50 = 1 + 0.50, so the annual percent 120
increase is 0.50, or 50%. 110
100
90
46. a. The graph represents exponential decay.
80
b. Because f (x) is an exponential function and any real 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 w
number can be used as an exponent, the domain is all real
Age (weeks)
numbers. Because f (x) → 0 as x → ∞ and f (x) → ∞ as
x → −∞, the range is y > 0. c. A chicken that is 2.5 years old is 2.5(52) = 130 weeks
old and produces about E = 179.2(0.89)130/52 ≈ 134 eggs
47. Your friend is incorrect. f (x) = 2x
does not have a faster per year.
growth rate for x ≥ 0. For instance, the secant line between w
(1, 1) and (2, 4) on g(x) = x2 is steeper than the secant line d. To use years, rather than weeks, replace — with y, where
52
between (1, 2) and (2, 4) on f (x). y is the age in years.
48. Sample answer: The function g(x) = (1 − b)x is an 52. Use the model V = abt. When the stereo is new, t = 0 and
exponential decay function because 1 − b < 1. V = 1300, so 1300 = ab0 = a. After 4 years, V = 275,
so 275 = 1300b4. Solve for b.
49. The average rate of change over the first 6 years is 275 = 1300b4
6850(1.03)6 − 6850(1.03)0 8179 − 6850 0.2115 = b4
——— ≈ —— = 221.5.
6−0 6
So, the average rate of change over the first 6 years is about 0.6782 ≈ b
221.5 people per year. So, the model for the value of stereo is V = 1300(0.6782)t.
f (x + 1) abx+1
50. a. — = —x Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency
f (x) ab
=—
bx+1 53. x9 ⋅x 2 = x9 + 2 = x11
bx x4
54. —3 = x4−3 = x
= bx+1−x x
=b 55. 4x ⋅ 6x = 24x 1+1 = 24x2
b. By part (a), the ratios of consecutive terms must be equal

for the points to be modeled by an exponential function.
( )
4x8 4
56. —6
2x
= (2x8−6)4 = (2x2)4 = 16x8
x + 3x 4x
57. — = — = 2x
f (1) 4 2 2
—=—=1
f (0) 4 6x
58. — + 4x = 3x + 4x = 7x
and 2
12x
f (2) 8 59. — + 5x = 3 + 5x
—=—=2 4x
f (1) 4
The ratios are not equal, so there is no exponential
60. (2x ⋅ 3x ) 5 3 = (6x6)3 = 216x18
function of the form f (x) = abx whose graph passes
through the points in the table. 6.2 Explorations (p. 303)
1. e ≈ 2.718; Sample answer: Add a few more values to the
sequence shown by following its pattern. Use a graphing
calculator to find the value of each fraction, and add these
values; 3

Chapter 6
2. x 101 102 103 6.2 Monitoring Progress (pp. 304–306)
( 1 + x1 )
—
x
2.59374 2.70481 2.71692
1. e7 ⋅e 4 = e7+4
= e11
24e8
x 104 105 106 2. —5
= 3e8−5
x 8e
( 1 + x1 )
— 2.71815 2.71827 2.71828
= 3e3
3. (10e−3x)3 = 103(e−3x)3
Sample answer: e ≈ 2.71828; This approximation has more
decimal points. = 1000e−9x
1000
3. =—
x −2 −1 0 1 2 e9x
1
y = ex 0.1353 0.3679 1 2.7183 7.3891 4. Because a = — is positive and r = 1 is positive, the function
2
is an exponential growth function.
y
Use a table to graph the function.
8
x −2 −1 0 1 2
6
y 0.07 0.18 0.5 1.36 3.69
4
y
2
8
−2 −1 1 2 x 6
The domain is all real numbers and the range is y > 0. It is

2
an exponential function and any real number can be used as
an exponent. f (x) → 0 as x → −∞ and f (x) → ∞ as x → ∞.
−4 −2 2 4 x
4. The natural base e ≈ 2.71828 is an irrational number that

can be found by approximating 5. Because a = 4 is positive and r = −1 is negative, the
x
( 1
1+—
x ) or
1 1
1+—+—+—
⋅
1
1 1 2 1 2 3 ⋅ ⋅
function is an exponential decay function.
1
+ —— + ∙ ∙ ∙∙
1⋅2⋅3⋅4 x −2 −1 0 1
5. y 29.56 10.87 4 1.47
x −2 −1 0 1 2
y
y= e−x 7.3891 2.7183 1 0.3679 0.1353
8
y
8
4
6
2
4
2 −4 −2 2 4 x
−2 −1 1 2 x
The domain is all real numbers and the range is y > 0. The
graph of y = e−x is a reflection in the y-axis of the graph of
y = ex. The domain and range of each graph are the same.
6. Sample answer: The natural base e is used in some

population models.

Chapter 6
27e7
6. Because a = 2 is positive and r = 2 is positive, the function 6. —4
= 9e7−4
3e
= 9e3
7. (5e7x)4 = 54(e7x)4
x −2 −1 0 1
= 625e28x
y 0.04 0.27 2 14.78
8. (4e−2x)3 = 43(e−2x)3
y
= 64e−6x
8
64
=—
6 e6x
— — —
4 9. √9e6x = √9 √e6x
2
= 91/2e6x2
= 3e3x
−4 −2 2 4 x 3— 3— 3—
10. √8e12x = √8 √e12x
= 813 e12x3
7. Understand the Problem You are given the principal
= 2e4x
amount and the interest rate compounded continuously. You
are asked to compare the balance after 10 years with the
accounts in Example 3.
11. ex ⋅e ⋅e −6x 8 = ex+(−6x)+8
= e−5x+8
Make a Plan Write an equation to calculate the balance
after 10 years when interest is compounded continuously.
Then compare the balance with the accounts in Example 3.
12. ex ⋅e ⋅e4 x+3 = ex+4+(x+3)
= e2x+7
Solve the Problem Let P = 4250 and r = 0.05.
The amount A in an account after t years is given by 13. The constant 4 needs to be squared.
A = Pert = 4250e0.05t. (4e3x)2 = 42e(3x)(2)
When t = 10, A = 4250e(0.05)(10) = $7007.07. = 16e6x
So, this account has a greater balance than your account in
14. In the exponent, the −2x should be subtracted from 5x.
Example 3, but a lesser balance than your friend’s account in
Example 3. e5x
—
−2x
= e5x−(−2x)
e
= e5x+2x
= e7x
1. an irrational number that is approximately 2.718281828 15. Because a = 1 is positive and r = 3 is positive, the function
1
2. Because a = — is positive and r = 4 is positive, the function Use a table to graph the function.
3
x −2 −1 0 1
Monitoring Progress and Modeling with Mathematics y 0.002 0.05 1 20.09
3. e3 ⋅ e5 = e3+5 y
= e8 8
4. e −4 ⋅ e6 = e−4+6 6
= e2
4
11e9 1
5. — = — e9−10 2
22e10 2
1
= —e−1 −4 −2 2 4 x
2
1
=—
2e

Chapter 6
16. Because a = 1 is positive and r = −2 is negative, the 19. Because a = 0.5 is positive and r = 1 is positive, the
function is an exponential decay function. function is an exponential growth function.
Use a table to graph the function. Use a table to graph the function.
x −2 −1 0 1 x −2 −1 0 1 2
y 54.6 7.39 1 0.14 y 0.07 0.18 0.5 1.36 3.69
y y
8 8
6 6
4 4
−4 −2 2 4 x −4 −2 2 4 x
17. Because a = 2 is positive and r = −1 is negative, the 20. Because a = 0.25 is positive and r = −3 is negative, the
function is an exponential decay function. function is an exponential decay function.
x −2 −1 0 1 x −2 −1 0 1
y 14.78 5.44 2 0.74 y 100.86 5.02 0.25 0.01
y y
8 8
6 6
4 4
−4 −2 2 4 x −4 −2 2 4 x
18. Because a = 3 is positive and r = 2 is positive, the function 21. Because a = 0.4 is positive and r = −0.25 is negative, the
is an exponential growth function. function is an exponential decay function.
x −2 −1 0 1 x −2 −1 0 1
y 0.05 0.41 3 22.17 y 0.66 0.51 0.4 0.31
y
y
8
16
6
12
4
8
2
4
−4 −2 2 4 x
−12 −8 −4 4 x

Chapter 6
22. Because a = 0.6 and r = 0.5 are positive, the function is an 31.
x −2 −1 0 1 2
exponential growth function.
y 0.02 0.05 0.14 0.37 1
y
x −2 −1 0 1
8
y 0.22 0.36 0.6 0.99
6
y
4
8
2
6
−4 −2 2 4 x
4
2
The domain of the function is all real numbers and the range
−4 −2 2 4 x
of the function is y > 0.
32.
23. The graph is D because the function represents exponential
x −2 −1 0 1 2
growth and (0, 1) is a point on the graph of the function. y 0.37 1 2.72 7.39 20.09
24. The graph is A because the function represents exponential y

decay and (0, 1) is a point on the graph of the function. 8
25. The graph is B because the function represents exponential 6

decay and (0, 4) is a point on the graph of the function.
4
26. The graph is C because the function represents exponential
growth and (0, 0.75) is a point on the graph of the function.
27. y = e−0.25t −4 −2 2 4 x
= (e−0.25)t
≈ (0.779)t The domain of the function is all real numbers and the range
= (1 − 0.221)t of the function is y > 0.
The percent decrease is about 22.1%. 33.
x −2 −1 0 1
28. y = e−0.75t
y 1.27 1.74 3 6.44
= (e−0.75)t
y
≈ (0.472)t
= (1 − 0.528)t 16
The percent decrease is about 52.8%. 12
29. y = 2e0.4t 8
= 2(e0.4)t 4
≈ 2(1.492)t
= 2(1 + 0.492)t −4 −2 2 4 x
The percent increase is about 49.2%.

The domain of the function is all real numbers and the range
30. y = 0.5e0.8t of the function is y > 1.
= 0.5(e0.8)t
≈ 0.5(2.226)t
= 0.5(1 + 1.226)t
The percent increase is about 122.6%.

Chapter 6
34. 37. Sample answer: a = 1, b = 2, r = −2, q = −5. So,
x −2 −1 0 1
f (x) = e−2x and g(x) = 2e−5x are exponential decay
y −4.59 −3.90 −2 3.15
f (x) e−2x 1
functions, and — = — = — e3x is an exponential growth
y
g(x) 2e−5x 2
function.
12
n r 1
38. Let m = —, so n = mr and — = —.
8 r n m
1 mrt
4
r
Substituting into A = P 1 + —
n( )nt
gives A = P 1 + —
m ( )
m rt
−4 −2 2 4 x
which can be written as A = P 1 + —
m
1
m [( )]
. By definition,
−6
( 1
)
1 + — approaches e as m approaches +∞. So, the
m
equation becomes A = Pert.
The domain of the function is all real numbers and the range 39. no; The natural base e is an irrational number, so it cannot be
of the function is y > −5. written as the ratio of two integers.
35. Understand the Problem You are given a graph and an 40. Your friend is incorrect. Because y = f (x) is an exponential
equation that represent account balances. You are asked function, it does not have an x-intercept.
to identify the account with the greater principal and the
account with the greater balance after 10 years. 41. For account 1, P = 2500, n = 4, t = 10, and r = 0.06, so the
balance in 10 years is
Make a Plan Use the equation to find the principal and
account balance of the house fund after 10 years. Then
compare these values to the graph of the education account.
A = 2500 1 + — (
0.06 40
4 )
≈ $4535.05.
Solve the Problem The equation H = 3224e 0.05t is of
the form H = Pert, where P = 3224. So, the principal of For account 2, P = 2500, t = 10, and r = 0.04, so the
the house account is $3224. The balance when t = 10 is balance in 10 years is
H = 3224e0.05(10) ≈ $5315.48. A = 2500e0.04(10)
Because the graph passes through (0, 4856), the principal of ≈ $3729.56.
the education account is $4856. The graph also shows that So, you should choose account 1 to obtain the greater
the balance is about $7250 when t = 10. amount in 10 years.
So, the education account has the greater principal and
greater balance after 10 years than the house account. 42. a. f (x) increases as x increases, so f (x) approaches +∞ as
x approaches +∞.
36. Understand the Problem You are given a graph and an b. f (x) approaches −3 as x approaches −∞.
equation that represent amounts of elements in a sample over
time. You are asked to identify the sample that started with 43. a. After 1:00 p.m. the number of bacteria is given by the
a greater amount and the sample that has a greater amount function N(t) = 30e0.166t.
after 10 years. b. 900
Make a Plan Use the equation to calculate the starting
amount and remaining amount of tritium after 10 years. Then
compare these values to the graph of sodium-22 decay.
Solve the Problem The equation y = 10e−0.0562t is of the 0 20
form y = Pert, where P = 10. So, the starting amount of the 0
tritium sample is 10 milligrams. c. At 3:45 p.m., t = 2.75 hours.

The amount remaining after 10 years is So, to find the number of cells in the sample at 3:45 p.m.,
y = 10e−0.0562(10) ≈ 5.7 milligrams. substitute 2.75 for t in the equation in part (a) and simplify.
Because the graph passes through (0, 15), the starting At 3:45 p.m., there are about 47 cells.
amount of sodium-22 in a sample is 15 milligrams. The
Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency
graph also shows that the remaining amount after 10 years is
about 1.25 milligrams. 44. 0.006 = 6 × 10−3
So, sodium-22 started with a greater amount than tritium, but 45. 5000 = 5 × 103
the tritium sample has a greater amount after 10 years than
46. 26,000,000 = 2.6 × 107
the sodium-22 sample.
47. 0.000000047 = 4.7 × 10−8

Chapter 6
48. y = 3x + 5 51. y = x3 − 2
x = 3y + 5 x = y3 − 2
x + 2 = y3
x − 5 = 3y 3—
x−5 √x + 2 = y
—=y 3—
3 So, the inverse function is y = √x + 2 .
x−5
So, the inverse function is y = —.
3 y
6
y
y = 3x + 5 4 3 ——
y = √x + 2
2
2
−6 −4 2 x
−6 −4 2 4 6 x
x−5
y=
3 y = x3 − 2
−4
−4
−6
−6
49. y = x2 − 1, x ≤ 0
6.3 Explorations (p. 309)
x = y2 − 1, y ≤ 0
1. a. The value of x is 3 because 23 = 8; 3 = log2 8.
x + 1 = y2
— b. The value of x is 2 because 32 = 9; 2 = log3 9.
± √x + 1 = y
1 1
Because x ≤ 0 in the original equation, the range of the c. The value of x is — because 412 = 2; — = log4 2.
2 2
inverse is y ≤ 0. So, choose the negative root. d. The value of x is 0 because 50 = 1; 0 = log5 1.
—
So, the inverse function is y = −√x + 1 . 1
e. The value of x is −1 because 5−1 = —; −1 = log5 —.
1
y
5 5
2 2
f. The value of x is — because 823 = 4; — = log8 4.
6 3 3
y = x 2 − 1, x ≤ 0
4 2. a. x −2 −1 0 1 2
2 1 1
f (x) = 2x 2−2 = — 2−1 = — 20 = 1 21 = 2 22 = 4
4 2
−2 2 4 6 x
The functions f and g are inverses, so the x- and
−2
y-coordinates can be switched to create the table for g.
——
y = −√x + 1
1 1
x — — 1 2 4
— 4 2
50. y = √x + 6
— g (x) = log2 x −2 −1 0 1 2
x = √y + 6
x2 = y + 6 y
x2 −6=y 4
f
Because y ≥ 0 in the original equation, the domain of the 2
g
inverse is x ≥ 0. y
So, the inverse 6 −2 2 4 x

——
function is y = √x + 6 −2
y = x2 − 6, x ≥ 0. 4
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8 x
−2
−4 y = x 2 − 6, x ≥ 0
−6

Chapter 6
b. 12. ln 0.75 ≈ −0.288
x −2 −1 0 1 2
13. 8log8 x = x
1 1
f (x) = 10 x 10−2 = — 10−1 = — 100 = 1 101 = 10 102 = 100
100 10 14. log7 7−3x = −3x
The functions f and g are inverses, so the x- and 15. log2 64x = log2 (26)x
y-coordinates can be switched to create the table for g.
= log2 26x
x —
1
—
1
1 10 100 = 6x
100 10 16. eln 20 = 20
g (x) = log10 x −2 −1 0 1 2
17. y = 4x
10
y x = 4y
log4 x = log4 4y
8
log4 x = y
6 The inverse of y = 4x is y = log4 x.
f
4
18. y = ln(x − 5)
2
g
x = ln( y − 5)
ex = y − 5
−2 2 4 6 8 10 x
ex + 5 = y
−2
The inverse of y = ln(x − 5) is y = ex + 5.
19. Step 1 Find the inverse of y. From the definition of

