05 VAC Impedance Tube Measurements

June 11, 2020
Impedance Tube Measurements

Vibro-Acoustics Consortium Web Meeting
University of Kentucky
Vibro-Acoustics Consortium
Plane Waves in a Pipe
Daniel Russell, Penn State University
https://www.acs.psu.edu/drussell/Demos/waves‐intro/waves‐intro.html
For a pipe, the cutoff frequency is defined as:

𝑐
𝑓
1.71𝑑
Vibro-Acoustics Consortium 2
Plane Waves in a Pipe
Daniel Russell, Penn State University
https://www.acs.psu.edu/drussell/Demos/superposition/superposition.html
Part 1 Measurement of Sound Impedance
ASTM E1050-95 (ISO 10534-2) Test Method
microphones
Transfer function
driver (loudspeaker) sample
Coordinate System and Microphone Locations
Sound source Material sample
Plane Wave Theory
Total sound pressure at any point in the tube:
𝑃 𝑥 𝑝 𝑒 𝑝 𝑒
+x traveling wave -x traveling wave
The transfer function between points 1 and 2:
𝑃 𝑥 𝑝 𝑒 𝑝 𝑒 𝑒 𝑅𝑒
𝐻
𝑃 𝑥 𝑝 𝑒 𝑝 𝑒 𝑒 𝑅𝑒
𝑝
𝑅 is the pressure reflection coefficient of the material
𝑝
Solving for Material Properties
𝑒 𝐻 𝑒
Solving for 𝑅: 𝑅
𝐻 𝑒 𝑒
Normalized specific boundary impedance:
𝑧 1 𝑅
𝜌𝑐 1 𝑅
Normal incident sound absorption
𝛼 1 𝑅
Two-Microphone Standards
1. ISO 10534-2, Acoustics-Determination of sound absorption coefficient

and impedance in impedance tubes - Part 2: Transfer-function method
2. ASTM E1050-10, Standard Test Method for Impedance and

Absorption of Acoustical Material Using a Tube, Two Microphones and
a Digital Frequency Analysis System
Sound Absorption Measurement
Sample holder
with rigid piston
Cutting with Rotating Blade
Inexpensive and accurate if kept

sharpened
Stanley, Internoise 2012
Stamping Press System
Used for low-density fibrous

materials Stanley, Internoise 2012
Water Jet Cutting
Expensive but
accurate
“Not so Good” and “Good” Specimens
Stanley, 2012 Specimen Preparation
• Face uniformly flush with cell lip

• Front surface even across lip of sample holder
• Extremely small (at most) and consistent gap between
specimen and sample holder
• No specimen compression in the holder
Variability of Melamine
6 Samples of 1.91 cm Melamine
1
0.8
Absorption Coefficient
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Frequency (Hz)
Variability Glass Fiber
8 Samples of 5 cm Glass Fiber
1
0.8
Sound Absorption
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Frequency (Hz)
Effect of Cutter Size
8 Samples of 1 inch thick 0.6 lbs/ft³ Melamine

1
0.8
0.6
0.4
1.375 inch Diameter cutter

0.2
1.360 inch Diameter Cutter
1.375 inch Diameter Cutter (with needles)
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Frequency (Hz)
Effect of Adding Needles
1.25 cm thick Melamine
0.8
0.6
0.4 Original
3 needles
6 needles
0.2 12 needles
20 needles
25 needles
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Frequency (Hz)
Summary
“While the use of an impedance tube system to measure

acoustic absorption is not an extremely precise and
repeatable process due to unavoidable variations of
specimen cutting and cell fit, the disciplined use of the
guidelines stated in this paper will help to insure that test
results maintain a consistent level of accuracy and validity.
The experience gained with repeated preparation and
testing will also contribute to a better feel for more subtle
aspects of preparation and specimen fitting for testing.”
Part 2 Determination of Bulk Properties
• Determining the bulk properties

