Module 1

MODULE - 1
LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
1.1 INTRODUCTION
A transformation is a mathematical device which converts one function into another. For example,
 d 
when the differential operator D  =  operates on f ( x ) = sin x, it gives a new function
 dx 
g ( x ) = D  f ( x ) = cos x.
Laplace transform or Laplace transformation is widely used by scientists and engineers. It is
particularly effective in solving linear differential equations – ordinary as well as partial.
1.2 DEFINITION
The Laplace transform of real valued function f (t ) for all t ≥ 0, is denoted by L  f (t ) and is
defined by
∞
L  f (t ) = ∫e
− st
f (t ) dt
0
provided that the integral exists. Here ‘s’ is a parameter which may be real or complex.
L  f (t ) is clearly a function of s, and it can also be denoted as f ( s ).

∞
i.e., L  f (t ) = ∫e
− st
f (t ) dt = f ( s )
0
If L  f (t ) = f ( s ) , then f (t ) is called the inverse Laplace transform of f (t ) and is denoted
by L −1  f ( s ) = f (t ). Here L denotes the inverse Laplace transform.

−1
2 Transform Calculus, Fourier Series and Numerical Techniques
1.3 PROPERTIES OF LAPLACE TRANSFORM
1.3.1 Linearity Property

If c1 and c2 are constants and f and g are functions of t, then
L c1 f (t ) + c2 g (t ) = c1 L  f (t ) + c2 L  g (t )
∞
Proof: By definition, L  f (t ) = e− st f (t ) dt
∫
0
∴ L c1 f (t ) + c2 g (t ) = ∫e
− st
 c1 f (t ) + c2 g (t ) dt
0
∞ ∞
= c1 e f (t ) dt + c2 e g (t ) dt
∫ ∫
− st − st
0 0
= c1 L  f (t ) + c2 L  g (t )
1.3.2 First Shifting Property
If L  f (t ) = f ( s ) then L  e f (t ) = f ( s − a )

at
∞
Proof: By definition, L  f (t ) = e − st f (t ) dt
∫
0
∞ ∞ ∞
∫ e − st  eat f (t ) dt = e − st +at f (t ) dt = e ( ) f (t ) dt

∫ ∫
− s −a t
∴ L  e f (t ) =
at
0 0 0
= ∫e
− pt
f (t ) dt where p = s − a
0
= f ( p ) = f (s − a )
1.3.3 Change of Scale Property
If L  f (t ) = f ( s ) then L  f ( at ) = f  

1 s
a a
∞
∫
0
Laplace Transforms 3
∴ L  f ( at ) = ∫e
− st
 f ( at ) dt
0
Put at = u
Differentiate w.r.t 't'
du du
a (1) = ⇒ dt =
dt a
∞ su
− du
L  f ( at ) = ∫ e a  f (u ) .
0
a
∞
1 − λu s
= a e f (u ) du where λ =
∫
0
a
1
= L  f (u )
a 
1 1 s
= f (λ ) = f  
a a a
1.4 LAPLACE TRANSFORMS OF SOME ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS

a
1. L [a ] = , s > 0 where ' a ' is a constant
s
∞
Proof: By definition, L  f (t ) = e f (t ) dt

∫
− st
∞ ∞ ∞
 e − st   e −∞ − e0   0 − 1 a
∴ L [a ] = e − st [a ] dt = a e − st dt = a 
∫ ∫  = a   =a  = s
0 0  − s  0  − s   − s
1
2. L e  = , s>a
at
s−a
∞
Proof: By definition, L  f (t ) = e f (t ) dt

∫
− st
0
∞
∞ ∞ ∞
− ( s − a )t
 e−( s − a )t 
∴ L e  = e ∫ e  dt = e
∫ ∫
− st − st + at
at
 
at
dt = e dt =  
0 0 0  − ( s − a ) 0
 e −∞ − e0   0 − 1  1
= = =
 − ( s − a )   − ( s − a )  s − a
a
3. L [sinh at ] = ,s> a
s − a2
2
eat − e −at
Proof: By definition, sinh at =
2
 e at − e − at  1
∴ L [sinh at ] = L 
 2  2
at
{− at 1 1
 = L e  − L e  =  −
1 

2 s − a s + a
}
1  ( s + a ) − ( s − a )  a
=  = 2
2  ( s − a )( s + a )  s − a 2
s
4. L [cosh at ] = ,s> a.
s − a2
2
e at + e − at
Proof: By definition, cosh at =
2
 e at + e − at  1
∴ L [cosh at ] = L 
 2  2
at
{
− at 1 1
 = L e  + L e  =  +
1 

2 s − a s + a 
}
1  ( s + a ) + ( s − a )  s
=  = 2
2  ( s − a )( s + a )  s − a 2
a
5. L [sin at ] = , s>0
s + a2
2
∞
∫ 0
∞
∞  e − st 
∴ L [sin at ] = e ∫
− st
[sin at ] dt =  2 2 ( −s sin at − a cos at ) = 2 a 2
0  ( − s ) + a  0 s +a
s
6. L [cos at ] = , s >0
s + a2
2
∞
Proof: By definition, L  f (t ) = e − st f (t ) dt ∫
0
∞
∞  e − st  s
∴ L [cos at ] = e − st [cos at ] dt = 
∫ ( − s cos at + a sin at )  = 2
 ( − s ) + a  0 s + a
2 2 2
0
n!
7. L t  = n +1 , where n is a positive integer.
n
s
∞
Proof: By definition, L  f (t ) = e − st f (t ) dt ∫
0
∫
∴ L t  = e t  dt
n − st n
Put st = x
Differentiating w.r.t ' t '
dx dx
s (1) = ⇒ dt =
dt s
∞ ∞
 x n  dx 1
∫ ∫
∴ L t n  = e − x    . = n +1 e − x x n dx
0  s   s s 0
1 Γ ( n + 1)
s n +1 {Γ (n + 1)} = s n +1
If n is a positive integer, Γ ( n + 1) = n!
n!
∴ L t n  = .
s n +1
8. By applying First shifting property to the above elementary functions, we get the following
useful results:
n!
(1) L e at t n  = n +1
, where n is a positive integer.
(s − a )
b
(2) L e at sinh bt  =
(s − a )
2
− b2
s −a
(3) L e cosh bt  =
at
.
(s − a )
2
− b2
b
(4) L e at sin bt  =
(s − a )
2
+ b2
s−a
(5) L e at cos bt  = .
(s − a )
2
+ b2
Illustrative Examples
1 1
1. L [1] = 2. L e  =
2t
s s−2
1 3 3
3. L e  = 4. L [sinh3t ] =
−3 t
= 2
s+3 s −322
s −9
2 2
6. L [sin2t ] =
s s
5. L [cosh4t ] = = 2 = 2
s −422
s − 16 s +2
2 2
s +4
s s 4 ! 24
7. L [cos3t ] = = 2 8. L t 4  = 4 +1 = 5
s +3
2 2
s +9 s s
1  1 1 1
Γ  + 1 Γ  π
   2  2  2 = 2 π
9. L  t  = L t  = 1/ 2 +1 = = 3/ 2
1/ 2
3/ 2 3/ 2
s s s 2s
2 2
10. L e −3t sinh2t  = =
 
( s + 3) s + 6s + 5
2 2
−2 2
3 3
11. L e 2t sinh3t  = =
 
(s − 2) s − 4s − 5
2 2
− 32
s+2 s+2
12. L e −2t cosht  = =
(s + 2 ) s + 4s + 3
2 2
−1 2
s−3 s−3
13. L e cosh2t  = =
3t
( s − 3) s − 6s + 5
2 2
− 22
2 2
14. L e − sin2t  = =
3t
( s + 3) s + 6s + 13
2 2
+2 2
3 3
15. L e 2t sin3t  = =
(s − 2 ) s − 4s + 13
2 2
+3 2
s−3 s−3
16. L e 3t cos 2t = =
>s − 3C 2
+2 2 s − 6s + 13
2
s+2 s+2
17. L e −2t cost  = =
(s + 2) s + 4s + 5
2 2
+12
3! 6
18. L e −2t t 3  = 3+1
=
( s + 2) (s + 2 )
4
4! 24
19. L e3t t 4  = =
( s − 3) 4 +1
( s − 3)5
1.5 SOME STANDARD RESULTS ON LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
Result - 1: MULTIPLICATION BY 't n'

n
If L  f (t ) = f ( s ) then L t n f (t ) = ( −1)n d  f ( s ) where n = 1, 2,3,...
  ds n  
In Particular, for n = 1,2,3
d
i) If L  f (t ) = f ( s ) then L t f (t ) = −  f ( s )
  ds  
d2
ii) If L  f (t ) = f ( s ) then L t f (t ) = 2  f ( s )
2
ds
d3
iii) If L  f (t ) = f ( s ) then L t f (t ) = − 3  f ( s )
3
ds
Result - 2: DIVISION BY 't'
 f (t ) 
∞
If L  f (t ) = f ( s ) then L 
 t 
= ∫ f (s ) ds
s
Result - 3: LAPLACE TRANSFORMS OF INTEGRALS
t  f (s )
If L  f (t ) = f ( s ) then L  f (u ) du  = s
∫
 0 
Result - 4: LAPLACE TRANSFORMS OF DERIVATIVES
If L  f (t ) = f ( s ) then L  f (t ) = s f ( s ) − s − f ( 0 ) − s − f ' ( 0 ) − s − f '' ( 0 ) − ... − f − (0 )

n n n 1 n 2 n 3 n 1
In Particular, for n = 1,2,3, 4
i) If L  f (t ) = f ( s ) then L  f ' (t ) = s f ( s ) − f (0 )
ii) If L  f (t ) = f ( s ) then L  f '' (t ) = s 2 f ( s ) − s f (0 ) − f ' (0 )
iii) If L  f (t ) = f ( s ) then L  f ''' (t ) = s 3 f ( s ) − s 2 f (0 ) − s f ' (0 ) − f '' (0 )
iv) If L  f (t ) = f ( s ) then L  f (t ) = s f ( s ) − s f (0 ) − s f ' ( 0 ) − s f '' (0 ) − f ''' (0 )

iv 4 3 2
List of Laplace Transform and Inverse Laplace Transform of Some Standard Functions
Sl.
Laplace Transform Inverse Laplace Transform
No
a
L [a ] = , s > 0 a
1 s L −1  = a
where ' a ' is a constant s
1 1
2 L [1] = L −1  = 1
s s
1  1  at
3 L eat  = ,s>a L −1 =e
s−a s − a
(i ) L −1
a a   1  sinh at
4 L [sinh at ] = ,s> a 2
= sinh at , (ii ) L −1 2 2
=
s2 − a2  s 2
− a  s − a  a
s  s 
5 L [cosh at ] = ,s> a. L −1 2 2
= cosh at
s − a2
2
s −a 
(i ) L −1
a a   1  sin at
6 L [sin at ] = , s>0 2
= sin at , ( ii ) L −1 2 2
=
s + a2
2
s + a 
2
s + a  a
s  s 
7 L [cos at ] = , s>0 L −1 2 2
= cos at
s + a2
2
s +a 
n!
(i ) L t n  = ,
s n +1
where n is a positive integer. −1  1  tn −1  1  t n −1
8 ( )  n+1 
i L = , ( )  n
ii L =
Γ ( n + 1)  s  n!  s  ( n − 1)!
(ii ) L t n  = n +1 ,
s
when n is a fraction.
n!  1  eat t n  1  eat t n −1
L eat t n  = , (i ) L −1  = , ( ii ) L −1
 =
 ( s − a )  (n − 1)!
n +1
9 (s − a)  ( s − a ) 
n +1
n! n
where n is a positive integer.
 b 
(i ) L −1  = eat sinh bt ,
 ( s − a ) − b 
2 2
b
10 L eat sinh bt  =
(s − a )
2
− b2   eat sinh bt
1
( )
ii L −1
 =
 ( s − a ) − b 2 
2
b
s−a
L eat cosh bt  = .  s−a 
(s − a )
2
11 − b2 L −1  = eat cosh bt
 ( s − a ) − b 2 
2
 b 
(i ) L −1  = e at sin bt ,
 ( s − a ) + b 
2 2
b
12 L eat sin bt  =
( s − a )2 + b2  1  eat sin bt
(ii ) L  −1
=
 ( s − a ) + b2 
2
b
s −a  s −a 
13 L eat cos bt  = . L  = eat cos bt
(s − a )
2
+ b2  ( s − a ) + b2 
2
d d 
14 L t f (t ) = −  f ( s ) L −1  f ( s )  = −t f (t )
ds  ds 
d2  d2 
15 L t 2 f (t ) = 2  f ( s ) L −1 2  f ( s )  = t 2 f (t )
ds  ds 
d3  d3 
16 L t 3 f (t ) = − 3  f ( s ) L −1 3  f ( s )  = − t 3 f (t )
ds  ds 
 f (t )   f (t )
∞
∞
17 L = ∫ f ( s ) ds L −1
 f ( s ) ds  =
∫
 t  s  s  t
t  f (s )  f (s )  t
18 L  f (u ) du  =
∫ L −1  = ∫ f (u ) du
 0  s  s  0
19 L  f ' (t ) = s f ( s ) − f (0 )
20 L  f '' (t ) = s 2 f ( s ) − s f (0 ) − f ' ( 0 )
21 L  f ''' (t ) = s 3 f ( s ) − s 2 f (0 ) − s f ' (0 ) − f '' (0 )
22 L  f iv (t ) = s 4 f ( s ) − s 3 f (0 ) − s 2 f ' (0 ) − s f '' (0 ) − f ''' (0 )

WORKED EXAMPLES
Example 1.1 :
 2, 0 < t < 3
If f ( t ) =  then find L  f ( t ) . ( VTU 2014 )
 t, t>3
Solution:
∞
By definition, L  f (t ) = ∫e
− st
f (t ) dt
0
3 ∞
= ∫ e ( 2 ) dt + ∫ e (t ) dt
− st − st
0 3
3 ∞
= 2 ∫ e dt + ∫ te dt
− st − st
0 3
3 ∞
 e − st    e − st   e − st  
= 2  s  + t  s  − (1) s 2  
 − 0   −    3
 e −3 s − 1   3e −3 s e −3 s 
2
=   +  ( 0 − 0 ) −  − 2 
 −s    −s s 
−2e −3 s 2 3e −3 s e −3 s
= + + + 2
s s s s
2 e −3 s e −3 s 2 −3 s  1 1 
= + + 2 = +e  + 2 
s s s s s s 
Example 1.2 :
e t , 0 < t < 5
If f ( t ) =  then find L  f (t ) .
 3, t>5
Solution:
∞
− st
f (t ) dt
0
5 ∞
= ∫ e (e ) dt + ∫ e (3 ) dt
− st t − st
0 5
5 ∞
−( s −1)t
∫ e dt + 3∫ e dt
− st
=
0 5
5 ∞
 e −(s −1)t   e − st 
=   + 3  
 − ( s − 1)  0  −s  5
 e −( s −1)5 − 1   e −5 s 
  + 3 0 −
 (
= − s −1
)   − s 
1 − e −(s −1)5 3e −5 s
+
=
( s − 1) s
Example 1.3 :
1, 0 < t ≤ 1

If f ( t ) =  t , 1 < t ≤ 2 then find L  f ( t ) .
0, t>2

Solution:
∞
− st
f (t ) dt
0
1 2 ∞
= ∫ e (1) dt + ∫ e (t ) dt + ∫ e (0 ) dt
− st − st − st
0 1 2
1 2
1 2
 e − st    e − st   e − st 
= ∫ e dt + ∫1
− st
t e dt + 0 = − st
 s  + t  s  − (1)  s 2 
0  − 0   −    1
 e − s − 1   2e −2 s e −2 s   e − s e − s  
=   +  − 2 − − 
 − s   − s s   − s s 2  
1 2e −2 s e −2 s e − s
= − − 2 + 2
s s s s
Example 1.4 :
Find the Laplace transform of cos 2 2t .
Solution:
 1 + cos 4t  1 1 1 s 
( )
L cos 2 2t = L 
 2  = L (1 + cos 4t ) =  + 2
 2 2  s s + 16 
Example 1.5 :
Find the Laplace transform of sin3 2t . ( VTU 2014 )
Solution:
 3sin 2t − sin 6t   3sin θ − sin 3θ 
L (sin 3 2t ) = L  ∵ sin θ =
3
 
 4  4
1
=
4
{3L [sin 2t ] − L [sin 6t ]}
1 2 6  3 1 1 
= 3. 2 − 2 2
=  2 − 2 
4 s +2 2
s + 6  2  s + 4 s + 36 
Example 1.6 :
Find the Laplace transform of e 2 t cos2 t . ( VTU 2006 )
Solution:
 2t  1 + cos 2t   1
L (e 2t cos 2 t ) = L  e 
  2  
 2
{ }
= L  e 2t  + L  e 2t cos 2t 
1  1 s − 2 

= 2 s −2 + 
( s − 2 ) + 4 
2

Example 1.7 :
Evaluate L [sin t sin 2 t sin 3 t ] . ( VTU 2013 )
Solution:
  1 
L [sin t sin 2t sin 3t ] = L sin t − (cos 5t − cos t )
  2 
1
= − L [cos5t sin t − sin t cos t ]
2
1 1 1 
= − L  {sin 6t − sin 4t} − {sin 2t}
2 2 2 
1
= − L [sin 6t − sin 4t − sin 2t ]
4
1 6 4 2 
= −  2 − 2 − 2
4  s + 36 s + 16 s + 4 
Example 1.8 :
Evaluate L [cos t cos 2 t cos 3t ].
Solution:
 1 
L [cos t cos 2t cos 3t ] = L cos t  (cos5t + cos t ) 
 2 
1
= L cos5t cos t + cos2 t 
2 
1 1 1 + cos 2t 
= L  {cos 6t + cos 4t} + 
2 2 2
1
= L [cos 6t + cos 4t + 1 + cos 2t ]
4
1 s s 1 s 
+ 2 + + 2
4  s + 36 s + 16 s s + 4 

= 2
Example 1.9 :
Find L  t 5 e 4 t cosh 3t  ( VTU 2003, 2014 )
Solution:
  e 3 t + e −3 t   1 1
L t 5 e 4 t cosh 3t  = L t 5 e4 t   = L t e e + t e e  = L t e + t e 
5 4 t 3t 5 4 t −3 t 5 7t 5 t
  2  2 2
n!
We have, L  e at t n  = , where n is a positive integer.
(s − a ) +
n 1
1 1  5! 5!  5!  1 1 
∴  5 4t
 L  t 5 7t
e + t 5 t
e  =  +  =  + 6 
L t e cosh 3t  = 2   2 s 7 5 +1
 ( − ) ( s − 1)  2  ( s − 7 ) ( s − 1) 
5 +1 6
 1 1 
= 60  + 6 
 ( s − 7 ) ( s − 1) 
6
Example 1.10 :
 1  
3
Find L   t +  
 t  
Solution:
 1  
3
L  t +   = L t 3/ 2 + t −3/ 2 + 3t1/ 2 + 3t −1/ 2 

  t  
= L t  + L t  + 3L t  + 3L t 

3/ 2 −3 / 2 1/ 2 −1/ 2
3   3  1   1 
Γ  + 1 Γ  − + 1 Γ  + 1 Γ  − + 1
2  +  2  +3 2  +3  2 
= 3 3 1 1
+1 − +1 +1 − +1
s2 s 2
s2 s 2
5  1 3 1