3. The graph of g(x) = logb x is a reflection in the line y = x
logarithm, the inverse of y = log2 x is y = 2x.
of the graph of f (x) = So, the domain of g is x > 0, the
b x.
range is all real numbers, the x-intercept is (1, 0), and the Step 2 Make a table of values for y = 2x.
asymptote is x = 0.
x −2 1 0 1 2
4. The graph of the logarithmic function has a domain of x > 0 1 1
y — — 1 2 4
and a range of all real numbers. The graph has an asymptote 4 2
at x = 0.
Step 3 Plot the points from the table and connect them with
5. You can use the reflection of the exponential function in the a smooth curve.
y = x line to graph the logarithmic function.
Step 4 Because y = log2 x and y = 2x are inverse functions,
6.3 Monitoring Progress (pp. 311–313) the graph of y = log2 x is obtained by reflecting the
graph of y = 2x in the line y = x. To do this, reverse
1. log3 81 = 4, so 34 = 81.
the coordinates of the points of y = 2x and plot these
new points to obtain the graph of y = log2 x.
2. log7 7 = 1, so 71 = 7.
y
3. log14 1 = 0, so 140 = 1. 8
( 12 )
−5
4. log12 32 = −5, so — = 32. 6
5. 72 = 49, so log7 49 = 2. 4
2
6. 500 = 1, so log50 1 = 0.
1 1
7. 4−1 = —, so log4 — = −1. 2 4 6 8 10 x
4 4 −2
1
8. 25618 = 2, so log256 2 = —.
8
9. log2 32 = 5
1
10. log27 3 = —
3
11. log 12 ≈ 1.079

Chapter 6
20. Step 1 Find the inverse of f. From the definition of 2. The expression log3 9 is read as “log base 3 of 9.”
logarithm, the inverse of f (x) = log5 x is g(x) = 5x. 3. The functions y = 7x and y = log7 x are inverse functions.
Step 2 Make a table of values of g(x) = 5x. 4. “Evaluate 42 ” is different than the others, the answer of
“Evaluate 42 ” is 16 and the other answer is 2.
x −2 −1 0 1 2
1 1 Monitoring Progress and Modeling with Mathematics
g(x) — — 1 5 25
25 5 5. log3 9 = 2, so 32 = 9.
Step 3 Plot the points from the table and connect them with 6. log4 4 = 1, so 41 = 4.
a smooth curve.
7. log6 1 = 0, so 60 = 1.
Step 4 Because f (x) = log5 x and g(x) = 5x are inverse
functions, the graph of f is obtained by reflecting 8. log7 343 = 3, so 73 = 343.
the graph of g in the line y = x. To do this, reverse
−4
the coordinates of the points of g and plot these new
points to obtain the graph of f.
9. log12 16 = −4, so ( 12 )
— = 16.
1 1
10. log3 — = −1, so 3−1 = —.
y 3 3
4
11. 62 = 36, so log6 36 = 2.
2
12. 120 = 1, so log12 1 = 0.
2 4 6 x
1 1
13 16−1 = —, so log16 — = −1.
−2 16 16
1 1
14. 5−2 = —, so log5 — = −2.
25 25
21. Step 1 Find the inverse of y = log12 x. From the definition 2
15. 12523 = 25, so log125 25 = —.
()
1
x 3
of logarithm, the inverse of y = log12 x is y = — . 1
2 16. 4912 = 7, so log49 7 = —.
()
1
x 2
Step 2 Make a table of values of y = — .
2 17. log3 81 = log3 34 = 4
x −2 −1 0 1 2 18. log7 49 = log7 72 = 2

1 1
y 4 2 1 — —
2 4 19. log3 3 = 1
Step 3 Plot the points from the table and connect them with 20. log12 1 = 0
a smooth curve.
()
x 1
1 21. log5 — = log5 5−4 = −4
Step 4 Because y = log12 x and y = — are inverse 625
2
functions, the graph of y = log12 x is obtained 1
22. log8 — = log8 8−3 = −3
512
( )
x
1 1
by reflecting the graph of y = — in the line 23. log4 0.25 = log4 — = log4 4−1 = −1
2 4
y = x. To do this, reverse the coordinates of the 1
24. log10 0.001 = log10 — = log10 10−3 = −3
()
x
1 1000
points of y = — and plot these points to obtain the
2 25. log5 23 ≈ 1.95, log6 38 ≈ 2.03, log7 8 ≈ 1.07,
graph of y = log12 x.
log8 10 ≈ 3.32 so, log7 8 < log5 23 < log6 38 < log2 10.
y
4 26. The expression log2 (−1) is not defined because there is no
exponent for 2 that produces −1. The expression log1 1 is
2
not defined because the logarithm is not defined for a base
of 1.
2 4 6 x
−2 27. log 6 ≈ 0.778
28. ln 12 ≈ 2.485
6.3 Exercises (pp. 314 –316) 1

29. ln — ≈ −1.099
3
Vocabulary and Core Concept Check 2
30. log — ≈ −0.544
1. A logarithm with base 10 is called a common logarithm. 7
31. 3 ln 0.5 ≈ −2.079
Chapter 6
32. log 0.6 + 1 ≈ 0.778 47. y = ln(x − 1)

x = ln( y − 1)
33. When p = 57,000,
ex = y − 1
57,000
h = −8005 ln — ≈ 4603. ex + 1 = y
101,300
So, when the air pressure is 57,000 pascals the height is The inverse of y = ln(x − 1) is y = ex + 1.
about 4603 meters.
48. y = ln 2x
34. a. pH = −log 10−8 = −(−8) = 8 x = ln 2y
The pH value of baking soda is 8. ex = 2y
b. pH = −log 10−3 = −(−3) = 3 1
—2 ex = y
The pH value of vinegar is 3. The inverse of y = ln 2x is y = —2 ex.
1
35. 7log7 x = x 49. y = e3x

36. 3log3 5x = 5x x = e3y
ln x = 3y
37. eln 4 = 4 1
—3 ln x=y
1
38. 10log 15 = 15 The inverse of y = e3x is y = —3 ln x.
39. log3 32x = 2x 50. y = ex−4

x = ey−4
40. ln ex+1 = x + 1
ln x = y − 4
41. The error is in the placement of the values. ln x + 4 = y
1
log4 — = −3 The inverse of y = ex−4 is y = ln x + 4.
64
42. The error is in rewriting 64x. 51. y = 5x − 9
log4 64x = log4 43x = 3x x = 5y − 9

x + 9 = 5y
43. y= 0.3x log5(x + 9) = y
x = 0.3y The inverse of y = 5x − 9 is y = log5(x + 9).
log0.3 x = y
The inverse of y = 0.3x is y = log0.3 x. 52. y = 13 + log x
x = 13 + log y
44. y = 11x x − 13 = log y
x = 11y 10x−13 = y
log11 x = y The inverse of y = 13 + log x is y = 10x−13.
The inverse of y = 11x is y = log11 x.
53. a. When d = 220,
45. y = log2 x s = 93 log 220 + 65
x = log2 y ≈ 93(2.34) + 65
2x = y = 282.84.
The inverse of y = log2 x is y = 2x. The wind speed was about 283 miles per hour.
46. y = log15 x b. s = 93 log d + 65
x = log15 y s − 65 = 93 log d
()
x
1 s − 65
— =y
5 — = log d
93
()
x
1
The inverse of y = log15 x is y = — .
5 10(s−65)/93 = d
The inverse is d = 10(s−65)/93 and represents the distance d
a tornado travels given the wind speed s.

Chapter 6
54. a. When E = 2.24 × 1028, Step 4 Because y = log6 x and y = 6x are inverse functions,
2 the graph of y = log6 x is obtained by reflecting the
M = — log(2.24 × 1028) − 9.9
3 graph of y = 6x in the line y = x. To do this, reverse
2
≈ —(28.35) − 9.9 the coordinates of the points of y = 6x and plot these
3 new points to obtain the graph of y = log6 x.
≈ 9.00. y
So, when the energy released is 2.24 × 1028 ergs, the 4

magnitude of earthquake is about 9.
2
2
b. M = — log E − 9.9
3
2 2 4 6 x
M + 9.9 = — log E
3 −2
3
— (M + 9.9) = log E
2
103/2 (M+9.9) = E 57. Step 1 Find the inverse of y = log1/3 x. From the definition
()
x
1
The inverse is E = 103/2 (M+9.9) and represents the energy of logarithm, the inverse of y = log1/3 x is y = — .
3
()
E released from an earthquake of magnitude M. 1
x
55. Step 1 Find the inverse of y = log4 x. From the definition of Step 2 Make a table of values of y = — .
3
logarithm, the inverse of y = log4 x is y = 4x.
Step 2 Make a table of values for y = 4x. x −2 −1 0 1 2
1 1
y 9 3 1 — —
x −2 −1 0 1 2 3 9
1 1
y — — 1 4 16 Step 3 Plot the points from the table and connect them with
16 4
a smooth curve.
()
x
1
Step 3 Plot the points from the table and connect them with Step 4 Because y = log13 x and y = — are inverse
3
a smooth curve.
functions, the graph of y = log13 x is obtained by
Step 4 Because y = log4 x and y = 4x are inverse functions,
()
x
1
the graph of f is obtained by reflecting the graph reflecting the graph of y = — in the line y = x.
3
of y = 4x in the line y = x. To do this, reverse the
To do this, reverse the coordinates of the points of
coordinates of the points of y = 4x and plot these
()
x
1
new points to obtain the graph of y = 4x. y = — and plot these new points to obtain the
3
4
y graph of y = log13 x.
2 y
6
2 4 6 x
4
−2
2
56. Step 1 Find the inverse of y = log6 x. From the definition of 4 6 8 10 x
logarithm, the inverse of y = log6 x is y = 6x. −2
Step 2 Make a table of values of y = 6x. −4
x −2 −1 0 1 2
1 1
y — — 1 6 36
36 6
a smooth curve.

Chapter 6
58. Step 1 Find the inverse of y = log14 x. From the definition 60. Step 1 Find the inverse of y = log3(x + 2). From the
()
x
1
of logarithm, the inverse of y = log14 x is y = — . definition of logarithm, the inverse of y = log3(x + 2)
4 is y = 2x − 2.
()
x
1 Step 2 Make a table of values for y = 2x − 2.
Step 2 Make a table of values for y = — .
4
x −2 −1 0 1 2
x −2 −1 0 1 2
7 3
1 1 y −— −— −1 0 2
y — — 1 4 16 4 2
16 4
Step 3 Plot the points from the table and connect them with a smooth curve.
a smooth curve.
() Step 4 Because y = log3(x + 2) and y = 2x − 2 are inverse
x
1
Step 4 Because y = log14 x and y = — are inverse functions, the graph of y = log3(x + 2) is obtained
4
functions, the graph of y = log14 x is obtained by by reflecting the graph of y = 2x − 2 in the line
()
x
1 y = x. To do this, reverse the coordinates of the
reflecting the graph of y = — in the line y = x.
4 points of y = 2x − 2 and plot these new points to
To do this, reverse the coordinates of the points of obtain the graph of y = log3(x + 2).
()
x
1
y = — and plot these new points to obtain the y
4
graph of y = log14 x. 4
2
y
4 −2 2 4 6 8 x
2 −2
−4
4 6 x
−2
61. y The domain of the function is

59. Step 1 Find the inverse of y = log2 x − 1. From the 4
x > −2 and the asymptote is
definition of logarithm, the inverse of y = log2 x − 1 x = −2.
2
is y = 2x+1.
Step 2 Make a table of values for y = 2x+1.
−2 2 4 x
x −2 −1 0 1 2 −2
1
y — 1 2 4 8
2
62. y The domain of the function is
Step 3 Plot the points from the table and connect them with 4
x > 0 and the asymptote is x = 0.
a smooth curve.
2
Step 4 Because y = log2 x − 1 and y = 2x+1 are inverse
functions, the graph of y = log2 x − 1 is obtained
6 x
by reflecting the graph of y = 2x+1 in the line 4
y = x. To do this, reverse the coordinates of the −2
points of y = 2x+1 and plot these new points to

obtain the graph of y = log2 x − 1. 63. y The domain of the function
4
y is x < 0 and the asymptote
2 is x = 0.
4
2 −4 −2 2 4 x
−2
2 4 6 8 x
−4
−2
−4

Chapter 6
64. y The domain of the function is 70. Because the range of a logarithmic function is all real
4
x > 0 and the asymptote is numbers, −4 is an output of any logarithmic function.
x = 0. Sample answer: f (x) = log(x) − 5
2 y
4
2 4 6 x
−2 2
2 4 6 8 10 x
65. Your friend is incorrect because a logarithmic function that −2

has been translated, stretched or reflected in the x-axis may
not pass through (1, 0). −4
log 10 − log 1 −6
6
66. a. ——6 ≈ 0.14
10 − 1
log35 10 − log35 1
b. —— ≈ −0.50 2
10 − 1 71. a. log135 25 = log53 52 = —
f (10) − f (1) —−1 − 0 1 3
c. —— ≈ = − — = −0.10 5
10 − 1 10 − 1 10 b. log8 32 = log23 25 = —
3
g(10) − g(1) 8−0
d. —— ≈ — = 0.80 4
c. log27 81 = log33 34 = —
10 − 1 10 − 1 3
The order from least to greatest is b, c, a, and d. 7
d. log4 128 = log22 27 = —
2
67. a. 180
Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency
3—
72. g(x) = −f (x) = −√ x
—
0
0
200 ( ) √12x
1
73. g(x) = f —x =
2
3
—
3—
b. Using the trace feature, when l = 120, w ≈ 281, so the 74. g(x) = f (−x) + 3 = √ −x + 3
weight is about 281 pounds. 3—
75. g(x) = f (x + 2) = √ x + 2
c. The zero of the function is about 3.4. This x-value does
not make sense because an alligator cannot have a length 76. The parent function is the constant function g(x) = 1; f is a
of 0 inches. translation 3 units down of the graph of g.
68. a. As x → −∞, f (x) → 0. As x → ∞, f (x) → ∞ and 77. The parent function is the quadratic function g(x) = x2; f is a
g(x) → ∞. translation 2 units left and 1 unit down of the graph of g.
b. The functions are inverses because they are reflections
78. The parent function is the absolute value function g(x) = ∣ x ∣;
of each other in the line y = x.
f is a reflection in the x-axis followed by a translation 2 units
c. The logarithmic function passes through (6, 1), so the up and 1 unit right of the graph of g.
base is 6 and g(x) = log6 x. Because f is the inverse of g,
f (x) = 6x, so the base of the exponential function is 6. 6.4 Explorations (p. 317)
1. a. F: The graph shows the parent function f (x) = e x
69. a. 20
translated 2 units left and 3 units down.
b. C: The graph shows the parent function f (x) = e x reflected
in the x-axis then translated 2 units left and 1 unit up.
c. A: The graph shows the parent function f (x) = e x
200 35,000 translated 2 units right and 1 unit down.
0
d. E: The graph shows the parent function f (x) = ln x
b. Using the trace feature, when A = 30,000, s = 15. So,
translated 2 units left.
there are about 15 fish species.
e. D: The graph shows the parent function f (x) = ln x
c. Using the trace feature, when s ≈ 6, A ≈ 3917. So, the
translated 2 units up.
area is about 3917 square meters.
f. B: The graph shows the parent function f (x) = ln x
d. When the size increases, the number of species of fish
reflected in the y-axis and translated 2 units up.
increases. Sample answer: This makes sense because
more species can coexist in a larger space.