 Complex wave number and characteristic impedance
 Complex speed of sound and density
• Bulk properties are used
 For designing layered absorbers
 In FEM and BEM models
Porous Absorbers Property Determination
L 𝜔
𝑘 𝑧 𝜌 𝑐′
𝑧 𝑐
𝑘 and 𝑧 𝑝 Determination of Sound Absorption
𝑝
𝑢
𝑢
𝑝 cos 𝑘 𝐿 𝑗𝑧 sin 𝑘 𝐿 𝑝
𝑢 𝑗/𝑧 sin 𝑘 𝐿 cos 𝑘 𝐿 𝑢
𝑝
𝑧 𝑗𝑧 cot 𝑘 𝐿
𝑢
𝑧 𝜌𝑐
𝑅
𝑧 𝜌𝑐
𝛼 1 𝑅
Porous Absorbers Layered
𝑇 𝑇
𝑇 𝑇 𝑇 𝑇 ... 𝑇
𝑇 𝑇 𝑧
…
𝑇
𝑧 Incident sound
𝑇
𝑧 𝜌𝑐
𝑅
𝑧 𝜌𝑐
𝛼 1 𝑅
Overview of Approaches
 Two load method ASTM E 1050

Direct
 Two cavity method Utsuno, 1989
Measurement  Three microphone method Iwase et al., 1998
Find bulk properties from

Measure Flow
measured flow resistivity
Resistance Wu, 1988; Mechel et al., 2002
Curve fit to find flow resistivity Find bulk properties from

based on empirical equations measured flow resistivity
Simón et al., 2006 Wu, 1988; Mechel et al., 2002
Measure Sound
Absorption
Curve fit to find Biot Find bulk properties from fitted
parameters based on theory Biot parameters
Allard, J. F., 1999
Why Two-Loads?
1 2 3 4
Load 𝑎
𝐴 𝐶 Load 𝑏
𝐵 𝐷
𝑝 𝑇 𝑇 𝑝
𝑢 𝑇 𝑇 𝑢
ASTM E2611-09
Two-Load Method
1 2 3 4
𝑥 0
Load 𝑎
𝐴 𝐶 Load 𝑏
𝐵 𝐷
𝑠 𝑙 𝑑 𝑠
For each load: 𝑙
𝐻 , 𝑒 𝐻, 𝑒 𝐻 , 𝑒 𝐻 , 𝑒
𝐴 𝑗 𝐶 𝑗
2 sin 𝑘 𝑠 2 sin 𝑘 𝑠
𝐻 , 𝑒 𝐻 , 𝑒 𝐻 , 𝑒 𝐻, 𝑒
𝐵 𝑗 𝐷 𝑗
2 sin 𝑘 𝑠 2 sin 𝑘 𝑠
ASTM E2611-09
Transmission Loss Measurement

Pressures and particle velocities at two ends of the sample:
𝑝 𝐴 𝐵 𝑝 𝐶𝑒 𝐷𝑒
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶𝑒 𝐷𝑒
𝑢 𝑢
𝜌𝑐 𝜌𝑐
Four-pole matrix (subscripts 𝑎 and 𝑏 indicate acoustic loads)
𝑝 𝑢 𝑝 𝑢 𝑝 𝑝 𝑝 𝑝
𝑝 𝑢 𝑝 𝑢 𝑝 𝑢 𝑝 𝑢
𝑇 𝑢 𝑢 𝑢 𝑢 𝑝 𝑢 𝑝 𝑢
𝑝 𝑢 𝑝 𝑢 𝑝 𝑢 𝑝 𝑢
1 𝑇
𝑇𝐿 20 log 𝑇 𝜌𝑐𝑇 𝑇
2 𝜌𝑐
ASTM E2611-09
Two Loads
1
Load A
0.8
0.6
0.4
Load B
0.2
Load A Load B
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Frequency (Hz)
Load A: Open tube. Load B: 10 cm sound absorbing material.
ASTM E2611-09
Two Load Method
cos 𝑘 𝑑 𝑗𝑧 sin 𝑘 𝑑
𝑇 𝑇
𝑗 sin 𝑘 𝑑
𝑇 𝑇 cos 𝑘 𝑑
𝑧
𝑇
𝑧
𝑇
𝑇
𝑘 𝑑 arctan
𝑗𝑇 𝑧
Utsuno,1989
Two Cavity Method
Microphones
Loudspeaker 𝑑 𝐿
Piston
Cavity 1
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧
𝑧
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧
Impedance tube 𝑧 𝑧
𝑑 𝐿
1 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧
Cavity 2 𝑘 ln
2𝑗𝑑 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧
𝑧 𝑧
Iwase et al., 1998
Three Microphone Method
Microphones Sample
1 2 Rigid End
A
B
3
Loudspeaker s L d
x
x=0
Iwase et al., 1998
Reflection coefficient:
𝑒 𝐻
𝑅 𝑒
𝐻 𝑒
Sample Rigid end