Γ  Γ −  Γ  Γ  3 π π
 2  +  2  + 3  2  + 3  2  = 4 + −2 π + 3 2 + 3 π
= 5 1 3 1 5 1 3 1
− −
s2 s 2 s2 s2 s2 s 2 s2 s2
 3 3 3 
= π 2 −2 s + + 
 4s s 2s s s
Example 1.11 :
Find L  te 4 t  ( VTU 2006 )

 
Solution:
1  3 π
Γ  + 1 Γ  
π
L  t  = L t1/ 2  =  1  =  3  = 23 = 3 = f ( s )
2 2
+1
s2 s2 s2 2s 2
By first shifting property, we have
L e at f (t ) = f ( s − a )
π
∴ L  te 4t  =
  3
2 ( s − 4 )2
Example 1.12 :
Find L  e −3 t (2cos5t − 3sin 5t )
Solution:
L e −3t ( 2cos5t − 3sin 5t ) = 2 L e −3t cos5t  − 3L e −3t sin 5t 
 s+3   5 
2
=    − 3  
  
 ( s + 3) + 25   ( s + 3) + 25 
2 2
2s + 6 − 15 2s − 9
= = 2
s + 9 + 6s + 25 s + 6s + 34
2
Example 1.13 :
 cos t 
Find L  
 t 
Solution:
θ2 θ4 θ6
We know that cos θ = 1 − + − + ...
2! 4! 6!
t t2 t3
∴ cos t = 1 − + − + ...
2! 4! 6!
cos t 1 t t2 t3
⇒ = − + − + ...
t t 2! t 4! t 6! t
−1/ 2 1 1/ 2 1 3/ 2 1 5/ 2
= t − t + t − t + ...
2! 4! 6!
 cos t  1 1 1
∴ L  = L t −1/ 2  − L t1/ 2  + L t 3/ 2  − L t 5/ 2  + ...
 t  2! 4! 6!
1 1 1
= L t  − L t  + L t  − L t  + ...
−1/ 2 1/ 2 3/ 2 5/ 2
2! 4! 6!
 1  1  3  5 
Γ  − + 1 Γ  + 1 Γ  + 1 Γ  + 1
 2 − 1 2 + 1 2 − 1  2  + ...
= 1 1 3 5
− +1 2! +1 4! +1 6! +1
s 2 s2 s2 s2
1  3  5 7
Γ  Γ  Γ  Γ 
 2  − 1  2  + 1  2  − 1  2  + ...
= 1
2! 23 4! 52 6! 72
s2 s s s
π 3 π 15 π
π 1 2 1 4 1 8
= − + − + ...
s 2! s s 4! s 2 s 6! s3 s
π 1 1 1 1 1  π −1/ 4 s
= 1 − + − + ...= e
s  4 s 2! ( 4 s ) 3! ( 4 s )
2 3
 s
Example 1.14 :
 1  
3
Find L  t −  

 t  
Solution:
 1  
3
L  t −   = L t 3 / 2 − t −3 / 2 − 3t1/ 2 + 3t −1/ 2 
 
 t  
= L t  − L t  − 3L t  + 3L t 

3/ 2 −3/ 2 1/ 2 −1/ 2
3   3  1   1 
Γ  + 1 Γ  − + 1 Γ  + 1 Γ  − + 1
2  −  2  −3 2  +3  2 
= 3 3 1 1
+1 − +1 +1 − +1
s2 s 2
s2 s 2
5  1  3 1
Γ  Γ −  Γ  Γ  3 π π
 2  −  2  − 3  2  + 3  2  = 4 − −2 π − 3 2 + 3 π
= 5 1 3 1 5 1 3 1
− −
s2 s 2 s2 s2 s2 s 2 s2 s2
 3 3 3 
= π 2 +2 s − + 
 4s s 2s s s
Example 1.15 :
Find L t 2 e2t  ( VTU 2008 )
Solution:
n!
We have, L e at t n  =
(s − a )
n +1
2! 2
∴ L t 2 e 2t  = =
(s − 2) (s − 2)
2 +1 3
Example 1.16 :
Find L  e − t sin6t + t cos 3t  .
Solution:
L e − t sin 6t + t cos3t  = L e − t sin 6t  + L [t cos3t ]
6  
 ∵ L (e at sin bt ) =
b
L e − t sin 6t  = 
( s + 1) ( s − a ) + b 2 
2
+ 62
2

s
We have, L [cos at ] =
s + a2
2
s
∴ L [cos3t ] = = f (s)
s + 32
2
d
We have, L t f (t ) = −  f ( s )
ds
 ( s 2 + 9 ) (1) − s (2 s ) 
d  s  = s −9
2
∴ L [t cos3t ] = −  2 = − 

ds  s + 32  ( s2 + 9 )  ( s 2 + 9 )2
2

 
6 s2 − 9
∴ L e − t sin 6t + t cos3t  = +
( s + 1) (s + 9)
2 2
+ 36 2
Example 1.17 :
Find L  e −3 t sin5t sin 3t  ( VTU 2006 )
Solution:
L e −3t sin 5t sin 3t  = L e −3t  − ( cos8t − cos 2t )  = − L {e −3t cos8t − e −3t cos 2t}
1 1
 2 
   2
1  s +3 s +3 
= −  − 
2  ( s + 3) + 8 ( s + 3) + 2 
2 2 2 2
 
Example 1.18 :
Find L  2t + t sin t  ( VTU 2004 )
Solution:
L  2t + t sin t  = L  2t  + L [t sin t ]
(log 2 )t  1
L 2t  = L e =
 s − log 2
Let f (t ) = sin t
⇒ L  f (t ) = L [sin t ]
1
⇒ f (s ) =
s +1
2
d
We have, L t f (t ) = −  f ( s )
ds
d  1 
∴ L t f (t ) = −  2 
ds  s + 1 
 ( s 2 + 1) ( 0 ) − ( 2 s ) 
= −  = − 2s
 (s 2 + 1)  (s 2 + 1)
2 2
1 2s
L  2t + t sin t  = s − log 2 − 2
∴ ( s + 1)
2
Example 1.19 :
 (
Find L  t sin 3 t − cos 3 t 
 ) ( VTU 2005, 2011)
Solution:
  3sin t − sin 3t   cos3t + 3cos t  
( )
L t sin 3 t − cos3 t  = L t  −  
  4   4  
1
=
4
{t [3sin t − sin 3t − cos3t − 3cos t ]}
Let f (t ) = 3sin t − sin 3t − cos3t − 3cos t
⇒ L  f (t ) = 3L [sin t ] − L [sin 3t ] − L [cos3t ] − 3L [cos t ]
 1  3 s  s 
⇒ f (s ) = 3 2  − 2 − 2 − 3 2 
 s + 1 s + 9 s + 9  s + 1
3 − 3s 3 + s
= −
s2 + 1 s2 + 9
d
We have, L t f (t ) = −  f ( s )
ds  
d  3 − 3s 3 + s 
∴ L t f (t ) = − −
ds  s 2 + 1 s 2 + 9 
 ( ) ( )
  s 2 + 1 ( −3) − (3 − 3s )(2 s )   s 2 + 9 (1) − (3 + s )( 2s )  
= −  −  
 (s + 1)   (s + 9) 
2 2
 
2 2
  
 2   2 2 
 −3s − 3 − 6s + 6s   s + 9 − 6s − 2 s  
2
= −  − 
  ( s2 + 1)   ( ) 
2 2
  s 2
+ 9 
 2 
 3s − 6 s − 3 s + 6s − 9 
2
= − + 2 
 ( s + 1) ( s2 + 9) 
2
2
 
1  3s 2 − 6s − 3 s 2 + 6s − 9 
( )
∴ L t sin 3 t − cos3 t  = − 
4  ( s 2 + 1)2
+ 2 
 ( s2 + 9) 
Example 1.20 :
Find L  t 2 e −3 t sin 2t  . ( VTU 2004 )
Solution:
Let f (t ) = sin 2t
⇒ L  f (t ) = L [sin 2t ]
2 2
f (s ) = = 2
s +2
2 2
s +4
d2
We have, L t 2 f (t ) = 2  f ( s )
ds
 
d 2  2  d  d  2  d  −4s 
∴ L t sin 2t  = = =
2
 
ds 2  s 2 + 4  ds  ds  s 2 + 4  ds  ( s 2 + 4 )2 
 
(s 2
+ 4 ) ( −4 ) − ( −4s ) 2 ( s 2 + 4 ) ( 2s )
2
(s 2
+ 4 ) ( s 2 + 4 )( −4 ) − ( −4s )( 4s )
= =
(s + 4) (s + 4)
2 4 2 4
−4 s 2 − 16 + 16 s 2 12 s 2 − 16 4 (3s 2 − 4 )
= =
=
(s + 4) (s + 4) (s + 4)
2 3 2 3 2 3
We have, L e at f (t ) = f ( s − a )
4 3 ( s + 3 ) − 4 
2
 
∴ L t e
2 −3 t
sin 2t  = 3
( s + 3 ) + 4 
2
 
Example 1.21 :
Find L  te 8 t cos 2t  . ( VTU 2004)

Solution:
Let f (t ) = cos 2t
⇒ L  f (t ) = L [ cos 2t ]
s s
f (s) = = 2
s +2
2 2
s +4
d
We have, L t f (t ) =  f ( s )
ds  
d  s  (
s 2 + 4 (1) − s ( 2s ) ) s2 − 4
∴ L [t cos 2t ] − = − =
ds  s 2 + 4 
=
( ) ( )
2 2
s2 + 4 s2 + 4
We have, L eat f (t ) = f (s − a)
( s − 8)2 − 4
∴ L t e cos 2t  =
8t
2
( s − 8)2 + 4
 
Example 1.22 :
 cos 2t − cos 3t 
Find L 
 t .

( VTU 2004)
Solution:
Let f (t ) = cos 2t − cos 3t
⇒ L  f (t ) = L [ cos 2t ] − L [ cos 3t ]

s s
⇒ f (s) = − 2
s +4 s +9
2
 f (t ) 
∞
We have, L  = ∫ f ( s) ds
 t  s
∞
 cos 2t − cos 3t   s s 
∴ L  = ∫  s 2
+ 4
− 2
s
 ds
+ 9
 t s
∞
1   s2 + 4 
1
( ) ( )
∞
 2
+ − 2
+  =
= 2 log s 4 log s 9  s 2 log  s 2 + 9  
 s
  4 
1+
1  s2 + 4  s 2 + 4  1   2 
s − log  s 2
+ 4  
=  s →∞
Lt log  s 2 + 9  − log = 
 s 2 + 9   2 s →∞
Lt log     
2   1+
9
  s 2
+ 9  
  s2  
1  s2 + 4   1  s2 + 9 
0 − log  2  = log
 s + 9   2  s 2 + 4 
=
2
Example 1.23 :
 cos at − cos bt 
Find L 
 t
+ t sin at  .

( VTU 2010)
Solution:
 cos at − cos bt   cos at − cos bt 
L
 t
+ t sin at  = L 
  t  + L [t sin at ]
Let f (t ) = cos at − cos bt
⇒ L  f (t ) = L [ cos at ] − L [ cos bt ]
s s
⇒ f (s) = − 2
s +a22
s + b2
 f (t )  ∞
We have, L
 t 
 = ∫ f ( s) ds
s
∞
 cos at − cos bt   s s 
∴ L
 t  = ∫  s 2
+a 2
− 2  ds
s + b2 
s
∞
1   s2 + a2  
1
( ) ( )
∞
= 2 log s + a − log s + b  s = 2 log  s 2 b 2  
2 2 2 2
  +  s
1  s2 + a2   s2 + a2  
 sLt log  2 − log  s 2 + b 2  
 s + b2 
=
2  →∞ 
  a2  
+
1  s + a 
 1  2 2
s2
=  sLt log   − log  2 2 

2  →∞ 1+ b
2
  s + b  
   
 s2 
1  s2 + a2   1  s 2 + b2 
0 − log  2  = log
 s + b 2   2  s 2 + a 2 
=
2
Let f ( t ) = sin at
⇒ L  f (t ) = L [sin at ]
a
⇒ f ( s) =
s + a2
2
d
We have, L t f (t ) = −  f ( s )
ds
d  a 
= −
(
 s 2 + a 2 (0) − a ( 2s ) 

)
∴ L t f (t ) = −  2
ds  s + a 2   s 2
+ a 2 2
(  )
 
2as
= −
(s )
2
2
+ a2
 cos at − cos bt  1  s 2 + b2  2as

∴ L + t sin at  = log  2 
−
s +a  ( )
2 2
 t  2 s2 + a2
Example 1.24 :
 1 − cos 3t 
Find L 
 t .

( VTU 2006)
Solution:
Let f (t ) = 1 − cos 3t
⇒ L  f (t ) = L [1] − L [ cos 3t ]
1 s
⇒ f (s) = − 2
s s +9
 f (t )  ∞
We have, L
 t 
 = ∫ f ( s) ds
s
∞
1 − cos 3t  1 s 
∴ L
 t  = ∫  s − s 2  ds
+ 9
s
∞
 
∞
  s 

1 2
(
= log s − 2 log s + 9  = log  2) 
 s   s + 9   s
  s   s 
=  sLt log   − log  
 →∞  s2 + 9   s 2 + 9  
   
 Lt log  s  s    s 
 − log =  −
=  s→∞   0 log  
 ( )   s 2 + 9     s 2 + 9  
 s 1+ 9 / s
2
  
 s2 + 9 
= log  
 s 
Example 1.25 :
 e − at − e − bt 
Find L 
 t
.

( VTU 2003)
Solution:
Let f ( t ) = e − at − e −bt
⇒ L  f (t ) = L e− at  − L e −bt 
1 1
⇒ f (s) = −
s+a s+b
 f (t )  ∞
We have, L
 t 
 = ∫ f ( s ) ds
s
∞
 e − at − e − bt   1 1 
∴ L
 t  =

∫  s + a − s + b  ds
s
∞
∞   s + a 
=  log ( s + a ) − log ( s + b ) s =  log  s b  
 + s
 a
1+
 s + a  s + a  s  − log  s + a 
Lt log  − log  = Lt log 
= s →∞  s + b   s + b  s →∞ b  s b 
+
1+ 
 s
 s + a  s + b
= 0 − log   = log  
s+b s + a
Example 1.26 :
2 sin 3t
Find the Laplace transform of te 2 t −
t
( VTU 2005)
Solution:
 2 sin 3t   sin 3t 
L  te 2t − = L  te  − 2 L 
2t
 t    t 
 
L  te 2t  =
1
( )
∵ L t n e at =
n!

( s − 2 )2  ( s − a )n +1 
Let f ( t ) = sin 3t
⇒ L  f (t ) = L [sin 3t ]
3
⇒ f (s) =
s +92
 f (t )  ∞
We have, L
 t 
 = ∫ f ( s ) ds
s
∞ ∞ ∞
 sin 3t   3   1  1  s 
∴ L
 t 
= ∫  2  ds = 3∫  2
s + 9 s + 3 2

ds = 3  tan −1   
 3  3  s
s s
−1  s  π −1  s  −1  s 
= tan (∞ ) − tan   = − tan   = cot  
−1
3 2 3 3
 2 sin 3t  1  s
∴ L  te 2t − − 2 cot −1  
t 
=
 ( s − 2) 2
 3
Example 1.27 :
 sin 2 3t 
Find L  .
 t 
Solution:
 sin 2 3t  1 − cos 6t  1 1 − cos 6t 
L  = L
  = 2 L  
 t  2t t
Let f (t ) = 1 − cos 6t
⇒ L  f (t ) = L [1] − L [ cos 6t ]
1 s
⇒ f (s) = − 2
s s + 62
 f (t )  ∞
We have, L
 t 
 = ∫ f ( s) ds
s
∞
1 − cos 6t  1 s 
∴ L
 t  = ∫  s − s 2  ds
+ 36 
s
∞
 
∞
      
= 

log s −
1
2
log s(2
+ 36  )
=  log 
s
  = sLt
 s   s + 36   s
2 →∞
log 
s

 s + 36 
2
− log 
s

 s + 36 
2
 s   s   s   s 2 + 36 
Lt
= s →∞ log   − log  2  = 0 − log  2  = log  
 s 1 + 36 / s 2   s + 36   s + 36   s 
 sin 2 3t  1  s 2 + 36 
∴ L  = 2 log  
 t   s 
Example 1.28 :
t 
Find L  ∫ t e − t sin 2 3t dt  ( VTU 2005)
0 
Solution:
1 − cos 6t
f (t ) = sin 3t =
2
Let
2
1
∴ L  f (t ) = L {1 − cos 6t}
2
1 1 s  1  s 2 + 36 − s 2  1  36  18
⇒ f (s) = 2 s s 2 + 36  = 2 
 − =  2 = 3
   s s + 36 
2
( )
2  s s + 36
 ( ) 
s + 36 s
d
We have, L t f (t ) = −  f ( s )
ds
d  18  ( )
 s 3 + 36 s ( 0) − 18 3s 2 + 36

( )  = 54 ( s + 12)
2
∴ L t sin 3t  = − ds  3 36  = − 
2
s + s ( )  ( s + 36 s )

2 2
 s 3 + 36 s 3
We have, L e at f (t ) = f ( s − a )
54 ( s + 1) + 12
2
 
∴ L  e − t t sin 2 3t  = 2
( s + 1)3 + 36 ( s + 1)
 
L ∫ f (t ) dt  = f ( s )
t 
We have,
0  s
54 ( s + 1) + 12
2
 t −t   
∴ L ∫ t e sin 2 3t dt  = 2
0  s ( s + 1) + 36 ( s + 1)
3
 
Example 1.29 :
t 
Find L  ∫ e − t sin 2t sin 3t dt  ( VTU 2005)
0 
Solution:
−t  1 
f (t ) = e sin 2t sin 3t = e  − [cos 5t − cos t ]
−t
Let
 2 
∴
1
2
−t −t
{
L  f (t ) = − L e cos 5t − e cos t }
1  s +1 s + 1  1 s +1 s +1 
⇒ f (s) = −  − =−  2 − 2 
2  ( s + 1) + 25 ( s + 1) + 1
2 2
2  s + 2 s + 26 s + 2 s + 2 
 
(
1  ( s + 1) s + 2s + 2 − ( s + 1) s + 2s + 26
2 2
) ( ) 
= −  
2
 (
s 2 + 2 s + 26 s 2 + 2 s + 2 )( ) 
1  −24s − 24  12 ( s − 1)
= −  2 = 2
(
2  s + 2s + 26 s 2 + 2s + 2
 )( ) ( )(
 s + 2s + 26 s + 2s + 2
2
)
t  f (s)
We have, L ∫ f (t ) dt  =
0  s
t  12 ( s − 1)
∴ L ∫ e − t sin 2t sin 3t dt  =
0  (
s s + 2 s + 26 s 2 + 2 s + 2
2
)( )
Example 1.30 :
∞
Find the value of ∫ t e −3 t sin t dt using Laplace transform. ( VTU 2007 )