Chapter 6
2. a. domain: all real numbers, range: y > −3, asymptote: c. g(x) = e x−2 − 1
y = −3; The graph exists for all values of x and there is y = e x−2 − 1
an asymptote at y = −3.
x = e y−2 − 1
b. domain: all real numbers, range: y < 1, asymptote:
x + 1 = e y−2
y = 1; The graph exists for all values of x and there is an
asymptote at y = 1. ln(x + 1) = y − 2
c. domain: all real numbers, range: y > −1, asymptote: ln(x + 1) + 2 = y
y = −1; The graph exists for all values of x and there is The inverse of g(x) = e x−2 − 1 is y = ln(x + 1) + 2.
an asymptote at y = −1. 5
d. domain: x > −2, range: all real numbers, asymptote:

x = −2; There is an asymptote at x = −2 and the graph
exists for all values of y. −6 6
e. domain: x > 0, range: all real numbers, asymptote: x = 0;

−3
There is an asymptote at x = 0 and the graph exists for all
values of y. d. g(x) = ln(x + 2)
f. domain: x < 0, range: all real numbers, asymptote: x = 0; y = ln(x + 2)
There is an asymptote at x = 0 and the graph exists for all x = ln(y + 2)
values of y.
ex = y + 2
3. The graphs of exponential and logarithmic functions can be ex − 2 = y
translated using the same rules as all other functions. The inverse of g(x) = ln(x + 2) is y = e x − 2.
4. a. g(x) = ex+2 − 3 4
y = ex+2 − 3
−6
x = ey+2 − 3 6
x + 3 = ey+2
−4
ln(x + 3) = y + 2
ln (x + 3) − 2 = y e. g(x) = 2 + ln x
The inverse of g(x) = e x+2 − 3 is y = ln(x + 3) − 2 y = 2 + ln x
3 x = 2 + ln y
x − 2 = ln y
−7 5
e x−2 = y
The inverse of g(x) = 2 + ln x is y = e x−2.
5
−5
b. g(x) = −e x+2 + 1
y = −e x+2 + 1 −6 6
x= −e y+2 +1
−3
x − 1 = −e y+2
f. g(x) = 2 + ln(−x)
−x + 1 = e y+2
y = 2 + ln(−x)
ln(−x + 1) = y + 2
x = 2 + ln(−y)
ln(−x + 1) − 2 = y
x − 2 = ln(−y)
The inverse of g(x) = −e x+2 + 1 is y = ln(−x + 1) − 2.
2
e x−2 = −y
−e x−2 = y
−8 4
The inverse of g(x) = 2 + ln(−x) is y = −e x−2.
4
−6
−6 6
−4

Chapter 6
6.4 Monitoring Progress (pp. 318–321) 5. Notice that the function is of the form g(x) = −a log2 x,
1. Notice that the function is of the form g(x) = 2 x−h + k, where a = 3. So, the graph of g is a vertical stretch by a
where h = 3 and k = 1. So, the graph of g is a translation factor of 3 and a reflection in the x-axis of the graph of f.
3 units right and 1 unit up of the graph of f. y
y 4
6
2
f
f
4
g 2 4 6 8 10 x
2
−2
−2 2 4 6 x −4
g
−6
2. Notice that the function is of the form g(x) = e−x + k,
−8
where k = −5. So, the graph of g is a translation 5 units,
down of the graph of f.
y 6. Notice that the function is of the form
4
g(x) = log1/4 (ax) + k, where a = 4 and k = −5.
So, the graph of g is a horizontal shrink by a factor of —14
f followed by a translation 5 units down of the graph of f.
−4 −2 2 4 x y
g −2
2
−4
4 6 8 10 x
−6 f
−2
−4
3. Notice that the function is of the form g(x) = 0.4−ax, where
a = 2. So, the graph of g is a reflection in the y-axis and a −6 g
horizontal shrink by a factor of —12 of the graph of f.
−8
y
8
7. Step 1 First write a function h that represents the horizontal
6 stretch.
f
4 g
1
h(x) = f — x
3 ( )
= e−1/3x
Step 2 Then write a function g that represents the
−4 −2 2 4 x
translation.
g(x) = h(x) + 2
4. Notice that the function is of the form g(x) = −ex−h, where = e−1/3x + 2
h = −6. So, the graph of g is a translation 6 units left
The transformed function is g(x) = e−1/3x + 2.
followed by a reflection in the x-axis of the graph of f.
y 8. Step 1 First write a function h that represents the reflection.
6
h(x) = f (−x)
4
f = log(−x)
2 Step 2 Then write a function g that represents the translation.
g(x) = h(x + 4)
−8 −6 −4 −2 2 x
= log[ −(x + 4) ]
−2
g = log(−x − 4)
−4 The transformed function is g(x) = log(−x − 4).
−6

Chapter 6
6.4 Exercises (pp. 322–324) 9. Notice that the function is of the form g(x) = ex + k. Rewrite
Vocabulary and Core Concept Check the function to identify k.
1. Positive values of a vertically stretch (a > 1) or shrink g(x) = ex + (−1)
(a < 1) the graph of f, h translates the graph of f left (h < 0) Because k = −1, the graph of g is a translation 1 unit down
or right (h > 0), and k translates the graph of f up (k > 0) or of the graph of f.
down (k < 0). When a is negative, the graph of f is reflected y
in the x-axis.
8
2. The graph of g(x) = log4(−x) is a reflection in the y-axis of
the graph of f (x) = log4 x. f
6
4
3. The graph is C because the parent function is translated left 2
g
and down.
−4 −2 2 4 x
4. The graph is D because the parent function is translated left
and up.
10. Notice that the function is of the form g(x) = ex + k.
5. The graph is A because the parent function is translated right g(x) = ex + 4
and down. Because k = 4, the graph of g is a translation 4 units up of
the graph of f.
6. The graph is B because the parent function is translated right
and up. y
16
7. Notice that the function is of the form g(x) = 3x + k. 12

g
Because k = 5, the graph of g is a translation 5 units up of
f
the graph of f. 8
y 4
16
−4 −2 2 4 x
12 g f
11. Notice that the function is of the form g(x) = 2x−h. Rewrite
8
the function to identify h.
4 g(x) = 2x−7
Because h = 7, the graph of g is a translation 7 units right of
−4 −2 2 4 x
the graph of f.
y
8
8. Notice that the function is of the form g(x) = 4x + k. Rewrite
the function to identify k. g
6
g(x) = 4x + (−8) f
4
Because k = −8, the graph of g is a transformation 8 units
down of the graph of f. 2
y
−4 4 8 12 x
8 f
4 g
−4 −2 2 4 x
−4

Chapter 6
( 14 )
x−h
12. Notice that the function is of the form g(x) = 5x−h. Rewrite 15. Notice that the function is of the form g(x) = — + k.
the function to identify h.
g(x) = 5x−(−1)
g(x) = —
1 x−3
4 ()
+ 12
Because h = 3 and k = 12, the graph of g is a translation
Because h = −1, the graph of g is a translation 1 unit left of 3 units right and 12 units up of the graph of f.
the graph of f.
y
y 80
6 60
4 40
g
g 20
f f
−4 −2 2 4 x −4 −2 2 4 x
−20
13. Notice that the function is of the form g(x) = e−x + k.

( 13 )
x−h
g(x) = e−x + 6 16. Notice that the function is of the form g(x) = — + k.
Rewrite the function to identify h and k.
Because k = 6, the graph of g is a translation 6 units up of
the graph of f.
y
g(x) = —
3 ()
1 x−(−2)
+ −—
2
3
2
( )
10 Because h = −2 and k = −—, the graph of g is a translation
3
2
2 units left and — unit down of the graph of f.
3
g
6 y
8
4
f 6
4
−4 −2 2 4 x
g
f
14. Notice that the function is of the form g(x) = e−x + k. 2 4 x
Rewrite the function to identify k. −4 −2
g(x) = e−x + (−9)

Because k = −9, the graph of g is a translation 9 units down 17. Notice that the function is of the form g(x) = eax, where
of the graph of f. a = 2. So, the graph of g is a horizontal shrink by a factor
y
of —12 of the graph of f.
y
8 8
4 g
6
f
−4 2 4 x 4
−4 f
2
g
−4 −2 2 4 x
18. Notice that the function is of the y

4 g
form g(x) = aex, where a = —3. 8
So, the graph of g is a vertical
stretch by a factor of —43 of the 6
graph of f. 4
f
2
−4 −2 2 4 x

Chapter 6
19. Notice that the function is of the form g(x) = −2x−h, where
h = 3. So, the graph of g is a reflection in the x-axis followed
23. Notice that the function is of the form g(x) = a — ( 12 )x−h
+ k,
where a = 6, h = −5, and k = −2. So, the graph of g is a
by a translation 3 units right of the graph of f. vertical stretch by a factor of 6 and a translation 5 units left
y and 2 units down of the graph of f.
6
y
4 8
2 6
f
4
−4 −2 4 6 x
g 2
−2 f
g
−4 −6 −4 −2 2 4 x
−6
( 43 )
x−h
20. Notice that the function is of the form g(x) = 4ax−h, where 24. Notice that the function is of the form g(x) = − — + k,
a = 0.5 and h = 5. So, the graph of g is a horizontal stretch where h = 7 and k = 1. So, the graph of g is a reflection in
by a factor of 2 followed by a translation 5 units right of the the x-axis followed by a translation 7 units right and 1 unit
graph of f. up of the graph of f.
y y
12
10
8
f
8
4
6
−12 −8 −4 4 12 x
4
g g
−4
2
f −8
−8 −4 4 8 12 x
21. Notice that the function is of the form g(x) = ae−bx, where 25. The error is that the parent function was translated left
a = 3 and b = 6. So, the graph of g is a horizontal shrink by a instead of up.
factor of —16 and a vertical stretch by a factor of 3 of the graph of f. y
10
y
8
8
6
6
f
g 2
−4 −2 2 4 x
−4 −2 2 4 x
22. Notice that the function is of the form g(x) = e−ax + k,

where a = 5 and k = 2. So, the graph of g is a horizontal
shrink by a factor of —15 followed by a translation 2 units up of
the graph of f.
y
f g
−4 −2 2 4 x

Chapter 6
26. The error is in the reflection. The graph of the parent 30. Notice that the function is of the form
function f(x) = 3x should be reflected in the y-axis not the g(x) = log2(x − h) + k, where h = −2 and k = −3. So, the
x-axis. graph of g is a translation 2 units left and 3 units down of the
y
graph of f.
y
8
2 f
6
4 −2 2 6 8 x
g
−4
−4 −2 2 4 x
−6
27. Notice that the function is of the form g(x) = a log4 x + k,
where a = 3 and k = −5. So, the graph of g is a vertical 31. The graph is A because it is a translation to the right of
stretch by a factor of 3 followed by a translation 5 units the graph of f.
down of the graph of f.
32. The graph is D because it is a translation to the left of
y
2 the graph of f.
f
2 4 6 10 x 33. The graph is C because it is a vertical stretch of the

graph of f.
−2
g
−4 34. The graph is B because it is a horizontal shrink of the

graph of f.
−6
35. Step 1 First write a function h that represents the
−8
translation of f.
h(x) = f (x) − 2
28. Notice that the function is of the form g(x) = log13 (−x) + k, = 5x − 2
where k = 6. So, the graph of g is a reflection in the y-axis Step 2 Then write a function g that represents the reflection
and a translation 6 units up of the graph of f. of h.
y g(x) = h(−x)
8 = 5−x − 2
The transformed function is g(x) = 5−x − 2.
6
g 36. Step 1 First write a function h that represents the

4
reflection of f.
2 h(x) = −f (x)
()
2 x
−6 −4 −2 4 6 x =− —
f 3
−2
Step 2 Then write a function g that represents the vertical
stretch and translation of h.
29. Notice that the function is the form g(x) = −log15(x − h), g(x) = 6h(x + 4)
where h = 7. So, the graph of g is a reflection in the x-axis
followed by a translation 7 units right of the graph of f.
y
2
= −6 —
3 () x+4
4
2
The transformed function is g(x) = −6 —
3 () x+4
.
2
g
4 8 12 16 x
−2
f

Chapter 6
37. Step 1 First write a function h that represents the 42. Step 1 First write a function h that represents a
horizontal shrink of f. translation of f.
h(x) = f (2x) = e2x h(x) = f (x − 3) + 1
Step 2 Then write a function g that represents the translation = ln(x − 3) + 1
of h. Step 2 Then write a function g that represents a horizontal
g(x) = h(x) + 5 stretch of h.
= e2x + 5
The transformed function is g(x) = e2x + 5.
1
( )
g(x) = h —x
8
= ln( x − 3 ) + 1
1
38. Step 1 First write a function h that represents the —
8
translation of f.
h(x) = f (x − 4) − 1
1
(
The transformed function is g(x) = ln —x − 3 + 1.
8 )
= e−x+4 − 1 43. h(x) = −f (x) Multiply the output by − 1.
Step 2 Then write a function g that represents the vertical = −log7 x Substitute log7 x for f (x).
shrink of h. g(x) = h(x) − 6 Subtract 6 from the output.
1
g(x) = — h(x) = −log7 x − 6 Substitute − log7 x for h(x).
3
1 44. h(x) = 4 f (x) Multiply the output by 4.
= — (e−x+4 − 1)
3
1 1
=4 ⋅ 8x Substitute 8x for f (x).
= —e−x+ 4 − — g(x) = h(x + 3) + 1 Add 3 to the input and 1 to the output.
⋅
3 3
1 1 = 4 8x+3 + 1 Replace x with x + 3 in h(x) and add 1
The transformed function is g(x) = — e−x+4 − —.
3 3 to the output.
39. Step 1 First write a function h that represents a vertical 45. The graph of g is a translation 4 units up of the graph of f.
stretch of f. The asymptote is y = 4.
h(x) = 6 f (x)
46. The graph of g is a translation 9 units right of the graph of f.
= 6 log 6 x The asymptote is y = 0.
Step 2 Then write a function g that represents a translation
of h. 47. The graph of g is a translation 6 units left of the graph of f.
The asymptote is x = −6.
g(x) = h(x) − 5
= 6 log 6 x − 5 48. The graph of g is a translation 13 units up of the graph
The transformed function is g(x) = 6 log 6 x − 5. of f. The asymptote is x = 0.
40. Step 1 First write a function h that represents a 49. The transformation of f is a vertical shrink by a factor of
reflection of f. 0.118 followed by a translation 0.159 unit up is S.
h(x) = −f (x) Sand particle Diameter (mm), d S
= −log5 x
Fine sand 0.125 0.052
Step 2 Then write a function g that represents a translation
Medium sand 0.25 0.088
of g.
Coarse sand 0.5 0.123
g(x) = h(x + 9)
Very coarse sand 1 0.159
= −log5(x + 9)
The transformed function is g(x) = −log5(x + 9). 50 a. The transformation is a reflection in the y-axis.
b. no; The result will still be a reflection in the y-axis.
41. Step 1 First write a function h that represents a
translation of f. 51. Your friend is correct. Sample answer: A vertical
h(x) = f (x + 3) + 2 translation will result in graphs that do not intersect.
= log12 (x + 3) + 2 52. yes; ln x and ex are inverses, so they are reflections of
Step 2 Then write a function g that represents a reflection of h. each other in the line y = x.
g(x) = h(−x)
= log12 (−x + 3) + 2
The transformed function is g(x) = log12 (−x + 3) + 2.

Chapter 6
53. a. never; A vertical translation does not affect a vertical 6.1−6.4 What Did You Learn? (p. 325)
asymptote. 1. Calculating 10% of 233 million gives 23.3 million.
b. always; A vertical translation does affect a horizontal Because the number of cell phone users was increasing by
asymptote. only 6%, the number of users should not increase by that
c. always; A horizontal shrink is obtained by multiplying x many in the several years after 2006.
by a constant, which does not change the domain.
2. Because the exponents in the equations in Exercises 23
d. sometimes; Because there is a vertical translation, it is and 26 are positive, the graphs must show growth. Because
possible for the graph to have an x-intercept. the exponents in Exercises 24 and 25 are negative, the graphs
must show decay. Substituting 0 for x to find the y-intercept
54. a. The domain is t ≥ 0 and the range is 0 ≤ P ≤ 100.
can also be used to match the graphs.
b. P = 100(0.99997)12,000
≈ 69.77 3. Find the coordinates when x = 1 and x = 10. Then find
the rate of change. Compare the rates of each function.
There are about 69.77 grams left after 12,000 years.
c. The transformation would be a vertical stretch by a factor 6.1–6.4 Quiz (p. 326)
55
of — = 5.5. 1. The function represents exponential growth because the
100
d. The transformation does not affect the domain, but base, 4.25, is greater than 1.
changes the range to 0 ≤ P ≤ 550. 2. The function represents exponential decay because the
base, —38 , is greater than 0 and less than 1.
55. The function h is a translation 2 units left of f1 and h is a
reflection in the y-axis followed by a translation 2 units left 3. The function represents exponential growth because the
of g. Rewrite h as h(x) = f (x + 2) and as base, e0.6, is greater than 1.
h(x) = g[ −(x + 2) ].
4. The function represents exponential decay because the
56. Sample answer: y = 3 ⋅2 +2
x
base, e−2, is greater than 0 and less than 1.
Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency 5. e8 ⋅e4 = e8+4 = e12

57. (fg)(x) = f (x)g(x) 15e3
6. — = 5e3−1 = 5e2
= x4 ⋅x 2 3e
7. (5e4x)3 = 53e3(4x) = 125e12x
= x6
When x = 3, the value of the product is 8. eln 9 = 9
(fg)(3) = 36 = 729.
9. log7 49x = log7(72)x = log7 72x = 2x
58. ()f
— (x) = —
g
f (x)
g(x) 10. log3 81−2x = log3(34)−2x = log3 3−8x = −8x
4x6
= —3 11. log4 1024 = 5, so 45 = 1024.
2x
−3
= 2x3 12. log13 27 = −3, so — ( 31 ) = 27.
When x = 5, the value of the quotient is
13. 74 = 2401, so log7 2401 = 4.
()
f
— (5) = 2(5)3 = 250.
g 14. 4−2 = 0.0625, so log4 0.0625 = −2.
59. (f + g)(x) = f (x) + g(x) 15. log 45 ≈ 1.653

= 6x3 + 8x3
16. ln 1.4 ≈ 0.336
= 14x3
When x = 2, the value of the sum is 17. log2 32 = log2 25 = 5
(f + g)(2) = 14(2)3 = 112.
60. (f − g)(x) = f (x) − g(x)

= 2x2 − 3x2
= −x2
When x = 6, the value of the difference is
(f − g)(6) = −62 = −36.

