1 .

Manila Galleons
( Manila,Philippines and Port of Acapulco,
Mexico, Galleons )
( Galleon Trade )
( 1565)

1.2 The Survey of the Primary Source of History

https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/mgtr/hd_mgtr.htm

The so-called Manila Galleon (“Nao de China” or “Nao de Acapulco”) brought

porcelain, silk, ivory, spices, and myriad other exotic goods from China to Mexico in
exchange for New World silver. (It is estimated that as much as one-third of the silver
mined in New Spain and Peru went to the Far East.) On the return leg, the precious
Asian wares traveled across the Pacific, via the Philippines (colonized by Spain in the
late sixteenth century), to Acapulco on Mexico’s west coast. They then crossed
Mexico overland for shipment to Spain. However, much of the porcelain and carved
ivory remained in the Americas and, in many cases, influenced artists working there:
Mexican ceramics display the impact of the Galleon trade most vividly. But Chinese
silk designs may have inspired some of the patterned garments of
Guatemalan sculptures, whose faces also betray the subtle influence of Asian ivory
carvings.
1.3 The Primary Source Hypothesis Writings
A hypothesis interpretation occurred to me based on the primary reference used.
As specified in the following:
Spanning a 250 year period from 1565-1815, the Manila Galleon Trade is a
fascinating period in history which is addressed far too infrequently by textile
scholars. The cross-cultural contact resulting from the Spanish conquest of America
expanded to include Asia with the start of the trans-Pacific trade in 1565. Spanish
trade ships sailed between Manila in the Philippines and Acapulco in New Spain,
becoming the most enduring trade route in history. Three continents were involved:
Asia, the Americas, and Europe, and consequently three entirely different cultures
with their corresponding customs, belief systems and art styles. The steady contact
between these distant lands enriched their histories forever by establishing traces of
foreign influence.

Manila, under Spanish dominance, had been an entrepot for all the rich commodities
of Asia: porcelain, laquerware, and ivory from China; textiles such as gauzes, velvets,
cantonese crepes, heavy brocades, flowered silks, taffeta, fine damask, grograins and
specific items such as silk bed coverings, silk stockings, silk shawls, cloaks, kimonos,
tapestries, hankerchiefs, tablecloths, napkins and Chinese rugs; pearls, semi-precious
stones and cotton cloth from the Coasts of Coromandel and Malabar in India;
diamonds and spices from Ceylon, pepper from Sumatra and Java; wool carpets from
Persia and from the Philippines, gold, hardwood, spices, iron, beeswax, and oils

2 . Carlos Palanca
( Tan Quin Lay of La Tondena )
( 1890 )
 1.2 The Survey of the Primary Source of History

https://www.facebook.com/656729927676590/posts/1846373185378919/

Carlos Palanca, Sr. was one of the most prominent Filipino-Chinese or Tsinoy
businessmen and philanthropists during the American era. His Chinese name was Tan
Quin Lay. He was a patron of educational institutions and instilled in his children the
value of education. His heirs decided it was fitting that his name be commemorated in
an endeavor that would help enrich the country's cultural heritage. Thus, the Carlos
Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature were established in 1950. The Palanca
Awards have been a continuing touchstone in Philippine literature, with most of the
great writers having ended up on their illustrious roster.
Tan Quin Lay was born in Xiamen, China in 1869 and immigrated to the Philippines
in 1884. He was an apprentice at a relative's hardware business for six years, until he
opened his own store in 1890. During the American era, Tan, now rebaptized as a
Christian with the name Carlos Palanca, was made a capitan (captain) of the Chinese
community and designated as the Chinese consul general. Due to the opposition of the
British and German merchants in Manila as well as the negative actions of the
American colonial government, he was replaced in April 1899 with Li Yong Yew, a
Chinese from Guangdong province.
Palanca diversified into textile trading until 1902, when he started a small distillery
named La Tondeña. The distillery merged with the Song Fo Company in a partnership
until 1913. Due to Palanca's astute business acumen, he was able to propel his
company to become one of the top liquor suppliers. For example, he realized early on
the value of upgrading and modernizing equipment and switching from nipa palm to
molasses as a steady and plentiful supply of alcohol.
Palanca was very astute in bringing American managerial talent into his business. He
hired American experts A.B. Powell, G.H. Tilbury and H.J. Shoemaker for key
positions. They were tasked with managerial and technical responsibilities and had
sole responsibilities for operating the expensive distillery apparatus.
 Between 1906 and 1929 his business enterprises prospered on the back of a huge
boom in alcohol consumption. For example, the Singaporean scholar Wong Kwok-
Chu noted in his landmark study "Chinese in the Philippine Economy" that alcohol
revenues surged from 1.3 million pesos to 4.8 million pesos. In 1924 Palanca bought
the distillery arm of Ayala y Cia (Destilleria Ayala) and acquired Ginebra San
Miguel, Ginebra Ayala, and Colonial Rum. A third distillery company Philippine
Motor Alchohol Corporation (PMAC) was devoted to manufacturing alcohol motor
fuel, a business well ahead of its time.