0
Solution:
By definition of Laplace transform, we have
∞
L  f (t ) = ∫e
− st
f (t ) dt
0
∴ ∫e
− st
t sin t dt = L [t sin t ]
0
Let f (t ) = sin t
L  f (t ) = L [ sin t ]
1
⇒ f (s) =
s +12
d
We have, L tf (t ) = −  f ( s )
ds
d  1  2s
⇒ L [t sin t ] = −   =
ds  s + 1 s 2 + 1 2 ( )
2
∞
2s
∫e
− st
∴ t sin t dt =
(s )
2
0
2
+1
Put s = 3
∞ 2 ( 3) 3
=
∫ e 3t t sin t dt =
−
(3 )
2
2
+1 50
0
Example 1.31 :
∞
∫t e − t sin t dt using Laplace transform. ( VTU 2011, 2012)

3
Find the value of
0
Solution:
∞
L  f (t ) = ∫e
− st
f (t ) dt
0
∫e
− st
∴ t 3 sin t dt = L t 3 sin t 
0
Let f (t ) = sin t
L  f (t ) = L [ sin t ]
1
⇒ f (s) =
s +12
d3
We have, L t 3 f (t ) = − 3  f ( s )
ds
 
d3  1  d2  d  1  d2 −2 s
⇒ L t sin t  = − 3  2
3
=− 2   2  =− 2  
ds  s + 1  ds  ds  s + 1  ds  s 2 + 1 2  ( )
 
 
d d

2s



d 2 − 6s 2
 = 
 24s s 2 − 1
=
( )
=
( ) (
ds  ds  s 2 + 1 2   ds  s 2 + 1 3  ) ( )
4
s2 + 1
    
∞ (
24s s 2 − 1 )
∫e
− st
∴ t 3 sin t dt =
(s )
4
0
2
+1
Put s = 1
∞
∫e
−t
t 3 sin t dt = 0
0
Example 1.32 :
∞
 e − t sin t  e − t sin t
Find L 
 t
 and hence find

∫ t
dt . ( VTU 2009, 2013)
0
Solution:
1
L e −t sin t  = = f ( s)
( s + 1)2 + 12
We have,
 f (t )  ∞
L
 t 
 = ∫ f ( s ) ds
s
∞
 e − t sin t  1
L
∴  t  = ∫ ( s + 1) 2
+ 12
ds
  s
∞ π
=  tan ( s + 1) s = tan (∞ ) − tan ( s + 1) = − tan ( s + 1)
−1 −1 −1 −1
2
 e − t sin t 
 = cot ( s + 1)
−1
∴ 
L
 t 
∞
L  f (t ) = ∫e
− st
f (t ) dt
0
∞
 sin t   sin t 
∫e
− st
∴  t  dt = L  t 
0
Let f (t ) = sin t
1
L  f (t ) = L [ sin t ] ⇒ f ( s) =
s +12
 f (t )  ∞
We have, L  = ∫ f ( s ) ds
 t  s
∞
 sin t  1 ∞ π
∴ L ∫s ds =  tan −1 s  = tan −1 ( ∞) − tan −1 s = − tan −1 s
 t 
=
s
2
+1 s 2
∞
 sin t 
∫e
− st −1
∴  t  dt = cot s
0
Put s = 1
∞
e − t sin t
∫ dt = cot −1 1 = π
0
t 4
Example 1.33 :
∞
∫ te
−2 t
Find the value of sin 3 t dt using Laplace transform. ( VTU 2008)
0
Solution:
∞
L  f (t ) = ∫e
− st
f (t ) dt
0
∴ ∫e
− st
t sin 3t dt = L [ t sin 3t ]
0
Let f (t ) = sin 3t
L  f (t ) = L [ sin 3t ]
3
⇒ f (s) =
s +92
d
We have, L t f (t ) = −  f ( s )
ds
d  3  6s
⇒ L [ t sin 3t ] = −   =
ds  s + 9  s 2 + 9 ( )
2 2
∞
6s
∫e
− st
∴ t sin 3t dt =
(s )
2
0
2
+9
Put s = 2
∞
6 ( 2) 12
∫e
−2 t
t sin 3t dt = =
(2 )
2
0
2
+9 169
Exercise 1.1
Find the Laplace transform of the following

4, 0 < t ≤ 1  2, 0 < t < 1
1. f (t ) =  2. f (t ) = 
3, t >1  2t , t ≥1
sin t , 0 < t < π  t, 0 < t < 4

3. f (t ) =  4. f (t ) = 
 0, t>π 5, t>4
 t2 , 0 < t ≤ 2
 cos (t − 2π / 3) , t > 2π / 3
5. f (t ) = t − 1, 2 < t ≤ 3 6. f (t ) = 
 7,  0, t < 2π / 3
 t>3
7. e 2t + 4t 3 − 2 sin 3t + 3cos 3t 8. 3cosh 5t − 4 sinh 5t

9. sin 2t cos 3t 10. cos 2t 3
(
11. e 2t 3t 5 − cos 4t )
2
12. e −3t sin 5t sin 3t 13. e− t sin 2 t 14. sinh 3t cos t
15. t 3 e −3t 16. t cos at 17. t 2 sin at
−t
18. te sin 3t 19. t 2 cos at 20. te −2t sin 4t
sin t eat − cos bt
21. t 2 e −3t sin 2t 22. 23.
t t
e − t sin t 1 − cos 3t e − at − e −bt
24. 25. 26.
t t t
t t t
sin t et sin t
27. ∫ t dt 28. ∫ t dt 29. ∫e −t
cos t dt
0 0 0
t
sin 2 t
∫e
−t
30. 31. sin 2t sin 3t dt 32. sin t
t 0
∞
33. Find the value of ∫ t e −3t cos 2t dt using Laplace transform .
0
34. Find the value of ∫ t e −2 t sin 4t dt using Laplace transform.

0
Answers
4 e− s 2 e−s 
− 1 +
s  s 
1. 2.
s s
1 + e −π s 1 + e −4 s ( s − 1)
3. 4.
s2 + 1 s2
2 e −2 s e −3 s
( )
s
5. 3 − 2 + 3 s + 3 s 2
+ (5s − 1) 6. e
−2 π s /3
s s3 s2 s +1
2
1 24 3 ( s − 2 ) 3s − 20
7. + 4 + 4 8.
s−2 s s +9 s 2 − 25
(
2 s2 − 5 ) (
s s 2 + 28 )
9.
(s 2
)(
+ 1 s + 25 2
) 10.
(s 2
)(
+ 4 s + 36 2
)
60 s−2 30 ( s + 3)
− 2
11.
s − 2 s − 4 s + 20
12.
(s 2
)(
+ 6 s + 13 s 2 + 6 s + 73 )
2 3 1 s 2 − 13 
 + 
( s + 1) ( s 2 + 2s + 5)
13. 14. 2  s − 9 s − 10 s + 169 
2 4 2
6 s2 − a2
15. 16.
( s + 3)4 (s )
2
2
+ a2
(
2a 3s 2 − a 2 ) 6 ( s + 1)
17. 18.
(s ) (s )
2
2 3
2
+a
2
+ 2s + 10
2 s3 − 6 a 2 s 8 ( s + 2)
19. 20.
(s 2
+a )
2 3
s + 4 s + 20
2
(
2 s 3 + 6s 2 + 9s + 2 )
21. 22. cot −1 s
( )
3
s 2 + 4s + 5
1  s 2 + b2 
23. 2 log  2  24. cot −1 ( s + 1)
 (s − a) 
1  s2 + 9  s + b
25. 2 log  s 2  26. log  
s + a
1 −1 1
27. cot s 28. cot −1 ( s − 1)
s s
s +1 1  s2 + 4 
log  
29.
(
s s + 2s + 2
2
) 30. 2  s 
12 ( s + 1) 1 π −1/4 s
31. e
( )( )
32.
s s + 2s + 2 s + 2s + 26
2 2
2s s
5 1
33. 34.
169 25
1.6 INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORM

If L  f (t ) = f ( s ) , then f (t ) is called the inverse Laplace transform of f ( s ) and is denoted by
L −1  f ( s ) = f (t ) . Here L −1 denotes the inverse Laplace transform.

In this section, we determine the inverse Laplace transform of the given function by applying
any one of following suitable method :
1. Inverse Laplace transform by completing the square
To find the inverse Laplace transforms, we first express the given f ( s ) in completing the square
form and then write its inverse by using standard results (Refer table in Page 377 and 378).
2. Inverse Laplace transform by the method of Partial fractions
To find the inverse Laplace transforms, we first express the given f ( s ) into partial fractions and
then write its inverse by using standard results (Refer table in Page 377 and 378).
3. Inverse Laplace transform of logarithmic functions and inverse functions

. In the case of logarithmic functions we apply the properties of logarithms and then differentiate
w.r.t. 's' to obtain f ' ( s ) . We then multiply both sides by 1 and then take Laplace inverse. For
L.H.S use the result L−  − f ' ( s ) = t f (t ) and for R.H.S use the standard results.
1
(Refer table in Page 9 and 10).
. In the cases of inverse trigonometric functions we simply differentiate the given f ( s ) and
use the result L−  − f ' ( s ) = t f (t ) and standard results to obtain f (t ) .

1
WORKED EXAMPLES
Example 1.34 :
s+1
Find the inverse Laplace transform of ( VTU 2005)
( s − 1) ( s + 2 )
2
Solution:
 s +1   A B C 
L−1   L−1
 + + 
 ( s − 1) ( s − 1) ( s + 2) 
=
 ( s − 1) ( s + 2 ) 
2 2
Now, s + 1 = A ( s − 1)( s + 2) + B ( s + 2) + C ( s − 1)
2
2
Put s = 1⇒ 2 = B (3) ⇒ B =
3
1
Put s = −2 ⇒ − 1 = C ( 9) ⇒C=−
9
1
Put s = 0 ⇒ 1 = −2 A + 2 B + C ⇒ A =
9
 s +1   1/ 9 2/3 −1 / 9 
∴ L−1   = L−1  + + 
 ( s − 1) ( s + 2)   ( s − 1) ( s − 1) ( s + 2) 
2 2
1 −1  1  2 −1  1  1 −1  1 
= 9 L  s −1  + 3 L  − L  
( )  ( s − 1)  9  ( s + 2) 
2
1 t 2 t 1 −2 t
= e + te − e
9 3 9
Example 1.35 :
1
Find the inverse Laplace transform of
s ( s + 1)
2 ( VTU 2005)
Solution:
 1  
−1 A B C 
L−1  2  = L  + 2 +
 s ( s + 1)  s s ( s + 1) 
Now, 1 = As ( s + 1) + B ( s + 1) + C s 2
Put s = 0 ⇒ 1 = B (1) ⇒ B = 1
Put s = −1⇒ 1 = C (1) ⇒ C =1
Put s = 1⇒ 1 = 2 A + 2 B + C ⇒ A = −1
 1  
−1 −1 1 1 
L−1  2  = L  + 2 +
∴
 s ( s + 1)   s s ( s + 1) 
−1  1  −1  1  −1
 1 
= −L   + L  2  + L  
s s   ( s + 1) 
= −1 + t + e−t
Example 1.36 :
s−2
s + 7 s + 12
2
Solution:
 s−2   s−2   A B 
L−1  2  = L− 
1
 = L−1  + 
 s + 7 s + 12   ( s + 3)( s + 4)   ( s + 3) ( s + 4) 
Now, s − 2 = A ( s + 4) + B ( s + 3)
Put s = −3 ⇒ − 5 = A (1) ⇒ A = −5
Put s = −4 ⇒ − 6 = B ( −1) ⇒ B=6
 s−2  −1
 −5 6 
∴ L−1  2 L  + 
 s + 7 s + 12   ( s + 3) ( s + 4) 
=
−1  1   1 
= −5 L   + 6 L−1 
 s + 3  s + 4 
= −5e−3t + 6e−4t
Example 1.37 :
3s + 7
s − 2s − 3
2 ( VTU 2004)
Solution:
 3s + 7  −1  3s + 7 
L−1  2  = L  2
 s − 2s − 3   s − 2s + 1 − 1 − 3 
−1
 3s + 7  −1
 3 ( s − 1 + 1) + 7  −1
 3 ( s − 1) + 10 
= L   = L   = L  
 ( s − 1) − 4   ( s − 1) − 4   ( s − 1) − 4 
2 2 2
−1
 ( s − 1)  −1
 1 
= 3L   + 10 L  
 ( s − 1) − 4   ( s − 1) − 4 
2 2
 et sinh 2t 
= 3 e cosh 2t + 10 
t
 2 
= 3 et cosh 2t + 5et sinh 2t
Example 1.38 :
7s + 4
4s + 4s + 9
2 ( VTU 2003)
Solution:
 7s + 4   7s + 4  1  7s + 4 
L−1  2  = L−1
  = L−1  2
 4s + 4s + 9  (
 4 s + s + 9 / 4
2
)  4  s + s + 9 / 4 
   
1 −1  7s + 4  1 −1  7s + 4 

= L  = L  2 
4  s2 + s + 1 − 1 + 9  4 

+
1
+ 2 
 4 4 4   s 
 2 
  1 1    1 7 
7  s + −  + 4 7  s +  − + 4
1 −1  2 2  = 1 L−1   2 2
= L  
4  1
2
2  4   1
2
2 
 s +  + 2   s +  + 2 
 2   2 
  1 1 
 7s +  + 
1 −1  2 2 
= L 
4  1
2
2 
 s +  + 2 
 2 
   1   
   s+    
1  −1   2  1 −1  1 
=  7 L + L
4  1
2
2  2  1
2
2 
   s +  + 2   s +  + 2 
  2   2 
1  −(1/2)t 1  e −(1/2)t sin 2t  

= 4 7 e cos 2t + 
 2  2  
−t/2  7 1 
= e  4 cos 2t + sin 2t 
 8 2 
Example 1.39 :
5s + 3
( s − 1) ( s 2 + 2 s + 5 ) ( VTU 2005, 2011, 2012)
Solution:
 5s + 3   A Bs + C 
L−1   = L−1  + 2 
(
 ( s − 1) s 2 + 2 s + 5 )  (
 s − 1 s + 2s + 5 ) 
( )
Now, 5s + 3 = A s 2 + 2s + 5 + ( Bs + C )( s − 1)
Put s = 1 ⇒ 8 = A (8) ⇒ A = 1
Put s = 0 ⇒ 3 = 5 A − C ⇒ C = 2
Put s = 2 ⇒ 13 = 13 A + 2B + C ⇒ B = −1
 5s + 3   1 −s + 2 
L−1   = L−1  + 2 
∴
(
 ( s − 1) s 2 + 2 s + 5 )  (
 s − 1 s + 2 s + 5 ) 
 s−2 
−1  1  −1
L − L  2 
=  s − 1
(
 s + 2s + 5 ) 
 s−2 
−1  1  −1
L − L  2 
=  s − 1
(
 s + 2s + 1 − 1 + 5 ) 
−1  1  −1
 s−2 
= L  s − 1 − L  
 ( s + 1) + 4 
2
 
−1  1  −1
 s +1−3 
= L  s − 1 − L  
 ( s + 1) + 22 
2
 
−1  1  −1
 s +1   1 
= L  s − 1 − L   + 3L−1  
 ( s + 1) + 22   ( s + 1) + 22 
2 2
 
−t  e − t cos 2t 
= e t
− e cos 2 t + 3  
2
Example 1.40 :
2s − 1
s + 2 s + 17
2 ( VTU 2006, 2013)
Solution:
 2s − 1  −1  2s − 1 
L−1  2  = L  2
 s + 2 s + 17   s + 2 s + 1 − 1 + 17 
 2s − 1   2 ( s + 1 − 1) − 1
= L−   = −1
 
1
L
 ( s + 1) + 16   ( s + 1) + 42 
2 2
−1
 2 ( s + 1) − 3 
= L  
 ( s + 1) + 4 
2 2
−1
 ( s + 1)  −1
 1 
= 2 L   − 3 L  
 ( s + 1) + 4   ( s + 1) + 4 
2 2 2 2
−t  e − t sin 4t 
= 2e cos 4t − 3  
 4
Example 1.41 :
 s2 + 1 
Find the inverse Laplace transform of log   ( VTU 2004, 2008, 2009 )
 s ( s + 1) 
Solution:
 s2 + 1 
Let f ( s ) = log 
 s ( s + 1) 
⇒ ( )
f ( s ) = log s + 1 − log s − log ( s + 1)
2
Differentiate w.r.t.'s'
1 1 1
f ' ( s) = ( 2s ) − −
(s 2
+1 ) s ( s + 1)
Multiply both side by ' − '

2s 1 1
− f ' (s) = − + +
(s 2
+1 ) s ( s + 1)
Taking inverse Laplace transform on both sides
−1  s   1  1 
L−1  − f ' ( s ) = −2 L  2 + L−1   + L−1 

 s + 1  s  s + 1
⇒ t f (t ) = −2 cos t + 1 + e −t
−2 cos t + 1 + e − t
⇒ f (t ) =
t
Example 1.42 :
Find the inverse Laplace transform of cot −1  

s
( VTU 2004)
a
Solution:
−1  s 
Let f ( s ) = cot  
a
1  1
f ' (s) = −  
1 + ( s / a)
2
a

a
− f ' ( s) =
s + a2 2
−1  a 
L−1  − f ' ( s ) = L  2
 s + a 
2
⇒ t f (t ) = sin at
sin at
⇒ f (t ) =
t
Example 1.43 :
 s +1
Find the inverse Laplace transform of log   ( VTU 2013)
 s −1
Solution:
 s + 1
f ( s ) = log 
Let  s − 1
⇒ f ( s ) = log ( s + 1) − log ( s − 1)
1 1
f ' ( s) = −
s +1 s −1
1 1
− f ' (s) = − +
s +1 s −1
−1  1   1 
L−1  − f ' ( s ) = − L  + L−1 

 s + 1  s − 1
t f (t ) = − e + e
−t t
⇒
et − e − t
⇒ f (t ) =
t
Example 1.44 :
Find the inverse Laplace transform of cot −1 ( s ) ( VTU 2005 )

Solution:
Let f ( s ) = cot −1 ( s )
1
f ' ( s) = −
1 + s2
1
− f ' (s) =
s +1 2
−1  1 
L−1  − f ' ( s ) = L  2
 s + 1
⇒ t f (t ) = sin t
sin t
⇒ f (t ) =
t
Example 1.45 :
 2
Find the inverse Laplace transform of tan−1  2  (VTU 2011)
s 
Solution:
−1  2 
Let f ( s ) = tan  2 
s 
1  4 −4 s
f ' (s) =  − 3  = 4
(
1+ 2 / s )
2 2 s s +4

