Acoustic Enclosure Design VAC - Web - Meeting

April 8, 2021
Design of Acoustic Enclosures

David Herrin
University of Kentucky
Vibro-Acoustics Consortium
April 8, 2021
Overview
• Introduction
• Sound transmission through panels
• Sound transmission through leaks
• Baffle silencers
• Rudimentary equations for enclosure design
• Numerical simulation of partial enclosures
Vibro-Acoustics Consortium 2
April 8, 2021
Partial Enclosure
Leaks
Treated Opening
Enclosure Wall
Source
Structureborne flanking
April 8, 2021
Source Path Receiver Map

Airborne Indirect Path
Engine Engine Enclosure
surface Compartment Panels
Airborne Direct Path

Engine Engine
Openings
surface Compartment
Baffle
Outlet
Structureborne Path
Engine Enclosure Enclosure Exterior
Isolators Base Panels air
Mounts Isolation
Airborne Exhaust Path

Engine
Muffler
Exhaust
April 8, 2021
Overview
• Introduction
Beranek, 1960 April 8, 2021
Sound Transmission Through Thin Panel
April 8, 2021
Region 1 Resonance Controlled
Below 1st Panel Resonance

• The response is determined by the
panel’s static stiffness.
• Higher stiffness, higher transmission
loss.
At and Above 1st Panel Resonance

• The response is determined by the
resonant modes.
April 8, 2021
1st Panel Resonance
For simply-supported rectangular panel:
𝜋 𝐸ℎ 𝑛 𝑛
𝑓 𝑛 ,𝑛
2 12𝜌 𝐿 𝐿 𝑦
where:
𝐸 Young’s modulus 𝐿
ℎ plate thickness
𝜌 density
𝑛 𝑥 mode index 𝑥
𝑛 𝑦 mode index 𝐿
𝐿 plate width in 𝑥 direction
𝐿 plate width in 𝑦 direction
April 8, 2021
Panel Resonances
First 4 modes of a 30 inch square steel plate which is 1/8 inch thick.
Index 𝑛 1, 𝑛 1 𝑛 2, 𝑛 1
Mode
shape
If possible, avoid first
several resonances in the
frequency range of
Frequency 25.5 Hz 63.7 Hz interest.
Index 𝑛 2𝑛 2 𝑛 1, 𝑛 3
Mode
shape
Frequency 101.9 Hz 127.4 Hz
April 8, 2021
Region 2 Limp Panel Theory
Assumption:
• Panel is homogeneous
• Stiffness and damping ignored – mass only
Incident 𝐴𝑒 Panel velocity
𝐵𝑒
Reflected
𝐶𝑒 Transmitted
Radiated 𝐶′𝑒
x=0
April 8, 2021
Normal Incidence Transmission Loss
Define τ transmission coefficient:

𝐼 𝐶 ⁄𝜌 𝑐 𝐶 1 1
𝜏
𝐴𝑒 𝐼 𝐴 ⁄𝜌 𝑐 𝐴 1 𝜔𝜌 /2𝜌 𝑐 𝜔𝜌 /2𝜌 𝑐
𝐵𝑒 where:
𝐶𝑒
𝜌 𝑚/𝑆 Panel surface density
𝐶′𝑒
1
𝑇𝐿 10 log 20 log 𝜌 𝑓 42 dB
𝜏
x=0 Mass Law: Higher surface density, higher TL.
Ver and Beranek, 2005 April 8, 2021
Oblique Incident Sound Transmission