1.3 The Primary Source Hypothesis Writings

Carlos Palanca, Sr. was one of the most prominent Filipino-Chinese or Tsinoy
businessmen and philanthropists during the American era. Tan Quin Lay (his Chinese
name) immigrated to the Philippines in 1884. He was an apprentice at a relative's
hardware business for six years, until he opened his own store in 1890. During the
American era, Tan, now baptized as a Christian with the name Carlos Palanca,
diversified into textile trading until 1902, when he started a small distillery named La
Tondeña. The distillery merged with the Song Fo Company in a partnership until
1913. Due to Palanca's astute business acumen, he was able to propel his company to
become one of the top liquor suppliers. His heirs decided it was fitting that his name
be commemorated in an endeavor that would help enrich the country's cultural
heritage. Thus, the Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature were established
in 1950. The Palanca Awards have been a continuing touchstone in Philippine
literature, with most of the great writers having ended up on their illustrious roster.
 1.2 The Survey of the Primary Source of History
https://www.navotas.gov.ph/OurCity/History
Navotas was originally a contiguous part of Malabon and was not separated from
it by a body of water. However, sometime in the past, the turbulent waters of
Manila Bay gradually eroded a weak strip of land between this town and the
district of Tondo in Manila until an opening was breached. Seawater continued
to flow in through this opening, particularly during high tide, and in the long run
carved out the Navotas River in the process. The channel formed eventually
developed into a regular waterway that has come to be known as the Navotas
River. This natural phenomenon seemed to be the origin of the name that today
is associated with this area, continually referred to as “nabutas” which over the
time gradually evolved into “Navotas”, which literally means “pierced through”
in the English language.

The original name bestowed to the place in its early history, when it was still part
of Malabon, was San Jose de Navotas, in honor of its patron saint, San Jose. In
1827, the principales of San Jose de Navotas and Bangkulasi petitioned the
Spanish government for the consolidation and separation of their barrios from
Malabon, to form a new town. This action was precipitated by the difficulty
encountered by the townsfolk of these two barrios in transacting business, and
attending the church due to the physical separation brought by the Navotas
River. The petition did not meet with success until three decades later when in
February 16, 1859, as evidenced by existing documents; the barrios of San Jose
de Navotas, and Bangkulasi, were separated from Malabon.
Eventually, the Royal Audiencia promulgated the “Superior Decreto” on June
11, 1859, which provided for the establishment of a new parish with a church
and parochial school for the benefit of the town of Navotas and its barrios, at that
time of which were comprised of San Jose, Tangos, Bangkulasi, and Tanza.

Navotas was incorporated into the newly created Province of Rizal on June 11,
1901 through the enactment of Philippine Commission Act No. 137. However,
pursuant to its policy of economy and centralization, the Philippine Commission
again merged Malabon and Navotas through Act No. 942, designating the seat of
government to Malabon.

Years ago, the town of Navotas was not known by its present name for it was
only considered as part of Malabon. The place appeared to be a long and narrow
delta, with a thick line of pandan leaves which grew abundantly, extending from
north to south along the seashore.

It was believed that long ago, the town was not entirely surrounded by water. Old
folks assumed that the layer of land between the former district of Tondo, Manila
and this town was probably soft and weak, such that the turbulent waters of the
bay gradually eroded this portion of the land, until an opening was made. Soon,
seawater began to flow through its opening especially during high tide. At low
tide, the waters from inland flowed out into the sea. This geographical change
prompted the people to refer to the place as “nabutas” which means breached or
pierced through. This developed into a regular waterway, now known as the
Navotas River. In later years, the whole place came to be known as Navotas.