4s
− f ' (s) =
s +4 4

−1  4 s 
L−1  − f ' ( s ) = L  4
 s + 4 
   
−1  4s  = L−1  4s 
⇒ t f (t ) L
=
( )
 s 2 + 2 2 − 4s 2 
  (
 s 2 + 2 2 − ( 2s )2 
  )
−1
 4s  ( ) (
 s 2 + 2 + 2 s − s 2 + 2 − 2s
 = L−1  2
) 
t f (t ) = L  2 2 2
⇒
( )(
 s + + s s 2 + 2 − 2s )  ( )(
 s + 2 + 2s s 2 + 2 − 2s ) 
 1 1 
−1
t f (t ) L  2 − 2 
⇒ =
(
 s + 2 − 2s ) (
s + 2 + 2s ) 
 1 1 
−1
L  2 − 2 
=
(
 s − 2s + 1 − 1 + 2 ) (
s + 2s + 1 − 1 + 2 ) 
−1
 1 1 
= L  − 
 ( s − 1) + 1 ( s + 1) + 1
2 2
(
= et sin t − e − t sin t = sin t et − e − t )
Example 1.46 :
1
( s + 1)( s + 2)
2
Solution:
  
L−1 
1
 = L−1  A + B + C 

 ( s + 1)( s + 2 )   s + 1 ( s + 2) ( s + 2) 
2 2
1 = A ( s + 2) + B ( s + 1)( s + 2) + C ( s + 1)
2
Put s = −1 ⇒ 1 = A (1) ⇒ A = 1
Put s = −2 ⇒ 1 = C ( −1) ⇒ C = −1
Put s = 0 ⇒ 1 = 4 A + 2 B + C ⇒ B = −1
 1   1 −1 −1 
∴ L−1   L−1
 + + 
 s + 1 ( s + 2) ( s + 2) 
=
 ( s + 1)( s + 2) 
2 2
−1  1  −1
 1  −1
 1 
L  s + 1 − L   − L  
 ( s + 2) 
=
 ( s + 2 ) 
2
−t −2 t −2 t
= e − e − te
Example 1.47 :
1
(s 2
)
+ 1 ( s − 1) ( s + 3)
Solution:
   As B D 
 = L−1  2 + +
1 C
L−1  2 + 
( )
 s + 1 ( s − 1)( s + 3)   s + 1 ( s − 1) ( s + 3) 
( ) (
1 = ( As + B)( s − 1)( s + 3) + C s 2 + 1 ( s + 3) + D s 2 + 1 ( s − 1) )
1
Put s = 1 ⇒ 1 = C ( 2)( 4) ⇒ C =
8
1
Put s = −3 ⇒ 1 = D (10)( −4) ⇒D= −
40
1
Put s = 0 ⇒ 1 = −3B + 3C − D ⇒ B = −
5
1
Put s = −1⇒ 1 = 4 A − 4B + 4C − 4 D ⇒ A = −
5
 1   ( −1 / 5) s + ( −1 / 5) 1/ 8 −1 / 40 
∴ L−1  2  = L−1  + +
( )
 s + 1 ( s − 1)( s + 3)   s +1
2
( s − 1) ( s + 3) 
1 −1  s  1 −1  1  1 −1  1  1 −1  1 
= − L  2  − L  2  + L  − L 
 s + 3
5 s + 1 5 s + 1 8 s − 1 40
1 1 1 t 1 −3t
= − cos t − sin t + e − e
5 5 8 40
Example 1.48 :
2s 2 − 6s + 5
s 3 − 6 s 2 + 11s − 6
Solution:
 2s 2 − 6s + 5  −1  2s 2 − 6s + 5   A B C 
L−1  3  = L 
−1
=L  + + 
 s − 6s + 11s − 6   ( s − 1)( s − 2)( s − 3)   ( s − 1) ( s − 2) ( s − 3) 
2
2s 2 − 6s + 5 = A ( s − 2)( s − 3) + B ( s − 1)( s − 3) + C ( s − 1)( s − 2)
1
Put s = 1 ⇒ 1 = A ( −1)( −2) ⇒ A =
2
Put s = 2 ⇒ 1 = B (1)( −1) ⇒ B = −1
5
Put s = 3 ⇒ 5 = C ( 2)(1) ⇒ C =
2
 2s 2 − 6s + 5  −1
 1/ 2 −1 5/2 
∴ L−1  3  = L  + + 
 s − 6 s + 11s − 6   ( s − 1) ( s − 2 ) ( s − 3) 
2
1 −1  1   1  5 −1  1 
L   − L−1  + L 
=
2  s − 1  s − 2  2  s − 3 
1 t 5
= e − e2 t + e3t
2 2
Example 1.49 :
s3 − 2s2 + 4s − 2
s ( s − 1)( s − 2 )
2
Solution:
 s 3 − 2s 2 + 4s − 2  A B C D 
L−1   = L−1  + + + 
 s ( s − 1)( s − 2)   s ( s − 1) ( s − 2) ( s − 2) 
2 2
s 3 − 2s 2 + 4s − 2 = A ( s − 1)( s − 2) + Bs ( s − 2) + Cs ( s − 1)( s − 2) + D s ( s − 1)
2 2
1
Put s = 0 ⇒ −2 = A ( −1)( 4) ⇒ A =
2
Put s = 1⇒ 1 = B (1)(1) ⇒B =1
Put s = 2 ⇒ 6 = D ( 2)(1) ⇒ D = 3
5
Put s = −1⇒ − 9 = −18 A − 9 B − 6C + 2 D ⇒ C =
2
 s 3 − 2s 2 + 4s − 2  
−1 1 / 2 1 5/ 2 3 
∴ L−1   L  + + + 
 s ( s − 1)( s − 2 ) 
2 =
 s ( s − 1) ( s − 2) ( s − 2)2 
1 −1  1  −1  1  5 −1  1  −1
 1 
= 2 L   + L   + L   + 3 L  2
 s  s − 1 2  s − 2  ( s − 2) 
=
1
2
(
5
1) + et + e 2t + 3 te 2t
2
( )
1 5
= + e t + e 2 t + 3te 2 t
2 2
Example 1.50 :
s2 + 4
Find the inverse Laplace transform of ( VTU 2014 )
s ( s + 4 )( s − 4 )
Solution:
 s2 + 4  
−1 A B C 
L−1   = L  + + 
 s ( s + 4)( s − 4)   s ( s + 4) ( s − 4) 
s 2 + 4 = A ( s + 4)( s − 4) + Bs ( s − 4) + Cs ( s + 4)
1
Put s = 0 ⇒ 4 = A ( 4)( −4) ⇒ A = −
4
5
Put s = −4 ⇒ 20 = B ( −4)( −8) ⇒B=
8
5
Put s = 4 ⇒ 20 = C ( 4)(8) ⇒ C =
8
 s2 + 4  
−1 −1 / 4 5/8 5/8 
L−1   = L  + +
∴
 s ( s + 4)( s − 4)   s ( s + 4) ( s − 4) 
1 −1  1  5 −1  1  5 −1  1 
= − L  + L 
 s 8
+ L 
 s + 4  8  s − 4 
4
1 5 5
= −
4
(1) + e −4 t + e 4 t
8 8
1 5 −4t 5 4t
= − + e + e
4 8 8
Example 1.51 :
24
( s + 3)
5
Solution:
 24   1  4
−3 t t
L−1   = 24 L−1
  = 24e = e −3t t 4
 ( + )   ( + ) 
5 5
s 3 s 3 4!
Example 1.52 :
s+2
s ( s + 1)( s − 2)
2
Solution:
 s+2  
−1 A B C D 
L−1  2  = L  + 2 + +
 s ( s + 1)( s − 2 )  s s ( s + 1) ( s − 2) 
s + 2 = As ( s + 1)( s − 2 ) + B ( s + 1)( s − 2) + Cs 2 ( s − 2) + D s 2 ( s + 1)
Put s = 0 ⇒ 2 = B (1)( −2) ⇒ B = −1
1
Put s = −1⇒ 1 = C ( −1) ( −3) ⇒ C = −
2
3
1
Put s = 2 ⇒ 4 = D ( 4)(3) ⇒ D =
3
Put s = 1⇒ 3 = − A − 2B − C + 2 D ⇒ A = 0
 s+2  
−1 0 −1 −1 / 3 1/ 3 
L−1  2  = L  + 2 + +
∴
 s ( s + 1)( s − 2 )  s s ( s + 1) ( s − 2) 
−1  1  1 −1  1  1 −1  1 
= − L  2  − L   + L  
s 3 s + 1 3 s − 2
1 −t 1 2t
= −t − e + e
3 3
Example 1.53 :
s+2
( )
2
s2 + 4 s + 5
Solution:
 1  −1  1  −1
 1 
L−1  2  = L  s 2 + 4 s + 4 − 4 + 5  = L   = e −2t sin t
 ( + ) + 
2
s + s + 
4 5 s 2 1
d 
We have, L −1   f ( s ) = −t f (t )
 ds 
d  1 
∴ L −1   2  = −t e sin t
 ds  s + 4 s + 5 
−2 t
( )
 −1
( )
 s 2 + 4 s + 5 ( 0 ) − 1( 2 s + 4 ) 

⇒ L   = −te −2 t sin t
( )
2
 s + 4s + 5
2

 − ( 2 s + 4) 
 
⇒ L −1  2  = − te
−2 t
sin t
(
 s + 4 s + 5
2
) 
 
 s+2  te −2 t sin t
⇒ L −1  2  =
(
 s + 4 s + 5
2
)  2
Exercise 1.2
Find the inverse Laplace transform of the following
s+2 4s + 5 s
( VTU 2010)
1.
s − 4s + 13
2 2.
( s − 1) ( s + 2)
2 3.
( − )( 3s − 1)
2 s 1
1 3s + 2 s 2 − 10s + 13
4. 2 ( VTU 2008) 5. 2 ( VTU 2010) 6.
(
( s − 7 ) s 2 − 5s + 6 )
s − 5s + 6 s −s−2
s s 2s − 3
7.
(s 2
−1 )
2 8.
( s + 1) 2
(s 2
)
+1
9.
s + 4s + 13
2
s2 s+3  2
10. 11. 12. tan −1  
( s − 2) 3
s − 4s + 13
2  s
 a2   s2 + 1 
13. log  1 − 2  14. log  
 s   ( s − 1) 
2
Answers
4 2t 1 t 1
1. e cos 3t +
2t
e sin 3t 2. e + 3tet − e −2 t 3. 3et / 2 + 2 et /3
3 3 3
4. e3t − e2t 5.
3
(
1 2t
8e − e − t ) 3t 3 2t 2 7t
6. 2e − e − e
5 5
7.
1
2
t sinh t 8.
1
2
(
sin t − te − t ) 9.
1 −2 t
3
e (6 cos 3t − 7 sin 3t )
5 2t sin 2t
11. e cos 3t + e sin 3t
2t
10. e 2t + 4e 2t t + 2e 2t t 2 12.
3 t
13.
2
t
(1 − cosh at ) 14.
t
(
2 t
e − cos t )
1.7 PERIODIC FUNCTION

A function f (t ) is said to be periodic function of period T if f (t + nT ) = f (t )
1.7.1 LAPLACE TRANSFORM OF PERIODIC FUNCTION

T
1
If f (t ) is a periodic function with period T then L  f (t ) = − sT ∫e
− st
f (t ) dt
1 −e 0
* Proof: By definition, we have L  f (t ) = e − f (t ) dt ∫

st
T 2T 3T
⇒ L  f (t ) = ∫ e − st f (t ) dt + ∫ e − st f (t ) dt + ∫e
− st
f (t ) dt + ... ---- (1)
0 T 2T
Putting t = u + T in the second integral

Differentiate w.r.t. 't '
du
1 = dt + 0 ⇒ dt = du
* Proof is beyond the scope of the syllabus

when t = T, u = 0
t = 2T , u = T
2T T T T
− s(u + T )
∴ ∫e
− st
f (t ) dt = ∫e f (u + T ) du = e − sT
∫e − su
f (u ) du = e − sT
∫e − st
f (t ) dt
T 0 0 0
Putting t = u + 2T in the third integral

Differentiate w.r.t. 't '
du
1 = dt + 0 ⇒ dt = du
when t = 2T , u = 0
t = 3T , u = T
3T T T T
∴ ∫ e − st f (t ) dt = ∫ e − s(u + 2T ) f (u + 2T ) du = e −2 sT e − su f (u ) du = e −2 sT e − st f (t ) dt
∫ ∫
2T 0 0 0
and so on.
Using these in equation (1), we get
T T T
L  f (t ) = ∫e
− st
f (t ) dt + e − sT
∫e
− st
f (t ) dt + e −2 sT
∫e
− st
f (t ) dt + ...
0 0 0
 T − st 
=  e f (t ) dt  1 + e + e
 0
∫ 
− sT −2 sT
+ ...( )
 T − st 
( )
−1
=  e f ( t ) dt  1 − e
∫ − sT
 0 
T
1
= ∫e
− st
f (t ) dt.
1 − e − sT 0
T
1
∴ L  f (t ) = ∫e
− st
f (t ) dt
1 − e − sT 0
WORKED EXAMPLES
Example 1.54 :
 t, if 0≤ t ≤ a
If a periodic function of period 2a is defined by f ( t ) =  then
 2a − t , if a ≤ t ≤ 2a
1  as 
show that L  f ( t )  = 2 tanh   . (VTU 2003, 2008, 2011)
s  2
Solution:
Given, T = 2a
T
1
We have, L  f (t ) = ∫e
− st
f (t ) dt
1 − e − sT 0
2a
1
= ∫e
− st
f (t ) dt
1 − e − s (2 a ) 0
1  a − st 2a

= −2 sa  ∫
te dt + ∫ ( 2a − t ) e− st dt 
1− e 0 a 
1  e − st e − st 
a
 e − st e − st  
2a
=  t − (1) 2  +  ( 2a − t ) − ( −1) 2  
1 − e −2 sa  − s s 0  −s s a 

1  ae − as e − as   1  e −2 as   ae − as e − as  
=  − −  0 −  + 0 + − + 2 
1 − e −2 sa  − s s 2   s 2   s 2   − s s 
1  − ae − as e − as 1 e −2 as ae − as e − as 
=  − + + 2 + − 2 
1 − e −2 sa  s s2 s2 s s s 
1  e −2 as e − as 1 e − as 
=  − + − 2 
1 − e −2 sa  s 2 s2 s2 s 
1  e −2 as + 1 − 2e − as 
1 − e −2 sa  
=
s2 
( )
12 + e − as 2 − 2e − as  (
 1 − e − as ) 
2
1  = 1  
=
( )
12 − e − sa
2


s 2

(
 1+ e − sa
)(
1 − e − sa ) 

s2 

1 1− e (− sa
)
( )
= 2
s 1 + e − sa
−θ
1  as   θ 1− e 
tanh   ∵ tanh   =
 2  1 + e −θ 
=
s 2
 2 
Example 1.55 :
 E , if 0 < t < a / 2
If a periodic function of period a is defined by f ( t ) =  then
 − E , if a / 2 < t < a
E  as 
show that L  f ( t )  = tanh   . ( VTU 2006, 2011)
s  4
Solution:
Given, T =a
T
1
We have, L  f (t ) = ∫e
− st
f (t ) dt
1 − e − sT 0
a
1
= ∫e − st
f (t ) dt
1 − e − s( a) 0
1  a / 2 − st a

= − sa  ∫
e ( )
E dt + ∫ e − st ( − E ) dt 
1− e  0 a/2 
E  a / 2 − st a

− sa  ∫ ∫
= e dt − e − st dt 
1− e  0 a/2 
E  e − st  a / 2  e − st  a 
=
1 − e − sa
  −  − s  
 − s  0 a/2 

E  e − s (a /2) − e 0   e − as − e − s (a /2 )  
=
1 − e − sa

−s  − −s 
    
E  e − s (a / 2) − 1 − e − as + e − s (a / 2 ) 
=  
1 − e − sa  −s 
E  1 + e − as − 2e − s (a / 2 ) 
=  
1 − e − sa  s 
12 + (e − as / 2 )2 − 2e − s (a / 2) 
E  
=
12 − (e − sa / 2 )  
2
s
 
 (1 − e − as / 2 )2 
E  
=
(1 + e− sa / 2 )(1 − e− sa / 2 )  s 
E 1− e (
− sa / 2
)
= s
(
1 + e − sa / 2 )
−θ
E  as   θ 1− e 
= tanh   ∵ tanh   = 
s 4  2 1 + e −θ 
Example 1.56 :
2π  E sin ω t , if 0 < t < π / ω
If a periodic function of period is defined by f ( t ) = 
ω  0, if π / ω < t < 2π / ω
Eω
where E and ω are constants, then show that L  f ( t )  =
(s 2
+ω 2
)(1 − e − πs/ ω
)
( VTU 2004, 2005, 2013 )
Solution:
2π
Given, T = ω
We have,
T
1
L  f (t ) = ∫e
− st
f (t ) dt
1 − e − sT 0
2π / ω
1
= − s ( 2π / ω ) ∫ e − st f (t ) dt
1− e 0
1 π / ω − st 2π / ω

 ∫ e ( E sin ω t ) dt + ∫ e ( 0) dt 
− st
=
1 − e − s ( 2π / ω )  0 π /ω 
1  π /ω − st 
=  E ∫ e sin ω t dt + 0
1 − e − s ( 2π / ω )  0 
π /ω
E
= ∫ e − st sin ω t dt
1− e ( )
−π s / ω 2
0
π /ω
E  e − st 
=  ( − s sin ω t − ω cos ω t )
( )  ( − s ) + ω
2 2
1 − e −π s /ω  0
2
E 1  − s ωπ  π π 
 − s sin ω − ω cos ω  − e ( − s sin 0 − ω cos 0 )
0
= . e
( ) s2 + ω 2  ω ω
2
1 − e−π s /ω 
E  − s ωπ
1 
= . 2 
e ( − s sin π − ω cos π ) − 1 ( − s sin 0 − ω cos 0 )
( ) s +ω 
2 2
1 − e−π s /ω 
E  − s ωπ
1 
= . 2 
e ( 0 − ω ( −1)) − 1 (0 − ω (1))
( ) s +ω 
2 2
1 − e−π s /ω 
E 1  − s ωπ  Eω e − π s / ω + 1 ( )
. 2 e ω + ω  =
( )( )( )
=
1 − e
2
( − π s /ω 2
) s + ω2   1− e
−π s /ω
1 + e − π s /ω s 2 + ω 2
Eω
=
(s 2
+ω 2
)(1 − e − π s /ω
)
Example 1.57 :
Find the Laplace transform of the full wave rectifier f ( t ) = E sin ω t , 0 < t < π / ω
π
having period .
ω
Solution:
π
Given, T =
ω
We have,
T
1
L  f (t ) = ∫e
− st
f (t ) dt
1 − e − sT 0
π /ω
1
= − s (π / ω ) ∫ e − st f (t ) dt
1− e 0
1 π / ω − st  E π /ω
=  ∫ e ( E sin ω t ) dt  = ∫ e − st sin ω t dt
1 − e − s (π / ω )
−π s /ω
 0  1− e 0
π /ω
E  e − st 
=  ( − s sin ω t − ω cos ω t ) 
1 − e − π s / ω  ( − s )2 + ω 2  0