Diffusive sound field: plane waves of the same average intensity travelling
with equal probability in all directions.
𝜏 𝜑 cos 𝜑 sin 𝜑 𝑑𝜑
𝜏̅
𝜏 𝜏 𝜑 cos 𝜑 sin 𝜑 𝑑𝜑
For field incidence (better agreement with measurement) 𝜑 78°
𝑇𝐿 𝑇𝐿 5.5 dB 1/3 octave bands
𝑇𝐿 𝑇𝐿 4.0 dB octave bands
April 8, 2021
Field Incidence
Theoretical sound transmission loss of large panels for frequencies

in Region 2:
Region 3 Coincidence Effect
This pronounced dip in transmission loss curve

occurs when the wavelength of sound in the air
coincides with the structural wavelength. This
frequency is called critical frequency.
𝑐 𝜌
𝑓
2𝜋 𝐷
where:
𝜌 𝑚/𝑆 Panel surface density
𝐸ℎ
𝐷 Bending stiffness of plate
12 1 𝑣
April 8, 2021
Radiation Efficiency
In thin plates, the dominating vibration

will be bending vibration. Unlike an
acoustic wave, bending wave speed
is dependent on frequency.
0.35
Sound in the air
0.3
Plate bending 0.20’’ steel plate
0.25 0.15’’ steel plate
Wavelength(m)
𝐷𝜔 0.10’’ steel plate
2𝜋 𝐷
𝑐 𝜆 0.2
𝜌 𝑓 𝜌
0.15
Sound in air 0.1
0.05
𝑐
𝜆
𝑓 0
1000 3000 5000 7000 9000
Frequency(Hz)
April 8, 2021
𝜆 ≪𝜆 Δ𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 0 𝜆 𝜆 Δ𝑙 ≫ 0
The plate will perform like

closely distributed out-of-
phase sources.
𝑙 𝑙
𝑙 𝑙
++ ++ ++ ++ + + + +
- - - - - - - -
Wallace, 1972 April 8, 2021
Define radiation efficiency:
𝑊
𝜎
𝜌𝑐𝑆 𝑣
𝜎
where:
𝑊 Actual sound power radiated
𝑣 Mean square normal velocity
𝑆 Panel area
Around and above critical frequency, the

thin panels are very efficient radiators.
𝜆
𝜆
Sharp, 1973 April 8, 2021
Effect of Thickness
Increase TL according to Mass Law
𝑇𝐿 20 log 𝜌𝑓 42 ℎ
Shift critical frequency above range of interest
𝑐 12 1 𝑣 𝜌
𝑓 ℎ
2𝜋 𝐸ℎ
Poses a dilemma due to inconsistent requirement.
Sharp, 1973 April 8, 2021
Various Designs
Laminated Panels
Single 1-inch and two 1/2-inch spot laminated sheets of

gypsum board
Wallin, Carlsson, Abom, Boden, and Glav, 2001 April 8, 2021
Double Panels
Fundamental resonant frequency:

1 𝜌 𝑐 𝜌 𝜌
𝑓 𝜌
3 2𝜋 𝜌 𝑑 𝜌 𝜌
1 𝑓 2 𝑓
𝑓
Cavity resonant frequency:
𝑐
𝑓
𝑓 2𝑑
𝑑
𝑐 𝑛𝑐
𝑓 ⋯⋯⋯𝑓
𝑑 2𝑑
𝑐 𝑓
𝑓
2𝜋𝑑 𝜋
April 8, 2021
Overview
• Introduction
April 8, 2021
For Composite Panels

For each part of the panel
1 2𝜌𝑐𝑆 𝜌𝑐
𝜏
𝜔𝑚 𝜔𝑚 𝜋𝑓𝜌
1
2𝜌 𝑐𝑆
For composite panels

∑𝜏 𝑆
𝜏
𝑆
Transmission loss
1
𝑇𝐿 10 log
𝜏
April 8, 2021
Transmission Loss of a Composite Panel
𝑛 𝑆 𝑇𝐿 𝜏
1 2 20 0.01
2 2 10 0.1
1
𝜏 0.01 ⋅ 2 0.1 ⋅ 2 0.055
4 𝑆
1
𝑇𝐿 10 log 12.6 dB 𝑆
0.055
Bies, Hansen, and Howard (2018) April 8, 2021
Transmission Loss of a Composite Panel
20
Assume 𝜏 1 18
1 % hole area
2 % hole area
for openings. 16 5 % hole area
10 % hole area
14
20 % hole area
TL with holes (dB)
12
10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
TL w ith no holes (dB)
Mechel (1986) April 8, 2021
Transmission Loss of Slits