Chapter 6
18. The inverse of f(x) is g(x) = log19 x. 25. a. For the 36-month CD at 2.0%, the value at the end of
0.02 12⋅3
y the term is 1500 1 + —
12( )
≈ $1592.68, so about
8 $92.68 in interest was earned. For the 60-month
CD at 3.0%, the value at the end of the term is
6
0.03 12⋅5
(
2000 1 + —
12 )
≈ $2323.23, so about $323.23 of
interest was earned.
f(x) = (19)x b. The benefit of the 36-month CD is the lesser minimum
balance, and the drawback is the lower interest rate. The
−2 6 8 x benefit of the 60-month CD is the higher interest rate, and
−2 g(x) = log1/9 x the drawback is the greater minimum balance.
26. R
19. The inverse of y = ln(x − 7) is y = ex + 7. 10
9
y
Richter magnitude
8
8
16 7
6
12
8 5
4
8 g = ex + 7 3
2
4 y = ln (x − 7) 1
0
0 20,000 40,000 E
−4 4 8 12 16 x Energy (kilowatt-hours)
−4 When E = 23,000, R = 0.67 ln 23,000 + 1.17 ≈ 7.9. So, the
Richter magnitude is about 7.9.
20. The inverse of f (x) = log5(x + 1) is g(x) = 5x − 1. 6.5 Explorations (p. 327)
y
1. logb mn = logb m + logb n
6
g(x) = 5x − 1 m
2. logb — = logb m − logb n
4 n
f(x) = log5 (x + 1) 3. logb mn = n logb m
2
−2 2 4 6 x
4. Because expressions in exponential form can be rewritten in
logarithmic form, the properties of exponents can be used to
derive properties of logarithms.
5. a. log4 163 = 3 log4 16 = 3 ⋅2=6

81 = −3 ⋅ 4 = −12
21. The graph of g is a translation 2 units right and 1 unit up
b. log3 81−3 = −3 log3
of the graph of f. So, g(x) = log3(x − 2) + 1.
c. ln e2 + ln e5 = ln (e2e5) = ln e7 = 7
22. The graph of g is a translation 4 units down of the graph e12
d. 2 ln e6 − ln e5 = ln e12 − ln e5 = ln — = ln e7 = 7
of f. So, g(x) = 3x − 4. 5 e
75
e. log5 75 − log5 3 = log5 — = log5 25 = 2
23. The graph of g is a reflection in the x-axis of the graph 3
of f. So, g(x) = −log12 x. f. log4 2 + log4 32 = log4 (2 ⋅ 32) = log4 64 = 3
24. The growth rate of the value of the lamp is
1 + 0.0215 = 1.0215, so the model that represents the
value of the lamp is y = 150(1.0215)t. 5
1. log6 —8 = log6 5 − log6 8
≈ 0.898 − 1.161
= −0.263
2. log6 40 = log6 5 + log6 8

≈ 0.898 + 1.161
= 2.059

Chapter 6
3. log6 64 = 2 log6 8 6.5 Exercises (pp. 331–332)

≈2 ⋅ 1.166 Vocabulary and Core Concept Check
= 2.322 1. To condense the expression log3 2x + log3 y, use the Product
Property of Logarithms.
4. log6 125 = 3 log6 5
≈3 ⋅ 0.898 2. Use the Change-of-Base Formula with the common logarithm
or with the natural logarithm to evaluate the expression on
= 2.694
a calculator.
5. log6 3x 4 = log6 3 + log6 x4
= log6 3 + 4 log6 x
12
5 3. log7 3 = log7 —
4
6. ln — = ln 5 − ln 12x
12x = log7 12 − log7 4
= ln 5 − (ln 12 + ln x) ≈ 1.277 − 0.712
= ln 5 − ln 12 − ln x = 0.565
7. log x − log 9 = log —

x
9
4. log7 48 = log7 (4 ⋅ 12)
= log7 4 + log7 12
8. ln 4 + 3 ln 3 − ln 12 = ln 4 + ln 33 − ln 12 ≈ 0.712 + 1.277
= ln 4 ⋅ 33 − ln 12 = 1.989
4 33
= ln —
12
⋅ 5. log7 16 = log7 42 = 2 log7 4
= ln 9 ≈2 ⋅ 0.712
= 1.424
log 8
9. log5 8 = —
log 5 6. log7 64 = log7 43 = 3 log7 4
≈ 1.292 ≈3 ⋅ 0.712
log 14 = 2.136
10. log8 14 = —
log 8 1
7. log7 —4 = log7 4−1 = −log7 4
≈ 1.269
≈ −(0.712)
log 9
11. log26 9 = — = −0.712
log 26
≈ 0.674 1
8. log7 —3 = log7 —
4
12
log 30 = log7 4 − log7 12
12. log12 30 = —
log 12 ≈ 0.712 − 1.277
≈ 1.369 = −0.565
13. Let I be the original intensity, so that 3I is the tripled 9. The expression matches B because
intensity. log3 6 − log3 2 = log3 —62 = log3 3 by the Quotient Property
Increase in loudness = L(3I) − L(I) of Logarithms.
3I I
= 10 log — − 10 log — 10. The expression matches D because
I0 I0
2 log3 6 = log3 62 = log3 36 by the Power Property
( 3I
= 10 log — − log —
I0
I
I0 ) of Logarithms.
11. The expression matches A because

( I
= 10 log 3 + log — − log —
I0
I
I0 ) 6 log3 2 = log3 26 = log3 64 by the Power Property
of Logarithms.
= 10 log 3
The loudness increases by 10 log 3 decibels, or about 12. The expression matches C because
4.8 decibels.
⋅
log3 6 + log3 2 = log3 6 2 = log3 12 by the Product
Property of Logarithms.

Chapter 6
13. log3 4x = log3 4 + log3 x 14. log8 3x = log8 3 + log8 x 32. B;

9 log x − 2 log y = log x9 − log y2 Power Property
15. log 10x5 = log 10 + log x5
x9
= 1 + 5 log x = log —2 Quotient Property
y
16. ln 3x4 = ln 3 + ln x4 log 7 log 13
33. log4 7 = — ≈ 1.404 34. log5 13 = — ≈ 1.594
log 4 log 5
= ln 3 + 4 ln x
x log 15 log 22
17. ln — = ln x − ln 3y 35. log9 15 = — ≈ 1.232 36. log8 22 = — ≈ 1.486
3y log 9 log 8
= ln x − ln 3 − ln y
log 17 log 28
37. log6 17 = — ≈ 1.581 38. log2 28 = — ≈ 4.807
6x2 log 6 log 2
18. ln —4
= ln 6x2 − ln y4 = ln 6 + ln x2 − ln y4 =
y 3
3 log —
16
ln 6 + 2 ln x − 4 ln y 39. log7 — = — ≈ −0.860
16 log 7
—
19. log7 5√ x = log7 5x12 = log7 5 + log7 x12 = log —
9
9 40
1 40. log3 — = — ≈ −1.358
log7 5 + — log7 x 40 log 3
2
3— 1 1 1
20. log5 √ x2y = — log5 x2y = — log5 x2 + — log5 y = 41. Your friend is correct. By the change-of-base formula, use
3 3 3 log x
2 1
— log5 x + — log5 y
y = — in place of y = log3 x.
log 3
3 3
21. The error is the application of the Product Property, there log 8
42. The value of — is 3.
should be a sum rather than product. log 2
log2 5x = log2 5 + log2 x 43. Let I be the intensity of the loudest sound that a human can
make, so 1,000,000I is the intensity of the sound a blue
22. The error is in the location of the 3, it is on the wrong term. whale can produce.
ln 8x3 = ln 8 + 3 ln x Difference in loudness = L(1,000,000I) − L(I)
7 1,000,000I
23. log4 7 − log4 10 = log4 — = 10 log — − 10 log —
I
10 I0 I0
12
24. ln 12 − ln 4 = ln — = ln 3
4 (
1,000,000I
= 10 log — − log —
I0
I
I0 )
25. 6 ln x + 4 ln y = ln x6 + ln y4 = ln x6y4
26. 2 log x + log 11 = log x2 + log 11 = log 11x2

( I
= 10 log 1,000,000 + log — − log —
I0
I
I0 )
1 3— 3—
= 10 ⋅6
27. log5 4 + — log5 x = log5 4 + log5 √ x = log5 4√ x = 60
3
64 The difference in decibel levels is 60 decibels.
28. 6 ln 2 − 4 ln y = ln 26 − ln y4 = ln 64 − ln y4 = ln —4 y
44. Let I be the intensity of the sound of the show, so the
29. 5 ln 2 + 7 ln x + 4 ln y = ln 25 + ln x7 + ln y4 = intensity of the sound of the advertisement is 10I.
ln 32 + ln x7 + ln y4 = ln 32 x7y4 Increase in loudness = L(10I) − L(I)
1 1 10I I
30. log3 4 + 2 log3 — + log3 x = log3 4 + log3 — + log3 x = 10 log — − 10 log —
2 4 I0 I0
4x
= log3 —
= log3 x
4
( 10I
= 10 log — − log —
I0
I
I0 )
31. B;
y4
( I
= 10 log 10 + log — − log —
I0
I
I0 )
log5 — = log5 y4 − log5 3x Quotient Property = 10(1)
3x
= 4 log5 y − (log5 3 + log5 x) Power and Product = 10
Properties The loudness increases by 10 decibels.
= 4 log5 y − log5 3 − log5 x Distributive
Property

Chapter 6
45. a. Let h be the original height, so that 2h is the doubled Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency
height. 49. The solution consists of the x-values for which the graph of
Increase in speed = s(2h) − s(h) y = x2 − 4 lies above the x-axis. Find the x-intercepts of the
= 2 ln 2 ⋅ 100h − 2 ln 100h graph by letting y = 0 and solving for x.
= 2(ln 2 ⋅ 100h − ln 100h) y = x2 − 4
0 = x2 − 4
= 2(ln 2 + ln 100h − ln 100h)
= 2 ln 2 4 = x2
The speed increases by 2 ln 2 knots, or about 1.39 knots. ±2 = x
b. s(h) = 2 ln 100h The solutions are x = −2 and x = 2. Sketch a parabola that
opens up and has −2 and 2 as x-intercepts.
=2 — (
log 100h
log e ) 4
y
2 2
= — (log 100h)
log e
−4 4 x
2
= — (log h + log 100) −2
log e
2
= — (log h + 2)
log e
The graph lies above the x-axis to the left of x = −2 and to
46. The formula is not true. By the Product Property,
the right of x = 2. The solution of the inequality is x < −2
logb M + logb N = logb (MN). If logb (M + N) = logb (MN),
or x > 2.
⋅
then M + N = M N which is not always true.
50. Rewrite the inequality.
47. Because x = logb a, y = logb c, and z = logc a, it follows
2(x − 6)2 − 5 ≥ 37
that bx = a, by = c, and cz = a. By substitution, (by)z = a,
x 2(x − 6)2 − 42 ≥ 0
and then (by)z = bx. So, byz = bx and yz = x. So, z = — and
logb a y The solution consists of the x-values for which the graph
logc a = —. of y = 2(x − 6)2 − 42 lies on or above the x-axis. Find the
logb c
x-intercepts of the graph by letting y = 0 and solving for x.
48. Sample answer: The graph of g could be a translation 1 unit
y = 2(x − 6)2 − 42
up of the graph of f. The graph of g could be a horizontal
1 0 = 2(x − 6)2 − 42
shrink by a factor of — followed by a translation 1 unit
100 42 = 2(x − 6)2
down of the graph of f. The graph of g could be a horizontal
1 21 = (x − 6)2
shrink by a factor of — of the graph of f; —
10 ±√21 = x − 6
—
Transformation 1: 6 ± √21 = x
g(x) = f (x) + 1 = log x + 1 = 2 + log x − 1 The solutions are x ≈ −1.42 and x ≈ 10.58. Sketch
= log 100 + log x − 1 = log 100x − 1; a parabola that opens up and has −1.42 and 10.58 as
Transformation 2: g(x) = f (100x) − 1 = log 100x − 1; x-intercepts.
100x
Transformation 3: g(x) = f (10x) = log(10x) = log —
10 ( ) 20
y
= log 100x − log 10 = log 100x − 1

4 8 12 x
−20
−40
The graph lies on or above the x-axis to the left of x ≈ −1.42

and to the right
—
of x ≈ 10.58. —
The solution of the inequality
is x ≤ 6 − √21 or x ≥ 6 + √21 .

Chapter 6
51. The solution consists of the x-values for which the graph 53. Step 1 Write a system of equations using each side of the
of y = x2 + 13x + 42 lies below the x-axis. Find the original equation.
x-intercepts of the graph by letting y = 0 and solving for x. Equation System
y = x2 + 13x + 42 4x2 − 3x − 6 = −x2 + 5x + 3 y = 4x2 − 3x − 6
0= x2 + 13x + 42 y = −x2 + 5x + 3
0 = (x + 7)(x + 6) Step 2 Use a graphing calculator to graph the system. Then
x+7=0 or x+6=0 use the intersect feature to find the x-value of each
x = −7 x = −6 solution of the system.
Sketch a parabola that opens up and has −7 and −6 as 10
x-intercepts.
y −10 10
−8
4
The graphs intersect when x ≈ 2.36 and x ≈ −0.76.
2
The solutions of the equation are x ≈ 2.36 and x ≈ −0.76.
−8 −6 −4 −2 x 54. Step 1 Write a system of equations using each side of the
original equation.
The graph lies below the x-axis between x = −7 and Equation System
x = −6. The solution of the inequality is −7 < x < −6. −(x + 3)(x − 2) = x2 − 6x y = −(x + 3)(x − 2)
52. Rewrite the inequality. y = x2 − 6x
−x2 − 4x + 6 ≤ −6 Step 2 Use a graphing calculator to graph the system. Then
use the intersect feature to find the x-value of each
−x2 − 4x + 12 ≤ 0
solution of the system.
The solution consists of the x-values for which the graph
8
of y = −x2 − 4x + 12 lies on or below the x-axis. Find the
x-intercepts of the graph by letting y = 0 and solving for x.
−6 8
y = −x2 − 4x + 12
0 = −x2 − 4x + 12
0 = x2 + 4x − 12 −10
0 = (x + 6)(x − 2) The graphs intersect when x ≈ 3.39 and x ≈ −0.89.

x+6=0 or x−2=0 The solutions of the equation are x ≈ 3.39 and x ≈ −0.89.
x = −6 x=2 55. Step 1 Write a system of equations using each side of the
Sketch a parabola that opens down and has −6 and 2 original equation.
as intercepts. Equation System
y 2x2 − 4x − 5 = −(x + 3)2 + 10 y = 2x2 − 4x − 5
y = −(x + 3)2 + 10
12
Step 2 Use a graphing calculator to graph the system. Then
8 use the intersect feature to find the x-values of each
4
12
−8 −4 4 8 x
The graph lies on or below the x-axis to the left of x = −6 −10 10
and to the right of x = 2. The solution of the inequality is

x ≤ −6 or x ≥ 2. −8
The graphs intersect when x ≈ 1.12 and x ≈ −1.79.

The solutions of the equation are x ≈ 1.12 and x ≈ −1.79.