E 1  − s ωπ  π π 
= . 2 
e  − s sin ω − ω cos ω  − e0 ( − s sin 0 − ω cos 0)
1− e −π s / ω
s +ω 
2
 ω ω 
E 1  − s ωπ 
.
= 1 e −π s /ω s 2 2 
e ( − s sin π − ω cos π ) − 1( − s sin 0 − ω cos 0 )
− +ω  
E 1  − s ωπ 
= 1 e −π s /ω . s 2 e (0 − ω ( −1)) − 1(0 − ω (1))
− + ω2  
E
.
1  − s ωπ
e ω + ω

=
Eω 1 + e ( −π s / ω
)
 
= 1 − e −π s /ω s 2 + ω 2
  s +ω 1− e
2 2
( − π s /ω
)( )
−θ
Eω  πs   θ 1+ e 
coth  ∵ coth =
(s )  2ω    2 
1 − e −θ 
= 2
+ ω2 
Example 1.58 :
Find the Laplace transform of the function f ( t ) = E sin ( πt / ω ) , 0 < t < ω given
that f ( t + ω ) = f ( t ) .
Solution:
Given, T = ω
We have,
T
1
L  f (t ) = ∫e
− st
f (t ) dt
1 − e − sT 0
ω
1
= ∫e
− st
 E sin (π t / ω ) dt
1 − e − sω 0
ω
E
= ∫e
− st
sin (π t / ω ) dt
1 − e − sω 0
ω
E  e − st 
2 (
= 1 − e − sω  − s sin (π t / ω ) − (π / ω ) cos (π t / ω ))
 ( − s ) + (π / ω )
2
 0
E ω2  − sω  πω πω  
 e  − s sin ω − (π / ω ) cos ω  − e ( − s sin 0 − (π / ω ) cos 0 )
0
= .
1 − e − sω ω 2 s 2 + π 2  
E ω2
= − sω
. e − sω ( − s sin π − (π / ω ) cos π ) − 1 ( − s sin 0 − (π / ω ) cos 0)
2 
1− e ω s +π
2 2
E ω2
= − sω
. e − sω (0 − (π / ω )( −1)) − 1 (0 − (π / ω )(1))
2 
1− e ω s +π
2 2
E
.
ω 2 (π / ω ) − sω Eπω 1 + e− sω
e + 1 = 2 2
( )
=
1 − e − sω ω 2 s 2 + π 2  ω s + π 2 1 − e − sω ( )( )
−θ
E πω  ωs  θ 1+ e 
coth   ∵ coth  2  =
(ω ) 1 − e −θ 
=  2 
2
s2 + π 2 
Example 1.59 :
 t, if 0 < t < π
If a periodic function of period 2π is defined by f ( t ) =  then
π − t, if π < t < 2π
find its Laplace transform. (VTU 2012)

Solution:
Given, T = 2π
T
1
We have, L  f (t ) = ∫e
− st
f (t ) dt
1 − e − sT 0
2π
1
= − s ( 2π ) ∫e
− st
f (t ) dt
1− e 0
1  π − st 2π

= −2 sπ ∫
 te dt + ∫ (π − t ) e − st dt 
1− e 0 π 
1  e − st e − st 
π
 e − st e − st  
2π
=  t − (1) 2  +  (π − t ) − ( −1) 2  
1 − e −2 sπ  − s s 0  −s s π 

1  π e− π s e− π s   1  e −2 π s   π e − π s e − π s  
 − −  0 −  + 0 + − + 2 
s 2   s 2   s 2   − s
=
1 − e −2 sπ  − s s 
1  −π e − π s e − π s 1 e −2 π s π e − π s e − π s 
=  − + + 2 + − 2 
1 − e −2 sπ  s s2 s2 s s s 
1  e −2π s e −π s 1 e −π s 
− + − 2 
1 − e −2 sπ  s 2
=
s2 s2 s 
1  e − 2 π s + 1 − 2e − π s 
1 − e −2 sπ  
=
s2 
( )
12 + e − π s 2 − 2e − π s  (
 1 − e−π s ) 
2
1  = 1  
=
(
12 − e − sπ )
2


s 2
 1+ e

− sπ
(
1 − e − sπ )( ) 

s2 

1 1− e(− sπ
1 )
 πs  θ  1− e 
−θ
= 2 = 2 tanh   ∵ tanh  2  = 1 e −θ 
s 1+ e(− sπ
s )
 2  + 
Example 1.60 :
kt
Find the Laplace transform of the periodic function defined by f ( t ) = , 0<t<T
T
given that f ( t + T ) = f ( t ) . (VTU 2007)
Solution:
Given, T = T
T
1
We have, L  f (t ) = ∫e
− st
f (t ) dt
1 − e − sT 0
T
1  kt 
∫e
− st
=  T  dt
1 − e − sT 0
T
k
)∫
− st
te dt
(
= − sT
T 1− e 0
T
k   e − st   e − st  
=  
t  − (1)  s 2  
(
T 1 − e − sT )   −s  0
k  Te − sT e − sT   e0  
 − − 0 − 
( ) s 2   s 2  
=
T 1 − e − sT  − s
k  −Te − sT e− sT 1
 s − 2 + 2
=
(
T 1 − e − sT )  s s 
k  −Te − sT 1 − e − sT  − ke − sT k
 s + s2  = + 2
( ) ( )
=
T 1 − e − sT   s 1− e
− sT
sT
Exercise 1.3
 E, if 0 < t < a
1. If a periodic function of period a is defined by f (t ) =  then
− E, if a < t < 2a
E  as 
show that L  f (t ) = tanh   . ( VTU 2011)
s  2
2. Find the Laplace transform of the saw - toothed wave of period T , given by
t
f (t ) = , 0 < t < T . ( VTU 2007 )
T
−e − sT 1
Ans : + 2
(
s 1− e − sT
)sT
2π
3. If a periodic function of period is defined by
ω
sin ω t , if 0<t<π /ω ω
f (t ) =  then show that L  f (t ) = 2
 0, if π / ω < t < 2π / ω ( s + ω 2 )(1 − e −π s /ω )
2π
4. If a periodic function of period is defined by
ω
cos ω t , if 0<t <π /ω s

f (t ) =  then show that L  f (t ) = 2
 0, if π / ω < t < 2π / ω (
s + ω 1 − e −π s / ω
2
)( )
5. If f (t ) = t 2 , 0 < t < 2 and f ( t + 2) = f ( t ) for t > 2, find L  f ( t )
Ans :
2
(
1 − e −2 s 2 s2 + 2s + 1  )
(
s 1− e
3 −2 s
)  
1.8 UNIT STEP FUNCTION

Definition: The unit step function or Heaviside’s unit function is denoted by u (t − a ) or H (t − a )
0, for t < a

and is defined as u (t − a ) or H (t − a ) = 
1, for t ≥ a
Graph:
u(t – a)
O a t
1.8.1 Laplace Transform of Unit Step Function

∞
By definition, we have L  f (t ) = e − f (t ) dt

∫
st
∫ e u (t − a) dt
− st
∴ L u (t − a ) =
0
a ∞
= ∫ e − st ( 0) dt + e − st (1) dt
∫
0 a
∞ ∞
 e − st   e −∞ − e − as  e − as
∫
− st
= 0+ e dt =   =  =
a  −s a  −s  s
e − as
∴ L u (t − a ) =
s
1
In particular, L u (t ) =
s
Example:
e−s e −2 s e −π s
(1) L u (t − 1) = (2) L u (t − 2 ) = (3) L u (t − π ) =
s s s
Inverse Laplace Transform of Unit Step Function
e − as  e − as 
If L u (t − a ) = then L−1   = u (t − a )
s  s 
Second Shifting Property
If L  f (t ) = f ( s ) then L  f ( t − a ) u (t − a ) = e − as f ( s )
Proof: By definition, we have L  f (t ) = e f (t ) dt ∫

− st
L  f (t − a ) u (t − a ) = ∫e
− st
f (t − a) u ( t − a ) dt
0
a ∞
= ∫ e f (t − a )( 0 ) dt + ∫ e f (t − a )(1) dt
− st − st
0 a
= 0 + ∫ e f (t − a ) dt
− st
Put t − a = v
Diff w.r.t ' t '
dv
1− 0 = ⇒ dt = dv
dt
When t = a, v = 0
t = ∞, v = ∞
∞ ∞
∴ L  f (t − a ) u (t − a ) = ∫e
− s (a + v )
f (v ) dv = e − as ∫ e − sv f (v ) dv = e − as f ( s )
0 0
∴ L  f (t − a ) u (t − a ) = e − as f ( s )
In particular, L  f (t ) u (t ) = f ( s ) = L  f (t )
Corollary:
If L  f (t − a ) u ( t − a ) = e − as f ( s ) then L−1 e − as f ( s ) = f (t − a ) u (t − a )
Remarks:
 f1 (t ) if t ≤ a
1. If f (t ) =  then f (t ) in terms of unit step function is
 f 2 (t ) if t > a
f (t ) = f1 (t ) +  f 2 (t ) − f1 (t ) u (t − a )
 f1 (t ) if t≤a

2. If f (t ) =  f 2 (t ) if a<t ≤b then f ( t ) in terms of unit step function is
 f (t ) if t >b
 3
f (t ) = f1 (t ) +  f 2 (t ) − f1 (t ) u (t − a ) +  f3 (t ) − f 2 (t ) u (t − b)
WORKED EXAMPLES
Example 1.61 :
Find the Laplace transforms of the following functions

(i ) ( t − 1) u ( t − 1) (ii )sin t u ( t − π ) (iii ) e −3 t u ( t − 2 )
2
Solution:
f (t − a ) u (t − a ) = ( t − 1) u (t − 1)
2
(i ) Let
Here, a = 1 and f (t − a ) = ( t − 1)
2
f (t − 1) = ( t − 1)
2
⇒
f (t ) = (t + 1 − 1) = t 2
2
⇒
L  f (t ) = L t 2 
2
⇒ f (s) =
s3
We have, L  f (t − a ) u (t − a ) = e − as f ( s )
−s  2  2e − s
∴ {
L (t − 1) u (t − 1)
2
} = e  3  = 3
s s
(ii) Let f (t − a ) u (t − a ) = sin t u (t − π )
Here, a = π and f (t − a ) = sin t
⇒ f (t − π ) = sin t
⇒ f (t ) = sin (t + π ) = − sin t
L  f (t ) = L [ − sin t ]
1
⇒ f (s) = −
s +1
2
−π s  1  e −π s
∴ L {sin t u (t − π )} = e  −  = −
s 2 + 1 s2 + 1
(iii ) Let f (t − a ) u (t − a ) = e −3t u (t − 2)
Here, a = 2 and f (t − a ) = e −3t
⇒ f (t − 2) = e −3t
⇒ f (t ) = e −3(t + 2) = e −6 e −3t
L  f (t ) = L e −6 e −3t  = e −6 L e −3t 
−6  1 
⇒ f ( s ) = e  
s + 3
 −6  1   e −2 s −6 e −2(s +3)
∴ {
L e u (t − 2)
−3 t
} = e
−2 s
 e  s + 3   = s + 3 = s + 3
Example 1.62 :
Find the inverse Laplace transform of the following
e −2 s e −2 s se − as e − s − 3e − 3 s se − s / 2 + π e − s
(i ) (ii ) (VTU 2006) ( iii ) ( iv ) ( v ) (VTU 2000)
s−3 ( s − 3) 2 s2 − w2 s2 s2 + π 2
Solution:
(i ) By second shifting property, we have
L−1 e − as f ( s ) = f (t − a ) u (t − a )
1
Let f ( s) = then f (t ) = e3t
s −3
 e −2 s 
 = L e f ( s ) = f (t − 2) u (t − 2) = e u ( t − 2)
L−1  −1 −2 s 3( t − 2)
∴
 s − 3
(ii ) By second shifting property, we have
L−1 e − as f ( s ) = f (t − a ) u (t − a )
1
Let f (s) = then f (t ) = t e3t
( s − 3) 2
 e −2 s 
∴ L−1   = L−1  e −2 s f ( s ) = f (t − 2) u (t − 2) = (t − 2 ) e3(t − 2) u (t − 2 )
 ( − ) 
2
s 3
(iii) By second shifting property, we have
L−1 e − as f ( s ) = f (t − a ) u (t − a )
s
Let f (s) = then f (t ) = cosh wt
s − w2
2
 se − as 
∴ L−1  2 2  = L 
−1
 e − as f ( s ) = f (t − a ) u (t − a ) = cosh w (t − a ) . u (t − 2 ) a
 s − w 
(iv ) By second shifting property, we have
L−1 e − as f ( s ) = f (t − a ) u (t − a )
1 
Since L−1  2  = t
s 
 e − s − 3e −3 s  −1  e
−s
 −1  e
−3 s

∴ L−1  2  = L  2 
− 3 L  2 
 s   s   s 
= ( t − 1) u ( t − 1) − 3 ( t − 3) u ( t − 3)
(v) By second shifting property, we have
L−1  e − as f ( s ) = f (t − a ) u (t − a )
 s   π 
L−1  2 cos π t and L−1  2 = sin π t
Since  s + π 2  =  s + π 2 
 se − s / 2 + π e − s  −1  se
−s/2
 −1  π e
−s

∴ L−1   = L  2 
+ L  2 
 s +π2 2
  s +π 
2
s + π 
2
 1  1
= cos π  t −  u  t −  + sin π (t − 1) u (t − 1)
2 2
 π   1
= cos  π t −  u  t −  + sin (tπ − π ) u (t − 1)
2 2
 1
= sin π t.u  t −  − sin π t. u (t − 1)
2
  1 
= sin π t. u  t −  − u (t − 1)
 2 
Example 1.63 :
 2t if 0 < t < π
Express the function f ( t ) = 
 1 if t>π
in terms of unit step function and hence find its Laplace transform. (VTU 2013)
Solution:
Let f1 (t ) = 2t , f 2 (t ) = 1
We have, f (t ) = f1 (t ) +  f 2 (t ) − f1 (t ) u (t − a )
⇒ f (t ) = 2t + [1 − 2t ] u (t − π )
Its Laplace transform is
L  f (t ) = 2 L (t ) + L (1 − 2t ) u (t − π ) ---- (1)
1
L (t ) = ---- (2)
s2
Consider, L (1 − 2t ) u (t − π )
It is in the form L  f (t − a ) u (t − a )
Here, a = π and f (t − a ) = (1 − 2t )
⇒ f (t − π ) = 1 − 2t
⇒ f (t ) = 1 − 2 (t + π ) = 1 − 2t − 2π
L  f (t ) = L [1 − 2t − 2π ]
1 2 2π
⇒ f (s) = − −
s s2 s
−π s  1 2 2π 
∴ L (1 − 2t ) u (t − π ) = e  − 2 −  ---- (3)
s s s
Substituting (2) and (3) in (1), we get
2  1 2 2π 
L  f (t ) = + e− π s  − 2 − 
s 2
s s s 
Example 1.64 :
t2 if 1 < t < 2

Express the function f ( t ) =  in terms of unit step function and hence
 4t if t>2
find its Laplace transform. (VTU 2004, 2005)

Solution:
Let f1 (t ) = t 2 , f 2 (t ) = 4t
⇒ f (t ) = t 2 + 4t − t 2  u (t − 2)
L  f (t ) = L (t 2 ) + L ( 4t − t 2 ) u (t − 2) ---- (1)
2
( )
L t2 =
s3
---- (2)
( )
Consider, L  4t − t 2 u (t − 2)
Here, a = 2 and f (t − a ) = 4t − t 2 ( )
⇒ f (t − 2) = 4t − t 2
f (t ) = 4 (t + 2) − (t + 2) = 4t + 8 − t 2 − 4 − 4t = 4 − t 2
2
⇒
L  f (t ) = L  4 − t 2 
4 2
⇒ f ( s) = −
s s3
−2 s  4 2
∴ ( )
L  4t − t 2 u (t − 2) = e  − 3 
s s  ---- (3)

2 4 2
L  f (t ) = 3
+ e −2 s  − 3 
s s 
s
Example 1.65 :
π − t if 0 < t ≤ π
Express the function f ( t ) =  in terms of unit step function and
 sin t if t>π
hence find its Laplace transform. (VTU 2006)
Solution:
Let f1 (t ) = π − t , f 2 (t ) = sin t
⇒ f (t ) = (π − t ) + sin t − (π − t ) u (t − π )
L  f (t ) = L (π − t ) + L (sin t − π + t ) u (t − π ) ---- (1)
π 1
L (π − t ) = − ---- (2)
s s2
Consider, L (sin t − π + t ) u (t − π )
It is in the form L  f (t − a ) u ( t − a )
Here, a = π and f (t − a ) = ( sin t − π + t )
⇒ f (t − π ) = sin t − π + t
⇒ f (t ) = sin (t + π ) − π + (t + π ) = − sin t + t
L  f (t ) = L [ − sin t + t ]
 1 1
⇒ f ( s ) =  − 2 + 2
s +1 s 
−π s  1 1
∴ ( )
L  4t − t 2 u (t − π ) = e  −

+ 2
s +1 s 
2 ---- (3)
π 1  −πs  1 1 
L  f (t ) =  − 2  + e  2 − 2 
s s s s + 1
Example 1.66 :
 cos t if 0 < t ≤ π
 sin t if t>π
hence find its Laplace transform.
Solution:
Let f1 (t ) = cos t , f2 ( t ) = sin t
⇒ f (t ) = cos t + [sin t − cos t ] u ( t − π )

L  f (t ) = L ( cos t ) + L ( sin t − cos t ) u (t − π ) ---- (1)
s
L (cos t ) = ---- (2)
s +1
2
Consider, L (sin t − cos t ) u (t − π )

Here, a = π and f (t − a ) = (sin t − cos t )
⇒ f (t − π ) = sin t − cos t
⇒ f (t ) = sin (t + π ) − cos t (t + π ) = − sin t + cos t
L  f (t ) = L [ − sin t + cos t ]
 1 s  s −1
⇒ f ( s ) =  − 2 + 2 =
s + 1 s + 1 s 2 + 1
−π s  s − 1 
∴ L (sin t − cos t ) u (t − π ) = e  2  ---- (3)
s + 1
s  s −1 
L  f (t ) = 2 + e −π s  2
s +1  s + 1
Example 1.67 :
 sin t if 0 < t ≤ π / 2
 cos t if t>π/2
hence find its Laplace transform.
Solution:
Let f1 (t ) = sin t , f 2 (t ) = cos t
⇒ f (t ) = sin t + [cos t − sin t ] u (t − π / 2)

L  f (t ) = L (sin t ) + L ( cos t − sin t ) u (t − π / 2) ---- (1)
1
L (sin t ) = ---- (2)
s +1
2
Consider, L ( cos t − sin t ) u (t − π / 2)
Here, a = π / 2 and f (t − a ) = ( cos t − sin t )

