نظرية لابلاس

‫ﳏﻮﻝ ﻻﺑﻼﺱ‬
‫*********************‬
‫‪ ٠١‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﳏﻮﻝ ﻻﺑﻼﺱ ﻭﺧﻮﺍﺻﻪ‬

‫ﻟﺘﻜﻦ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ )‪ f (x‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻍ ‪ . s ≥ 0‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻓﺮﺿﻨﺎ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ ‪ e − sx‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺗﺎﺑﻌـﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻐﲑ ‪ x‬ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳـﻴﻂ ‪ ، s‬ﺛـﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣـﻞ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟﻨـﺎﺗﺞ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴـﺒﺔ ﻝ ‪ x‬ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤـﺔ ‪ 0‬ﺇﱃ ∞ ﻭﻛـﺎﻥ ﻫـﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣـﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﳏﻮﻝ ﻻﺑﻼﺱ ﻟﻠﺪﺍﻟﺔ )‪ f (x‬ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ‪ s‬ﲟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻻﺑﻼﺱ ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ s > 0‬ﻭﻳﺮﻣﺰ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻛﺎﻵﺗﻲ‪ f (s ) :‬ﺃﻭ }) ‪ L{ f (t‬ﻭﻳﻜﺘﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ‬

‫∞‬
‫‪L{ f ( x)} = ∫ e − sx f ( x) dx‬‬ ‫)‪(١‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻘﺎﻝ ﺃﻥ ﳏﻮﻝ ﻻﺑﻼﺱ ﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺟﺪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺃﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣـﻞ ﻣﺘﺒﺎﻋـﺪﺍً ﻓﺈﻧﻨـﺎ ﻧﻘـﻮﻝ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﳏﻮﻝ ﻻﺑﻼﺱ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻻﺑﻼﺱ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻗـﻴﻢ ﻝ ‪ s‬ﲡﻌـﻞ ﲢﻮﻳـﻞ ﻻﺑـﻼﺱ ﻣﻌﺮﻓـﺎً ﻭﻣـﻦ ﺛـﻢ ﳝﻜـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﲤﺜﻞ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﶈـﻮﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﳏـﻮﻝ ﻻﺑـﻼﺱ ﻟﻘـﻴﻢ ‪ s‬ﺍﻟﺴـﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻏـﲑ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺟـﺪ ﻭﻛـﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﻨـﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺄﺧـﺬ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﺍﻝ‬
‫ﺃﻭﺿﺎﻋﺎً ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻤﺜﻼ‪ f (t ) = et ‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﶈﻮﻝ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺘﺒﺎﻋﺪ ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪. s‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﺎﺵ ﻧﺬﻛﺮ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣــﺆﺛﺮ ﳏــﻮﻝ ﻻﺑــﻼﺱ ﻫـﻮ ﻣــﺆﺛﺮ ﺧﻄــﻲ ﺃﻱ ﺍﻧــﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧــﺖ ﻟـﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﺍﻟــﺪﺍﻟﺘﲔ ) ‪ f (t ), g (t‬ﻭﻛــﺎﻥ ﳏــﻮﻝ ﻻﺑــﻼﺱ ﳍﻤــﺎ‬
‫}) ‪ L{ f (t )}, L{g (t‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﱰﺗﻴﺐ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻷﻱ ﻋﺪﺩﺍﻥ ‪ a , b ∈ F‬ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ F‬ﺣﻘﻞ ﺍﻷﻋﺪﺍﺩ‪.‬‬
‫}) ‪L{af (t ) + bg (t )} = aL{ f (t )} + bL{g (t‬‬ ‫)‪(٢‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﱪﻫﺎﻥ‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﳏﻮﻝ ﻻﺑﻼﺱ ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com‬‬

‫∞‬
‫‪L.H .S = L{af (t ) + bg (t )} = ∫ e − st {af (t ) + bg (t )}dt‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫∞‬ ‫∞‬
‫‪− st‬‬
‫‪= a∫e‬‬ ‫}) ‪f (t ) dt + b ∫ e − st g (t ) dt = aL{ f (t )} + bL{g (t‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺗﻜﺘﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻵﺗﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪ n‬‬
‫}) ‪L∑ a i fi (t )  = ∑ a i L{ fi (t‬‬ ‫)‪(٣‬‬
‫‪ i =1‬‬ ‫‪ i =1‬‬
‫‪ ٠٢‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﳏﻮﻝ ﻻﺑﻼﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺴﻲ‬

‫ﻟــﺘﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟــﺔ } ‪ L{ f‬ﺃﻭ ) ‪ f (s‬ﻫــﻲ ﳏ ـﻮﻝ ﻻﺑــﻼﺱ ﻟﻠﺪﺍﻟــﺔ ) ‪ f (t‬ﻭﻋﻠﻴــﻪ ﳝﻜــﻦ ﺍﻟﻘــﻮﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟــﺔ ) ‪f (t‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﲟﺤﻮﻝ ﻻﺑﻼﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﺪﺍﻟﺔ ) ‪ f (s‬ﻭﺗﻜﺘﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻵﺗﻲ‪:‬‬
‫})‪f (t ) = L−1{ f ( s‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﺘﻌﲔ ﺍﶈﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻛﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫∞‬
‫‪f ( s) = ∫ e − st f (t )dt‬‬ ‫)‪(٤‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﻡ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺣﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﳍﺎ ﺣﻼ‪ ‬ﻭﺣﻴﺪﺍً ﻓﺈﻧـﻪ‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻥ ﳏﻮﻝ ﻻﺑﻼﺱ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻛﺲ ﻟﻠﺪﺍﻟﺔ ) ‪ f (s‬ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻭﻫﻮ ) ‪. f (t‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﶈﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻛﺲ ﻳﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺑﺎﳋﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬

‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪ n‬‬
‫}) ‪L−1 ∑ bi fi ( s ) = ∑ bi L−1{ fi ( s‬‬ ‫)‪(٥‬‬
‫‪i =1‬‬ ‫‪ i =1‬‬
‫‪ ٠٣‬ﳏﻮﻝ ﻻﺑﻼﺱ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﻝ‬
‫ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺳﻨﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻨﺒﺎﻁ ﳏﻮﻝ ﻻﺑﻼﺱ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﻝ ﺍﳌﺸﻬﻮﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ‪ ، f (t ) = e at‬ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ a‬ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬
‫‪2‬‬

∞
∞
− st at
∞
− ( s − a )t  e− ( s − a )t 
L{e } = ∫ e e f (t ) dt = ∫ e
at
dt =  
0 0  − (s − a ) 0
.‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬
1
L{e at } = (٦)
s−a
‫ ﻓﺈﻥ‬a = −b, b > 0 ‫ ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﲟﻌﻨﻰ ﺃﻥ‬a ‫• ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬
1
L{e − bt } = (٧)
s+b
‫ﻓﺈﻥ‬ a = 0 ‫• ﻓﺈﺫ ﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬
1
L{1} = (٨)
s
‫ ﻓﺈﻥ‬a = ic , i = − 1 ‫ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ‬
1
L{eict } =
s − ic
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﺏ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻓﻖ‬
s + ic
L{e ict } = (٩)
s2 + i2
‫ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺩﺭﺱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺃﻥ‬
Re eiθ = cos θ , Im eiθ = sin θ

‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﳓﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
(١٠)
s
L{cos ct} =
s 2 + c2
ً‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎ‬
(١١)
a
L{sin ct} =
s + c2
2
(‫ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ‬n ) f (t ) = t n n ≥ 0 ‫ﻭﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳏﻮﻝ ﻻﺑﻼﺱ ﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻛﺜﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ‬
PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