Chapter 6
56. Step 1 Write a system of equations using each side of the 3. Approximate answers can be found using a graph or table
original equation. of values. Exact answers can be found by using the inverse
Equation System properties of logarithms and exponents.
−(x + 7)2 + 5 = (x + 10)2 − 3 y = −(x + 7)2 + 5 4. Sample answer: Use inverse properties to find exact
y = (x + 10)2 − 3 solutions.
Step 2 Use a graphing calculator to graph the system. Then a. 16x = 2
use the intersect feature to find the x-value of each log16 16x = log16 2
x = log16 2
6
1
x=—
4
1
−13 2 The solution is x = —.
4
−4 b. 2x = 42x+1
The graphs intersect when x ≈ −7.177 and x ≈ −9.823. 2x = 22(2x+1)
The solutions of the equation are x ≈ −7.177 and x = 2(2x + 1)

x ≈ −9.823. x = 4x + 2
−3x = 2
6.6 Explorations (p. 333) 2
x = −—
3
1. a. C; The graph shows an exponential growth function with a
2
constant function at y = 2; x ≈ 0.7 The solution is x = −—.
3
b. F; The graph shows a logarithmic function with a constant
c. 2x = 3 x+1
function at y = −1; x ≈ 0.4
x ln 2 = (x + 1) ln 3
c. A; The graph shows an exponential growth and an
exponential decay function; x = 0 x ln 2 = x ln 3 + ln 3
d. E; The graph shows a logarithmic function with a constant x ln 2 − x ln 3 = ln 3
function at y = 1; x = 4 x (ln 2 − ln 3) = ln 3
e. B; The graph shows a logarithmic function with a constant 2
—
x ln — = ln 3
function at y =
1
—2 ; x = √5 ≈ 2.24 3
ln 3
x = ____
f. D; The graph shows an exponential growth function with 2
ln —
a constant function at y = 2; x = —2
1 3
ln 3
The solution is x = ____ ≈ −2.71.
2. a. Sample answer: For ex = 2, use ex = y: 2
ln —
3
x 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 1
d. log x = —
y 1.7333 1.8221 1.9155 2.0138 2.1170 2.2255 2
10log x = 1012
Because e0.70 ≈ 2, x ≈ 0.70; For ln x = −1, use ln x = y:
x = 1012
x 0.32 0.34 0.36 0.38 0.40 0.42 —
The solution is x = 1012 = √10 ≈ 3.16.
y −1.139 −1.079 −1.022 −0.968 −0.916 −0.868
e. ln x = 2
Because ln 0.36 ≈ −1, x ≈ 0.36.
eln x = e2
b. Sample answer:
x = e2
ex = 2
The solution is x = e2 ≈ 7.39.
ln ex = ln 2
3
x ln e = ln 2 f. log x = —
3 2
x = ln 2 3log3 x = 332
x ≈ 0.69; x = 332
ln x = −1 The solution is x = 332 ≈ 5.20.
eln x = e−1
x = e−1
x ≈ 0.37
Chapter 6
6.6 Monitoring Progress (pp. 334–337) 7. log 5x + log(x − 1) = 2
1. 2x = 5 log [5x(x − 1)] = 2
2x = 2log2 5 10log[5x(x−1)] = 102
x = log2 5 5x(x − 1) = 100
x ≈ 2.322 5x2 − 5x = 100
2. 79x = 15 5x2 − 5x − 100 = 0
9x = log7 15 x2 − x − 20 = 0
1 (x − 5)(x + 4) = 0
x = — log7 15
9 x−5=0 or x+4=0
x ≈ 0.155 x=5 x = −4
3. 4e−0.3x − 7 = 13 Check
?
4e−0.3x = 20 log 5 ⋅ 5 + log(5 − 1) =? 2
e−0.3x = 5 log 25 + log 4 = 2
?
−0.3x = ln 5 log 100 = 2
1 2=2✓
x = −— ln 5
0.3 ?
log 5(−4) + log(−4 − 1) = 2
x ≈ −5.365 ?
log (−20) + log −5 = 2
4. Use Newton’s Law of Cooling with T = 100, T0 = 212, Because log (−20) is not defined, −4 is not a solution. ✗
TR = 75, and r = 0.046.
The apparent solution x = −4 is extraneous. So, the only
T = (T0 − TR) e−rt + TR solution is x = 5.
100 = (212 − 75)e−0.046t + 75
8. log4(x + 12) + log4x = 3
25 = 137e−0.046t
log4[x(x + 12)] = 3
0.182 ≈ e−0.046t
ln 0.182 ≈ ln e−0.046t 4log4[x(x+12)] = 43
−1.701 ≈ −0.046t x(x + 12) = 64
36.9 ≈ t x2 + 12x = 64
You should wait about 37 minutes before serving the stew. x2 + 12x − 64 = 0
(x − 4)(x + 16) = 0
5. ln (7x − 4) = ln (2x + 11) Check
? x−4=0 or x + 16 = 0
7x − 4 = 2x + 11 ln (7 ⋅ 3 − 4) = ln (2 ⋅ 3 + 11) x=4 x = −16
7x = 2x + 15 ln 17 = ln 17 ✓ Check
5x = 15 ?
log4(4 + 12) + log44 = 3
x=3 ?
log416 + log44 = 3
6. log2 (x − 6) = 5 Check ?
2+1=3
?
2 log2(x−6)
= 25 log2 (38 − 6) = 5 3=3✓
? ?
x − 6 = 32 log2 32 = 5 log4(−16 + 12) + log4 −16 = 2
x = 38 5=5 ✓ Because log4 (−16) is not defined, −16 is not a solution. ✗
solution is x = 4.
9. ex < 2
ln ex < ln 2
x < ln 2
The solution is x < ln 2. Because ln 2 ≈ 0.693, the
approximate solution is x < 0.693.

Chapter 6
10. 102x−6 > 3 7. 5x−3 = 25x−5

log(102x−6) > log 3 5x−3 = 52(x−5)
2x − 6 > log 3 x − 3 = 2(x − 5)
2x > log 3 + 6 x − 3 = 2x − 10
1 −x − 3 = −10
x > — log 3 + 3
2 −x = −7
1 1
The solution is x > — log 3 + 3. Because — log 3 + 3 ≈
2 2 x=7
3.239, the approximate solution is x > 3.239.
8. 62x−6 = 363x−5
11. log x + 9 < 45
62x−6 = 62(3x−5)
log x < 36 2x − 6 = 2(3x − 5)
10log x < 1036 2x − 6 = 6x − 10
x < 1036 −4x − 6 = −10
Because log x is only defined when x > 0, the solution is −4x = −4
0 < x < 1036.
x=1
12. 2 ln x − 1 > 4
9. 3x = 7
2 ln x > 5
5 log3 3x = log3 7
ln x > — x = log3 7
2
eln x > e5/2 x ≈ 1.771
x > e5/2
10. 5x = 33
The solution is x > e5/2. Because e5/2 ≈ 12.182, the
approximate solution is x > 12.182. log55x = log5 33
x = log5 33
6.6 Exercises (pp. 338 –340) x ≈ 2.173
()
11−x
Vocabulary and Core Concept Check 1
11. 495x+2 = —
1. The equation 3x−1 = 34 is an example of an exponential
7
equation. 72(5x+2) = 7−1(11−x)
2. When solving exponential equations, the exponents can be 2(5x + 2) = −1(11 − x)
set equal once a common base is found. If the bases are not 10x + 4 = −11 + x
the same, try solving the equation by taking a logarithm of
9x + 4 = −11
each side. When solving logarithmic functions, each side of
the equation can be exponentiated to obtain an equation with 9x = −15
no logarithms. 5
x = −—
3. The domain of a logarithmic function is positive numbers
3
()
−4−x
only, so any quantity that results in taking the log of a non- 1
12. 5125x−1 = —
positive number will be an extraneous solution. 8
4. If b is a positive real number other than l, then bx = by if and 29(5x−1) = 2−3(−4−x)
only if x = y. 9(5x − 1) = −3(−4 − x)
Monitoring Progress and Modeling with Mathematics 45x − 9 = 12 + 3x
5. 73x+5 = 71−x 42x − 9 = 12
3x + 5 = 1 − x 42x = 21
4x + 5 = 1 1
x=—
2
4x = −4
13. 75x = 12
x = −1
log7(75x) = log7 12
6. e2x = e3x−1 5x = log7 12
2x = 3x − 1 1
x = — log7 12
−x = −1 5
x=1 x ≈ 0.255

Chapter 6
14. 116x = 38 19. Use Newton’s Law of Cooling and let T = 230, T0 = 280,
log11116x = log11 38 TR = 80, and r = 0.0058.
6x = log11 38 T = (T0 − TR)e−rt + TR
1 230 = (280 − 80)e−0.0058t + 80
x = — log11 38
6
150 = 200e−0.0058t
x ≈ 0.253
0.75 = e−0.0058t
15. 3e4x + 9 = 15 ln 0.75 = ln e−0.0058t
3e4x = 6 −0.288 ≈ −0.0058t
e4x = 2 49.6 ≈ t
ln e4x = ln 2 You have to wait about 50 minutes before you can continue
4x = ln 2 driving.
1
x = — ln 2 20. Use Newton’s Law of Cooling and let T = 100, T0 = 180,
4
x ≈ 0.173 TR = 72, and r = 0.067.
T = (T0 − TR)e−rt + TR
16. 2e2x − 7 = 5 100 = (180 − 72)e−0.067t + 72
2e2x = 12 28 = 108e−0.067t
e2x = 6 0.259 ≈ e−0.067t
ln e2x = ln 6 ln 0.259 ≈ ln e−0.067t
2x = ln 6 −1.35 ≈ −0.067t
1
x = — ln 6 20.1 ≈ t
2
x ≈ 0.896 You should wait about 20 minutes before carving the turkey.
17. l = 266 − 219 e−0.05t 21. ln(4x − 7) = ln(x + 11) Check

?
175 = 266 − 219e−0.05t 4x − 7 = x + 11 ⋅
ln(4 6 − 7) = ln(6 + 11)
−91 = −219e−0.05t 3x − 7 = 11 ln 17 = ln 17 ✓
0.416 ≈ e−0.05t 3x = 18
ln 0.416 ≈ ln e−0.05t x=6
−0.878 ≈ −0.05t 22. ln(2x − 4) = ln(x + 6) Check
?
17.56 ≈ t
The shark is about 17.6 years old.
2x − 4 = x + 6 ⋅
ln(2 10 − 4) = ln(10 + 6)
x−4=6 ln(16) = ln(16) ✓
18. R= 100e−0.00043t x = 10
5 = 100e−0.00043t
23. log2(3x − 4) = log25 Check
0.05 = e−0.00043t ?
ln 0.05 = ln e−0.00043t
3x − 4 = 5 log2(3 ⋅ 3 − 4) =? log 5
2
3x = 9 log2 5 = log2 5 ✓
−2.996 ≈ −0.00043t
x=3
6966.82 ≈ t
It will take about 6967 years for these to be only 5 grams of 24. log(7x + 3) = log 38 Check
?
radium. 7x + 3 = 38 log(7 ⋅ 5 + 3) = log 38
7x = 35 log 38 = log 38 ✓
x=5
25. log2(4x + 8) = 5 Check

?
2log2(4x+8) = 25 log2(4 ⋅ 6 + 8) =? 5
4x + 8 = 32 log2(32) = 5
?
4x = 24 5=5✓
x=6

Chapter 6
26. log3(2x + 1) = 2 Check 32. log3(x2 + 9x + 27) = 2

?
3log3(2x+1) = 32 log3(2 ⋅ 4 + 1) = 2
?
3log3(x +9x+27) = 32
2
2x + 1 = 9 log3 9 = 2 x2 + 9x + 27 = 9
?
2x = 8 2=2✓ x2 + 9x + 18 = 0
x=4 (x + 3)(x + 6) = 0
x+3=0 or x+6=0
27. log7(4x + 9) = 2 Check
? x = −3 x = −6
7log7(4x+9) = 72 log7(4 ⋅ 10 + 9) =? 2 Check
4x + 9 = 49 log7 49 = 2 ?
log3[ (−3)2 + 9(−3) + 27 ] = 2
4x = 40 2=2✓
?
x = 10 log3 9 = 2
2=2✓
28. log5(5x + 10) = 4 Check ?
? log3[ (−6)2 + 9(−6) + 27 ] = 2
5log5(5x+10) = 54 log5(5 ⋅ 123 + 10) =? 4 ?
log3 9 = 2
5x + 10 = 625 log5 625 = 4
5x = 615 4=4✓ 2=2✓
x = 123
33. log2 x + log2 (x − 2) = 3
29. log(12x − 9) = log3x Check log2[x(x − 2)] = 3
?
10log(12x−9) = 10log3x log(12 ⋅ 1 − 9) = log 3 ⋅ 1 2log2[x(x−2)] = 23
12x − 9 = 3x log 3 = log 3 ✓ x(x − 2) = 8
9x − 9 = 0 x2 − 2x = 8
9x = 9 x2 − 2x − 8 = 0
x=1 (x − 4)(x + 2) = 0
x−4=0 or x+2=0
30. log6(5x + 9) = log66x Check
x=4 x = −2
6log6(5x+9) = 6log66x log6 (5 ⋅ 9 + 9) = log 6 ⋅ 96
Check
5x + 9 = 6x log6 54 = log6 54 ✓ ?
log2 4 + log2(4 − 2) = 3
−x + 9= 0 ?
−x = −9 log2 4 + log2 2 = 3
?
x=9 2+1=3
3=3✓
31. log2(x2 − x − 6) = 2 ?
log2(−2) + log2(−2 − 2) = 3
2log2(x −x−6) = 22
2
Because log2 (−2) is not defined, −2 is not a solution.

x2 − x − 6 = 4
x2 − x − 10 = 0
—— solution is x = 4.
1 ± √ 1 − 4(1)(−10)
x = ——
2
—
1 ± √ 41
x=—
2
x ≈ 3.7 or x ≈ −2.7
Check
?
log2(3.72 − 3.7 − 6) = 2
?
log2(3.99) = 2
1.996 ≈ 2 ✓
?
log2 [ (−2.7)2 − (−2.7) − 6 ] = 2
?
log2(3.99) = 2
1.996 ≈ 2 ✓

Chapter 6
34. log6 3x + log6(x − 1) = 3 36. ln x + ln(x − 2) = 5

log6[3x(x − 1)] = 3 ln[x(x − 2)] = 5
6 log6[3x(x−1)]
= 63 eln[x(x−2)] = e5
3x(x − 1) = 216 x(x − 2) = e5
3x2 − 3x = 216 x2 − 2x = e5
x2 − x = 72 x2 − 2x − e5 = 0
x2 − x − 72 = 0 x ≈ 13.223 or x ≈ −11.223
(x − 9)(x + 8) = 0 Check
x−9=0 or x+8=0 ?
ln(−11.223) + ln(−11.223 − 2) = 5
x=9 x = −8 Because ln(−11.223) is not defined, −11.223 is not
Check a solution.
log6 3 ⋅ 9 + log (9 − 1) =?? 3
6
?
ln 13.223 + ln(13.223 − 2) = 5
log6 27 + log6 8 = 3 ?
? ln 13.223 + ln(11.223) = 5
log6 216 = 3 ?
3=3✓ 2.582 + 2.418 = 5
? 5=5✓
log6 3(−8) + log6(−8 − 1) = 3
? The apparent solution x ≈ −11.223 is extraneous. So, the
log6(−24) + log6(−9) = 3
only solution is x ≈ 13.223.
Because log6(−24) is not defined, −8 is not a solution.
The apparent solution x = −8 is extraneous. So, the only 37. log3 3x2 + log3 3 = 2
solution is x = 9. log3 9x2 = 2
35. ln x + ln(x + 3) = 4 3log3 9x2 = 32

ln[x(x + 3)] = 4 9x2 = 9
eln[x(x+3)] = e4 x2 = 1
x(x + 3) = e4 x = ±1
x2 + 3x = e4 Check
?
x2 + 3x − e4 = 0 log3 3(−1)2 + log3 3 = 2
x ≈ 6.039 or x ≈ −9.039 ?
log3 3 + log3 3 = 2
Check ?
? 1+1=2
ln(−9.039) + ln(−9.039 + 3) = 4
2=2✓
Because ln(−9.039) is not defined, −9.039 is not a solution.
⋅
?
? log3 3 12 + log3 3 = 2
ln 6.039 + ln(6.039 + 3) = 4 ?
log3 3 + log3 3 = 2
1.7982 + 2.2015 ≈ 4
?
3.9997 ≈ 4 ✓ 1+1=2
The approximate apparent solution x ≈ −9.039 is 2=2✓
extraneous. So, the only solution is x ≈ 6.039. The solutions are x = −1 and x = 1.

Chapter 6
38. log4 (−x) + log4 (x + 10) = 2 40. log5 (x + 4) + log5 (x + 1) = 2

log4[−x(x + 10)] = 2 log5 [(x + 4)(x + 1)] = 2
4 log4[−x(x+10)] = 42 5log5[(x+4)(x+1)] = 52
−x(x + 10) = 16 (x + 4)(x + 1) = 25
−x2 − 10x = 16 x2 + 5x + 4 = 25
−x2 − 10x − 16 = 0 x2 + 5x − 21 = 0
x2 + 10x + 16 = 0 x ≈ 2.72 or x ≈ −7.72
(x + 2)(x + 8) = 0 Check
?
x+2=0 or x+8=0 log5(−7.72 + 4) + log5(−7.72 + 1) = 2
?
x = −2 x = −8 log5(−3.72) + log5(−6.72) = 2
Because log5(−3.72) is not defined, −7.72 is not a solution.
Check
? ?
log4 [ −(−2) ] + log4 (−2 + 10) = 2 log5(2.72 + 4) + log5(2.72 + 1) = 2
? ?
log4 2 + log4 8 = 2 log5(6.72) + log5(3.72) = 2
? ?
log4 16 = 2 1.184 + 0.816 = 2
2=2✓ 2=2✓
?
log4 [ −(−8) ] + log4(−8 + 10) = 2 The apparent solution x ≈ −7.72 is extraneous. So, the only
? solution is x ≈ 2.72.
log4 8 + log4 2 = 2
?
log4 16 = 2 41. The error is that the base of 3 was not used on both sides of
2=2✓ the equation.
log3(5x − 1) = 4
The solutions are x = −2 and x = −8. 3log3(5x−1) = 34
39. log3 (x − 9) + log3(x − 3) = 2 5x − 1 = 81
log3[(x − 9)(x − 3)] = 2 5x = 80
3log3[(x−9) (x−3)] = 32 x = 20
(x − 9)(x − 3) = 9 42. The error is that the apparent solutions were not
x2 − 12x + 27 = 9 checked.
x2 − 12x + 18 = 0 Check
?
x ≈ 10.24 or x ≈ 1.76 log4(−16 + 12) + log4(−16) = 3
Check
? Because log4 (−16) is not defined, −16 is not a solution.
log3 (1.76 − 9) + log3 (1.76 − 3) = 2
? ?
log3 (−7.24) + log3 (−1.24) = 2 log4(4 + 12) + log4 4 = 3
?
Because log3 (−7.24) is not defined, 1.76 is not a solution. log4 16 + log4 4 = 3
? ?
log3 (10.24 − 9) + log3 (10.24 − 3) = 2 2+1=3
?
log3 1.24 + log3 7.24 = 2 3=3✓
0.1958 + 1.8019 ≈ 2 ✓ The only solution is x = 4.
The apparent solution x ≈ 1.76 is extraneous. So, the only r nt
solution is x ≈ 10.24. 43. a. A=P 1+—( n )
1000 = 100(1 + 0.06)t
10 = (1.06)t
ln 10 = ln(1.06)t
ln 10 = t ln 1.06
ln 10
—=t
ln 1.06
39.52 ≈ t
It will take about 39.52 years.