⇒ f (t − π / 2) = cos t − sin t
⇒ f (t ) = cos t (t + π / 2) − sin ( t + π / 2) = − sin t − cos t
L  f (t ) = − L [sin t + cos t ]
 1 s  s +1
⇒ f ( s ) = −  2 + 2  = − 2
s +1 s +1 s +1
−(π /2) s  s +1 
∴ L ( cos t − sin t ) u (t − π / 2) = − e  2  ---- (3)
s + 1
1  s +1 
− e ( /2) s  2
−π
L  f (t ) = 2  s + 1
s +1
Example 1.68 :
 cos t if 0< t < π


Express the function f ( t ) =  cos 2t if π < t < 2π in terms of unit step function and
 cos 3t if t > 2π

Solution:
Let f1 (t ) = cos t , f 2 (t ) = cos 2t , f 3 (t ) = cos 3t
We have, f (t ) = f1 (t ) +  f 2 (t ) − f1 (t ) u (t − a ) +  f3 (t ) − f 2 (t ) u (t − b )
⇒ f (t ) = cos t + [ cos 2t − cos t ] u (t − π ) + [ cos 3t − cos 2t ] u (t − 2π )

L  f (t ) = L [ cos t ] + L {[ cos 2t − cos t ] u (t − π )} + L {[ cos 3t − cos 2t ] u (t − 2π )} ---- (1)
s
L [ cos t ] = ---- (2)
s +1
2
Consider, L {[ cos 2t − cos t ] u (t − π )}
Here, a = π and f (t − a ) = [cos 2t − cos t ]

⇒ f (t − π ) = [ cos 2t − cos t ]
⇒ f (t ) = cos 2 (t + π ) − cos (t + π ) = cos ( 2t + 2π ) − cos (t + π )
⇒ f (t ) = cos 2t + cos t
L  f (t ) = L [ cos 2t + cos t ]
s s
⇒ f (s) = + 2
s + 4 s +1
2
−π s  s s 
∴ L {[ cos 2t − cos t ] u (t − π )} = e  s 2 + 4 + s 2 + 1 ---- (3)
Consider, L {[ cos 3t − cos 2t ] u (t − 2π )}
It is in the form L  f ( t − a ) u (t − a )
Here, a = 2π and f (t − a ) = [ cos 3t − cos 2t ]

⇒ f (t − 2π ) = [ cos 3t − cos 2t ]
⇒ f (t ) = cos 3 (t + 2π ) − cos 2 (t + 2π ) = cos ( 3t + 3 × 2π ) − cos ( 2t + 2 × 2π )
⇒ f (t ) = cos 3t − cos 2t
L  f (t ) = L [ cos 3t − cos 2t ]
s s
⇒ f (s) = − 2
s +9 s +4
2
−2π s  s s 
∴ L {[cos 3t − cos 2t ] u (t − 2π )} = e  − 2  ---- (4)
s + 9 s + 4
2
Substituting (2), (3) and (4) in (1), we get

s  s s  −2 π s  s s 
L  f (t ) = 2 + e −π s  2 + 2  + e  2 − 2 
s +1  s + 4 s +1 s + 9 s + 4
Example 1.69 :
 sin t if 0<t <π


Express the function f ( t ) =  sin 2t if π < t < 2π in terms of unit step function and
 sin 3t if t > 2π

Solution:
Let f1 (t ) = sin t , f 2 (t ) = sin 2t , f 3 (t ) = sin 3t
⇒ f (t ) = sin t + [sin 2t − sin t ] u (t − π ) + [sin 3t − sin 2t ] u (t − 2π )

L  f (t ) = L [ sin t ] + L {[sin 2t − sin t ] u (t − π )} + L {[ sin 3t − sin 2t ] u (t − 2π )} ---- (1)
1
L [sin t ] = ---- (2)
s +1
2
Consider, L {[sin 2t − sin t ] u (t − π )}
Here, a = π and f (t − a ) = [sin 2t − sin t ]
⇒ f (t − π ) = [sin 2t − sin t ]
⇒ f (t ) = sin 2 (t + π ) − sin (t + π ) = sin ( 2t + 2π ) − sin (t + π )
⇒ f (t ) = sin 2t + sin t
L  f (t ) = L [sin 2t + sin t ]
2 1
⇒ f (s) = + 2
s + 4 s +1
2
We have, L  f (t − a ) u (t − a ) = e − as f ( s )
−π s  2 1 
∴ L {[sin 2t − sin t ] u (t − π )} = e  + 2  ---- (3)
s + 4 s + 1
2
Consider, L {[sin 3t − sin 2t ] u ( t − 2π )}
It is in the form L  f ( t − a ) u (t − a )

Here, a = 2π and f (t − a ) = [sin 3t − sin 2t ]
⇒ f (t − 2π ) = [sin 3t − sin 2t ]
⇒ f (t ) = sin 3 (t + 2π ) − sin 2 (t + 2π ) = sin (3t + 3 × 2π ) − sin ( 2t + 2 × 2π )

⇒ f (t ) = sin 3t − sin 2t
L  f (t ) = L [ sin 3t − sin 2t ]
3 2
⇒ f (s) = − 2
s +9 s +4
2
−2 π s  3 2 
∴ L {[sin 3t − sin 2t ] u (t − 2π )} = e  2 − 2 
s + 9 s + 4
---- (4)

1  2 1   3 2 
L  f (t ) = 2 + e −π s  2 + 2  + e −2π s  2 − 2
s +1  s + 4 s + 1  s + 9 s + 4 
Example 1.70 :
 cos t if 0< t < π


Express the function f ( t ) =  1 if π < t < 2π in terms of unit step function and
 sin t if t > 2π

Solution:
Let f1 (t ) = cos t , f2 ( t ) = 1, f3 ( t ) = sin t
We have, f (t ) = f1 (t ) +  f 2 (t ) − f1 (t ) u (t − a ) +  f3 (t ) − f 2 (t ) u (t − b )
⇒ f (t ) = cos t + [1 − cos t ] u (t − π ) + [sin t − 1] u ( t − 2π )

L  f (t ) = L [ cos t ] + L {[1 − cos t ] u (t − π )} + L {[ sin t − 1] u (t − 2π )} ---- (1)
s
L [ cos t ] = ---- (2)
s +1
2
Consider, L {[1 − cos t ] u (t − π )}

Here, a = π and f (t − a) = [1 − cos t ]
⇒ f (t − π ) = 1 − cos t
⇒ f (t ) = 1 − cos (t + π )
⇒ f (t ) = 1 + cos t
L  f (t ) = L [1 + cos t ]
1 s
⇒ f (s) = + 2
s s +1
−π s  1 s 
∴ L {[1 − cos t ] u (t − π )} = e  + 2  ---- (3)
s s + 1
Consider, L {[sin t − 1] u (t − 2π )}
Here, a = 2π and f (t − a ) = [ sin t − 1]
⇒ f (t − 2π ) = sin t − 1
⇒ f (t ) = sin (t + 2π ) − 1
⇒ f (t ) = sin t − 1
L  f (t ) = L [sin t − 1]
1 1
⇒ f (s) = −
s +1 s
2
−2 π s  1 1
∴ L {[sin t − 1] u (t − 2π )} = e  −  ---- (4)
s +1 s
2

s 1 s   1 1
L  f (t ) = 2 + e− π s  + 2 
 s s + 1
+ e −2 π s  2 − 
 s + 1 s
s +1
Example 1.71 :
1 if 0< t < 3

Express the function f ( t ) =  t if 3 < t < 6 in terms of unit step function and hence
t2 if t>6

Solution:
Let f1 (t ) = 1, f 2 (t ) = t , f3 (t ) = t 2
⇒ f (t ) = 1 + [t − 1] u ( t − 3) + t 2 − t  u (t − 6)
( )
L  f (t ) = L [1] + L (t − 1) u (t − 3) + L  t 2 − t u (t − 6) ---- (1)
1
L [1] = ---- (2)
s
Consider, L (t − 1) u (t − 3)
Here, a = 3 and f (t − a ) = (t − 1)
⇒ f (t − 3) = t − 1
⇒ f (t ) = (t + 3) − 1 = t + 2
L  f (t ) = L [t + 2]
1 2
⇒ f ( s) = +
s2 s
−3 s  1 2
∴ L (t − 1) u (t − 3) = e  2 +  ---- (3)
s s
( )
Consider, L  t 2 − t u (t − 6)
Here, a = 6 and f (t − a ) = t − t
2
( )
⇒ f (t − 6) = t 2 − t
f (t ) = (t + 6) − (t + 6) = t 2 + 36 + 12t − t − 6
2
⇒
⇒ f (t ) = t 2 + 11t + 30
L  f (t ) = L t 2 + 11t + 30 
2 11 30
⇒ f (s) = + +
s3 s 2 s
We have, L  f (t − a ) u (t − a ) = e − as f ( s )
−6 s  2 11 30 
∴ ( )
L  t 2 − t u (t − 6 ) = e  3 + 2 + 
s s s
---- (4)

1 −3 s  1 2  −6 s  2 11 30 
L  f (t ) = + e  2 +  + e  3 + 2 + 
s s s s s s
Example 1.72 :
1 if 0< t <1

Express the function f ( t ) =  t if 1 < t < 2 in terms of unit step function and hence
t 2 if t>2

Solution:
Let f1 (t ) = 1, f 2 (t ) = t , f3 (t ) = t 2
⇒ f (t ) = 1 + [t − 1] u (t − 1) + t 2 − t  u (t − 2)
( )
L  f (t ) = L [1] + L (t − 1) u (t − 1) + L  t 2 − t u (t − 2) ---- (1)
1
L [1] = ---- (2)
s
Consider, L (t − 1) u (t − 1)

Here, a = 1 and f (t − a ) = (t − 1)
⇒ f (t − 1) = t − 1
⇒ f (t ) = (t + 1) − 1 = t
L  f (t ) = L [t ]
1
⇒ f (s) =
s2
−s  1 
∴ L (t − 1) u (t − 1) = e  2  ---- (3)
s
( )
Consider, L  t 2 − t u (t − 2)
Here, a = 2 and f (t − a ) = t − t
2
( )
⇒ f (t − 2) = t 2 − t
f (t ) = (t + 2) − (t + 2) = t 2 + 4 + 4t − t − 2
2
⇒
⇒ f (t ) = t 2 + 3t + 2
L  f (t ) = L t 2 + 3t + 2
2 3 2
⇒ f (s) = 3
+ 2 +
s s s
−2 s  2 3 2
∴ ( )
L  t 2 − t u (t − 2 ) = e  3 + 2 + 
s s s
---- (4)

1 −s  1  −2 s  2 3 2
L  f (t ) = + e  2  + e  3 + 2 + 
s s s s s
Example 1.73 :
t 2 if 0< t < 2

Express the function f ( t ) =  4t if 2 < t < 4 in terms of unit step function and
8 if t>4

hence find its Laplace transform. (VTU 2011, 2014)
Solution:
Let f1 (t ) = t 2 , f 2 (t ) = 4t , f 3 (t ) = 8
⇒ f (t ) = t 2 + 4t − t 2  u (t − 2) + [8 − 4t ] u (t − 4)
L  f (t ) = L (t 2 ) + L ( 4t − t 2 ) u (t − 2) + L (8 − 4t ) u (t − 4) ---- (1)
2
( )
L t2 =
s3
---- (2)
( )
Consider, L  4t − t 2 u (t − 2)
It is in the form L  f (t − a ) u ( t − a )
Here, a = 2 and f (t − a ) = 4t − t
2
( )
⇒ f (t − 2) = 4t − t 2
f (t ) = 4 (t + 2) − (t + 2) = 4t + 8 − t 2 − 4 − 4t = 4 − t 2
2
⇒
L  f (t ) = L  4 − t 2 
4 2
⇒ f (s) = −
s s3
−2 s  4 2
∴ ( )
L  4t − t 2 u (t − 2 ) = e  − 3 
s s  ---- (3)
Consider, L (8 − 4t ) u (t − 4)

Here, a = 4 and f ( t − a ) = (8 − 4t )
⇒ f (t − 4) = 8 − 4t
⇒ f (t ) = 8 − 4 (t + 4) = 8 − 4t − 16
⇒ f (t ) = −4t − 8
L  f (t ) = −4 L [t ] − L (8)
 1  8 −4 8
⇒ f ( s ) = −4  2  − = 2 −
s s s s
−4 s  −4 8
∴ L (8 − 4t ) u (t − 4) = e  2 −  ---- (4)
s s
2 −2 s  4 2 −4 s  −4 8
L  f (t ) = 3 + e  − 3  + e  2 − 
s s s s s
Example 1.74 :
 t −1 if 1< t < 2

Express the function f ( t ) =  − t − 3 if 2 < t < 3 in terms of unit step function
 0 otherwise

and hence find its Laplace transform. (VTU 2013)
Solution:
Let f1 (t ) = t − 1, f 2 (t ) = −t − 3, f 3 (t ) = 0
⇒ f (t ) = ( t − 1) + ( −t − 3) − ( t − 1) u (t − 2) + 0 − ( −t − 3) u ( t − 3)
⇒ f (t ) = (t − 1) + [ −2t − 2] u (t − 2) + [t + 3] u (t − 3)
⇒ f (t ) = ( t − 1) − 2 ( t + 1) u ( t − 2) + ( t + 3) u ( t − 3)
L  f (t ) = L (t − 1) − 2 L (t + 1) u (t − 2) + L (t + 3) u (t − 3) ---- (1)
1 1
L (t − 1) = − ---- (2)
s2 s
Consider, L (t + 1) u (t − 2)
Here, a = 2 and f (t − a ) = ( t + 1)
⇒ f (t − 2) = t + 1
⇒ f (t ) = (t + 2) + 1 = t + 3
L  f (t ) = L (t + 3)
1 3
⇒ f (s) = +
s2 s
−2 s  1 3
∴ L (t + 1) u (t − 2) = e  2 +  ---- (3)
s s
Consider, L (t + 3) u (t − 3)
Here, a = 3 and f (t − a) = (t + 3)
⇒ f (t − 3) = t + 3
⇒ f (t ) = (t + 3) + 3
⇒ f (t ) = t + 6
L  f (t ) = L [t ] + L ( 6)
1 6
⇒ f (s) = +
s2 s
−3 s  1 6
∴ L (t + 3) u (t − 3) = e  2 +  ---- (4)
s s
 1 1 −2 s  1 3 −3 s  1 6
L  f (t ) =  2 −  − 2e  2 +  + e  2 + 
s s s s s s
Exercise 1.4
Express the following in terms unit step function and find its Laplace transform
t, 0 < t < 4  e2 t , 0 < t < 1

1. f (t ) =  2. f (t ) = 
5, t>4  2, t >1
sin 2t , 0 < t < π t 2 , 1 < t ≤ 2

3. f (t ) =  4. f (t ) = 
 0, t >π 4t , t>2
Answers
1  2 e2 
1
1. e −4 s +
s
1
s 2 (
1 − e −4 s ) 2. s−2
+ e− s  −
 s s − 2 
3.
(
2 1 − e−π s ) 4.
2  4 2  −2 s
+ − e
s +4
2 s3  s s3 
1.9 CONVOLUTION THEOREM

t
If L−1  f ( s ) = f (t ) and L−1  g ( s ) = g (t ) then L−1  f ( s ) .g ( s ) = ∫ f (u ) g (t − u ) du
u=0
Proof :
t
Let φ (t ) = ∫ f (u ) g (t − u ) du
u=0
By definition, L φ (t ) = ∫e

− st
φ (t ) dt
0
∞
 t 
L φ (t ) = ∫  ∫ f (u ) g (t − u ) du  dt
− st
⇒ e
0 u = 0 
∞ t
= ∫∫e
− st
f (u ) g (t − u ) du dt
0 0
Here: t = 0, t=∞
u = 0, u=t
u u=t
O t
By changing the order of integration, we have

u = 0, u=∞
t = u, t=∞
∞∞
∴ L φ (t ) = ∫∫e

− st
f (u ) g (t − u ) dt du
0 u
∞
 ∞ − s( t − u) 
= ∫ e − su
f ( ) ∫ e
u g (t − u ) dt  du
0 u 
∞
 ∞ − sv 
= ∫0 e − su
f ( ) ∫ e g ( v) dv du
u On putting t − u = v
0 
∞
= ∫e
− su
f ( u ) g ( s) du
0
= g ( s ) ∫ e f ( u ) du
− su
= g (s) . f (s)
∴ L φ (t ) = f ( s ) .g ( s )
⇒ φ (t ) = L−  f ( s ) .g ( s )
1
∴ L  f ( s ) .g ( s ) =
−1
∫ f (u ) g (t − u ) du
u=0
WORKED EXAMPLES
Example 1.75 :
 s2 
By employing convolution theorem, evaluate L−1  .
(
 s + a
2 2
)( )
s 2 + b 2 
(VTU 2003, 2011, 2012)

Solution:
s s
f (s) = and g ( s ) =
Let,
(s 2
+a 2
) (s 2
+ b2 )
Taking Laplace inverse transform on both side
 s   s 
L−1  f ( s ) = L  2
−1
 and L−1
 g ( s ) = L−1  
(
 s + a 2  
)   s 2 + b 2  ( )
⇒ f (t ) = cos at and g (t ) = cos bt
By convolution theorem, we have
t
L  f ( s ) .g ( s ) =
−1
∫ f (u ) g (t − u ) du
u=0
 s2  t
∴ L−1  2  = ∫ cos au.cos b ( t − u ) du

( )(
 s + a 2 s 2 + b 2 )  u=0
t
1
∫ cos ( au + bt − bu ) + cos ( au − bt + bu ) du
=
u=0
2
1  sin ( au + bt − bu ) sin ( au − bt + bu ) 
t
= 2 + 
 a −b a+b 0
1   sin ( at + bt − bt ) sin ( at − bt + bt )   sin (bt ) sin ( −bt ) 

= 2  + − + 
  a −b a+b   a−b a + b 
1   sin ( at ) sin ( at )   sin (bt ) sin (bt ) 

= 2   a − b + a + b  −  a − b − a + b 
    
1  ( a + b) sin at + ( a − b) sin at − ( a + b) sin bt + ( a − b) sin bt 

 
=
2 ( a − b )( a + b ) 
1  sin at ( a + b + a − b) − sin bt ( a + b − a + b) 
= 2 
 a 2 − b2 
1  sin at ( 2a ) − sin bt ( 2b) 

= 2 
 a 2 − b2 
a sin at − b sin bt
=
a 2 − b2
Example 1.76 :
 
 s 
By employing convolution theorem, evaluate L−1  2 
.
(
 s + a 
2 2
)
(VTU 2004, 2005, 2013)
Solution:
1 s
f (s) = and g ( s ) =
Let,
(s 2
+a 2
) (s 2
+ a2 )
 1   s 
L−1  f ( s ) = L−1  2  and L−1
 g ( s ) = L−1  
(
 s + a 2  
)   s 2 + a 2  ( )
sin at
⇒ f (t ) = and g (t ) = cos at
a
t
L  f ( s ) .g ( s ) =
−1
∫ f (u ) g (t − u ) du
u=0
  t
s sin au
L−1   .cos a ( t − u ) du
∴
(
 s2 + a2 )
2
 = ∫ a
  u=0
1 t
= a ∫ sin au.cos a (t − u ) du
u=0
1 t 1
= a ∫ 2 sin ( au + at − au ) + sin ( au − at + au ) du
u=0
t
1
= 2 a ∫  sin at + sin ( 2au − at ) du
u=0
1  t t