Microphones
1 2
Speaker 𝑠 𝐿 𝑑
𝑥
𝑥 0
Iwase et al., 1998
The complex wave number of the sample is:
1 1 𝑅
𝑘 arccos 𝐻
𝑑 𝑒 𝑅𝑒
The characteristic impedance of the sample is:
1 𝑅
𝑧 𝑗𝑧 tan 𝑘 𝑑
1 𝑅
2.5 cm Melamine Bulk Properties
6 120
Three Microphone (Re)
Three Microphone (Im)
Complex Wave Number (1/m)

4 Two Cavity (Re)
Characteristic Impedamce
Two Cavity (Im) 80

Two Load (Re)
2 Two Load (Im)
Three Microphone (Re)
40 Three Microphone (Im)
0 Two Cavity (Re)
Two Cavity (Im)
0 Two Load (Re)
-2 Two Load (Im)
-4 -40
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz)
Melamine Sound Absorption Coefficient
2.5 cm Melamine Foam

1
0.8
0.6
0.4
Two Load
0.2 Two Cavity
Three Microphone
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Frequency (Hz)
Melamine Transmission Loss
2.5 cm Melamine Foam

10
Two Load
8 Two Cavity
Transmission Loss (dB)
Three Microphone
6
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Frequency (Hz)
 Two load method ASTM E 1050

Direct
Measurement  Three microphone method Iwase et.al., 1998

Measure Flow

Measure Sound
Absorption
Curve fit to find Biot Find bulk properties from fitted
parameters based on theory Biot parameters
Allard, J. F., 1999
Wu, 1988; Mechel et al., 2002
Measure Flow Resistance
Measure
Flow Resistivity Using
ASTM C522
Flow resistance:
Sample Δ𝑃
(thickness 𝑡) Δ𝑃
𝑟 Plug into Empirical Models
𝑢
See Sound Absorptive
𝑢 Material Webinar
Flow resistivity:
𝑟
Vacuum source
σ
𝑡
 Two load method ASTM E1050

Direct
Measurement  Three microphone method Iwase et al., 1998

Measure Flow

Measure Sound
Absorption
Find bulk properties from fitted
Curve fit to find Biot
Biot parameters
parameters based on theory
Allard, J. F., 1999
Simon et al., 2006; Allard, J. F., 1999
Curve Fitting Methods
Measure sound Measure sound

absorption coefficient absorption coefficient
Minimize least squares Minimize least squares

error with respect to error with respect to
empirical equations analytical equations
Flow Resistivity Biot Parameters
Plug into empirical models Plug into theoretical model

Wu (1988) or Mechel et al. (2002) Johnson-Champoux-Allard model
2.5 cm Melamine Bulk Properties
6
Wu (Im) Flow Resistivity (Im) 120
Measured Wu (Re) Flow Resistivity (Re)
Measured
Wu (Re) Flow Resistivity (Re)
Measured Wu (Im) Flow Resistivity (Im)
Measured
Complex Wave Number (1/m)

4 Simon (Re)
LS Curve Fit Flow Resistivity (Re) 90
Characteristic Impedance
Simon
LS (Re)
Curve Fit Flow Resistivity (Re)
LS Curve
Simon (Im)Fit Flow Resistivity (Im) Simon
LS (Im)
Curve Fit Flow Resistivity (Im)
LS Curve Fit Biot Parameters
Johnson-Champoux-Allard (Re)
(Re) LS Curve Fit Biot Parameters(Re)
(Re)
60 Johnson-Champoux-Allard
2 LS Curve Fit Biot Parameters(Im)
Johnson-Champoux-Allard (Im) LS Curve Fit JCA Parameters (Im)
Johnson-Champoux-Allard (Im)
30
0
0
-2
-30
-4 -60
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Measured 12,100 Rayls/m

Simón Curve Fitting 11,400 Rayls/m
40
Summary
• Compared the various methods for determining the

bulk properties of sound absorbers.
• Curve fitting approaches are adequate for common
sound absorbing materials.
Part 3 Covers and Adhesives
• How do adhesives and covers between sound absorbing layers affect

the overall performance?
• How can we determine the acoustic properties of an adhesive or a
cover?
Melamine Effect of Adhesives
1.8 cm thick 9.6 kg/m3 Melamine Foam

1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.0 g 0.2 g
0.3 g 0.4 g
0.2 0.5 g 0.6 g
0.7 g 0.8 g
0.9 g 1.0 g
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Frequency (Hz)
Fiber Effect of Adhesives
2.5 cm thick 19.2 kg/m3 Fiber

1
0.1
0.0 g 0.2 g
0.3 g 0.4 g
0.5 g 0.6 g
0.7 g 0.8 g
0.9 g 1.0 g
0.01
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Frequency (Hz)
Transfer Impedance
A transfer impedance is commonly used to model perforates, covers

and source impedance. Particle velocity is assumed to be continuous
across the layer.
𝑝 𝑝
𝑧
𝑢
𝑢 𝑢 𝑢
p1 p2
Wu, 2003
Transfer Impedance Measurement

Measurement of perforates or fabrics
Layer Foam
𝑝
𝑧
𝑢
Foam
𝑝
𝑧
𝑢
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧
Transfer Impedance Measurement
Measurement of adhesive layer or bonded cover
Layer Foam
𝑝
𝑧
𝑢
Foam
𝑝
𝑧
𝑢
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧
Transfer Impedance Glue
1 3
0.2 g (Re) 0.3 g (Re) 0.2 g (Im) 0.3 g (Im)
0.4 g (Re) 0.5 g (Re) 0.4 g (Im) 0.5 g (Im)
0.8 0.6 g (Im) 0.7 g (Im)
Transfer Impedance (Re)
0.6 g (Re) 0.7 g (Re)
Transfer Impedance (Im)

0.8 g (Im) 0.9 g (Im)
0.8 g (Re) 0.9 g (Re) 2
1.0 g (Im)
0.6 1.0 g (Re)
0.4
1
0.2
0 0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
0.6 g of Glue Effect of Different Substrate
1.5 5.0
Transfer Impedance Im)

Melamine 4.0 Fiber
1.0 Polyester Melamine
3.0
Fiber Polyester
2.0
0.5
1.0
0.0 0.0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Effect of Covers
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
Fiber with Cover
0.2
Fiber Only
0.0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Frequency (Hz)
50
Measurement Transfer Impedance
5.0 Cover
Foam
4.0 Resistance
Transfer Impedance
𝑝
𝑧
𝑢
Reactance
3.0
Foam
2.0 Cover
𝑝
𝑧
1.0 𝑢
0.0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Frequency (Hz) 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧
Test Case 1
Two Layers of Foam Bonded with Adhesive

1
Glue
0.8
0.6
0.4
Predicted using Transfer Impedance
0.2 Measured with Glue
1 in 2 in
Measured without Glue
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Frequency (Hz)
Melamine Foam
Test Case 2
0.8
Cover
Fiber 0.6
0.4
Transfer Matrix Method

0.2 Measured with cover
Measured no cover
1.6 in 0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Frequency (Hz)
Test Case 3
Top Cover
Cover Glue
Foam
Foam Fiber Glue
Fiber
1 in 1 in
Test Case 3
Top Cover Transfer Impedance Top Cover + Foam Layer
5 1

4 0.8
Transfer Impedance
Transfer Impedance (Im)

3 0.6
2 0.4

1 0.2
Measured
0 0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Test Case 3
Glue Transfer Impedance Glue + Fiber Layer
2 1
Transfer Impedance (Im) 0.8

1.5
Transfer Impedance
0.6
1
0.4
0.5 Transfer Matrix Method

0.2
Measured
0 0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Test Case 3
0.8
Cover Glue
0.6
0.4
Foam Glass Fiber
0.2 Measured
0
1 in 1 in
0 1000 2000 3000
Frequency (Hz)
Summary
• Transfer impedance is determined using an impedance

difference approach.
• Demonstrated capability to predict properties of layered
absorbers.
Transmission Loss Standards
ASTM E2611-09, “Standard Test Method for Measurement of Normal Incidence

Sound Transmission of Acoustical Materials Based on the Transfer Matrix
Method,” American Society of Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, 2009.
This standard
• Is designed to measure TL of ‘soft’ barrier materials
• Is not specifically aimed at mufflers
• Only mentions the two-load method*
_______
* Also one-load method for uniform materials
Two-Load Method
Muffler
Loudspeaker 1 2 3 4
Load 1 Open
1 2 3 4
Load 2 Absorbing
material
To and Doige, 1979
Two-Source Method
Configuration A
Loudspeaker 1 2 3 4 arbitrary
Zr
Impedance tube
Muffler
Configuration B
1 2 3 4 Loudspeaker
Zr
Munjal and Doige, 1990
ASTM E2611-09
Transmission Loss Calculation
1 T12 
TL  20 log10  T11    cT21  T22 
2 c 
100
80 Two-source method
Transmission Loss (dB)
Two-load method
60
40
20
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Frequency (Hz)
Future Directions
• Develop a better method (or refine the approach) for

determining the transmission loss of hard samples in an
impedance tube.
• Explore best practices for cutting samples using the new
water jet cutter at the University of Kentucky.
References
• ASTM E1050-19, “Standard Test Method for Impedance and Absorption of Acoustical Materials
Using a Tube, Two Microphones, and a Digital Frequency Analysis System”, Philadelphia, 2019.
• ASTM C522-03, “Standard Test Method for Air Flow Resistance of Acoustical Materials,”
Philadelphia, 2003.
• ASTM E2611-19, “Standard Test Method for Measurement of Normal Incidence Sound
Transmission of Acoustical Materials Based on the Transfer Matrix Method,” Philadelphia, 2019.
• T. J. Cox and P. D’Antonio, Acoustic Absorbers and Diffusers: Theory, Design and Application,
3rd Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL (2017).
• W. L. Li, X. Hua, and D. W. Herrin, “A Survey of Methods for Determining the Bulk Properties of
Sound Absorbing Materials,” Noise-Con 2014, Fort Lauderdale, FL, September 8-10 (2014).
• W. L. Li, D. W. Herrin, and J. Haylett, “Measurement of the Transfer Impedance of Covers and
Adhesives with Application to Multi-Layer Design,” Noise-Con 2014, Fort Lauderdale, FL,
September 8-10 (2014).
• Y. Salissou and R. Panneton, “Wideband Characterization of the Complex Wave Number and
Characteristic Impedance of Sound Absorbers,” Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,
128(5), 2868-2876 (2010).
• T. W. Wu, C. Y. R. Cheng and Z. Tao, “Boundary Element Analysis of Packed Silencers with
Protective Cloth and Embedded Thin Surfaces,” Journal of Sound and Vibration, 261, 1-15 (2003).

05 VAC Impedance Tube Measurements

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05 VAC Impedance Tube Measurements

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June 11, 2020

Impedance Tube Measurements

For a pipe, the cutoff frequency is defined as:

ASTM E1050-95 (ISO 10534-2) Test Method

driver (loudspeaker) sample

Sound source Material sample

Total sound pressure at any point in the tube:

+x traveling wave -x traveling wave

The transfer function between points 1 and 2:

1. ISO 10534-2, Acoustics-Determination of sound absorption coefficient

2. ASTM E1050-10, Standard Test Method for Impedance and

Inexpensive and accurate if kept

Stanley, Internoise 2012

Used for low-density fibrous

Stanley, Internoise 2012

Stanley, Internoise 2012

• Face uniformly flush with cell lip

8 Samples of 1 inch thick 0.6 lbs/ft³ Melamine

1.375 inch Diameter cutter

“While the use of an impedance tube system to measure

• Determining the bulk properties

 Two load method ASTM E 1050

Find bulk properties from

Curve fit to find flow resistivity Find bulk properties from

Transmission Loss Measurement

Load A: Open tube. Load B: 10 cm sound absorbing material.

Two Load Method

Two Cavity Method

Three Microphone Method

Three Microphone Method

Sample Rigid end

Three Microphone Method

The complex wave number of the sample is:

The characteristic impedance of the sample is:

Complex Wave Number (1/m)

Two Cavity (Im) 80

2.5 cm Melamine Foam

2.5 cm Melamine Foam

 Two load method ASTM E 1050

Find bulk properties from

Curve fit to find flow resistivity Find bulk properties from

Measure Flow Resistance

 Two load method ASTM E1050

Find bulk properties from

Curve fit to find flow resistivity Find bulk properties from

Curve Fitting Methods

Measure sound Measure sound

Minimize least squares Minimize least squares

Flow Resistivity Biot Parameters

Plug into empirical models Plug into theoretical model

Complex Wave Number (1/m)

Measured 12,100 Rayls/m

• Compared the various methods for determining the

• How do adhesives and covers between sound absorbing layers affect

1.8 cm thick 9.6 kg/m3 Melamine Foam

2.5 cm thick 19.2 kg/m3 Fiber

A transfer impedance is commonly used to model perforates, covers

Transfer Impedance Measurement

0.6 g (Re) 0.7 g (Re)

Transfer Impedance (Im)

Transfer Impedance Im)

Two Layers of Foam Bonded with Adhesive

Transfer Matrix Method