Chapter 6
r nt
b. A=P 1+—
n ( ) 47. 9x > 54
log9 9x > log9 54
1000 = 100 1 + — (
0.06
4 ) 4t
x log9 9 > log9 54

10 = (1.015)4t
x > log9 54
ln 10 = ln(1.015)4t
The solution is x > log9 54. Because log9 54 ≈ 1.815, the
ln 10 = 4t ln(1.015) approximate solution is x > 1.815.
ln 10
—=t 48. 4x ≤ 36
4 ln (1.015)
38.66 ≈ t log4 4x ≤ log4 36
It will take about 38.66 years. x ≤ log4 36
r nt The solution is x ≤ log4 36. Because log4 36 ≈ 2.585, the

c. A=P 1+—
n ( ) approximate solution is x ≤ 2.585.
( )
365t
0.06 49. ln x ≥ 3
1000 = 100 1 + —
365
eln x ≥ e3
10 ≈ (1.0002)365t
x ≥ e3
ln 10 ≈ ln(1.0002)365t
The solution is x ≥ e3. Because e3 ≈ 20.086, the
ln 10 ≈ 365t ln(1.0002) approximate solution is x ≥ 20.086.
ln 10
—— ≈ t
365 ln(1.0002) 50. log4 x < 4
38.38 ≈ t
4log4 x < 44
x < 256
d. A= Pert Because log4 x is only defined when x > 0, the solution is
1000 = 100e0.06t 0 < x < 256.
10 = e0.06t 51. 34x−5 < 8
ln 10 = ln e0.06t log3(34x−5) < log3 8
ln 10 = 0.06t 4x − 5 < log3 8
ln 10
—=t 4x < log3 8 + 5
0.06
1
38.38 ≈ t x < — (log3 8 + 5)
4
1 1
The solution is x < — (log3 8 + 5). Because — (log3 8 + 5)
44. M = 5 log D + 2 4 4
≈ 1.723, the approximate solution is x < 1.723.
12 = 5 log D + 2
10 = 5 log D 52. e3x+4 > 11
2 = log D ln e3x+4 > ln 11
102 = 10logD 3x + 4 > ln 11
100 = D 3x > ln 11 − 4
1
The diameter is 100 millimeters. x > — (ln 11 − 4)
3
45. a. The solution is approximately x ≈ 3.8. 1 1
The solution is x > — (ln 11 − 4). Because — (ln 11 − 4)
3 3
b. The solution is x = 0.8. ≈ −0.534, the approximate solution is x > −0.534.
46. Your friend is incorrect. For example log4(−x) = 4 has 53. −3 log5 x + 6 ≤ 9
the solution x = −1.
−3 log5 x ≤ 3
log5 x ≥ −1
5log5 x ≥ 5−1
1
x≥—
5
1
The solution is x ≥ —.
5

Chapter 6
54. −4 log5 x − 5 ≥ 3 58. 10,000 ≤ 20,000 (1 − 0.15)t

−4 log5 x ≥ 8 1
— ≤ (0.85)t
2
log5 x ≤−2
1
5log5 x ≤ 5−2 ln — ≤ ln(0.85)t
2
1
x≤— 1
25 ln — ≤ t ln(0.85)
2
Because log5 x is only defined when x > 0, the solution is
1 1
0 < x ≤ —. ln —
25 2 ≤t
_______
ln(0.85)
55. log5 x < 2
4.27 ≤ t
5log5 x < 52
The value is greater than $10,000 for about 4.27 years.
x < 25
59. 4
y y=2
3
6 12 18 24 x
−1 0 6
y = log5 x 0
−3 Using the intersect feature, the solution is x ≈ 1.782.
Sample answer: The algebraic method is preferred since the 60. 2
result is more accurate.
56. 1200 ≤ 1000 1 + —(

0.035
12 )
12t
−1 5
1.2 ≤ (1.0029)12t
−2
ln 1.2 ≤ ln(1.0029)12t Using the intersect feature, the solution is x ≈ 1.233.
ln 1.2 ≤ 12t ln(1.0029)
ln 1.2 61. 1
—— ≤ t
12 ln(1.0029)
5.22 ≤ t 0 3
It will take about 5.22 years to reach $1200.
3500 ≤ 1000 1 + — (
0.035 12t
12 ) −1
Using the intersect feature, there is no solution.

3.5 ≤ (1.00292)12t
62. 3
ln 3.5 ≤ ln(1.00292)12t
ln 3.5 ≤ 12t ln(1.00292)
ln 3.5
—— ≤ t 0 6
12 ln(1.00292)
−1
35.85 ≤ t
Using the intersect feature, the solutions are x ≈ 3.693 and
It will take about 35.85 years to reach $3500. x ≈ 0.545.
ln 2
57. 10 = — 63. a. ℓ = 45 − 25.7e−0.09a
ln(1 + r)
ℓ − 45 = −25.7e−0.09a
10 ln(1 + r) = ln 2
e10 ln(1+r) = eln2 45 −ℓ
— = e−0.09a
25.7
(1 + r)10 = 2
1 + r = 21/10 (45 −ℓ
)
ln — = −0.09a
25.7
r = 21/10 − 1
r ≈ 0.0718
1
— ln — = a
−0.09a ( 45 −ℓ
25.7 )
The rate of return is about 0.0718 = 7.18%.

Chapter 6
45 − 24
b. ℓ = 24:
1
a = — ln —
−0.01 25.7( ) 69. log3(x − 6) = log9 2x
9log3(x−6) = 9log9 2x
≈ 2.2 years
[ ]
3log3(x−6) 2 = 2x
45 − 28
1
ℓ = 28: a = — ln —
−0.09 25.7 ( ) (x − 6)2 = 2x
≈ 4.6 years x2 − 12x + 36 = 2x

x2 − 14x + 36 = 0
45 − 32
1
ℓ = 32: a = — ln —
−0.09 25.7 ( ) x ≈ 10.61 or x ≈ 3.39
≈ 7.6 years Because log3 (−2.6) is not defined, the apparent solution
x ≈ 3.39 is an extraneous solution. The only solution is
45 − 36
1
ℓ = 36: a = — ln —
−0.09 25.7 ( ) x ≈ 10.61.
≈ 11.7 years 70. log4x = log8 4x

log x log 4x
64. The solution is x > 2.1 because the graph of y = 4 ln x + 6 —2 =—
2
log24 log28
is above the graph of y = 9 to the right of x ≈ 2.1.
log2x log24x
—=—
65. Sample answer: Exponential equation: 2x = 16 2 3
Logarithmic equation: log3 (−x) = 1 2 g2x)/2 = 2(log4x)/3
(lo
x1/2 = (4x)1/3
66. Sample answer: One solution: ln (x + 1) = 5 x3 = (4x)2
ex +1 = 10
2
Two solutions: x3 = 16x2
No solution: ex = −1 x3 − 16x2 = 0
67. 2x+3 = 53x−1 x2(x − 16) = 0
ln (2x+3) = ln (53x−1) x2 = 0 or x − 16 = 0
(x + 3) ln 2 = (3x − 1) ln 5 x=0 x = 16
x ln 2 + 3 ln 2 = 3x ln 5 − ln 5 Because log40 is not defined, the apparent solution x = 0 is

an extraneous solution. The only solution is x = 16.
x ln 2 − 3x ln 5 = −3 ln 2 − ln 5
71. The equation is quadratic in terms of u = 2x, and can
x (ln 2 − 3 ln 5) = −3 ln 2 − ln 5
be factored.
−3 ln 2 − ln 5
x = ——
ln 2 − 3 ln 5 ⋅
22x − 12 2x + 32 = 0
−3 ln 2 − ln 5 −3 ln 2 − ln 5 u2 − 12u + 32 = 0
The solution is x = ——. Because —— ≈
ln 2 − 3 ln 5 ln 2 − 3 ln 5 (u − 8)(u − 4) = 0
0.892, the approximate solution is x ≈ 0.892. (2x − 8)(2x − 4) = 0
2x − 8 = 0 or 2x − 4 = 0
68. 103x−8 = 25−x
2x =8 2x = 4
ln 103x−8 = ln 25−x
x=3 x=2
(3x − 8) ln 10 = (5 − x) ln 2
The solution are x = 3 and x = 2.
3x ln 10 − 8 ln 10 = 5 ln 2 − x ln 2
72. The equation is quadratic in terms of u = 5x, and can
3x ln 10 + x ln 2 = 5 ln 2 + 8 ln 10
be factored.
x(3 ln 10 + ln 2) = 5 ln 2 + 8 ln 10
5 ln 2 + 8 ln 10 ⋅
52x + 20 5x − 125 = 0
x = —— u2 + 20u − 125 = 0
3 ln 10 + ln 2
(u − 5)(u + 25) = 0
5 ln 2 + 8 ln 10
The solution is x = ——. Because (5x − 5)(5x + 25) = 0
3 ln 10 + ln 2
5 ln 2 + 8 ln 10
—— ≈ 2.879, the approximate solution 5x − 5 = 0 or 5x + 25 = 0
3 ln 10 + ln 2
is x ≈ 2.879. 5x =5 5x = −25
x=1
Because 5x = −25 is not defined, the only solution is x = 1.

Chapter 6
73. To solve exponential equations with different bases, take 77. y − y1 = m(x − x1)
a logarithm of each side. Then use the Power Property to 1
y − (−8) = −—(x − 3)
move the exponent to the front of the logarithm, and solve 3
for x. To solve logarithmic equations of different bases, find 1
y + 8 = −—x + 1
a common multiple of the bases, and exponentiate each side 3
1
with this common multiple as the base. Rewrite the base as a y = −—x − 7
power that will cancel out the given logarithm and solve the 3
resulting equation. 78. y − y1 = m(x − x1)
y − 5 = 2(x − 2)
74. a. I(x) = 0.3I0
y − 5 = 2x − 2
I0e−0.43x = 0.3I0
e−0.43x = 0.3 79. −50 −13 0 1 2 15 52 125
ln e−0.43x = ln 0.3 37 13 1 1 13 37 73
−0.43x = ln 0.3 −24 −12 0 12 24 36
1 12 12 12 12 12
x = — ln 0.3
−0.43
The third differences are constant, so the data can be
x ≈ 2.80
modeled by a cubic function. The function is y = 2x3 − x + 1.
The thickness of the aluminum shielding is about
2.80 centimeters. 80. 139 32 1 −2 −1 4 37 146
b. I(x) = 0.3I0 −107 −31 −3 1 5 33 109
I0e−3.2x = 0.3I0 76 28 4 4 28 76
e−3.2x = 0.3 −48 −24 0 24 48
ln e−3.2x = ln 0.3 24 24 24 24
−3.2x = ln 0.3 The fourth differences are constant so the data can be
1 modeled by a quartic function. The function is
x = — ln 0.3
−3.2 y = x4 − 2x3 + x2 + x − 2.
x ≈ 0.38
81. −327 −84 −17 −6 −3 −32 −189 −642
The thickness of the copper shielding is about
243 67 11 3 29 157 453
0.38 centimeter.
−176 −56 −8 −32 −128 −296
c. I(x) = 0.3I0
120 48 −24 −96 −168
I0e−43x = 0.3I0
−72 −72 −72 −72
e−43x = 0.3
ln e−43x = ln 0.3 The fourth differences are constant so the data can be
modeled by a quartic function. The function is
−43x = ln 0.3
y = −3x4 + 2x3 − x2 + 5x − 6.
1
x = — ln 0.3
−43
6.7 Explorations (p. 341)
x ≈ 0.03
1. a. The type of model matches A. A model for the data is
The thickness of the lead shielding is about 0.03 centimeter.
y = x + 0.5.
d. A lead apron does not need to be as thick as aluminum or
copper to result in the same intensity. b. The type of model matches D. A model for the data is
1
y = −—2 x + 5.
Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency c. The type of model matches F. Sample answer: A model
75. y − y1 = m(x − x1) for the data is y = 0.25x2 − 2.
y − (−2) = 4(x − 1) d. The type of model matches C. Sample answer: A model
for the data is y = 0.05x3 − 0.2x2 + 0.25x − 0.4.
y + 2 = 4x − 4
e. The type of model matches E. Sample answer: A model
y = 4x − 6
for the data is y = e0.3x.
76. y − y1 = m(x − x1) f. The type of model matches B. Sample answer: A model
y − 2 = −2(x − 3) for the data is y = log1.4 x.
y − 2 = −2x + 6
y = −2x + 8

Chapter 6
2. a. y 2. The inputs are equally spaced. Look for a pattern in the
2
outputs.
x 0 2 4 6
y 27 9 3 1
−2 −1 1 2 x ⤻1
⤻1 ⤻1
−1 ×— ×— ×—
3 3 3
−2 1
As x increases by 1, y is multiplied by —. So, the constant
1 3
The domain is all real numbers, the range is 0 < y ≤ 1, the ratio is —, and the data in the table represent an exponential
3
y-intercept is y = 1, and the asymptote is y = 0. function.
b. y
4 3. Step 1 Substitute the coordinates (2, 12) and (3, 24) into
y = abx.
2
12 = ab2
−4 −2 2 4 x 24 = ab3
12
−2 Step 2 Solve for a in Equation 1 to obtain a = —2 and
b
substitute this expression for a in Equation 2.
−4
The domain is all real numbers, the range is 0 < y < 1,

12
( )
24 = —2 b3
b
1 24 = 12b
the y-intercept is y = —2 and the asymptotes are y = 0 and
y = 1. 2=b
12 12 12
Step 3 Determine that a = —2 = —2 = — = 3.
3. Each of these functions can be characterized by their b 2 4
domain, range, intercepts, and asymptotes. So, the exponential function is y = 3(2x).
4. Sample answer: Hooke’s Law can be modeled by linear data. 4. Step 1 Substitute the coordinates (1, 2) and (3, 32) into
y = abx.
x 0 1 2 3 4 5
2 = ab1
y 0 2 4 6 8 10
32 = ab3
2
Force on a Stretched Spring Step 2 Solve for a in Equation 1 to obtain a = — and
b
F
12
10 2
32 = — b3
b ()
Force
8
6 32 = 2b2
4
2 16 = b2
0
0 2 4 6 x 4=b
2 2 1
Distance stretched Step 3 Determine that a = — = — = —.
b 4 2
The model for this data is F(x) = 2x. 1
So, the exponential function is y = —(4x).
2
1. The inputs are equally spaced. Look for a pattern in the
outputs.
x 0 10 20 30
y 15 12 9 6
−3 −3 −3
The first differences are constant. So, the data in the table
represent a linear function.

Chapter 6
5. Step 1 Substitute the coordinates (2, 16) and (5, 2) into Step 2 Plot the transformed points as shown.
y = abx.
ln y
16 = ab2 6
2 = ab5
16 4
Step 2 Solve for a in Equation 1 to obtain a = —2 and
b
substitute this expression for a in Equation 2. 2
( )
16
2 = —2 b5
b 2 4 6 x
2 = 16b3 The point lie close to a line, so an exponential model

1 should be a good fit for the original data.
— = b3
8 Step 3 Find an exponential model y = abx by choosing any
1
—=b two points on the line, such as (1, 2.71) and (2, 3.14).
2
16 16 Use these points to write an equation of the line.
Step 3 Determine that a = —2 = — = 64. Then solve for y.
()
—
1
2
1
—
4
x
ln y − 2.71 = 0.43(x − 1)
ln y = 0.43x + 2.28
1
()
So, the exponential function is y = 64 — .
2 y = e0.43x+2.28
6. Sample answer: First find an exponential model using the y = e0.43x(e2.28)
points in the table.
y = 9.77(1.54)x
Step 1 Make a scatter plot of the data.
So, an exponential function that models the data is
y y = 9.77(1.54)x.
120
7. Enter the data into a graphing calculator and perform an
80 exponential regression. The model is y = 11.39(1.45)x.
40
8. The data do not model a logarithmic function.
2 4 6 x
The data appear exponential.
Step 2 Choose any two points to write a model, such as
1. Given a set of more than two data pairs (x, y), you can decide
(1, 15) and (2, 23). Substitute the coordinates of the
whether an exponential function fits the data well by making
two points into y = abx.
a scatter plot of the points (x, ln y).
15 = ab1
23 = ab2 2. If the inputs are equally spaced and the outputs are
15 multiplied by a constant factor, then the data can be
Solve for a in the first equation to obtain a = —.
b represented by an exponential function model.
23 15
Substitute to obtain b = — ≈ 1.53 and a = — ≈ 9.78.
15 Monitoring Progress and Modeling with Mathematics
—( )
23
15 3. The inputs are equally spaced. Look for a pattern in the
So, an exponential function that models the data is outputs.
y = 9.78(1.53)x.
x 0 3 6 9 12 15
Next, find an exponential model using the transformed points y 0.25 1 4 16 64 256
(x, ln y). ⤻ ⤻ ⤻ ⤻⤻
Step 1 Create a table of data pairs (x, ln y). ×4 ×4 ×4 ×4 ×4
As x increases by 3, y is multiplied by 4. So, the constant
x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ratio is 4, and the data in the table represent an exponential
ln y 2.71 3.14 3.69 3.95 4.38 4.65 4.94 function.