For 𝑘𝑤 0.5
Slit in the center of a wall

2𝑤
𝜏
𝑘𝑙
Slit on edge of wall

4𝑤
𝜏
𝑘𝑙
𝑤 width or height of slit (use 1.2 mm for doors with no seals)
𝑙 depth of the slit
𝑘 wavenumber
April 8, 2021
Treatment with Ventilation Openings
Untreated Treated
April 8, 2021
Overview
• Introduction
Wallin, Carlsson, Abom, Boden, and Glav, 2001 April 8, 2021
Baffle Silencers Examples
Low frequencies
Thick absorbent High frequencies Both low and high frequencies
Large air gap Thin absorbent Thick absorbent
Small air gap Small air gap
April 8, 2021
Absorption materials Flow Resistivity σ
In theory, the dissipated power (𝑊 ) is

Resistive
Screen a maximum when 𝜎 𝑡 2𝜌𝑐. A general
rule of thumb is that a sound absorber
𝑊 𝑊 will be effective when 𝜎 𝑡 𝑛𝜌𝑐 where 𝑛
is on the order of 2. This assumes that
𝑊 𝑊 the acoustic resistance is equal to the
static flow resistance.
𝜎𝑡
2
Absorption Coefficient
𝜌𝑐
Flow Resistivity
April 8, 2021
Baffle Silencers Design Parameters
𝑙
𝐼𝐿 Δ𝐿 𝐿
2ℎ ℎ
∆LENT Entrance loss

Lh Normalized attenuation
2𝑑 𝑑
April 8, 2021
Baffle Silencers Entrance Loss
Δ𝐿 , dB
2ℎ⁄𝜆
The entrance loss is high when the air gap is comparable to a wavelength.
Baffle Silencers Normalized Attenuation Lh
Normalized flow resistivity:
𝜎𝑑
𝑅
𝜌𝑐
The normalized attenuation Lh
has been computed for various
percentage of open area of
silencer cross section and for
various values of the normalized
flow resistivity of absorption
materials in the baffles.
April 8, 2021
Overview
• Introduction
Sealed Enclosure
𝑆 1 𝛼
𝐿 𝐿 𝑇𝐿 10 log 𝑆 10 log 0.3
𝑆𝛼
𝐿 sound power of the source (dB)
𝑆 external surface area
𝑆 internal surface area
𝛼 average sound absorption
Sealed Enclosure (Simplified Equation)
𝐿 𝐿 𝑇𝐿 10 log 𝑆 𝐶
Partial Enclosures (2 inch lining)
April 8, 2021
Partial Enclosure Insertion Loss
Ω
𝐼𝐿 10 log 1 𝛼 1 dB
Ω
𝛼 average sound absorption

𝑆
Ω solid angle of enclosure
𝑟
𝑆
Ω solid angle of enclosure opening
𝑟
𝑟 average distance from source center to enclosure
𝑟 distance from source center to opening center
April 8, 2021
Overview
• Introduction
April 8, 2021
Test Case
Left Top
• 0.48 x 0.48 x 0.66 m3

• Opening of radius 0.051 m
• Top and left panels (1 mm thick steel)
• All other panels (2 mm thick steel)
April 8, 2021
Measurement Setup
Sound Absorption Material
Wood Blocks Opening Area
April 8, 2021
Enclosure Modes
𝑐 𝑙 𝑚 𝑛
𝑓 l, m, n = 0, 1, 2, 3 …N
2 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿
𝑓, , 260 Hz 𝑓, , 519 Hz
April 8, 2021
Indirect BEM
Field Point Mesh
Impedance
Symmetry Plane
April 8, 2021
Modeling Approach Impedance
0.50
Measured
Wu Model
Empirical model provides a more

Absorption Coefficient
reasonable estimate of the sound

0.25
absorption at low frequencies.
0.00
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Frequency (Hz)
April 8, 2021
Modeling Approach Source Geometry
Source
Geometry
April 8, 2021
Modeling Approach Source Geometry

45
30
Insertion Loss (dB)
15
-15 Measurement
Simulation (No Source Geometry)

-30
Simulation (Source Geometry)
-45
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Frequency (Hz)
April 8, 2021
Modeling Approach Panel Absorption
Add low absorption

to panels
April 8, 2021
Modeling Approach Panel Absorption

45
30
Insertion Loss (dB)
15
-15
Measurement
Simulation (No Low Absorption)
-30
Simulation (Low Absorption)
-45
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Frequency (Hz)
April 8, 2021
Modeling Approach Coupling
Vibrating Plate
April 8, 2021
Modeling Approach Coupling

45
30
Insertion Loss (dB)
15
Measurement
-15
Simulation (No Coupling)
Simulation (Coupling)
-30
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Frequency (Hz)
April 8, 2021
Validation Test Two Openings
Additional Opening Original Opening
April 8, 2021
Validation Test Two Openings
Absorbent Material
Two Openings
Field Point Mesh
Ground
April 8, 2021
Validation Test Increased Open Area

40
20
Insertion Loss (dB)
Measurement
Simulation
-20
-40
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Frequency (Hz)
April 8, 2021
References
1. D. A. Bies, C. H. Hansen, and C. Q. Howard (2018). Engineering
Noise Control. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
2. Ver, I. L., and Beranek, L. L. (2005). Noise and Vibration Control
Engineering: Principles and Applications. John Wiley and Sons.
3. Sharp, B. H. (1973). A study of techniques to increase the sound
insulation of building elements. U.S. Department of Commerce,
National Technical Information Service (NTIS).
4. Zhou, L., Carter, A. E., Herrin, D. W., Shi, J., and Copley, D. C.
(2011). “Airborne Path Attenuation of Partial Enclosures: Simulation
and Sensitivity Study,” Applied Acoustics, Vol. 72, pp. 380-386.

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April 8, 2021

Design of Acoustic Enclosures

Source Path Receiver Map

Airborne Direct Path

Airborne Exhaust Path

Sound Transmission Through Thin Panel

Region 1 Resonance Controlled

Below 1st Panel Resonance

At and Above 1st Panel Resonance

1st Panel Resonance

For simply-supported rectangular panel:

Frequency 101.9 Hz 127.4 Hz

Region 2 Limp Panel Theory

Incident 𝐴𝑒 Panel velocity

Normal Incidence Transmission Loss

Define τ transmission coefficient:

x=0 Mass Law: Higher surface density, higher TL.

Oblique Incident Sound Transmission

For field incidence (better agreement with measurement) 𝜑 78°

𝑇𝐿 𝑇𝐿 5.5 dB 1/3 octave bands

𝑇𝐿 𝑇𝐿 4.0 dB octave bands

Theoretical sound transmission loss of large panels for frequencies

Region 3 Coincidence Effect

This pronounced dip in transmission loss curve

In thin plates, the dominating vibration

Sound in air 0.1

The plate will perform like

Define radiation efficiency:

Around and above critical frequency, the

Increase TL according to Mass Law

Shift critical frequency above range of interest

Poses a dilemma due to inconsistent requirement.

Single 1-inch and two 1/2-inch spot laminated sheets of

Fundamental resonant frequency:

For Composite Panels

For composite panels

Transmission Loss of a Composite Panel

Transmission Loss of a Composite Panel

Transmission Loss of Slits

Slit in the center of a wall

Slit on edge of wall

Treatment with Ventilation Openings

Baffle Silencers Examples

Absorption materials Flow Resistivity σ

In theory, the dissipated power (𝑊 ) is

Baffle Silencers Design Parameters

∆LENT Entrance loss

Baffle Silencers Entrance Loss

Baffle Silencers Normalized Attenuation Lh

Normalized flow resistivity:

𝐿 sound power of the source (dB)

𝑆 external surface area

𝑆 internal surface area

𝛼 average sound absorption

Sealed Enclosure (Simplified Equation)

Partial Enclosures (2 inch lining)

Partial Enclosure Insertion Loss

𝛼 average sound absorption

• 0.48 x 0.48 x 0.66 m3

Sound Absorption Material

Wood Blocks Opening Area

Field Point Mesh

Modeling Approach Impedance