1.3 The Primary Source Hypothesis Writings

At the boundary of Metro Manila with Obando Bulacan along Manila Bay, lies
an island-city known for its fish port that supplies most of the sea produce of the
metropolis. But aside from being Manila’s fish capital, the City of Navotas, to
many Manileños is unfamiliar, and oftentimes terra incognita.
Navotas is the north-westernmost city of Metro Manila. The name Navotas
literally means “breached”. Oral traditions say that the town was once connected
to the mainland of Tondo but seawater eroded the land mass, thus forming a river
that breached it to become a completely separate island - in Tagalog, “nabutas”.
Navotas was once two separate barrios - Bangkulasi and San José sitting on the
northern and southern ends of the said island. The earliest record of Navotas
being a distinct entity was in 1575 when it was mentioned as a visita of Tondo.
When Tambobong (present-day Malabon City) was separated from Tondo in
1614, Navotas was made into its visita.
As early as 1827, the principalias residing in Navotas island already moved for
their separation from Tambobong. The plan was shelved twice until on 11 June
1859, they were eventually granted permission by the Real Audiencia to separate
 from their mother town and consolidate as San Jose de Navotas in honor of its
patron saint. Every 19 March Navotas celebrates its town fiesta. Pueblo de
Navotas also includes the island of Tanza to the north. The main reason cited
was the inconvenience of crossing the river on a regular basis to transact
business and attend church in Malabon. Navotas was developed by the Pascual
Family into one of the earliest real estate suburban community of the rich in the
late 19th century, back when Binondo was still the central business district.
Elegant mansions lined the rivers of Malabon and Navotas, and evoked a sense
of grandeur similar to the palazzos along the canals of Venice. Traffic relied
heavily on bancas and each mansion had waterway accesses in their backyards.
The rivers were so clean that one could see clearly the bottom of the river when
riding a banca from Tondo and Binondo going to Navotas. Its town church
dating from the late 19th century is massive, probably one of the largest in the
province of Manila at that time.
Navotas was again consolidated with Malabon in 1904 but regained its municipal
status a year after. It was included in the original towns of the Province of Rizal,
and eventually carved out of Rizal in 1975 to form part of Metro Manila. In
2007, Navotas became a chartered city.
Aside from the predominant fishing industry since time immemorial, Navotas
also had a tannery that supplied leather to the shoe industry of Mariquina, as well
as a sugar refinery. Its historic wealth was derived from the early days of real
estate boom which had been brought by the businesses in Binondo. With the shift
of the economic center from Binondo to Makati, and the sinking of land which
brought perennial flooding, Navotas greatly deteriorated. The once-pristine river
turned into a filthy waterway, and the grand old mansions, some half-buried, but
most had now disappeared. Urbanization completely changed the face of
Navotas, leaving the fish port as the major economic contributor.

1 . 4 . Angat - Ipo - Lamesa Dam and the Novaliches Watershed

( 1904 )
1.2 The Survey of the Primary Source of History

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Mesa_Dam_and_Reservoir

The La Mesa Dam was constructed in 1929 during the United States administration of
the Philippines. Sometime between 1920 and 1926. The La Mesa was built in
Novaliches, which was then still part of the municipality of Caloocan due to the
sloping topography of the watershed area from Bulacan. The La Mesa dam later
became part of a larger dam system with the opening of the Ipo
Dam in Norzagaray, Bulacan in 1936, the Angat Dam in the same locale in 1967. The
three dams formed part of the Angat-Ipo-La Mesa water system

1.3 The Primary Source Hypothesis Writings

The La Mesa Dam and Reservoir is an earth dam in Quezon City, Philippines The La Mesa Dam is
part of the Angat-Ipo-La Mesa water system which supplies water to the population of Metro Manila and surrounding
provinces. La Mesa Dam's critical level is pegged at 69 meters above sea level.

The La Mesa Dam was raised in 1959 to increase the reservoir's maximum capacity to
its current level

1 . 5 . La Intendencia
( Aduana )
( Custom House, Intramurous, Manila )
( 1822 )

On April 3, 1823, the cornerstone for the building which will later be known
as the Intendencia (La Aduana) de Manila in Intramuros, Manila, was
placed.
On June 3, 1863, it was destroyed by an earthquake.

Reconstructed in 1874, it served as the first Office of the Archives. In 1916,

the Intendencia became the first home of the Philippine Senate.
It was damaged during the Japanese occupation and restored again after the
liberation of Manila, later housing the National Treasury, Central Bank of
the Philippines and the Commission on Elections.
The building was destroyed in a fire in 1979, reducing it to ruins and plans
to restore it have been underway since then

Read more: https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/979664/did-you-know-what-is-la-
intendencia-de-manila#ixzz6vhRMa7hQ
Follow us: @inquirerdotnet on Twitter | inquirerdotnet on Facebook1 .6 .
Fort San Antonio Abad
( Fuerte de San Antonio Abad )
( 1584 )

1 . 7. Fort Drum
( El Fraile Island )
( Manila Bay Concrete Battleship, Cavite )
( 1898 )

1 . 8 .Museo Biblioteca de Filipinas

( The National Library of the Philippines )
( 1891 )

1 . 9 . Escuela de Artes y Olificios de Bacolor

( Don Honorio Ventura State University, Bacolor Pampanga )
( 1861 )
 1 . 10 . Case De Moneda de Manila
( Manila Mint )
( 1857 )

1 . 11. Hotel de Oriente 1889 Binondo