Chapter 6
4. The inputs are equally spaced. Look for a pattern in the 8. Step 1 Substitute the coordinates (2, 24) and (3, 144) into
outputs. y = abx.
24 = ab2
x −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2
144 = ab3
1 1 24
y 16 8 4 2 1 — —
⤻ ⤻ ⤻ ⤻ ⤻⤻
2 4 b
1 1 1 1 1 1 substitute this expression for a into Equation 2.
×— ×— ×— ×—
×— ×—
2 2 2
1
2 2 2
As x increases by 1, y is multiplied by —. So, the constant
24
( )
144 = —2 b3
b
2
1
ratio is —, and the data in the table represent an exponential 144 = 24b
2
function. 6=b
24 24 2
Step 3 Determine that a = — = — = —.
b 36 3
5. The inputs are equally spaced. The outputs do not have a
2
common ratio. So, analyze the finite differences. So, the exponential function is y = —(6)x.
3
x 5 10 15 20 25 30 9. Step 1 Substitute the coordinates (3,1) and (5, 4) into
y 4 3 7 16 30 49 y = abx.
1 = ab3
−1 4 9 14 19 4 = ab5
1
b
5 5 5 5
substitute this expression for a into Equation 2.
The second differences are constant. So, the data in the table
represent a quadratic function. ( )
1
4 = —3 b5
b
6. The inputs are equally spaced. The outputs do not have a 4 = b2
common ratio. So, analyze the finite differences. 2=b
1 1 1
Step 3 Determine that a = —3 = —3 = —.
x −3 1 5 9 13 b 2 8
1
y 8 −3 −14 −25 −36 So, the exponential function is y = —(2)x.
8
10. Step 1 Substitute the coordinates (3, 27) and (5, 243) into
−11 −11 −11 −11
y = abx.
The first differences are constant. So, the data in the table
represent a linear function. 27 = ab3
243 = ab5
7. Step 1 Substitute the coordinates (1, 3) and (2, 12) into 27
y = abx. b
3 = ab1
12 = ab2
3
( )
27
243 = —3 b5
b
Step 2 Solve for a in Equation 1 to obtain a = — and 243 = 27b2
b
substitute this expression for a in Equation 2. 9 = b2
3
12 = — b2
b () 3=b
27 27
Step 3 Determine that a = —3 = —3 = 1.
12 = 3b b 3
4=b ⋅
So, the exponential function is y = 1 (3x) = 3x.
3 3
Step 3 Determine that a = — = —.
b 4
3
So, the exponential function is y = —(4)x.
4

Chapter 6
11. Step 1 Substitute the coordinates (1, 2) and (3, 50) into 14. Step 1 Substitute the coordinates (2, 6.4) and (5, 409.6) into
y = abx. y = abx.
2 = ab1 6.4 = ab2
50 = ab3 409.6 = ab5
2 64
Step 2 Solve for a in Equation 1 to obtain a = — and Step 2 Solve for a in Equation 1 to obtain a = —2 and
b b
substitute this expression for a into Equation 2. substitute this expression for a into Equation 2.
()
2
50 = — b3
b 409.6 = —
b2 ( )
6.4 5
b
50 = 2b2
409.6 = 6.4b3
25 = b2
64 = b3
5=b
2 2 4=b
Step 3 Determine that a = — = —. 6.4 6.4
b 5 Step 3 Determine that a = — =— = 0.4.
2 b2 42
So, the exponential function is y = — (5)x.
5 So, the exponential function is y = 0.4(4)x.
12. Step 1 Substitute the coordinates (1, 40) and (3, 640) into
15. Step 1 Substitute the coordinates (1, 0.5) and (4, 4) into
y = abx.
y = abx.
40 = ab1
0.5 = ab1
640 = ab3
40 4 = ab4
Step 2 Solve for a in Equation 1 to obtain a = — and 0.5
b Step 2 Solve for a in Equation 1 to obtain a = — and
substitute this expression for a into Equation 2. b
( )
40
640 = — b3
b
( )
0.5
4 = — b4
640 = 40b2 b
16 = b2 4 = 0.5b3
4=b 8 = b3
40 40 2=b
Step 3 Determine that a = — = — = 10.
b 4 0.5 0.5
So, the exponential function is y = 10(4)x. Step 3 Determine that a = — = — = 0.25.
b 2
So, the exponential function is y = 0.25(2)x.
13. Step 1 Substitute the coordinates (−1, 10) and (4, 0.31) into
y = abx. 16. Step 1 Substitute the coordinates (−3, 10.8) and (−2, 3.6)
10 = ab−1 into y = abx.
0.31 = ab4 3.6 = ab−2
Step 2 Solve for a in Equation 1 to obtain a = 10b and 10.8 = ab−3
substitute this expression for a into Equation 2. Step 2 Solve for a in Equation 1 to obtain a = 3.6b2 and
0.31 = (10b)b4 substitute this expression for a in Equation 2.
0.31 = 10b5 10.8 = (3.6b2)b−3
0.031 = b5 10.8 = 3.6b−1
0.5 ≈ b 3 = b−1
Step 3 Determine that a ≈ 10(0.5) = 5. 1
—=b
3
So, the exponential function is y = 5(0.5)x. 1
Step 3 Determine that a = 3.6 —
3 ( ) = 0.4.
2
x
So, the exponential function is y = 0.4( ) .
1
—
3
17. Data are linear when the first differences are constant.
Because there is a constant ratio of 3, the data represent an
exponential function.
18. The error is that the inputs are not equally spaced. The data
are modeled by a quartic function that can be found using the
regression feature of a graphing calculator.

Chapter 6
19. Sample answer: 21. Sample answer: Make a scatter plot of the data.
Step 1 Make a scatter plot of the data. y
480
y
80
360
60
240
40
120
20
6 12 18 x
2 4 6 x
The data appear exponential. Choose any two points to
The data appear exponential. write a model, such as (1, 12) and (6, 28). Substitute the
coordinates of these points into y = ab x.
(1, 9) and (2, 14). Substitute the coordinates of these 12 = ab1
two points into y = abx. 28 = ab6
12
9= ab1 Solve for a in the first equation to obtain a = —. Substitute
b
14 = ab2 to obtain b ≈ 1.19 and a ≈ 10.13. So, an exponential
9
Solve for a in the first equation to obtain a = —. function that models the data is y = 10.13(1.19 x).
b
14 22. Sample answer: Make a scatter plot of the data.
Substitute to obtain b = — ≈ 1.56 and
9 y
9 81 200
a = — = — ≈ 5.79.
14 14
— 150
9
So, an exponential function that represents the data is
100
y = 5.79(1.56x).
50
20. Sample answer:
Step 1 Make a scatter plot of the data. −6 6 12 x
y
800 The data appear exponential. Choose any two points to
write a model, such as (1, 24) and (3, 68). Substitute the
600
coordinates of these points into y = ab x.
400 24 = ab1
68 = ab3
200
24
Solve for a in the first equation to obtain a = —. Substitute
b
2 4 6 x to obtain b ≈ 1.68 and a ≈ 14.29. So, an exponential
function that models the data is y = 14.29(1.68x).
The data appear exponential.
(1, 22) and (2, 39). Substitute the coordinates of
these points into y = ab x.
22 = ab1
39 = ab2
22
Solve for a in the first equation to obtain a = —.
b
39
Substitute to obtain b = — ≈ 1.78 and
22
22
—
39
a = — ≈ 12.41.
22
y = 12.41(1.78x). When the time is 1 year, the number of
predicted visits is y = 12.41(1.7812) ≈ 12,555.

Chapter 6
23. Sample answer: Make a scatter plot of the data. 25. Step 1 Create a table of data pairs (x, ln y).
y x 20 30 40 50 60
80
ln y 2.48 2.71 3.22 3.69 4.61
60
Step 2 Plot the transformed points.
40
ln y
20
6
20 40 60 x 4
The data do not appear exponential. Choose any two points 2
to write a linear model, such as (30, 42) and (50, 26). Find
0
the slope and use the point-slope form to write an equation 0 20 40 60 x
of the model. The points lie close to a line, so an exponential
y2 − y1 26 − 42 −16 model should be a good fit for the original data.
m=— = — = — = −0.8
x2 − x1 50 − 30 20 Step 3 Find an exponential model y = ab x by choosing any
y − y1 = m(x − x1) two points, such as (20, 2.48) and (30, 3.22). Use
y − 42 = −0.8(x − 30) these points to write an equation of the line. Then
y − 42 = −0.8x + 24 solve for y.
3.22 − 2.48 0.74
y = −0.8x + 66 The slope is — ≈ — ≈ 0.7. Because the
30 − 20 10
A linear model for the data is y = −0.8x + 66. axes are x and ln y, the point-slope form is rewritten
as ln y − ln y1 = m(x − x1).
24. Sample answer: Make a scatter plot of the data. ln y − 2.48 = 0.07(x − 20)
40
y ln y = 0.07x + 1.08
y = e0.07x+1.08
30
y = e0.07x(e1.08)
20 y = 2.94(1.07) x
10 So, an exponential function that models the data is
y = 2.94(1.07)x.
−20 −10 10 20 x
The data appear exponential. Choose any two points to write

a model, such as (1, 11) and (8, 8). Substitute the coordinates
of these points into y = abx.
11 = ab1
8 = ab8
11
Solve for a in the first equation to obtain a = —. Substitute
b
to obtain b ≈ 0.96 and a ≈ 11.51. So, an exponential
function that models the data is y = 11.51(0.96)x.

Chapter 6
26. Step 1 Create a table of data pairs (x, ln y). 28. Create a table of data pairs (x, ln y).
x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x 1 4 7 10 13
ln y 2.20 2.64 2.94 3.22 3.61 3.97 4.26 ln y 1.19 2.31 3.42 4.53 5.64
Step 2 Plot the transformed points. Make a scatter plot of the points in the table.
ln y
ln y
6
6
4
4
2
2
0
0 2 4 6 x 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 x
The points lie close to a line, so an exponential model
The points appear linear.
should be a good fit for the original data.
Find an exponential model y = ab x by choosing two points,
Step 3 Find an exponential model y = ab x by choosing any
such as (1, 1.19) and (4, 2.31). Use these points to write an
two points, such as (1, 2.20) and (2, 2.64). Use these
equation of the line. Then solve for y.
points to write an equation of the line. Then solve for y.
2.64 − 2.20 0.44 2.31 − 1.19 1.12
The slope is — = — = 0.44. The slope is — = — ≈ 0.37.
2− 1 1 4−1 3
ln y − ln y1 = m(x − x1) ln y − ln y1 = m(x − x1)
ln y − 2.20 = 0.44(x − 1) ln y − 1.19 = 0.37(x − 1)
ln y = 0.44x + 1.76 ln y = 0.37x + 0.82
y= e0.44x+1.76 y = e0.37x+0.82
y = e0.44x(e1.76) y = e0.37x(e0.82)
y = 5.81(1.55)x y = 2.27(1.44)x.
So, an exponential function that models the data is So, an exponential function that models the data is
y = 5.81(1.55)x. y = 2.27(1.44) x.
27. Create a table of data pairs (x, ln y).
29. Create a table of data pairs (x, ln y).
x 1 2 3 4 5
x −13 −6 1 8 15
ln y 2.89 3.58 5.92 4.97 5.66
ln y 2.28 2.50 2.72 2.94 3.17
Make a scatter plot of the points in the table.
ln y Make a scatter plot of the points in the table.
6 ln y
4
4 2
2
−12 −8 −4 4 8 12 x
0
0 2 4 6 x The points appear linear.
The points appear linear. Find an exponential model y = ab x by choosing two points,
Find an exponential model y = ab x by choosing two points, such as (−13, 2.28) and (1, 2.72). Use these points to write
such as (1, 2.89) and (2, 3.58). Use these points to write an an equation of the line. Then solve for y.
equation of the line. Then solve for y. 2.72 − 2.28 0.44
3.58 − 2.89 0.69 The slope is — = — ≈ 0.03.
The slope is — = —= 0.69. 1 − (−13) 14
2− 1 1 ln y − ln y1 = m(x − x1)
ln y − ln y1 = m(x − x1)
ln y − 2.72 = 0.03(x − 1)
ln y − 2.89 = 0.69(x − 1)
ln y = 0.03x + 2.69
ln y = 0.69x + 2.2
y = e0.03x+2.69
y = e0.69x+2.2
y = e0.03x(e2.69)
y = e0.69x(e2.2)
y = 14.73(1.03)x
y = 9.03(1.99)x
So, an exponential function that models the data is y = 14.73(1.03)x.
y = 9.03(1.99)x.
Chapter 6
30. Create a table of data pairs (x, ln y). 256
39. a. 200 = ——
1 + 13e−0.65t
x −8 −5 −2 1 4 200(1 + 13e−0.65t) = 256
ln y 0.33 0.51 1.67 1.86 2.08 1 + 13e−0.65t = 1.28
Make a scatter plot of the points in the table. 13e−0.65t = 0.28
ln y e−0.65t ≈ 0.022
2 −0.65t ≈ ln 0.022
1
t ≈ — ln 0.022
−8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 x
−0.65
t ≈ 5.9
The points do not appear linear, so an exponential model It takes about 5.9 weeks for the sunflower seedling to
does not fit the original data. reach 200 centimeters.
b. y
exponential regression. The model is y = 6.7(1.41)x. In the 300
tenth year, the number of scooters sold is expected to be

200
about y = 6.7(1.41)10 ≈ 208.
100
exponential regression. The model is y = 153.07(0.93)x. 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 x
After 16 minutes the astronaut’s pulse rate is expected to be
The asymptote is the line y = 256 and represents the
about y = 153.07(0.93)16 ≈ 48 beats per minute.
maximum height of the sunflower.
33. Enter the data into a graphing calculator and perform a
logarithmic regression. The model is t = 12.59 − 2.55 ln d. Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency
It takes about t = 12.59 − 2.55 ln 50 ≈ 2.6 hours for the 40. The variables x and y have a proportional relationship
object to cool to 50° C. because the equation has the form y = kx.
34. Enter the data into a graphing calculator and perform a 41. The variables x and y do not have a proportional relationship
logarithmic regression. The model is because the equation does not have the form y = kx.
s = 0.000398 + 2.89 ln f. The amount of light that strikes
the camera when f = 5.657 is about 42. The variables x and y do not have a proportional relationship
s = 0.000398 + 2.89 ln 5.657 ≈ 5 units of light. because the equation does not have the form y = kx.
35. a. Sample answer: Make a scatter plot of the points (x, ln y). 43. The variables x and y have a proportional relationship
because the equation has the form y = kx.
ln y
1.5 1
(5, 1.23) 44. The equation has the form x = — y2, where p = 2. The
1
4p
(4, 0.79) focus is (p, 0), or (2, 0). The directrix is x = −p, or x = −2.
0.5
(3, 0.53) Because y is squared, the axis of symmetry is y = 0.
(2, 0.08) y
12
−1 1 2 3 4 5 x
(1, −0.29)
−0.5 8
4
The points appear linear, so enter the points (x, y)
into a graphing calculator and perform an exponential
−4 4 8 12 16 x
regression. The model is y = 0.52(1.46)x.
−4
b. Because the growth factor is 1.46, the weight increases by
0.46 or 46% per year. −8
36. The points (x, y) fit an exponential pattern because the points −12
(x, ln y) fit a linear pattern.
37. Your friend is incorrect because t = 0 is not in the domain of

ln t.
38. It is possible to write an exponential function because the

ratios of the outputs are equal to 2.