= 2a  sin at ∫u = 0 u∫= 0 sin ( 2au − at ) du 
du +
 
1   − cos ( 2au − at )  
t
= 2a sin at ( u )0 + 
t
  
 2a 0
1  cos at cos at  1
= 
2a 
sin at (t − 0) −
2a
+ =
2a  2a
[ t sin at ]
t sin at
=
2a
Example 1.77 :
 s 
( )
 ( s − 1) s + 4 
2
(VTU 2004, 2011, 2013)

Solution:
1 s
Let, f (s) = and g ( s ) = 2
s −1 s +4
L−1  f ( s ) = L−1 

1  −1  s 
 s − 1 and L  g ( s ) = L  s 2 + 4 
−1
 
⇒ f ( t ) = et and g (t ) = cos 2t
t
L  f ( s ) .g ( s ) =
−1
∫ f (u ) g (t − u ) du
u=0
 s  t
∴ L−1   = ∫ eu .cos 2 (t − u ) du
(
 ( s − 1) s 2 + 4 )  u=0
= ∫ eu .cos ( 2t − 2u ) du
u=0
t
 eu 
=  2 cos ( 2t − 2u ) − 2 sin ( 2t − 2u ) 
2 
1 + ( −2)  0
=
1
{
et ( cos 0 − 2 sin 0) − e0 (cos 2t − 2 sin 2t )
5 
}
=
1 t
5
{
e − cos 2t + 2 sin 2t }
Example 1.78 :
 s 
( )
 ( s + 2) s + 9 
2
(VTU 2005, 2008)

Solution:
1 s
Let, f (s) = and g ( s ) =
s+2 s +9
2
−1  1   s 
L−1  f ( s ) = L   and L−1  g ( s ) = L−1  2
 s + 2  s + 9 
⇒ f ( t ) = e −2 t and g (t ) = cos 3t
t
L  f ( s ) .g ( s ) =
−1
∫ f (u ) g (t − u ) du
u=0
 s  t
L−1   = ∫ e −2 u .cos 3 (t − u ) du
∴
(
 ( s − 1) s 2 + 4 )  u=0
= ∫ e −2u .cos (3t − 3u ) du

u=0
t
 e −2 u 
=  
2 
−2 cos ( 3t − 3u ) − 3sin ( 3t − 3u ) 

 ( −2) + ( −3)
2
 0
=
1
{
e −2t ( −2 cos 0 − 3sin 0) − e 0 ( −2 cos 3t − 3sin 3t )
13 
}
=
1
13
{
−2e −2t + 2 cos 3t + 3sin 3t }
Example 1.79 :
  1
By employing convolution theorem, evaluate L−1  2 
.
 s s + a 
2
( ) (VTU 2006)
Solution:
1 1
Let, f (s) = and g ( s ) =
s s + a2
2
−1  1  −1  1 
L−1  f ( s ) = L   and L  g ( s ) = L  2
−1
s  s + a 
2
sin at
⇒ f (t ) = 1 and g (t ) =
a
t
L  f ( s ) .g ( s ) =
−1
∫ f (u ) g (t − u ) du
u=0
 1  t
sin a (t − u )
L−1  2  = ∫ 1. du
∴
(
 s s + a 2 )  u=0
a
t
1
= a ∫ sin ( at − au ) du
u=0
1  − cos ( at − au ) 
t
= a 
 −a 0
1  cos 0 − cos at 
a  
=
a
1 − cos at
=
a2
Example 1.80 :
 
1
(
 s s + 9 
2
) (VTU 2006)
Solution:
1 1
Let, f (s) = and g ( s ) =
s s +9 2
−1  1  −1  1 
L−1  f ( s ) = L   and L  g ( s ) = L  2
−1
s  s + 9 
sin 3t
⇒ f (t ) = 1 and g (t ) =
3
t
L  f ( s ) .g ( s ) =
−1
∫ f (u ) g (t − u ) du
u=0
 1  t
sin 3 (t − u )
L−1  2  = ∫ 1. du
∴
(
 s s + 9 )  u=0
3
1 t
= 3 ∫ sin (3t − 3u ) du
u=0
1  − cos (3t − 3u ) 
t
= 3 
 −3 0
1  cos 0 − cos 3t  1 − cos 3t

3   =
=
3 9
Example 1.81 :
 1 
(
 ( s − 1) s + 1 
2
) (VTU 2014)
Solution:
1 1
Let, f (s) = and g ( s ) = 2
s− 1 s +1
−1  1   1 
L−1  f ( s ) = L   and L−1  g ( s ) = L−1  2
 s − 1  s + 1
⇒ f ( t ) = et and g (t ) = sin t
t
L−1  f ( s ) .g ( s ) = ∫ f (u ) g (t − u ) du
u=0
 1  t
L−1   = ∫ eu sin (t − u ) du
∴
( )
 ( s − 1) s + 1 
2
u=0
t
 eu 
=  2 2 sin (t − u ) − ( −1) cos ( t − u )
1 + 1 0
1 t
= e (sin 0 + cos 0) − e0 (sin t + cos t )
2
1 t
= e − sin t − cos t 
2
Example 1.82 :
 1 
By employing convolution theorem, evaluate L−1  . (VTU 2013)
 4s − 9 
2
Solution:
 1  1 −1  1  1 −1  1 
L−1  2  = L  2 = L  
 4s − 9  4  s − 9 / 4 4  ( s + 3 / 2)( s − 3 / 2) 
1 1
Let, f (s) = and g ( s ) =
s+3/ 2 s −3/ 2
−1  1   1 
L−1  f ( s ) = L   and L−1  g ( s ) = L−1 
 s + 3 / 2  s − 3 / 2 
⇒ f (t ) = e − (3/ 2)t and g (t ) = e(3/ 2)t
L−1  f ( s ) .g ( s ) = ∫ f (u ) g (t − u ) du
u=0
t
1 −1  1  1 −( 3/ 2 )u ( 3/ 2)( t − u )
∴ L   = 4 ∫ e .e du
4  ( s + 3 / 2 )( s − 3 / 2 )  u = 0
t
1 (3/ 2)t
∫ e ( ) .e ( ) du
− 3/ 2 u − 3/ 2 u
= 4e
u =0
t
1 (3/ 2 )t
= 4e ∫ e−3u du
u=0
t
1 (3/ 2 )t  e −3u  1 (3/ 2)t  e −3t − e0 
= 4e  3  = 4e  
 − 0  −3 
=
(
e(3/ 2)t 1 − e−3t )
12
Example 1.83 :
 1 
By employing convolution theorem, evaluate L−1  5
.
 ( s + 1)( s − 2 ) 
Solution:
1 1
Let, f (s) = and g ( s ) =
( s − 2) 5
s +1
 1   1 
L−1  f ( s ) = L−1   and L−1  g ( s ) = L−1 
 ( s − 2)   s + 1
5
e 2t t 4
⇒ f (t ) = and g (t ) = e − t
4!
t
L−1  f ( s ) .g ( s ) = ∫ f (u ) g (t − u ) du
u=0
 1  t
e 2 u u 4 − (t − u )
∴ L−1  5
= ∫ 4! .e du
 ( s + 1)( s − 2)  u=0
e−t t
= 4! ∫ue 4 3u
du
u=0
t
e −t  4  e3u  3 e 
3u
2 e 
3u
 e3u   e3u  
= 4!  u   − 4u ( )
 9  + 12u  27  − ( (
24u ) )
 81  + ( 24)  243  
  3  0
e −t  3t  t 4 4t 3 4t 2 8t 8  8 
= 4! e  3 − 9 + 9 − 27 + 81 − 81
   
Exercise 1.5
Apply convolution theorem to evaluate the following:
     
−1  s2  −1  1 −1  1
(i) L  2 2  (ii) L  2  (iii) L  3 2  (VTU 2007)
(
 s + 4 )  (
 s s + 4 )  (
 s s + 1  )
−1  s2     
−1  1 −1  1
(iv) L  4 4  (v) L  2  (vi) L  2 
s − a  (
 s s − a
2
)  (
 s + 1 s + 9
2
)( ) 
Answers
1 1 t2
(i) (sin 2t + 2t cos 2t ) (ii) (1 − cos 2t ) (iii) + cos t − 1
4 4 2
1 1 1 1 
(iv) (sinh at + sin at ) (v) ( cosh at − 1) (vi)  sin t − sin 3t 
2a a2 8 3
1.10 SOLUTION OF LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS USING LAPLACE

TRANSFORMS
Laplace transforms can be used to solve ordinary as well as partial differential equations. We shall
apply this method to solve only ordinary linear differential equations with constant coefficients.
The advantage of this method is that it yields the particular solution directly without the necessity
of first findings the general solution and then evaluating the arbitrary constants.
Working Procedure
Step-1: Take the Laplace transforms of both sides of the given differential equation, using the
formula defined below and the given initial conditions.
(i) L  y (t ) = y ( s )
(ii) L  y ' (t ) = s y ( s ) − y ( 0)
(iii) L  y '' (t ) = s 2 y ( s ) − s y ( 0) − y ' (0 )
(iv) L  y ''' (t ) = s y ( s ) − s y ( 0) − s y ' ( 0) − y '' ( 0)

3 2
(v) L  y '''' (t ) = s 4 y ( s ) − s3 y (0) − s 2 y ' (0) − s y '' (0 ) − y ''' (0)
Step-2: Solve the algebraic equation to get y ( s ) in terms of 's'

Step-3: Take inverse Laplace transform on both sides. This gives y as a function on t which is the
desired solution.
WORKED EXAMPLES
Example 1.84 :
d2 y dy
Solve 2
− 3 + 2 y = 4 t + e 3 t , y ( 0 ) = 1, y ' ( 0 ) = −1 by using Laplace transforms.
dt dt
(VTU 2013)
Solution:
Given, y ''− 3 y '+ 2 y = 4t + e3t
Taking Laplace Transform on both side
L [ y ''] − 3L [ y '] + 2 L [ y ] = 4 L [t ] + L e3t 
 1 1
⇒  s y ( s ) − s y (0) − y ' ( 0) − 3  s y ( s ) − y ( 0)  + 2 y ( s ) = 4  2  +
2
s  s −3
4 1
⇒  s y ( s ) − s (1) − ( −1) − 3  s y ( s ) − (1)  + 2 y ( s ) = 2 +
2
s s−3
4 1
⇒ s 2 y ( s ) − s + 1 − 3s y ( s ) + 3 + 2 y ( s ) = +
s 2
s−3
4 1
⇒ y ( s )  s 2 − 3s + 2  = + +s−4
s 2
s−3
4 ( s − 3) + s 2 + ( s − 4 ) s 2 ( s − 3)
⇒ y ( s ) ( s − 1)( s − 2) =
s 2 ( s − 3)
4 s − 12 + s 2 + s 4 − 7 s3 + 12 s 2
⇒ y ( s) = s 2 ( s − 3)( s − 1)( s − 2)
s 4 − 7 s 3 + 13s 2 + 4 s − 12
⇒ y ( s)
( )( )( )
= s2 s − 3 s − 1 s − 2
y (t ) = L−  y ( s )
1
we have,
 4
−1 s − 7 s + 13 s + 4 s − 12
3 2

⇒ y (t ) = L  2 
 s ( s − 1)( s − 2)( s − 3) 

−1 A B C D E 
y (t ) = L  + 2 + + +
⇒
s s ( s − 1) ( s − 2) ( s − 3) 
Now, s 4 − 7 s3 + 13s 2 + 4 s − 12 = As ( s − 1)( s − 2)( s − 3) + B ( s − 1)( s − 2)( s − 3) + C s 2 ( s − 2)
( s − 3) + D s 2 ( s − 1)( s − 3) + E s 2 ( s − 1)( s − 2)
Put s = 0 ⇒ −12 = −6 B ⇒ B = 2
1
Put s = 1⇒ − 1 = C ( 2) ⇒C = −
2
Put s = 2 ⇒ 8 = D ( −4) ⇒ D = −2
1
Put s = 3 ⇒ 9 = E (18) ⇒ E=
2
Put s = 4 ⇒ 20 = 24 A + 6 B + 32C + 48 D + 96 E
 1  1
⇒ 20 = 24 A + 6 ( 2) + 32  −  + 48 ( −2) + 96   ⇒ 72 = 24 A ⇒ A = 3
 2  2

−1 3 2 −1 / 2 −2 1/ 2 
∴ y (t ) = L  s + 2 + s 1 + s 2 + s 3 
 s ( − ) ( − ) ( − )
−1  1  −1  1  1 −1  1   1  1 −1  1 
y (t ) = 3L   + 2 L  2  − L   − 2 L−1  + L 
⇒ s s 2 s − 1  s − 2  2  s − 3 
⇒ y (t ) = 3 (1) + 2 (t ) −
2
( ) ( )
1 t 1
e − 2 e2t + e3t
2
( )
1 t 1
⇒ y (t ) = 3 + 2t − e − 2e 2t + e3t
2 2
Example 1.85 :
d2 y dy
Solve 2
+ 4 + 4 y = e − t , y (0 ) = 0, y ' ( 0 ) = 0 by using Laplace transforms.
dt dt
(VTU 2006, 2011)
Solution:
Given, y ''+ 4 y '+ 4 y = e − t
L [ y ''] + 4 L [ y '] + 4 L [ y ] = L e− t 
1
⇒  s y ( s ) − s y (0) − y ' ( 0) + 4  s y ( s ) − y ( 0)  + 4 y ( s ) =
2
s +1
1
⇒  s 2 y ( s ) − s ( 0) − ( 0) + 4  s y ( s ) − ( 0)  + 4 y ( s ) =
    s +1
1
⇒ s 2 y ( s ) + 4s y ( s ) + 4 y ( s ) =
s +1
1
⇒ y ( s )  s 2 + 4s + 4 =
s +1
1
y ( s ) ( s + 2 )  =
2
⇒   s +1
1
⇒ y ( s) =
( s + 1)( s + 2)2
we have, y (t ) = L−1  y ( s )
 1 
y (t ) = L 1 
−
⇒ 
 ( s + 1)( s + 2 ) 
2
 A B C 
y (t ) = L 1 
−
⇒ + + 
s 1 ( s + 2 ) ( s + 2) 2 
 + 
1 = A ( s + 2) + B ( s + 1)( s + 2) + C ( s + 1)
2
Put s = −1 ⇒ 1 = A (1) ⇒ A = 1
Put s = −2 ⇒ 1 = C ( −1) ⇒ C = −1
Put s = 0 ⇒ 1 = 4 A + 2 B + C ⇒ B = −1
−1
 1 −1 −1 
∴ y (t ) = L  s + 1 + ( s + 2 ) + 
 ( s + 2)2 
−1  1  −1
 1  −1
 1 
⇒ y ( t ) = L  s + 1 − L  ( s + 2 )  − L  
 ( s + 2 ) 
2
   
⇒ y (t ) = e − t − e −2 t − te −2 t
Example 1.86 :
d2 y dy
Solve 2
+ 2 − 3 y = sin t , y ( 0 ) = 0, y ' ( 0 ) = 0 by using Laplace transforms.
dt dt
(VTU 2004)
Solution:
Given, y ''+ 2 y '− 3 y = sin t
L [ y ''] + 2 L [ y '] − 3L [ y ] = L [sin t ]
1
⇒  s 2 y ( s ) − s y ( 0 ) − y ' ( 0 ) + 2  s y ( s ) − y ( 0 )  − 3 y ( s ) = 2
    s +1
1
⇒  s 2 y ( s ) − s ( 0 ) − ( 0 ) + 2  s y ( s ) − ( 0 )  − 3 y ( s ) = 2
    s +1
1
⇒ s 2 y ( s ) + 2s y ( s ) − 3 y ( s ) =
s +1
2
1
⇒ y ( s )  s 2 + 2s − 3 =
s +1
2
1
⇒ y ( s ) ( s − 1)( s + 3) =
s +1
2
1
⇒ y ( s) =
(s 2
)
+ 1 ( s − 1)( s + 3)
y (t ) = L−  y ( s )
1
we have,
 1 
y (t ) = L  2
−1
⇒ 
( )
 s + 1 ( s − 1)( s + 3) 

−1 As + B C D 
⇒ y (t ) = L  2 1 + s 1 + s 3 
 s + ( − ) ( + )
( ) (
1 = ( As + B )( s − 1)( s + 3) + C s 2 + 1 ( s + 3) + D s 2 + 1 ( s − 1) )
1
Put s = 1 ⇒ 1 = C ( 2)( 4) ⇒ C =
8
1
Put s = −3 ⇒ 1 = D (10)( −4) ⇒D= −
40
1
Put s = 0 ⇒ 1 = −3B + 3C − D ⇒ B = −
5
1
Put s = −1⇒ 1 = 4 A − 4B + 4C − 4 D ⇒ A = −
5
−1 (
 −1 / 5) s + ( −1 / 5) 1/ 8 −1 / 40 
y (t ) = L  + +
∴
 s +1
2
( s − 1) ( s + 3) 
1 −1  s  1 −1  1  1 −1  1  1 −1  1 
⇒ y (t ) = − L  2  − L  2  + L  − L 
 s + 3
5 s + 1 5 s + 1 8 s − 1 40
1 1 1 t 1 −3 t
⇒ y (t ) = − cos t − sin t + e − e
5 5 8 40
Example 1.87 :
d2 y dy
Solve 2
− 3 + 2 y = 1 − e 2 t , y ( 0 ) = 1, y ' (0 ) = 1 by using Laplace transforms.
dt dt
(VTU 2004)
Solution:
Given, y ''− 3 y '+ 2 y = 1 − e 2 t
L [ y ''] − 3L [ y '] + 2 L [ y ] = L 1 − e2 t 
1 1
⇒  s 2 y ( s ) − s y ( 0 ) − y ' ( 0 ) − 3  s y ( s ) − y ( 0 )  + 2 y ( s ) = −
    s s−2
1 1
⇒  s 2 y ( s ) − s (1) − (1) − 3  s y ( s ) − (1)  + 2 y ( s ) = −
    s s−2
1 1
⇒ s 2 y ( s ) − s − 1 − 3s y ( s ) + 3 + 2 y ( s ) = −
s s−2
1 1
⇒ y ( s )  s 2 − 3s + 2  = − +s−2
s s−2
s − 2 − s + s ( s − 2)
2
⇒ y ( s ) ( s − 1)( s − 2) =

s ( s − 2)
(
−2 + s s 2 + 4 − 2 s )=s 3
− 2s2 + 4s − 2
⇒ y ( s) =
s ( s − 1)( s − 2) s ( s − 1)( s − 2)
2 2
y (t ) = L−  y ( s )
1
we have,
 3
−1 s − 2 s + 4 s − 2
2 
⇒ y (t ) = L  
 s ( s − 1)( s − 2) 
2
A B C D 
y (t ) = L  +
−1
⇒ + + 
 s ( s − 1) ( s − 2) ( s − 2) 
2
s 3 − 2s 2 + 4s − 2 = A ( s − 1)( s − 2) + Bs ( s − 2) + Cs ( s − 1)( s − 2) + D s ( s − 1)
2 2
1
Put s = 0 ⇒ −2 = A ( −1)( 4) ⇒ A =
2
Put s = 1⇒ 1 = B (1)(1) ⇒B =1
Put s = 2 ⇒ 6 = D ( 2)(1) ⇒ D = 3
5
Put s = −1⇒ − 9 = −18 A − 9 B − 6C + 2 D ⇒ C =
2

−1 1 / 2 1 5/ 2 3 
∴ y (t ) = L  + + + 
 s ( s − 1) ( s − 2) ( s − 2)2 
1 −1  1  −1  1  5 −1  1  −1
 1 
⇒ y (t ) = 2 L  s  + L  s − 1 + 2 L  s − 2  + 3L  2 
 ( s − 2) 
⇒ y (t ) =
1
2
(
5
1) + et + e2 t + 3 te2 t
2
( )
1 5
⇒ y (t ) = + et + e2 t + 3te2 t
2 2
Example 1.88 :
d2 y dy
Solve 2
+ 6 + 9 y = 12 t 2 e −3 t , y (0 ) = 0, y ' ( 0 ) = 0 by using Laplace transforms.
dt dt
(VTU 2005)
Solution:
Given, y ''+ 6 y '+ 9 y = 12t 2 e −3t
L [ y ''] + 6 L [ y '] + 9 L [ y ] = L 12t 2 e−3t 
 2 
⇒  s 2 y ( s ) − s y (0) − y ' ( 0) + 6  s y ( s ) − y (0)  + 9 y ( s ) = 12  3
   
 ( s + 3) 
24
⇒  s 2 y ( s ) − s ( 0 ) − ( 0 ) + 6  s y ( s ) − ( 0 )  + 9 y ( s ) =
    ( s + 3)3
24
⇒ s 2 y ( s ) + 6s y ( s ) + 9 y ( s ) =
( s + 3)3
24
⇒ y ( s )  s 2 + 6s + 9 =
( s + 3)3
24
y ( s ) ( s + 3)  =
2
⇒   ( s + 3)3
24
⇒ y ( s) =
( s + 3)5
y (t ) = L−  y ( s )
1
we have,
−1
 24 
⇒ y (t ) = L  
 ( s + 3) 
3
t4
y (t )
−3t
⇒ = 24e
4!
⇒ y ( t ) = e −3 t t 4
Example 1.89 :
d3 y d2y dy
Solve 3
− 3 2
+ 3 − y = t 2 e t , y ( 0 ) = 1, y ' ( 0 ) = 0, y '' ( 0 ) = −2 by using Laplace
dt dt dt
transforms. (VTU 2005, 2012)
Solution:
Given, y '''− 3 y ''+ 3 y '− y = t 2 et
L [ y '''] − 3L [ y ''] + 3L [ y '] − L [ y ] = L t 2 et 
⇒  s y ( s ) − s y ( 0) − sy ' ( 0) − y '' (0) − 3  s y ( s ) − s y ( 0) − y ' ( 0) + 3  s y ( s ) − y ( 0)  − y ( s )

3 2 2
2
=
( s − 1)3
2
⇒  s3 y ( s ) − s 2 (1) − s ( 0) − ( −2) − 3  s2 y ( s ) − s (1) − (0) + 3  s y ( s ) − (1)  − y ( s ) =
( s − 1)3
2
⇒ s 3 y ( s ) − s 2 + 2 − 3s 2 y ( s ) + 3s + 3s y ( s ) − 3 − y ( s ) =
( s − 1)3
2
⇒ ( )
y ( s ) s 3 − 3s 2 + 3s − 1 =
( s − 1)3
+ s 2 − 3s + 1
2
⇒ y ( s ) ( s − 1)  =
3
+ s 2 − 3s + 1
  ( s − 1) 3
2 s 2 − 3s + 1
⇒ y ( s) = +
( s − 1)6 ( s − 1)3
we have, y (t ) = L−1  y ( s )
 2 s 2 − 3s + 1   2   2
− 1 s − 3s + 1

y (t )
−1 −1
⇒ = L  +  = L   + L  
 ( s − 1) ( s − 1)   ( s − 1)   ( s − 1) 
6 3 6 3
 2   A B C 
y (t ) = L 
−1 −1
⇒  + L  + + 
 ( s − 1)   ( s − 1) ( s − 1) ( s − 1)3 
6 2
s 2 − 3s + 1 = A ( s − 1) + B ( s − 1) + C
2
Put s = 1 ⇒ −1 = C ⇒ C = −1
Put s = 0 ⇒ 1 = A − B ---- (i)
Put s = 2 ⇒ − 1 = A + B + C ⇒ A + B = 0 ---- (ii)
Solving (i) and (ii), we get
1 1
A = 2, B= − 2
 2   1/ 2 −1 / 2 −1 
y (t ) = L 
−1
∴  + L−1  + + 
 ( s − 1)   ( s − 1) ( s − 1) ( s − 1)3 
6 2
−1
 1  1 −1  1  1 −1  1   1 
⇒ y (t ) = 2 L  + L  − L   − L−1  
 ( s − 1)  2  ( s − 1)  2  ( s − 1)   ( s − 1) 
6 2 3
t 5 e t 1 t 1 t t 2 et
⇒ y (t ) = 2 + e − te −
5! 2 2 2!
t 5 et 1 t 1 t 1 2 t
⇒ y (t ) = + e − te − t e
60 2 2 2
Example 1.90 :
d3 y d 2 y dy
Solve + 2 − − 2 y = 0, y ( 0 ) = 0, y ' (0 ) = 0, y '' ( 0 ) = 6 by using Laplace
dt 3 dt 2 dt
transforms. (VTU 2004, 2011)
Solution:
Given, y '''+ 2 y ''− y '− 2 y = 0
L [ y '''] + 2 L [ y ''] − L [ y '] − 2 L [ y ] = 0
⇒  s 3 y ( s ) − s 2 y ( 0) − sy ' ( 0) − y '' (0) + 2  s 2 y ( s ) − s y ( 0) − y ' (0) −  s y ( s ) − y (0)  − 2 y ( s ) = 0
     
⇒  s 3 y ( s ) − s 2 ( 0 ) − s ( 0 ) − 6  + 2  s 2 y ( s ) − s ( 0 ) − ( 0 ) −  s y ( s ) − ( 0 )  − 2 y ( s ) = 0
     
⇒ s 3 y ( s ) − 6 + 2s 2 y ( s ) − s y ( s ) − 2 y ( s ) = 0
⇒ (
y ( s ) s3 + 2 s 2 − s − 2 ) = 6
⇒ y ( s ) ( s − 1)( s + 1)( s + 2) = 6
6
⇒ y ( s) =
( s − 1)( s + 1)( s + 2)
y (t ) = L−  y ( s )
1
we have,
 6 
⇒ y (t ) = L−1  
 ( s − 1)( s + 1)( s + 2) 
 A B C 
⇒ y (t ) = L−1  + + 
 ( s − 1) ( s + 1) ( s + 2) 
6 = A ( s + 1)( s + 2) + B ( s − 1)( s + 2) + C ( s − 1)( s + 1)
Put s = 1 ⇒ 6 = A ( 2)(3) ⇒ A = 1
Put s = −1⇒ 6 = B ( −2)(1) ⇒ B = −3
Put s = −2 ⇒ 6 = C ( −3)( −1) ⇒ C = 2
 1 −3 2 
∴ y (t ) = y ( t ) = L−1  + + 
 ( s − 1) ( s + 1) ( s + 2 ) 
 1   1   1 
⇒ y (t ) = L−1  −1
 − 3L 
−1
 + 2L  
 ( s − 1)   ( s + 1)   ( s + 2) 
⇒ y (t ) = et − 3e − t + 2e −2t
Example 1.91 :
d3 y d 2 y dy
Solve + 2 − − 2 y = 0, y ( 0 ) = 1, y ' ( 0 ) = 2 = y '' ( 0 ) by using Laplace
dt 3 dt 2 dt
transforms. (VTU 2013)
Solution:
Given, y '''+ 2 y ''− y '− 2 y = 0
L [ y '''] + 2 L [ y ''] − L [ y '] − 2 L [ y ] = 0
⇒  s3 y ( s ) − s 2 y ( 0) − sy ' ( 0) − y '' ( 0) + 2  s2 y ( s ) − s y ( 0) − y ' ( 0) −  s y ( s ) − y ( 0)  − 2 y ( s ) = 0
⇒  s3 y ( s ) − s 2 (1) − s ( 2) − 2 + 2  s 2 y ( s ) − s (1) − ( 2) −  s y ( s ) − (1)  − 2 y ( s ) = 0

     
⇒ s 3 y ( s ) − s 2 − 2s − 2 + 2s 2 y ( s ) − 2s − 4 − s y ( s ) + 1 − 2 y ( s ) = 0
⇒ (
y ( s ) s3 + 2 s 2 − s − 2 ) = s 2 + 4s + 5
⇒ y ( s ) ( s − 1)( s + 1)( s + 2) = y ( s ) ( s − 1)( s + 1)( s + 2)
s 2 + 4s + 5
⇒ y ( s) =
( s − 1)( s + 1)( s + 2)
we have, y (t ) = L−1  y ( s )
 s 2 + 4s + 5 
⇒ y (t ) = L−1  
 ( s − 1)( s + 1)( s + 2) 
−1
 A B C 
⇒ y (t ) = L  s 1 + s 1 + s 2 
( − ) ( + ) ( + )
s 2 + 4s + 5 = A ( s + 1)( s + 2) + B ( s − 1)( s + 2) + C ( s − 1)( s + 1)
5
Put s = 1 ⇒ 10 = A ( 2)(3) ⇒ A =
3
Put s = −1⇒ 2 = B ( −2)(1) ⇒ B = −1
1
Put s = −2 ⇒ 1 = C ( −3)( −1) ⇒ C =
3
 5/3 −1 1/ 3 
∴ y (t ) = L−1  + + 
 ( s − 1) ( s + 1) ( s + 2) 
5 −1  1   1  1 −1  1 
y (t ) =
−1
⇒ L  −L  + L  
3  ( s − 1)   ( s + 1)  3  ( s + 2) 
5 t 1
⇒ y (t ) = e − e − t + e −2 t
3 3
Example 1.92 :
d2 y  0, 0 < t < 1
Solve + y = F ( t ) , where F ( t ) =  given that y ( 0 ) = 0 = y ' ( 0 ) by using
dt 2
 2, t >1
Laplace transforms. (VTU 2013)
Solution:
Given, y ''+ y = F (t )
L [ y ''] + L [ y ] = L  F (t )
∞
1 
⇒  s 2 y ( s ) − s y ( 0) − y ' ( 0) + y ( s ) =  ∫ e − st (0) dt + ∫ e − st ( 2) dt 
 
0 1 
 ∞

⇒  s 2 y ( s ) − s ( 0) − ( 0) + y ( s ) = 0 + 2∫ e − st dt 
 
 1 
∞
 e − st   e −∞ − e − s  2e − s
⇒ s y ( s ) + y (s ) = 2 
2
 = 2 = s
 − s 1  −s 
2e − s
⇒ ( )
y ( s) s2 + 1 =
s
2e − s
⇒ y ( s) =
(
s s2 + 1 )
we have, y (t ) = L−1  y ( s )
 2e − s   1 
y (t ) = L  2
−1
⇒  = 2e − s L−1  2 
(
 s s + 1  )  s s + 1 ( ) 
 Bs + C 
− s −1 A
⇒ y ( t ) = 2e L  + 2 
 s s + 1  ( )
( )
1 = A s 2 + 1 + ( Bs + C ) s
Put s = 0 ⇒ 1 = A (1) + 0 ⇒ A = 1
Put s = 1 ⇒ 1 = 2 A + B + C ⇒ B + C = −1 ---- (i)
Put s = −1⇒ 1 = 2 A + B − C ⇒ B − C = −1 ---- (ii)

Solving (i) & (ii), we get B = −1, C = 0
 −s   e− s se − s 
− s −1 1
∴ y ( t ) = 2e L  + 2  = 2 L−1  − 2 
 s (
s +1 )   s (
s +1 ) 
⇒ y (t ) = 2u (t − 1) − 2u (t − 1) cos (t − 1)
Exercise 1.6
Solve the following differential equations by using the Laplace transform technique:
1. y ''− 3 y '+ 2 y = 4t + e3t , when y ( 0) = 1 and y ' ( 0) = −1
2. y '''+ 2 y ''− y '− 2 y = 0, when y ( 0) = 1, y ' ( 0) = 2 and y '' ( 0) = 2
3. y ''+ 4 y '+ 3 y = e − t , when y ( 0) = 1 and y ' ( 0) = 1 (VTU 2008)
4. y ''+ 5 y '+ 6 y = 5et , when y ( 0) = 2 and y ' ( 0) = 1
5. y ''− y '− 2 y = 20 sin 2t , when y ( 0) = −1 and y ' ( 0) = 2
6. y '''− 3 y ''+ 3 y '− y = t 2 et , when y ( 0) = 1, y ' ( 0) = 0 and y '' (0) = −2
7. y ''+ y '− 2 y = 3 cos 3t − 11sin 3t , when y ( 0) = 0 and y ' ( 0) = 6
8. y ''+ y = t cos 2t , when y ( 0) = 0 and y ' (0) = 0
d2 y π
9. + 9 y = cos 2t , when y (0) = 1 and y   = −1  Hint: Assume y ' ( 0) = k 
dt 2
 2
10. y ''+ 5 y '+ 5 y = e −t sin t , when y ( 0) = 0 and y ' ( 0) = 1
Answers
1. y = 3 + 2t +
2
(
1 3t
)
e − e t − 2e 2 t 2. y =
3
(
1 t
)
5e + e −2 t − e − t
7 − t 3 −3t 1 − t 5 t 16 −2t 15 −3t

3. y = e − e + te 4. y = e + e − e
4 4 2 12 3 4
t  1 2 1 5
5. y = 2e2 t − 4e− t + cos 2t − 3sin 2t 6. y = e 1 − t − t + t
2 60 
1
7. y = et − e−2t + sin 3t 8. y = ( 4 sin 2t − 5 sin t − 3t cos 2t )
9
4 4 1 11 − t
9. y = cos 3t + sin 3t + cos 2t 10. y = e (sin t + sin 2t )
5 5 5 3

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MODULE - 1

L  f (t ) is clearly a function of s, and it can also be denoted as f ( s ).

If L  f (t ) = f ( s ) , then f (t ) is called the inverse Laplace transform of f (t ) and is denoted

by L −1  f ( s ) = f (t ). Here L denotes the inverse Laplace transform.

1.3 PROPERTIES OF LAPLACE TRANSFORM

1.3.1 Linearity Property

1.3.2 First Shifting Property

If L  f (t ) = f ( s ) then L  e f (t ) = f ( s − a )

∫ e − st  eat f (t ) dt = e − st +at f (t ) dt = e ( ) f (t ) dt

1.3.3 Change of Scale Property

If L  f (t ) = f ( s ) then L  f ( at ) = f  

1.4 LAPLACE TRANSFORMS OF SOME ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS

Proof: By definition, L  f (t ) = e f (t ) dt

Proof: By definition, L  f (t ) = e f (t ) dt

1.5 SOME STANDARD RESULTS ON LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

Result - 1: MULTIPLICATION BY 't n'

In Particular, for n = 1,2,3

Result - 2: DIVISION BY 't'

Result - 3: LAPLACE TRANSFORMS OF INTEGRALS

Result - 4: LAPLACE TRANSFORMS OF DERIVATIVES

If L  f (t ) = f ( s ) then L  f (t ) = s f ( s ) − s − f ( 0 ) − s − f ' ( 0 ) − s − f '' ( 0 ) − ... − f − (0 )

In Particular, for n = 1,2,3, 4

i) If L  f (t ) = f ( s ) then L  f ' (t ) = s f ( s ) − f (0 )

ii) If L  f (t ) = f ( s ) then L  f '' (t ) = s 2 f ( s ) − s f (0 ) − f ' (0 )

iii) If L  f (t ) = f ( s ) then L  f ''' (t ) = s 3 f ( s ) − s 2 f (0 ) − s f ' (0 ) − f '' (0 )

iv) If L  f (t ) = f ( s ) then L  f (t ) = s f ( s ) − s f (0 ) − s f ' ( 0 ) − s f '' (0 ) − f ''' (0 )

where n is a positive integer.

20 L  f '' (t ) = s 2 f ( s ) − s f (0 ) − f ' ( 0 )

21 L  f ''' (t ) = s 3 f ( s ) − s 2 f (0 ) − s f ' (0 ) − f '' (0 )

22 L  f iv (t ) = s 4 f ( s ) − s 3 f (0 ) − s 2 f ' (0 ) − s f '' (0 ) − f ''' (0 )

L  t +   = L t 3/ 2 + t −3/ 2 + 3t1/ 2 + 3t −1/ 2 

= L t  + L t  + 3L t  + 3L t 

5  1 3 1

Find L  te 4 t  ( VTU 2006 )

= L t  − L t  − 3L t  + 3L t 

⇒ L  f (t ) = 3L [sin t ] − L [sin 3t ] − L [cos3t ] − 3L [cos t ]

We have, L e at f (t ) = f ( s − a )

Find L  te 8 t cos 2t  . ( VTU 2004)

We have, L eat f (t ) = f (s − a)

⇒ L  f (t ) = L [ cos 2t ] − L [ cos 3t ]

Let f (t ) = cos at − cos bt

⇒ L  f (t ) = L [ cos at ] − L [ cos bt ]

 cos at − cos bt  1  s 2 + b2  2as

⇒ L  f (t ) = L [1] − L [ cos 3t ]

⇒ L  f (t ) = L e− at  − L e −bt 

⇒ L  f (t ) = L [1] − L [ cos 6t ]

We have, L e at f (t ) = f ( s − a )

Find the value of ∫ t e −3 t sin t dt using Laplace transform. ( VTU 2007 )

∫t e − t sin t dt using Laplace transform. ( VTU 2011, 2012)

Find the Laplace transform of the following

sin t , 0 < t < π  t, 0 < t < 4

7. e 2t + 4t 3 − 2 sin 3t + 3cos 3t 8. 3cosh 5t − 4 sinh 5t

34. Find the value of ∫ t e −2 t sin 4t dt using Laplace transform.

1.6 INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORM

L −1  f ( s ) = f (t ) . Here L −1 denotes the inverse Laplace transform.

3. Inverse Laplace transform of logarithmic functions and inverse functions

(Refer table in Page 9 and 10).

use the result L−  − f ' ( s ) = t f (t ) and standard results to obtain f (t ) .

= 3 et cosh 2t + 5et sinh 2t

1  −(1/2)t 1  e −(1/2)t sin 2t  

Multiply both side by ' − '

Taking inverse Laplace transform on both sides

Find the inverse Laplace transform of cot −1  

Multiply both side by ' − '