‫ﻓﺈﻥ‬
‫∞‬
‫‪L{t } = ∫ e − st t n dt‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺰﻱﺀ‬
‫‪u = tn‬‬ ‫‪e − st dt = dv‬‬
‫‪n −1‬‬ ‫‪e − st‬‬
‫‪du = nt‬‬ ‫‪dt‬‬ ‫‪=v‬‬
‫‪−s‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ‬
‫∞‬
‫‪ e − st t n ‬‬ ‫‪n ∞ − st n −1‬‬
‫‪L{t } = ‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫‪ + ∫ e t dt‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪s‬‬ ‫‪0 s 0‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻆ ﺍﻧﻌﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﻷﳝﻦ ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﳓﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻵﺗﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫= } ‪L{t n‬‬ ‫}‪L{t n −1‬‬ ‫)‪(١٢‬‬
‫‪s‬‬
‫ﻭﳌﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪ (١٢‬ﳏﻘﻘﺔ ﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﻗﻴﻢ ‪ n‬ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺐ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬
‫)‪n n − 1 n − 2 n − ( n − 1‬‬
‫= } ‪L{t n‬‬ ‫⋅‬ ‫⋅‬ ‫‪L‬‬ ‫} ‪L{t 0‬‬
‫‪s s‬‬ ‫‪s‬‬ ‫‪s‬‬
‫!‪n‬‬
‫= } ‪L{t n‬‬ ‫}‪L{1‬‬
‫‪sn‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻀﻞ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﶈﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ‬
‫)‪Γ (n + 1‬‬
‫= } ‪L{t n‬‬ ‫)‪, n! = Γ ( n + 1‬‬ ‫)‪(١٣‬‬
‫‪s n +1‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ )⋅(‪ Γ‬ﻫﻲ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺟﺎﻣﺎ‬
‫• ﺃﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ‪ n > −1‬ﻓﺈﻥ‬

‫∞‬
‫‪L{t } = ∫ t n e − st dt‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪4‬‬

u = st ‫ﺑﺄﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ‬
1 ∞ u n −u 1 ∞ −u n
L{t } = ∫ ( ) e du = n +1 ∫ e u du
n
s0 s s 0
:‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﳓﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻵﺗﻲ‬
1
L{t n } = Γ(n + 1) n > −1 (١٤)
s n +1
n > −1 , n ≥ 1 ‫( ﺻﺎﳊﺔ ﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﻗﻴﻢ‬١٣) ‫ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬
‫• ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﲤﺎ ﺭﻳﻦ‬

.١ ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
:‫ﺃﻭﺟﺪ ﳏﻮﻝ ﻻﺑﻼﺱ ﻟﻼﺗﻲ‬
L{cosh at} , L{sinh at} , L{sin 8t}

‫ ﳑﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺘﻪ ﻧﻌﻠﻢ ﺃﻥ‬:‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
1 at
cosh at =
2
e + e − at ( )
1
{ 1 1
L{cosh at} = L{eat } + L{e− at } = [
2
+
1
2 s−a s+a
] }
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﳓﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
s
(i) L{cosh at} =
s2 − a 2
‫ﺑﺎﳌﺜﻞ ﻭﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻥ‬
a
(ii) L{sinh at} =
s2 − a 2
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ‬
a
L{sin at} =
s + a2
2
‫ﻓﺈﻥ‬

8
L{sin 8t} = ⋅
s 2 + 64
. ٢ ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺃﻭﺟﺪ ﳏﻮﻝ ﻻﺑﻼﺱ ﻟﻠﺪﺍﻟﺔ‬

5 0<t <2

f (t ) = − 3 2<t <6
0 t≥6

:‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
∞ 2 6 ∞
L{ f (t )} = ∫ e− st f (t )dt = ∫ 5e − st dt + ∫ (−3)e− st dt + ∫ e − st (0)dt
0 0 2 6
2 6
2
− st
6
 e − st 
− st  e − st 
= 5∫ e dt − 3∫ e dt = 5  − 3 
0 2  − s 0  − s  2
5
s
[ 3
s
] [ 1
] [
= 1 − e − 2 s + e −6 s − e − 2 s = 5 − 8e− 2 s + 3e− 6 s ⋅
s
]
.٣ ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
:‫ﺃﻭﺟﺪ ﳏﻮﻝ ﻻﺑﻼﺱ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﺍﻝ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ‬

3
L{t 6 − 5 + t 2 } , L{sin 2t cos 2t} , L{cos 2 4t}
‫ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬:‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
Γ(n + 1)
L{t n } =
s n +1
:‫ﳓﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻵﺗﻲ‬
Γ(7) 5Γ(1) Γ( 32 + 1)
3
L{t − 5 + t } = 7 −
6 2
+ 5
s s 52
‫ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ‬
Γ(7 ) = 6! , Γ (1) = 1 , Γ ( 52 ) = ( 32 )( 12 ) π
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ‬

‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪6! 5 3 π‬‬
‫= } ‪(i) L{t 6 − 5 + t 2‬‬ ‫‪− +‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫‪s7 s 4 ⋅ 52‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪(ii) L{sin 2t cos 2t} = L{sin 4t} = ⋅ 2‬‬ ‫⋅‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2 s + 16‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫}‪(iii) L{cos 2 4t} = L{1 + cos 8t‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪1 1‬‬ ‫‪s ‬‬
‫‪= [L{1} + L{cos 8t}] =  + 2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫⋅‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2  s s + 64 ‬‬
‫‪ ٠٤‬ﺗﻌﺎﺭﻳﻒ ﻭﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﻭﻧﻈ ﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ‬

‫ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪ ﺳﻨﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺬﻛﺮ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺭﻳﻒ ﺍﳍﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ .‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻌﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﻘﺎﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ) ‪ f (t‬ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﻣﻘﻄﻌﻴﺎً ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔـﱰﺓ ]‪ [a , b‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺳـﺘﻄﻌﻨﺎ ﺇﳚـﺎﺩ ﲡﺰﺋـﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﻬﻴـﺔ ﻟﻠﻔـﱰﺓ ]‪ [a , b‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧـﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟـﺔ‬
‫) ‪ f (t‬ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺡ ﻣﻦ ﻓﱰﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧـﺖ ﳖﺎﻳـﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟـﺔ ) ‪ f (t‬ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟـﻴﻤﲔ‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻔـﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﶈـﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﻫـﻲ ﺍﻟﻨـﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴـﺪ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻻﻧﻘﻄـﺎﻉ ﺍﻟـﺬﻱ ﻳﺴـﻤﺢ ﺑـﻪ ﻟﻠﺪﺍﻟـﺔ ) ‪، f (t‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺢ ﺃﻥ ﻓﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﻣﻘﻄﻌﻴﺎً ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ‪.‬‬
‫) ‪f (t‬‬
‫‪t‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (1‬ﳝﺜﻞ ﺭﲰﺎً ﻟﻠﺪﺍﻟﺔ ) ‪ 0 ≤ t ≤ 6 , f (t‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﻣﻘﻄﻌﻴﺎً‪.‬‬
‫‪7‬‬

‫ﺏ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﻘﺎﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟـﺔ ) ‪ f (t‬ﺫﺍﺕ ﺭﺗﺒـﺔ ﺃﺳـﻴﺔ ﻋﻨـﺪﻣﺎ ∞ → ‪ t‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛـﺎﻥ ﻷﻱ ﻋـﺪﺩﻳﻦ ﺛـﺎﺑﺘﲔ ‪ M, b‬ﺗﺘﺤﻘـﻖ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﺒﺎﻳﻨﺔ‬
‫‪| f (t ) |≤ Me bt‬‬ ‫‪for t ≥ t0‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ) ‪ f (t‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﺔ ‪ e bt‬ﻭﺗﻜﺘﺐ‬
‫) ‪f (t ) = O ( e bt‬‬ ‫⋅∞ → ‪,t‬‬

‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺳﻴﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻛﺎﻵﺗﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﻘﺎﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ) ‪ f (t‬ﺫﺍﺕ ﺭﺗﺒﺔ ﺃﺳﻴﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﺪﺩﺍﻥ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺎﻥ ‪ M, b‬ﲝﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ‬
‫‪Lime −bt | f (t ) |→ M‬‬ ‫)‪(١٥‬‬
‫∞→ ‪t‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ‪.٤‬‬
‫ﺃﺛﺒﺖ ﺃﻥ ‪ f (t ) = t 3‬ﺫﺍﺕ ﺭﺗﺒﺔ ﺃﺳﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ∞ → ‪t‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‪ :‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‬

‫‪t3‬‬
‫‪Lim(e−bt t 3 ) = Lim‬‬ ‫‪→0‬‬
‫∞→ ‪t‬‬ ‫∞→ ‪t‬‬ ‫‪ebt‬‬
‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻮﺑﻴﺘﺎﻝ‬
‫‪t3‬‬ ‫‪3t 2‬‬
‫‪Lim(e −bt t 3 ) = Lim‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪Lim‬‬
‫∞→ ‪t‬‬ ‫‪t → ∞ e bt‬‬ ‫‪t → ∞ be bt‬‬
‫‪6t‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬
‫‪= Lim 2 bt = Lim 3 bt → 0‬‬
‫‪t →∞ b e‬‬ ‫‪t →∞ b e‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ‪ f (t ) = t 3‬ﺫﺍﺕ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﺃﺳﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ‪:٥‬‬
‫ﻭﺿﺢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ‪ f (t ) = et‬ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﺃﺳﻴﺔ‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‪ :‬ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ‬
‫‪8‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫‪et‬‬
‫∞ → ) ‪Lim bt = Lim et (t − b‬‬ ‫⋅ )‪(b > 0‬‬
‫‪t →∞ e‬‬ ‫∞→ ‪t‬‬
‫ﺝ‪ .‬ﻓﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﻝ ‪A‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﲢﻘﻖ ﺍﻵﺗﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫) ‪ f (t‬ﺗﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ‪A‬‬ ‫ﻳﻘﺎﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ‬
‫)‪ (i‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ) ‪ f (t‬ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﻣﻘﻄﻌﻴﺎً ﰲ ﺃﻱ ﳎﺎﻝ ﳏﺪﻭﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ‪. t ≥ 0‬‬
‫)‪ (ii‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ) ‪ f (t‬ﺫﺍﺕ ﺭﺗﺒﺔ ﺃﺳﻴﺔ ﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﻗﻴﻢ ‪ ، t > t 0‬ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪t 0 .‬‬
‫‪ ٠٥‬ﳏﻮﻝ ﻻﺑﻼﺱ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺩﺭﺳﻨﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺃﻥ ﳏﻮﻝ ﻻﺑﻼﺱ ﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ) ‪ f (t‬ﻫﻮ‬
‫∞‬
‫‪L{ f (t )} = ∫ e − st f (t )dt‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫ﻭﻹﳚﺎﺩ ﳏﻮﻝ ﻻﺑﻼﺱ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ) ‪ f ′(t‬ﻧﺪﺭﺱ ﺍﻵﺗﻲ‪:‬‬

‫∞‬
‫‪L{ f ′(t )} = ∫ e − st f ′(t )dt‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺰﻱﺀ ﳓﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻵﺗﻲ‪:‬‬

‫∞‬
‫(‬ ‫)‬
‫∞‬
‫‪L{ f ′(t )} = e −st f (t ) 0 + s ∫ e −st f (t )dt‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﳓﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫)‪L{ f ′(t )} = sL{ f (t )} − f (0‬‬ ‫)‪(١٦‬‬
‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﳝﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﳏﻮﻝ ﻻﺑﻼﺱ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫∞‬
‫‪L{ f ′′(t )} = ∫ e − st f ′′(t ) dt‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺰﻱﺀ ﻣﻊ ﻭﺿﻊ‬

‫‪u = e − st‬‬ ‫‪f ′′(t )dt = dv‬‬
‫∞‬
‫‪L{ f ′′(t )} = e‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫‪− st‬‬
‫) ‪f ′(t‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫∞‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪+ s ∫ e − st f ′(t )dt‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪9‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪(١٦‬‬
‫}) ‪L{ f ′′(t )} = − f ′(0) + sL{ f ′(t‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ‬
‫)‪L{ f ′′(t )} = s 2 L{ f (t )} − sf (0) − f ′(0‬‬ ‫)‪(١٧‬‬
‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﻤﻴﻢ ﻣﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫)‪L{ f ( n ) (t )} = s n L{ f (t )} − s n −1 f (0) − s n − 2 f (1) (0) − L − f ( n −1) (0) (١٨‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﻣﻘﻄﻌﻴﺎً ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﻵﺗﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪T‬‬
‫‪L{ f ′(t )} = Lim ∫ f ′(t )e − st dt‬‬
‫∞→ ‪T‬‬
‫)‪(١٩‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬
‫‪− st‬‬ ‫‪− st‬‬
‫‪= ∫e‬‬ ‫‪f ′(t )dt + ∫ + L + Lim ∫ e‬‬ ‫‪f ′(t )dt‬‬
‫∞→ ‪T‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪Tn‬‬
‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺰﻱﺀ ﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ‬
‫(‬ ‫)‬
‫‪T1‬‬
‫‪L{ f ′(t )} = e‬‬ ‫‪− st‬‬ ‫‪T1‬‬

‫(‬
‫‪f (t ) 0 + s ∫ e −st f (t ) dt + e −st f (t ) 02 +‬‬ ‫)‬‫‪T‬‬
‫)‪(٢٠‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫(‬ ‫)‬
‫‪T2‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬
‫‪+ s ∫ e − st f (t )dt + L + Lim e −st f (t ) Tn + s ∫ e −st f (t ) dt ‬‬
‫‪T‬‬
‫∞→ ‪T‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪Tn‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﱰﺓ )∞ ‪ [0,‬ﻓﺈﻥ‬ ‫) ‪f (t‬‬ ‫ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ‬

‫)‪L{ f ′(t )} = sL{ f (t )} − f (0‬‬ ‫)‪(٢١‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪.(١٦‬‬
‫• ﲢﻮﻳﻞ ﻻﺑﻼﺱ ﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻞ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻣﺘﻘﻄﻌﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ‪. ٢‬‬
‫ﻷﻱ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ) ‪ f (t‬ﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﻭﺫﺍﺕ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﺃﺳﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ∞ → ‪ t‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ) ‪ f ′(t‬ﺗﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﺇﱃ ﻓﺌـﺔ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﺍﻝ ‪ A‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧـﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟـﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ t = a‬ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﲝﻴﺚ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ) ‪ f (a +‬ﻋﻦ ﻧﻈﲑﲥﺎ ) ‪ f (a −‬ﻓﺈﻥ‬
‫]) ‪L{ f ′(t )} = sL{ f (t )} − f (0) − e − sa [ f (a + ) − f (a −‬‬ ‫)‪(٢٢‬‬
‫‪10‬‬

‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ) ‪ f ′(t‬ﲢﻘﻖ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﶈﻮﻝ ﻓﺈﻥ‬

‫∞‬
‫‪L{ f ′(t )} = ∫ e − st f ′(t )dt‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ) ‪ f (t‬ﻣﻨﻘﻄﻌﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ‪ t = a‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺗﻜﺘﺐ ﻛﺎﻵﺗﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪c‬‬ ‫∞‬
‫‪− st‬‬
‫‪L{ f ′(t )} = Lim− ∫ e‬‬ ‫‪f ′(t )dt + Lim+ ∫ e − st f ′(t ) dt‬‬
‫‪c→a‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪c→ a‬‬ ‫‪c‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺰﻱﺀ ﻓﻨﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫[‬ ‫]‬ ‫[‬ ‫]‬