Chapter 6
1 1 Chapter 6 Review (pp. 350–352)
45. The equation has the form y = — x2, where p = —.
4p 16
1
( )
The focus is (0, p), or 0, — . The directrix is y = −p,
1 16
1
1. The base, —3 , is greater than 0 and less than 1, so the function
represents exponential decay. Because the decay factor is
or y = − —. Because x is squared, the axis of symmetry 1 2 2
16 —3 = 1 − —3 , the percent decrease is —3 , or about 66.67%.
is x = 0.
y
y
8
6
6
4
4
2
−4 −2 2 4 x
−4 −2 2 4 x
1 3
46. The equation has the form y = — x2, where p = —. The
4p 4
3
4 ( ) 3
focus is (0, p), or 0, — . The directrix is y = −p, or y = −—.
4
2. The base, 5, is greater than 1, so the function represents
exponential growth. Because the growth factor is 5 = 1 + 4,
Because x is squared, the axis of symmetry is x = 0.
the percent increase is 4, or 400%.
y
y
8
8
6
6
4
4
2
2
−4 −2 2 4 x
−4 −2 2 4 x
1 1
47. The equation has the form x = — y2, where p = —. The 3. The base, 0.2, is greater than 0 and less than 1, so the
4p 10
1
10 ( )
focus is ( p, 0), or —, 0 . The directrix is x = −p, or function represents exponential decay. Because the decay
factor is 0.2 = 1 − 0.8, the percent decrease is 0.8, or 80%.
1
x = −—. Because y is squared, the axis of symmetry is
10 y
y = 0.
8
y
4 6
2 4
2 4 6 x
−2
−4 −2 2 4 x
−4
4. The interest is compounded daily, so n = 365. The balance

6.5–6.7 What Did You Learn? (p. 349) after 2 years is
A=P 1+— ⋅
r n t
1. The change-of-base formula is used to change the base from
e to 10, then the expression is rewritten using properties of
( n )
⋅
logarithms. = 1500 1 + — (0.07
365 ) 365 2
2. Any case where a logarithmic function has a solution that is ≈ 1725.39.

negative disproves the theory. From that, it is easy to create
The balance at the end of 2 years is $1725.39.
an expression that becomes positive when a negative value is
substituted for x and create a logarithmic equation with it. 5. e4 ⋅e11 = e4+11
= e15

Chapter 6
20e3
6. —6
= 2e3−6 10. Because a = 3 and r = −0.75 is negative, the function is an
10e
exponential decay function. Use a table to graph the function.
= 2e−3
2 x −2 −1 0 1
=—
e3 y 13.45 6.35 3 1.42
7. (−3e−5x)2 = (−3)2(e−5x)2 y
= 9e2(−5x) 16
= 9e−10x
12
9
=—
e10x 8
1
8. Because a = —3 and r = 1 is positive, the function is an
exponential growth function. Use a table to graph the −4 −2 2 4 x
function.
x −2 −1 0 1 11. Because 23 = 8, log2 8 = 3.

f (x) 0.05 0.12 0.33 0.91 1 1
12. Because 6−2 = —, log6 — = −2.
y
36 36
13. Because 50 = 1, log5 1 = 0.
8
6 14. From the definition of logarithm, the inverse of f (x) = 8x is

g(x) = log8 x.
4
15. y = ln(x − 4)
2
x = ln(y − 4)
−4 −2 2 4 x ex = eln(y−4)
ex = y − 4
9. Because a = 6 and r = −1 is negative, the function is an ex + 4 = y
exponential decay function. Use a table to graph the function. The inverse of y = ln(x − 4) is y = ex + 4.
x −2 −1 0 1 16. y = log(x + 9)
y 44.33 16.31 6 2.21 x = log(y + 9)
y
10 x = 10log(y+9)
16
10 x = y + 9
10 x −9=y
The inverse of y = log(x + 9) is y = 10 x − 9.
17. Step 1 Find the inverse of y = log15 x. From the definition

x
4 1
of logarithm, the inverse of y = log15 x is y = — .
x
5 ()
−4 −2 x
2 4 1
Step 2 Make a table of values for y = — .
5 ()
x −2 −1 0 1 2
1 1
y 25 5 1 — —
5 25

Chapter 6
x
1
Step 3 Because y = log15 x and y = — are inverse
5 () 21. Step 1 First write a function h that represents the translation
of f.
functions, the graph of y = log15 x is obtained by
x h(x) = f (x) − 2
1
reflecting the graph of y = — in the line y = x.
5 () = log x − 2
To do this, reverse the coordinates of the points of Step 2 Then write a function g that represents the reflection
x
1
()
y = — and plot these new points to obtain the
5
of h.
g(x) = h(−x)
graph of y = log15 x.
= log(−x) − 2
y
4 The transformed function is g(x) = log (−x) − 2.
2
22. log8 3xy = log8 3 + log8 x + log8 y
4 6 x 23. log 10x3y = log 10 + log x3 + log y

−2 = 1 + 3 log x + log y
3y
24. ln —5
= ln 3y − ln x5
x
18. Notice that the function is of the form g(x) = + k, e−ax = ln 3 + ln y − 5 ln x
where a = 5 and k = −8. So, the graph of g is a horizontal
shrink by a factor of —15 followed by a translation 8 units down 25. 3 log7 4 + log7 6 = log7 43 + log7 6
of the graph of f.
y
= log7 (43 ⋅ 6)
= log7 384
8
26. log2 12 − 2 log2 x = log2 12 − log2 x2
4
f 12
= log2 —2
x
−4 −2 2 4 x
−4
27. 2 ln x + 5 ln 2 − ln 8 = ln x2 + ln 25 − ln 8
32x2
g = ln —
−8 8
= ln 4x2
log 10
19. Notice that the function is of the form g(x) = a log4(x − h), 28. log2 10 = —
log 2
where h = −5 and a = —12. So, the graph of g is a vertical
shrink by a factor of —12 and a translation 5 units left of the ≈ 3.32
graph of f.
log 9
29. log7 9 = —
y log 7
4 ≈ 1.13
2 log 42
g f 30. log23 42 = —
log 23
−4 −2 2 4 6 x ≈ 1.19
−2
31. 5x = 8
−4
log5 5x = log5 8
x = log5 8
20. Step 1 First write a function h that represents the vertical x ≈ 1.29
stretch of f. The solution is x = log5 8, or about 1.29.
h(x) = 3f (x)
32. log3 (2x − 5) = 2 Check
= 3e x ?
Step 2 Then write a function g that represents the translation
3log3 (2x−5)
= 32 log3 (2 ⋅ 7 − 5) =? 2
of h. 2x − 5 = 9 log3 9 = 2
g(x) = h(x + 6) + 3 2x = 14 2=2✓
= 3e x+6 +3 x=7
The transformed function is g(x) = 3e x+6 + 3. The solution is x = 7.

Chapter 6
33. ln x + ln (x + 2) = 3 37. Step 1 Substitute the coordinates of the two given points
into y = abx.
ln [ x(x + 2) ] = 3
8 = ab3
eln[x(x+2)] = e3
2 = ab5
x(x + 2) = e3 8
x2 + 2x = e3 b
x2 + 2x − e3 = 0
Check
x ≈ −5.59 or x ≈ −3.59 8
( )
2 = —3 b5
b
? 2 = 8b2
ln (−5.59) + ln (−5.59 + 2) = 3
Because ln (−5.59) is not defined, −5.59 is not a solution. 1
— = b2
? 4
ln 3.59 + ln (3.59 + 2) = 3
? 1
ln 3.59 + ln 5.59 = 3 —=b
2
1.278 + 1.721 ≈ 3 ✓ 8 8
Step 3 Determine that a = —3 = ____3 = 64.
The apparent solution x ≈ −5.59 is extraneous. The only
solution is x ≈ 3.59.
b 1
—
2()
x
34. 6x > 12
1
2 ()
So, the exponential function is y = 64 — .
log6 6x > log6 12 38. Find an exponential model y = abx by choosing any two
x > log6 12 points, such as (1, 1.64) and (2, 2.00). Use these points to
The solution is x > log6 12. Because log6 12 ≈ 1.39, the write an equation of the line through the points (x, ln y).
approximate solution is x > 1.39. Then solve for y.
2.00 − 1.64 0.36
The slope is — = — = 0.36.
35. ln x ≤ 9 2− 1 1
eln x ≤ e9 ln y − ln y1 = m(x − x1)
x ≤ e9 ln y − 1.64 = 0.36(x − 1)
The solution is x ≤ e9. Because ln x is only defined ln y = 0.36x + 1.28
when x > 0 and e9 ≈ 8103, the approximate solution
y = e0.36x+1.28
is 0 < x ≤ 8103.
y = e0.36x(e1.28)
36. e4x−2 ≥ 16 y ≈ 3.60(1.43)x
ln (e4x−2) ≥ ln 16 So, an exponential function that models the data is
4x − 2 ≥ ln 16 y = 3.60(1.43)x.
4x ≥ ln 16 + 2
39. Enter the data into a graphing calculator and perform a
1
x ≥ — ln 16 + —
1 logarithmic regression. The model is s = 3.95 + 27.48 ln t.
4 2 There are about s = 3.95 + 27.48 ln 6 ≈ 53 pairs of shoes
1 1
The solution is x ≥ — ln 16 + —. Because sold after week 6.
4 2
1 1 Chapter 6 Test (p. 353)
— ln 16 + — ≈ 1.19, the approximate solution is x ≥ 1.19.
4 2 1. y The domain is all real
8 numbers, the range is
y > 0, and the asymptote
6 is y = 0.
4
−4 −2 2 4 x

Chapter 6
2. y The domain is x > 0, the 11. To solve the first equation use a logarithm on both sides and
range is all real numbers, to solve the second equation use exponentials on both sides.
6
and the asymptote is x = 0. 45x−2 = 16 log4(10x + 6) = 1
4
log4 45x−2 = log4 16 4log4(10x+6) = 41
2 5x − 2 = 2 10x + 6 = 4
5x = 4 10x = −2
4 6 8 x
4 1
−2 x=— x = −—
5 5
12. All three are equivalent by the change-of-base formula.
3. y The domain is all real 13. One thousand wells will produce
16
numbers, the range is y = 12.263 ln 1000 − 45.381 ≈ 39 billion barrels.
y > 0, and the asymptote
12 is y = 0. y = 12.263 ln x − 45.381
x = 12.263 ln y − 45.381
x + 45.381 = 12.263 ln y
4
x + 45.381
— = ln y
12.263
−4 −2 2 4 x
x+45.381
—
e 12.263 =y
4. The graph of g is a reflection in the x-axis followed by e(x12.263) + (45.381/12.263) = y
a translation 4 units right of the graph of f. So, ( ex12.263 )( e45.38112.263 ) = y
g(x) = −log(x − 4). ( e112.263 )x ( e45.38112.263 ) = y
5. The graph of g is a reflection in the y-axis followed by a 40.473(1.085)x ≈ y
translation 2 units up of the graph of f. So, g(x) = e−x + 2. The function y ≈ 40.473(1.085)x represents the number
of wells needed to produce a certain number of billions
6. The graph of g is a vertical stretch by a factor of 2 of the of barrels of oil.
x
1
graph of f . So, g(x) = 2 — .
4 () 14. a. The function is L(x) = 100e−0.02x.
7. log3 52 = log3 4 + log3 13 b. The function in part (a) represents exponential decay since
≈ 1.262 + 2.335 the base, e−0.02 ≈ 0.98, is greater than 0 and less than 1.
= 3.597 c. When the depth is 40 meters, the percent of surface light
is L(40) = 100 e−0.02(40) ≈ 44.9 or about 44.9%.
13
8. log3 — = log3 13 − log3 9
9 15. Sample answer: The three ways to find the exponential
= log3 13 − 2
model are:
≈ 2.335 − 2
1. Use two points and the model y = abx to determine the
= 0.335 values of a and b.
9. log3 16 = 2 log3 4 2. Convert the pairs to (x, ln y), then solve the related linear
equation for y.
≈ 2(1.262)
3. Enter the points into a graphing calculator and perform
= 2.524
exponential regression.
1
10. log3 8 + log3 — = log3 2 + log3 4 − log3 2 The model is y = 4200 (0.89)x and the snowmobile is worth
2
= log3 4 $2500 in about 4.5 years.
≈ 1.262
Chapter 6 Standards Assessment (pp. 354–355)
1. The possible values for b are 0.94 and e−1/2.
2. Your friend’s claim is correct, interest compounded

continuously produces the most interest when compound
interest is used.

Chapter 6
3. a. T(x) = (x)(4x)(2x) = 8x3 8. a. Sample answer: Use the Quadratic Formula because the
polynomial x2 + 4x − 10 does not factor.
b. C(x) = (x − 2)(4x − 2)(2x − 4)
b. Sample answer: Use the Square Root method because
= 8x3 − 36x2 + 48x − 16
there is only one term with a variable.
c. The relationship is I(x) = T(x) − C(x).
c. Sample answer: Use the Quadratic Formula because the
d. I(x) = T(x) − C(x) resulting polynomial does not factor.
= (8x3) − (8x3 − 36x2 + 48x − 16) d. Sample answer: Use the factoring method because
= 36x2 − 48x + 16 x2 − 3x − 18 factors.
The volume of the insulation is I(8) = 36(8)2 − 48(8) + 16
9. y
= 1936 cubic inches when the width is 8 inches.
500
4. −4 log2 x ≥ −20
400
log2 x ≤ 5
2log2 x ≤ 25 300
x ≤ 32 200
Because log2 x is only defined when x > 0, the solution is

100
0 < x ≤ 32, which is choice C.
0
0 20 40 60 x
5. The graph of g is a reflection in the y-axis followed by a
translation 2 units down of the graph of f.
The scatter plot shows a quadratic relationship. Enter the
6. (f + g)(x) = f (x) + g(x) = −3x4 − 4x3 − 4x2 + 10x + 4 data into a graphing calculator and perform quadratic
regression. The model is y = −0.261x2 + 22.591x + 23.029.
(hg)(x) = h(x) g(x) When y = 500, the model estimates x to be about 50.0°
= −3x6 − 9x5 − 15x4 + 44x3 + 7x2 − 9x − 35 or 36.5°.
(h − f )(x) = h(x) − f (x) = −2x3 + 5x2 − 7x − 6
( f h)(x) = f (x) h(x) = 2x5 − 2x4 − 10x3 − 35x2 − 57x + 7
The order of the polynomials from least degree to greatest
degree is C, A, D, B.
7. a. Substitute the coordinates of two points, such as (2, 20)

and (3, 40), into the model y = abx.
20 = ab2
40 = ab3
20
Solve for a in the first equation to obtain a = —2 , then
b
b = 2 and a = 5. So, the exponential model is y = 5(2)x.
b. Substitute the coordinates of two points, such as (2, 4.5)
and (3, 13.5), into the model y = abx.
4.5 = ab2
13.5 = ab3
4.5
Solve for a in the first equation to obtain a = — , then
b2
1 1
b = 3 and a = — . So, the exponential model is y = — (3)x.
2 2
The equation in part (a) has a larger y-intercept and grows
at a rate of 100%. The equation in part (b) has a smaller
y-intercept but grows at a faster rate of 200% and will
become larger than the equation in part (a) for x > 5.7.


A2 Ans Big Idea

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

A2 Ans Big Idea

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 6

y = 4x. The function matches graph B.

The function matches graph E.

Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC Algebra 2 289

4. It is not possible for the graph of f (x) = bx to have an 4

6.1 Monitoring Progress (pp. 297–299)

Step 3 Plot the points from the table.

290 Algebra 2 Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC

The balance at the end of 3 years is $9402.95.

6.1 Exercises (pp. 300–302)

2. The 80% decrease does not belong because it gives a

Monitoring Progress and Modeling with Mathematics

Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC Algebra 2 291

292 Algebra 2 Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC

Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC Algebra 2 293

y 24. a. The initial amount is a = 325, and the percent decrease

25. y = a(3)t/14 Write original function.

294 Algebra 2 Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC

31. y = a(0.5)t/12 ≈ 5593.60.

Account 1 earns about $2632.11 − $2200 = $432.11

The growth rate is about 0.01, or 1%.

35. y = a(2)8t A = $259.54

= a(1 − 0.96)t = $4014.98

Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC Algebra 2 295

b. By part (a), the ratios of consecutive terms must be equal

296 Algebra 2 Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC

2. x 101 102 103 6.2 Monitoring Progress (pp. 304–306)

The domain is all real numbers and the range is y > 0. It is

4. The natural base e ≈ 2.71828 is an irrational number that

6. Sample answer: The natural base e is used in some

Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC Algebra 2 297

298 Algebra 2 Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC

Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC Algebra 2 299

24. The graph is A because the function represents exponential y

25. The graph is B because the function represents exponential 6

The percent decrease is about 52.8%. 12

The percent increase is about 49.2%.

300 Algebra 2 Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC

tritium sample is 10 milligrams. c. At 3:45 p.m., t = 2.75 hours.

Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC Algebra 2 301

So, the inverse 6 −2 2 4 x

302 Algebra 2 Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC

19. Step 1 Find the inverse of y. From the definition of

Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC Algebra 2 303

x −2 −1 0 1 2 18. log7 49 = log7 72 = 2

−2 27. log 6 ≈ 0.778

6.3 Exercises (pp. 314 –316) 1

32. log 0.6 + 1 ≈ 0.778 47. y = ln(x − 1)

35. 7log7 x = x 49. y = e3x

39. log3 32x = 2x 50. y = ex−4

log4 64x = log4 43x = 3x x = 5y − 9

Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC Algebra 2 305

So, when the energy released is 2.24 × 1028 ergs, the 4

56. Step 1 Find the inverse of y = log6 x. From the definition of 4 6 8 10 x

logarithm, the inverse of y = log6 x is y = 6x. −2

Step 2 Make a table of values of y = 6x. −4

306 Algebra 2 Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC

61. y The domain of the function is

y = x. To do this, reverse the coordinates of the −2

points of y = 2x+1 and plot these new points to

Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC Algebra 2 307

65. Your friend is incorrect because a logarithmic function that −2

308 Algebra 2 Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC