About 30,000 feet and at poles the water vapour content is negligible.

H - L - H

77% - Latent Heat = Evaporation, Condensation, Sublimation

High to Low Temp or Pressure - Altimeter OverReads

Most of the water vapour is con ned up to 30,000 feet.

L - H - L

23% - Sensible Heat = Conduction, Convection, Rad

Maximum concentration of ozone is at 20 to 25 km

200 hpa – 40000 fee

Katabatic winds are Stronger than Anabatic winds

300 – 3000 Low to High - UnderReads
400 – 2400

Heat loss from Earth to Atmosphere:

500 – 1800
700 – 1000
850 – 500
1013 - MSL

DENSITY ALTITUDE
“IS THE ‘ALTITUDE’ IN ISA CONDITIONS, AT WHICH THE GIVEN/chosen/prevailing AIR DENSITY WOULD

Isobars are widely spaced - high pressure area

NH - low pressure - WINDS ANTICLOCKWISE

OCCUR

Isallobars- Lines of equal pressure tendency

Isogons - Lines of Constant Wind Direction

Isobars closely spaced-low pressure area

Isotachs - lines of Constant Wind speed

NH - winds to RIGHT by Coriolis force

Half of the atmospheric air mass is contained below

20,000 feet
STEVENSON SCREEN - 4m(1.25 feet) - door opens opp to sun
Incoming solar radiation = INSOLATIO
Radiation: (Stefan Boltzmann Law)
•The total amount of energy radiated by a Black body is
proportional to the fourth power of its Absolute

DOC.PILOT10 AVIATON ACADEMY

Temperature.
Cloudy night is warm

The diurnal variation over Ocean can be as little as 1C and over land, it can be as
high as 20C.

Desert > Land > Forest > Ocean.

Stephen Boltzmann’s Law - Energy radiated by Black body is proportional to 4th

power T.

Carburettor icing can occur at temperatures between -10°Cand +30°C and it can be particularly severe between 2°C and +15°

!Dewpoint is the temperature to which air must be cooled at constant pressure for saturation to occur
The lowest temperature the air would attain by evaporating water into it to saturate it is known as the wet bulb
temperature. Ex: Desert coolers.

RVR - Reported when visibility is less than 1500 m.

MORE ELR - MORE UNSTABLE

VISIBILITY

Fog less than 1 km; Fog is cloud on

ground

Mist, Haze 1-5 km

POOR VISIBILITY IS USUALLY

ASSOSIATED WITH STABLE
CONDITIONS i.e., LIGHT WINDS AND
INVERSION
FRONTAL FOG IS ASSOSIATED WITH
WARM FRONT.

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