‫‪c‬‬ ‫∞‬
‫‪− st‬‬ ‫‪c‬‬ ‫‪− st‬‬ ‫‪− st‬‬ ‫∞‬
‫‪L{ f ′(t )} = Lim− e‬‬ ‫‪f (t ) + s ∫ e‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪f (t )dt + Lim+ e‬‬ ‫‪f (t ) + s ∫ e− st f (t )dt‬‬
‫‪c‬‬
‫‪c →a‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪c →a‬‬ ‫‪c‬‬
‫ﻭﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﲔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﻷﳝﻦ ﻳﻌﻄﻴﺎﻥ }) ‪ sL{ f (t‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ‬
‫[‬
‫}) ‪L{ f ′(t )} = Lim− e − sc f (c) − f (0) − Lim+ e − sc f (c ) + sL{ f (t‬‬
‫‪c→ a‬‬ ‫‪c→ a‬‬
‫]‬ ‫)‪(٢٣‬‬
‫‪Lim− e − sc = Lim+ e − sc = e − sa‬‬
‫‪c→a‬‬ ‫‪c→a‬‬
‫)‪(٢٤‬‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫‪Lim− f (c) = f (a ) ,‬‬ ‫) ‪Lim+ f (c) = f (a +‬‬
‫‪c→a‬‬ ‫‪c→a‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ (٢٤‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪ (٢٣‬ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪.(٢٢‬‬
‫‪ a i‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪,1 ≤ i ≤ n‬‬ ‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﳏﺪﻭﺩ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﻂ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ ﻭﻟﻴﻜﻦ ﻋﺪﺩﻫﺎ‬
‫)‪(٢٥‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫]) ‪L{ f ′(t )} = sL{ f (t )} − f (0) − ∑ e − sai [ f (a i+ ) − f (a i−‬‬
‫‪i =1‬‬
‫• ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪t<a‬‬
‫‪f (t ) = ‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪t>a‬‬
‫‪11‬‬

‫ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻭﻳﺮﻣﺰ ﳍﺎ ﺑﺄﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪ u(t − a‬ﺃﻭ ‪ u a‬ﻭﲤﺜﻞ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﻴﺎً ﻛﺎﻵﺗﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪t‬‬
‫‪a‬‬
‫ﻭﳛﺴﺐ ﳍﺎ ﳏﻮﻝ ﻻﺑﻼﺱ ﻛﺎﻵﺗﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪a‬‬ ‫∞‬
‫‪− st‬‬
‫‪L{u a } = ∫ e‬‬ ‫‪(0)dt + ∫ e − st (1) dt‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﳏﻮﻝ ﻻﺑﻼﺱ ﻟﻠﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ‬

‫‪e − as‬‬
‫= } ‪L{ua‬‬ ‫)‪, ( s > 0‬‬
‫‪s‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ‪: ٧‬‬
‫ﻋﱪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ‬
‫‪cos t‬‬ ‫‪t <π‬‬
‫‪f (t ) = ‬‬
‫‪cos t + 7 t > π‬‬
‫ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺛﻢ ﺃﻭﺟﺪ ﳏﻮﻝ ﻻﺑﻼﺱ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪t <π‬‬
‫‪f (t ) = cos t + ‬‬
‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪t >π‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪t <π‬‬
‫‪f (t ) = cos t + 7 ‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪t >π‬‬
‫}) ‪L{ f (t )} = L{cos t} + 7 L{u (t − π‬‬
‫‪12‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﳓﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
s 7e −πs
L{ f (t )} = 2 +
s +1 s
‫ ﳏﻮﻝ ﻻﺑﻼﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺴﻲ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﻝ‬٠٦
1 1
(1) L{e at } = L−1{ } = e at
s−a s−a
Γ(n + 1) 1 tn
( 2) L{t n } = L−1{ n+1 } =
s n+1 s Γ( n + 1)
s s
(3) L{cos at} = L−1{ } = cos at
s + a2
2
s + a2
2
a a
(4) L{sin at} = 2 L−1{ 2 } = sin at
s + a2 s + a2
: ٩ ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
:‫ﺃﻭﺟﺪ ﳏﻮﻝ ﻻﺑﻼﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺴﻲ ﻟﻼﺗﻲ‬

 1   1   s+8 
(i) L−1   (ii) L−1  2  (iii) L−1  2 
 2s − 7   s − 4s − 5   s + 25 
:‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
 1  1 −1  1  1 72 t
(i) L−1  = L  7
= e
 2 s − 7  2  s − 2 2
 1  −1  1 
(ii) L−1  2 =L  
 s − 4s − 5   ( s − 5)( s + 1) 
 A B 
= L−1  +  ‫ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺎﻥ‬, A, B
 ( s − 5) ( s + 1) 
 1  −1  1 
= AL−1   + BL   = Ae + Be
5t −t
 s − 5  s + 1
‫ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﶈﺎﻭﺭ‬٠٧
. ‫ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺳﻨﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳍﺎﻣﺔ ﶈﻮﻝ ﻻﺑﻼﺱ ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﺍﶈﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺴﻲ‬
13

‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ‪) .‬ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳏﻮﺭ ‪( s‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﳏﻮﻝ ﻻﺑﻼﺱ ﻟﻠﺪﺍﻟﺔ ) ‪ f (t‬ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺍً ﺃﻭ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ )‪ f (s‬ﻋﻨﺪ ‪ s > b‬ﻓـﺈﻥ ﳏـﻮﻝ ﻻﺑـﻼﺱ ﻟﻠﺪﺍﻟـﺔ ) ‪e at f (t‬‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺍً ﺃﻭ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ) ‪ f (s − a‬ﻋﻨﺪ ‪ s − a > b‬ﻭﲟﻌﻨﻰ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺗﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ‬
‫) ‪L{e at f (t )} = f ( s − a‬‬ ‫)‪(٢٦‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ‪:١٠‬‬
‫ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﳏﻮﻝ ﻻﺑﻼﺱ ﻟﻼﺗﻲ‪:‬‬
‫} {‬
‫‪(i) L e at t n‬‬ ‫{‬
‫‪(ii) L e3t cos 4t‬‬ ‫}‬ ‫{‬
‫‪(iii) L e 2t sin 6t‬‬ ‫}‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‪:‬‬
‫}{‬
‫= ‪(i) L t n‬‬
‫!‪n‬‬
‫‪s n +1‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺣﺔ‬
‫} {‬
‫= ‪L e at t n‬‬
‫!‪n‬‬
‫‪(s − a ) n +1‬‬
‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎً‬
‫= }‪(ii) L{cos 4t‬‬

‫‪s‬‬
‫‪s 2 + 16‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺣﺔ‬
‫{‬
‫= ‪L e3t cos 4t‬‬ ‫}‬ ‫‪s −3‬‬
‫‪( s − 3) 2 + 16‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﳌﺜﻞ‬
‫= }‪(iii) L{sin 6t‬‬

‫‪6‬‬
‫‪s 2 + 36‬‬
‫{‬
‫= ‪L e 2t sin 6t‬‬ ‫}‬ ‫‪6‬‬
‫‪( s − 2) 2 + 36‬‬
‫⋅‬
‫‪14‬‬

:١١‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
:‫ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻵﺗﻲ‬
 5   3   s 
(i) L−1  3
(ii) L−1  2  (iii) L−1  2 
 ( 2 s − 7)   s − 4 s + 20   s − 6 s + 25 
: ‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
:‫ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﺍﻵﺗﻲ‬

 5  5 −1  1 
L−1  3 3
= L  3
 2 ( s − 72 )  8  ( s − 72 ) 
‫ﻃﺒﻖ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺣﺔ‬
−1  5  5 72 t −1  1  5 t 2 72 t 5t 2 72 t
(i) L  3
= e L  3= e = e ⋅
 ( 2 s − 7 )  8  s  8 2 ! 16
:‫ﳊﻞ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﳚﺐ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺍﻵﺗﻲ‬
s 2 − 4 s = ( s − 2) 2 − 4
 3  −1  1 
(ii) L−1  2 =L  
 s − 4 s + 20   ( s − 2) + 16 
2
 (‫)ﻃﺒﻖ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺣﺔ‬
 1 
= e 2 t L−1  2
 s + 16 
e 2 t −1  4 
= L  2 
4  s + 16 
e 2t
= sin 4t
4
:‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﳊﻞ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻵﺗﻲ‬
s 2 − 6 s = ( s − 3) 2 − 9
15

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪s‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪−1 ‬‬ ‫‪s‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪−1  ( s − 3) + 3 ‬‬
‫‪(iii) L−1  2‬‬ ‫‪=L ‬‬ ‫‪ =L ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ s − 6s + 25 ‬‬ ‫‪ ( s − 3) + 16 ‬‬ ‫‪ ( s − 3) + 16 ‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪ s + 3  3t  −1  s  −1 3  3t ‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪= e3t L−1 2‬‬ ‫‪ = e L  2‬‬ ‫‪+ L  2‬‬ ‫⋅ ‪ = e cos4t + sin 4t ‬‬
‫‪ s + 16‬‬ ‫‪  s + 16‬‬ ‫‪ s + 16‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ )ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳏﻮﺭ ‪( t‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﻥ )‪ a > 0, e − as F ( s‬ﻫﻮ ﳏﻮﻝ ﻻﺑﻼﺱ ﻟﻠﺪﺍﻟﺔ‬ ‫) ‪f (t‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ )‪ F (s‬ﻫﻲ ﳏﻮﻝ ﻻﺑﻼﺱ ﻟﻠﺪﺍﻟﺔ‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪t<a‬‬
‫‪f (t ) = ‬‬
‫) ‪ f (t − a‬‬ ‫‪t>a‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫) ‪f (t‬‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﻴﺔ ) ‪ u(t − a‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ‬
‫) ‪f (t ) = f (t − a )u a (t‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻵﺗﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫) ‪f (u‬‬ ‫ﳑﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﻋﺮﻓﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﳏﻮﻝ ﻻﺑﻼﺱ ﻟﻠﺪﺍﻟﺔ‬

‫∞‬
‫‪F ( s ) = ∫ e − su f (u )du‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪e − as‬‬ ‫ﺑﻀﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﲔ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ‬

‫∞‬
‫‪∫e‬‬
‫‪− as‬‬ ‫‪− as‬‬ ‫‪− su‬‬
‫‪e‬‬ ‫‪F ( s) = e‬‬ ‫‪f (u )du‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫∞‬
‫‪= ∫ e − s ( u + a ) f (u )du‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫ﺑﺄﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ‪ u + a = t‬ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﳓﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻵﺗﻲ‪:‬‬

‫∞‬
‫‪e − as F ( s) = ∫ e − st f (t − a )dt‬‬
‫‪a‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﻴﺔ ‪) ua‬ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ( ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﺗﻜﺘﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫∞‬
‫‪e‬‬ ‫‪− as‬‬
‫‪F ( s ) = ∫ e − st f (t − a )u a (t ) dt‬‬
‫‪a‬‬
‫‪16‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﳏﻮﻝ ﻻﺑﻼﺱ ﳓﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫}) ‪e − as F ( s ) = L{ f (t − a )u a (t‬‬ ‫)‪(٢٧‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺗﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺗﻘﻮﺩﻧﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫• ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ‪:٢‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ) ‪L−1{F ( s)} = f (t‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﻥ‬
‫) ‪L−1{e − as F ( s )} = f (t − a ) ⋅ u a (t‬‬ ‫)‪(٢٨‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:١٢‬‬

‫‪t‬‬ ‫‪0<t <π‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪f (t ) = 0‬‬ ‫‪π < t < 2π‬‬
‫‪sin t‬‬ ‫‪t > 2π‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃﻭﻻً ﺗﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﻴﺔ‬

‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪t < π 0‬‬ ‫‪t < 2π‬‬
‫‪f (t ) = u 0 − ‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪t > π sin t‬‬ ‫‪t > 2π‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻘﻮﺩﻧﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻵﺗﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪f (t ) = u0 − u π + (sin t )u π‬‬
‫ﺑﺄﺧﺬ ﳏﻮﻝ ﻻﺑﻼﺱ ﻟﻠﻄﺮﻓﲔ‬
‫} ‪L{ f (t )} = L{u0 } − L{u π } + L{sin(t − 2π)u2 π‬‬
‫ﻃﺒﻖ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬
‫‪17‬‬

‫‪e − as‬‬
‫= }) ‪L{ua (t‬‬
‫‪s‬‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫) ‪L{ f (t − a )ua (t )} = e − as f ( s‬‬
‫ﳓﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻵﺗﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪1 e − πs e −2 πs‬‬
‫‪L{ f (t )} = −‬‬ ‫‪+ 2‬‬
‫‪s‬‬ ‫‪s‬‬ ‫‪s +1‬‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﻘﺎﻕ ‪:٥‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ) ‪ f (t‬ﺗﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﺇﱃ ﺻﻒ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ‪ A‬ﻟﻜﻞ ‪ t ≥ 0‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﳏﻮﻝ ﻻﺑﻼﺱ ﳍﺎ ﻫﻮ ) ‪ f (s‬ﻓﺈﻥ‬
‫)‪(٢٩‬‬
‫‪d‬‬
‫)‪L{tf (t )} = (−1‬‬ ‫)‪f (s‬‬
‫‪ds‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﳏﻮﻝ ﻻﺑﻼﺱ‬

‫∞‬
‫‪f ( s ) = L{ f (t )} = ∫ e − st f (t ) dt‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫ﺑﺈﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻝ ‪s‬‬
‫∞ )‪d f (s‬‬ ‫∞‬

‫}) ‪= ∫ − te f (t ) dt = − ∫ e − st (tf (t ))dt = − L{tf (t‬‬
‫‪− st‬‬
‫‪ds‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‬

‫‪dn‬‬
‫)‪L{t f (t )} = (−1‬‬
‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫)‪f ( s‬‬
‫‪ds n‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:١٣‬‬
‫ﺃﻭﺟﺪ ﳏﻮﻝ ﻻﺑﻼﺱ ﻟﻼﺗﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪18‬‬

(i) L{t sin 2t} (ii) L{t cos 3t}
: ‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
2
(i) L{sin 2t} =
s +4
2
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬
d 2 4s
L{t sin 2t} = − = 2
ds s + 4 ( s + 4) 2
2
‫ﺑﺎﳌﺜﻞ‬
s
(ii) L{cos 3t} =
s +9
2
d s s2 − 9
L{t cos 3t} = − = ⋅
ds s 2 + 9 ( s 2 + 9) 2
‫• ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﳏﻮﻝ ﻻﺑﻼﺱ‬

: ٦ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﳏﻮﻝ ﻻﺑﻼﺱ ﳏﻘﻘﺔ ﻭﻛﺎﻥ‬

 f (t ) 
Lim+   → finite
t →0  t 
‫ﻓﺈﻥ‬
∞
 f (t ) 
L = ∫ f (u )du (٣٠)
 t  s
: ١٤ ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬

sin t
f (t ) =
t
19

‫‪ Lim‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ‪→ finite‬‬
‫‪sin t‬‬
‫‪t →0‬‬ ‫‪t‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫= }‪L{sin t‬‬
‫‪s +1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ‬

‫∞‬
‫‪sin t ‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫∞ ‪−1‬‬ ‫‪π‬‬
‫‪L‬‬ ‫∫ =‪‬‬ ‫‪du‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪[tan‬‬ ‫‪u‬‬ ‫]‬ ‫=‬ ‫⋅ ‪− tan −1 s‬‬
‫‪ t  s 1+ u‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪s‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫• ﺍﻟﺘﻼﻑ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﺠﻠﻰ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻼﻑ ﰲ ﺣﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴـﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿـﻠﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸـﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴـﺔ ﻭﻛﻤـﺎ ﺃﻥ ﳍـﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻔﻬـﻮﻡ ﺃﳘﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻼﻑ ﺑﺈﻧﻪ ﻟﺘﻜﻦ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺘﲔ ) ‪ g (t ), f (t‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺘﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﱰﺓ ] ‪ [0, t‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺗﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺘﲔ‬
‫‪ g, f‬ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ) ‪ h(t‬ﻛﺎﻵﺗﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪t‬‬
‫‪h(t ) = ∫ f (τ ) g (t − τ )dτ‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺮﻣﺰ ﳍﺎ‬
‫) ‪h(t ) = ( f * g )(t‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻼﻑ ﻟﻪ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ‬
‫‪f *g = g* f‬‬ ‫‪ .١‬ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﻝ‬
‫‪f * ( g1 + g 2 ) = f * g1 + f * g 2‬‬ ‫‪ .٢‬ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ‬
‫‪f * ( g * h) = ( f * g ) * h = f * g * h‬‬ ‫‪ .٣‬ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬
‫‪f *0 = 0* f = 0‬‬ ‫‪ .٤‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻣﺎﺣﻲ‬
‫‪1* f ≠ f‬‬ ‫‪ .٥‬ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﳏﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻭﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪ ٥‬ﺑﻔﺮﺽ ‪g (t ) = t‬‬
‫‪20‬‬

‫‪t‬‬
‫‪t‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪τ2‬‬ ‫‪t2‬‬
‫) ‪(1 * g )(t ) = ∫1 ⋅ (t − τ ) dτ = tτ −  = ≠ g (t‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪2 0 2‬‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻼﻑ ‪.٧‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧــﺖ ﺍﻟــﺪﺍﻟﺘﺎﻥ ) ‪ g (t ), f (t‬ﳘــﺎ ﳏــﻮﻻ ﻻﺑــﻼﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺴــﻴﺎﻥ ﻟﻠــﺪﺍﻟﺘﲔ )‪ G ( s), F ( s‬ﻋﻠــﻰ ﺍﻟﱰﺗﻴــﺐ‬
‫ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳـﻞ ﳏﻘﻘـﺔ ﻓـﺈﻥ ﳏـﻮﻝ ﻻﺑـﻼﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺴـﻲ ) ‪ h(t‬ﻟﻠـﺪﺍﻟﺘﲔ ) ‪ H ( s ) = F ( s )G ( s‬ﻫـﻮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻼﻑ ‪ h = f * g‬ﲟﻌﻨﻰ ﺃﻥ‬

‫‪t‬‬
‫}) ‪h(t ) = ( f * g )(t ) = ∫ f (τ ) g (t − τ )dτ = L−1{H ( s‬‬ ‫)‪(٣١‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:١٥‬‬
‫ﺃﻭﺟﺪ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺘﲔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺘﲔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪L−1  2‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ ( s + 9)(s + 4) ‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‪:‬‬
‫ﳑﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﻧﻌﻠﻢ ﺃﻥ‬

‫‪ 1  1‬‬ ‫‪ 1  1‬‬
‫‪L−1  2‬‬ ‫‪ = sin 3t‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫‪L−1  2‬‬ ‫‪ = sin 2t‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪s‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪ 3‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪s‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪ 2‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪ 1‬‬ ‫‪1t‬‬
‫‪L−1  2‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪sin‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬‫‪t‬‬ ‫‪sin‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬‫‪t‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪∫ sin 2τ sin 3(t − τ )dτ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫‪s‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫()‬ ‫‪s‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺜﻠﺜﻴﺔ‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫])‪sin Asin B = [cos( A − B) − cos( A + B‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫ﳓﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫‪21‬‬

−1  1  1t
L  2  = ∫ [cos(5τ − 3t ) − cos(τ − 3t )]dτ
 ( s + 9)( s 2
+ 4)  12 0
1 1 1 1
= [− sin(τ − 3t ) + sin(5τ − 3t )]t0 dτ = [(+ sin 2t − sin 3t ) + (+ sin 2t + sin 3t )]
12 5 12 5
1 4 6 1
= [− sin 3t + sin 2t ] = [3sin 2t − 2 sin 3t ]
12 5 5 30
: ‫ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎ ﺩﻳﺔ‬٠٨

: ١٦ ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﻴﺔ‬
y′′(t ) + 5 y′(t ) + 6 y(t ) = 0 y(0) = 2 , y′(0) = 1

:‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺄﺧﺬ ﳏﻮﻝ ﻻﺑﻼﺱ‬

L{ y′′(t )} + 5L{ y′(t )} + 6 L{ y(t )} = 0
s 2 y( s ) − sy(0) − y′(0) + 5[ sy( s ) − y(0)] + 6 y( s ) = 0
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ‬
( s 2 + 5 s + 6 ) y ( s ) = 2 s + 1 + 10
2 s + 11 A B −5 7
y( s ) = = + = +
( s 2 + 5 s + 6) s + 3 s + 2 s + 3 s + 2
‫ﺑﺄﺧﺬ ﳏﻮﻝ ﻻﺑﻼﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺴﻲ‬
y(t ) = −5e −3t + 7e −2t ⋅

: ١٧ ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
y′′ − 3 y′ − 4 y = 3et y(0) = 2 , y′(0) = −2
:‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
22

‫ﺑﺄﺧﺬ ﳏﻮﻝ ﻻﺑﻼﺱ ﻟﻠﻄﺮﻓﲔ ﳓﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
3
[ s 2 y( s ) − sy(0) − y′(0)] − 3[ sy( s ) − y(0)] − 4 y( s ) =
s −1
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ‬
3
( s 2 − 3s − 4) y( s ) = + 2( s − 3) + 2
s −1
‫ﺑﺎﻻﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﳓﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
3 2
y( s ) = +
( s + 1)( s − 4)( s − 1) s + 1
23 1 1 1 1 1
y( s ) = + −
10 s + 1 5 s − 4 2 s − 1
23 1 1
y(t ) = e − t + e 4t − e t ⋅
10 5 2
: ١٨ ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
y′′(t ) + 2 y(t ) = r (t ) , y(0) = y′(0) = 0,

1 0<t <π

r (t ) = 0 π < t < 2π
sin t t > 2π

:‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﻴﺔ‬r (t ) ‫ﺑﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ‬
r (t ) = u 0 (t ) − u π (t ) + u 2π (t ) ⋅ sin t
‫ﺑﺄﺧﺬ ﳏﻮﻝ ﻻﺑﻼﺱ‬
L{ y′′(t )} + 2 L{ y(t )} = L{u0 (t )} − L{uπ } + L{u 2π (t ) sin(t − 2π )}
1 e −πs e −2πs
s y( s ) − sy(0) − y′(0) + 2 y( s ) = −
2
+ 2
s s s +1
23

‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ‬
1 e −πs e −2πs
y( s ) = − +
s ( s 2 + 2) s ( s 2 + 2) ( s 2 + 1)( s 2 + 2)
‫ﻃﺒﻖ ﳏﻮﻝ ﻻﺑﻼﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺴﻲ‬
−1  1  −1  e −πs  −1  e −2πs 
y(t ) = L  2  − L  2  + L  2 
 s (s + 2)   s ( s + 2)   ( s + 1)(s + 2) 
2
:‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬

−1  1  1
(i) L  = sin 2t
s + 2
2
2
‫ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﳓﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬
 1  1 t
L−1  2
 s ( s + 2 )
=
 2
∫
0
sin 2 udu
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﳓﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

 1  1
(ii) L−1   = [t − cos 2t ]
 s ( s + 2)  2
2
‫ﻃﺒﻖ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﳓﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬

 e − πs  1
(iii) L−1   = uπ (t ) ⋅ [t − cos 2 (t − π)]
 s ( s + 2)  2
2
‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ‬

 1  −1  1 1 
L−1  2 = L  2 − 2 
 ( s + 1)( s + 2)   s +1 s + 2 
2
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﳓﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

 1  1
L−1  2  = sin t − sin 2t
 ( s + 1)( s + 2) 
2
2
‫ﻭﺑﻨﺎﺀﺍً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ‬

−1 e −2πs  1
(iv) L  2  = u2π (t ) ⋅ [sin(t − 2π) − sin 2 (t − 2π)]
 ( s + 1)(s + 2) 
2
2
24

‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻣﻦ )‪ (iv),(iii),(ii‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ (11.44‬ﳓﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻵﺗﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪u‬‬
‫= ) ‪y(t‬‬ ‫‪(1 − cos 2t ) + π [1 − cos 2 (t − π)] +‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪+ u 2 π (t ) ⋅ [sin(t − 2π) −‬‬ ‫])‪sin 2 (t − 2π‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﳊﻞ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑﺓ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﳏﻮﻝ ﻻﺑﻼﺱ ﳊﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﺍﳌـﺘﻐﲑﺓ ﺍﻋﺘﻤـﺎﺩﺍً ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋـﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪dn‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫}) ‪f ( s) = (−1) n L{t n f (t‬‬
‫‪ds‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫‪L{ y( m) (t )} = s m y( s ) − s m −1 y(0) − s m − 2 y′(0) L − y( m −1) (0).‬‬

‫ﺣﻴﺚ )‪ (m‬ﺗﻌﲏ ﺭﺗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ‪: ١٩‬‬
‫‪ty′′ + ( 2 − t ) y = 0‬‬ ‫‪y(0) = y′(0) = 0‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﺄﺧﺬ ﳏﻮﻝ ﻻﺑﻼﺱ ﻟﻠﻄﺮﻓﲔ‬
‫‪L{ty′′} + 2 L{ y} − L{ty} = 0‬‬

‫)‪L{ y′′} = s 2 y( s ) − sy(0) − y′(0‬‬
‫‪d 2‬‬
‫)‪L{ty′′} = (−1‬‬ ‫])‪[ s y( s ) − sy(0) − y′(0‬‬
‫‪ds‬‬
‫‪25‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ‬
‫])‪L{ty′′} = (−1)[ s 2 y′( s ) + 2 sy( s ) − y(0‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﳓﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫)‪(i) L{ty′′} = − s 2 y′( s) − 2sy( s‬‬
‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎً‬
‫‪d‬‬
‫‪(ii) L{ty(t )} = −‬‬ ‫) ‪y( s ) = − y′( s‬‬
‫‪ds‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺗﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻵﺗﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪− s 2 y′( s ) − 2 sy( s ) + 2 y( s ) + y′( s ) = 0‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﻻﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﳓﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫‪(1 − s 2 ) y′( s ) + 2(1 − s) y( s ) = 0‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﲤﺜﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺗﻔﺎﺿﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ‪ ،‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪:‬‬
‫‪−2‬‬
‫= )‪y′( s‬‬ ‫) ‪y( s‬‬
‫‪1+ s‬‬
‫ﺑﺈﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫‪dy − 2‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪ds + c‬‬
‫‪y 1+ s‬‬
‫‪ln y + ln(1 + s) 2 = ln A‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫= )‪y( s‬‬ ‫⋅‬
‫‪(1 + s) 2‬‬
‫ﺑﺄﺧﺬ ﳏﻮﻝ ﻻﺑﻼﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺴﻲ‬
‫‪ 1 ‬‬ ‫‪t −1  1 ‬‬
‫‪y(t ) = AL−1 ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪Ae‬‬ ‫‪L  2‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫(‬‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪s‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪s ‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳊﻞ ﻫﻮ‬
‫‪26‬‬

‫‪y(t ) = Ate t‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺢ ﺃﻧﻨـﺎ ﺣﺼـﻠﻨﺎ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺣـﻞ ﻭﺍﺣـﺪ ﻓﻘـﻂ ﺑـﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣـﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟـﺔ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺗﺒـﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴـﺔ ﻭﻭﺍﺿـﺢ ﺃﻳﻀـﺎً‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺍﳊﻞ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺧﻄﻴﺎً ﻋﻦ ﺍﳊﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺣﺼﻠﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﰲ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺇﳚﺎﺩﻩ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﳛﻘﻖ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ‬
‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﲢﻮﻳﻞ ﻻﺑﻼﺱ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﺒﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻑ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ‪. t = 0‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﻳﺪﻝ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﳏﻮﻝ ﻻﺑﻼﺱ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﰲ ﺣﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‪:‬ﺣﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﳏﻮﻝ ﻻﺑﻼﺱ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﶈﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻔﻴﺪ ﰲ ﺣﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﺎ ﻧﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻓﻮﻟﺘﲑﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫)‪µφ ( x) − λ ∫ k ( x, y)φ ( y)dy = f ( x‬‬ ‫)‪(٣٢‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻓﻮﻟﺘﲑﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻳﺘﻮﻗـﻒ ﻧﻮﻋﻬـﺎ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻗﻴﻤـﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑـﺖ ‪ ، µ‬ﻓـﺈﺫﺍ ﻛـﺎﻥ ‪ µ = 0‬ﲰﻴـﺖ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟـﺔ‬
‫ﻓـﻮﻟﺘﲑﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴــﺔ ﻣــﻦ ﺍﻟﻨــﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧــﺖ ‪ µ = const ≠ 0‬ﲰﻴــﺖ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟــﺔ ﻓـﻮﻟﺘﲑﺍ ﻣــﻦ ﺍﻟﻨــﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﻧﻲ ﺃﻣــﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ‪ µ‬ﻣﺘﻐﲑﺓ ﻓﺈﳖﺎ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻓﻮﻟﺘﲑﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ (٣٢‬ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺍ‪‬ﻬﻮﻟﺔ )‪ φ (x‬ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎً ﲢـﺖ ﻋﻼﻣـﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣـﻞ ﻭﻫـﻲ ﺍﳌـﺮﺍﺩ ﺇﳚﺎﺩﻫـﺎ ﻭﻳﻄﻠـﻖ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺑﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ )‪ k ( x, y‬ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻧﻮﺍﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴـﺔ ﻭﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧـﺎً ﺗﻜـﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺎً ﻟﻠﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﳌﺴـﺘﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻣﻨـﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟـﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻓـﺔ )‪ f (x‬ﺗﺴـﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻄـﺮﻑ ﺍﳊـﺮ‪ .‬ﺃﻣـﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑـﺖ ‪ λ‬ﻓﻬـﻮ ﳛﻤـﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﱰﻛﻴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻼﻑ ﺗﻠﻌﺐ ﺩﻭﺭﺍً ﺑﺎﺭﺯﺍً ﰲ ﺣﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻓﻮﻟﺘﲑﺍ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﳊﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ (٣٢‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﳏﻮﻝ ﻻﺑﻼﺱ ﻧﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﻵﺗﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫})‪µL{φ ( x)} − λ L ∫ k ( x, y)φ ( y)dy = L{ f ( x‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪27‬‬

‫ﻃﺒﻖ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻼﻑ‬
‫) ‪µφ ( s) − λF (s )φ ( s ) = f (s‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ‬
‫)‪f ( s‬‬
‫= )‪φ (s‬‬
‫) ‪µ − λF (s‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺣﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ‬
‫‪ f ( s) ‬‬
‫‪φ (t ) = L−1 ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ µ − λF ( s ) ‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ) ‪ F (s‬ﻫﻲ ﳏﻮﻝ ﻻﺑﻼﺱ ﻟﻠﻨﻮﺍﺓ‪ φ (t ) .‬ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﳊﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪.(٣٢‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ‪: ٢٠‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ‬

‫‪t‬‬
‫‪φ (t ) = 1 + ∫ sin(t − x)φ ( x) dx‬‬ ‫)‪(٣٣‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ‪k ( x, t ) = sin(t − x) , f (t ) = 1 , λ = 1 , µ = 1‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳊﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ (٣٣‬ﻛﺎﻵﺗﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪ 1  −1  s 2 + 1 −1 1 1 ‬‬
‫‪−1 ‬‬
‫‪φ (t ) = L  s 1  = L  3  = L  + 3 ‬‬
‫‪1 − s 2 +1 ‬‬ ‫‪ s ‬‬ ‫‪s s ‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ‬
‫‪t2‬‬
‫‪φ (t ) = 1 +‬‬
‫!‪2‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ‪: ٢١‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ‬

‫‪x‬‬
‫‪φ ( x) = sin x + 2 ∫ cos( x − t )φ (t ) dt‬‬ ‫)‪(٣٤‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪28‬‬

k( x, t ) = cos( x − t ) , f ( x) = sin x , λ = 2 , µ = 1 ‫ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ‬
s 1
F ( s ) = L{k ( x, t )} = , L{ f } =
s2 + 1 s2 +1
(٣٤) ‫ﻋﻮﺽ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬
 1 2 
−1   1 
φ ( x) = L  1+ s 2 s  = L−1  2
= xe x ⋅
1 − s 2 +1   ( s − 1) 
29

نظرية لابلاس

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

نظرية لابلاس

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

‫ﳏﻮﻝ ﻻﺑﻼﺱ‬

‫‪ ٠١‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﳏﻮﻝ ﻻﺑﻼﺱ ﻭﺧﻮﺍﺻﻪ‬

‫ﻟﻠﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻛﺎﻵﺗﻲ‪ f (s ) :‬ﺃﻭ }) ‪ L{ f (t‬ﻭﻳﻜﺘﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ‬

‫ﳏﻮﻝ ﻻﺑﻼﺱ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﺎﺵ ﻧﺬﻛﺮ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﳏﻮﻝ ﻻﺑﻼﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫‪PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com‬‬

‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺗﻜﺘﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻵﺗﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪ ٠٢‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﳏﻮﻝ ﻻﺑﻼﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺴﻲ‬

‫ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﲟﺤﻮﻝ ﻻﺑﻼﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﺪﺍﻟﺔ ) ‪ f (s‬ﻭﺗﻜﺘﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻵﺗﻲ‪:‬‬

‫})‪f (t ) = L−1{ f ( s‬‬

‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻥ ﳏﻮﻝ ﻻﺑﻼﺱ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻛﺲ ﻟﻠﺪﺍﻟﺔ ) ‪ f (s‬ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻭﻫﻮ ) ‪. f (t‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﶈﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻛﺲ ﻳﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺑﺎﳋﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ‪ ، f (t ) = e at‬ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ a‬ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬

‫‪PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com‬‬

Re eiθ = cos θ , Im eiθ = sin θ

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

‫• ﺃﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ‪ n > −1‬ﻓﺈﻥ‬

‫‪PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com‬‬

‫• ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﲤﺎ ﺭﻳﻦ‬

:‫ﺃﻭﺟﺪ ﳏﻮﻝ ﻻﺑﻼﺱ ﻟﻼﺗﻲ‬

L{cosh at} , L{sinh at} , L{sin 8t}

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

‫ﺃﻭﺟﺪ ﳏﻮﻝ ﻻﺑﻼﺱ ﻟﻠﺪﺍﻟﺔ‬

:‫ﺃﻭﺟﺪ ﳏﻮﻝ ﻻﺑﻼﺱ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﺍﻝ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ‬

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

‫‪ ٠٤‬ﺗﻌﺎﺭﻳﻒ ﻭﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﻭﻧﻈ ﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ‬

‫ﺃ‪ .‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻌﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (1‬ﳝﺜﻞ ﺭﲰﺎً ﻟﻠﺪﺍﻟﺔ ) ‪ 0 ≤ t ≤ 6 , f (t‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﻣﻘﻄﻌﻴﺎً‪.‬‬

‫‪PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com‬‬

‫) ‪f (t ) = O ( e bt‬‬ ‫⋅∞ → ‪,t‬‬

‫ﺃﺛﺒﺖ ﺃﻥ ‪ f (t ) = t 3‬ﺫﺍﺕ ﺭﺗﺒﺔ ﺃﺳﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ∞ → ‪t‬‬

‫ﺍﳊﻞ‪ :‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‬

‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ‪ f (t ) = t 3‬ﺫﺍﺕ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﺃﺳﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺿﺢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ‪ f (t ) = et‬ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﺃﺳﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﳊﻞ‪ :‬ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ‬

‫‪PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com‬‬

‫ﺝ‪ .‬ﻓﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﻝ ‪A‬‬

‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﲢﻘﻖ ﺍﻵﺗﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫) ‪ f (t‬ﺗﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ‪A‬‬ ‫ﻳﻘﺎﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ‬

‫‪ ٠٥‬ﳏﻮﻝ ﻻﺑﻼﺱ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﻹﳚﺎﺩ ﳏﻮﻝ ﻻﺑﻼﺱ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ) ‪ f ′(t‬ﻧﺪﺭﺱ ﺍﻵﺗﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺰﻱﺀ ﳓﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻵﺗﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﳓﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺰﻱﺀ ﻣﻊ ﻭﺿﻊ‬

‫‪PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com‬‬

‫}) ‪L{ f ′′(t )} = − f ′(0) + sL{ f ′(t‬‬

‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺰﻱﺀ ﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ‬

‫‪L{ f ′(t )} = e‬‬ ‫‪− st‬‬ ‫‪T1‬‬

‫ﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﱰﺓ )∞ ‪ [0,‬ﻓﺈﻥ‬ ‫) ‪f (t‬‬ ‫ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ‬

‫• ﲢﻮﻳﻞ ﻻﺑﻼﺱ ﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻞ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻣﺘﻘﻄﻌﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com‬‬

‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ) ‪ f ′(t‬ﲢﻘﻖ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﶈﻮﻝ ﻓﺈﻥ‬

‫ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ) ‪ f (t‬ﻣﻨﻘﻄﻌﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ‪ t = a‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺗﻜﺘﺐ ﻛﺎﻵﺗﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺰﻱﺀ ﻓﻨﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫[‬ ‫]‬ ‫[‬ ‫]‬

‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ (٢٤‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪ (٢٣‬ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪.(٢٢‬‬

‫• ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﻴﺔ‬

‫‪PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com‬‬

‫) ‪ u(t − a‬ﺃﻭ ‪ u a‬ﻭﲤﺜﻞ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﻴﺎً ﻛﺎﻵﺗﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﳛﺴﺐ ﳍﺎ ﳏﻮﻝ ﻻﺑﻼﺱ ﻛﺎﻵﺗﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﳏﻮﻝ ﻻﺑﻼﺱ ﻟﻠﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ‬

‫‪PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com‬‬

‫‪f g = g f‬‬ ‫‪ .١‬ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﻝ‬

‫‪f 0 = 0 f = 0‬‬ ‫‪ .٤‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻣﺎﺣﻲ‬