@ Chapter 1 @ Chapter 2 @ Chapter 3 @ Chapter 4 ‘@Chapter 5 @ Chapter 6 ‘@Chapter7 Integers, powers and roots Expressions and formulae Shapes and geometric reasoning Length, mass and capacity Planning and collecting data Calculations and mental strategies 1 ICT, investigations and problem solving Review 1A Review 1B 15 32 52 57 60 66 68 70@ Add, subtract, multiply and divide directed numbers. @ Estimate square roots and cube roots. @ Use positive, negative and zero indices and the index laws for multiplication and division of positive integer powers. Directed numbers ‘A child learning to count says ‘one, two, three, four ...’. This set of numbers is called the counting numbers. If we include zero, we have the set of numbers called the natural numbers, 0, 1,2, 3,4,5, ... Numbers which have direction as well as size are called directed numbers, [fone direction is chosen to be positive, then the opposite direction must be negative. For example, if north is chosen to be positive, then south must be negative if temperatures above zero are chosen to be positive, then temperatures below zero must be negative if'a profit is chosen to be positive, then a Joss must be negative. Directed numbers can be positive, negative or zero. Examples of directed numbers are +7, -15, +3.5, -6.7, +13 and -0.75. Sometimes brackets are used to clarify calculations which involve directed numbers. A directed number whieh is a whole number is called an integer. In the list of directed numbers above, +7, ~15 and +13 are integers. i i a! AO “9-8-7 8G -4-9 2-1 OH 42 49 44 45 46 47 48 49 410 Directed numbers can be shown on a number line. Left to rights the positive direction. Right to left is the negative direction.INTEGERS, POWERS AND ROOTS @ Adding and subtracting directed numbers Worked examples a) Use a number line to add (+4.5) and (2.5), Start at (+4.5) and move 2.5 in the negative direction. o—___.+____e Lepeiboriebicsitariitisretiserticritisial + 2 +3 4 35 So (#45) +(-2.5)=(42) or b) Use a number line to add (5.1) and 47.3). Start at (-5.1) and move 7.3 in the positive direction. eo _______-- —_____» 6 6 4 3 2 4 0 4H 420 43 So (-5.1) + (47.3}= (42.2) or 2.2 Use a number line to calculate (6.4) ~ 42.8). Start at (+6.4) and move 2.8 in the negative direction. Q o____+_____« Leet dete) Ex) +4 +5 +6 + So (46.4) - (42.8) = (43.6) or 3.6 Use a number line to calculate (2.9) - (#3.7). Start at (-2.9) and move 3.7 in the negative direction. qd) a 6 5 4 3 2 So (-2.9) - (43.7) = (-6.6) or-6.6 e) Use a number line to calculate (-3.7) ~ (-6.4). Start at (-3.7) and move 6.4 in the positive direction, o—______»___» Undelete utraluaateilaalalaa ted 4 3 2 a oO +1 +2 +3 $0 (3.7)- 64) = 42.7) or27© CHAPTER 1 Work out the following additions. You may need to use a number line. 1 a) (45.3) +(-3.5) 2 a) (34) +(415) b) (41.7) +14) b) (7.5) + (45.1) ) (41.0) +(-3.6) o) (18) +17) 3 a) (55) +(-45) 4 a) (53)+ (44.3) +(-16) b) (1.7) #11) b) (-8.3) + (-3.5) + (41.6) ) 7.1) + (C15) ©) (41.7) + (2.6) + (2.3) Work out the following subtractions. You may need to use a number line, 5 a) (49.33) - (443) 6 a) (+13) ~ (4.56) bb) (45.43) ~ (43.45) b) (44.5) ~ (46.25) ©) (411) — (44.55) ) (+12) - 45.37) 7 a) (-6)- (43.87) 8 a) (-9.3)-(-15.7) b) (14) - (414.5) b) (-3.67) ~ (-12.33) ©) (22.5) — (422.5) ©) (4.18) — (11.56) Multiplying and dividing directed numbers 43x 42.3 means 3 lots of (+2.3) or (42.3) + 42.3) + 42.3) =( 43.x-2.3 means 3 lots of (-2.3) or (-2.3) + (+2.3) + (-2.3) 3x 42.3 means —3 lots of (42.3) or —((+2.3) + (42.3) + (42.3) 8x23 means -3 lots of (-2.3) or ~((-2.3) + 2.3) + (-23)) =-(-6.9) = 46.9) Use a calculator where necessary. 1 Work out the following. a) 48x-6.1 b) +6 x-5.2 o) 4x-73 2 Work out the following. a) 5x 44.4 b) -7x495 ) -7x476 3. Work out the following. a) +4.5x%425 b)-3.8x+13 0) 33x46 d)-2.7x-5.25 e) 55x15) 3.3% -333INTEGERS, POWERS AND ROOTS @ 4 Copy and complete this multiplication grid. x 325 | -23 | -14 0 415 | 426 | 4375 43 ~42 478 42 452 4 375 The rules for division of integers are the same as those for multiplication. When both quantities are positive or both are negative, the result is positive. When one is positive and the other is negative, the result is negative. Worked examples Use a calculator where necessary. 1 Calculate the following. a) 429.25 + +65 ‘b) 429.25 +-6.5 O) =29.25 + +13 d) -29.25 +-3.25 e) 5854-65 f) 58.5 +413 2 Copy and complete the following, writing in the missing numbers to make the calculations correct. On© CHAPTER 1 3. The table gives pairs of numbers x and y which add together to make 8.75. That is, x+y =8.75 Copy and complete the table. x| as [ 4] sa] ez]sr] 0 || 2] a}-—1]-s y 4 itp 4 complete this table. [| o]-|-2[-3| 4] = & & & & 5 Ifxy= +62, copy and complete this table. oe x[ 4 [a4 [efor] | 2] a4] 3 xy meares x i mutltiplied by y. seeps Powers and roots Squares and square roots The numbers 1,4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100, ... are square numbers, and are made by multiplying an integer (whole number) by itself. For example, 7x7=49 and 8x8=64 Therefore 49 and 64 are square numbers, But 7.3% 7.3 =53.29 53.29 is not a square number as 7.3 is not an integer. Squaring a number is multiplying a number by itself. For example, B squared is 8 x 8=64 7.3 squared is 7.3 x 7.3=53.29 Using indices, 8 squared is written as 8* and 7.3 squared is written as 7.3°, The inverse operation of squaring is finding the square root, For example,INTEGERS, POWERS AND ROOTS @ From what you leamed about the multiplication of directed numbers earlier in this chapter, you know that +9 x49 = 481 and -9 x-9 = 481. So (49)? and (-9)? are both +81. Therefore +9 and -9 are both square roots of +81. Every positive number has a positive and a negative square root. Estimating square roots ‘To estimate the square root of a number which is not a square number, use the ‘square numbers that it falls between as indicators. Worked example Estimate the square root of 53. 7x7 = 49 and 8 x 8 = 64, so the square root of 53 is between 7 and 8. 53 is closer to 49 than to 64. ‘The square root of 53 is about +7.3 or —7.3, Without using a calculator, work out the square roots in parts a) and b) in questions 1-10. Then estimate the square root in part o). Give positive and negative roots. 1 a) 35 b) ¥36 9 30 2 a) V49 b) Ved 0 60 3 a)Vi21 ob) v4 o 130 4 a) V8i b) Vi00 0 90 5 a) Vea b) V8i 9 66 6 a) v5 b) V36 of 33 7 ava b) V9 oe 8 aV00i —») V0.04 9 Voor 9 a)v036 ~~ b) Vo.a9 o Vo.a0 10 a) V0.25 =) 0.86 = VO33 41 Estimate each of these square roots. a) 180 b) V27 @ VT10 aV003 a) V0.2 42 Check your answers to question 11 using a calculator, ©© CHAPTER i Cubes and cube roots ‘This pattern sequence is made up of Lem eubes, ‘The Lom x Lem 1m cube contains one Lem x Lom x Lem cube, ‘The 2cm x 2cmx 2cm cube contains eight Lem x 1m x 1m cubes. ‘The 3cm x 3cm x 3cm cube contains twenty seven Lem x Lem x lcm cubes. ‘The numbers 1,8, 27, 64, 125, 216, 343, 512, 729, 1000, ... are cube numbers, and are made by multiplying an integer by itself three times. For example, 5x5 x5 =125 ‘Therefore 125 is a cube number. Cubing a number is multiplying a number by itself three times, As with squaring, there is a short way to write a number cubed using indices. For example, 5x5x5=5) and —5%-5x-5=(-5) ‘The inverse of cubing a number is finding its cube root, written as ¥. So 9/125 is 5 and 9/343 is 7 (since 7x 7x 7 =343). Similarly, 125 is -5 and 343 is ~7. Estimating cube roots ‘To estimate the cube root of a number which is not a cube number, use the cube numbers that it falls between as indicators, Worked example Estimate the cube root of 300. @=216.and 7 = 343, so the cube root of 300 is between 6 and 7. 300 is closer to 343 than to 216. The cube root of 300 is about 6,7.INTEGERS, POWERS AND ROOTS @ Without using a calculator, work out the cube roots of the numbers in parts a) and b) in questions 1-4. Then estimate the cube root of the number in part o). 1 a8 b) 27 9 20 2 a) 125 b) 216 ) 150 3 a) -27 b) -64 © 50 4 a) 729 'b) 1000 ©) -800 Without using a calculator, work out the cube roots in parts a) and b) in questions 5-8. Then estimate the cube root in part ¢). 5 a) él b) 105 <) 100 6 a) 343 b) ¥512 ) ¥400 7 a) ¥216 b) 125 ©) 150 8 a e000 =») Yi000 Ss) 5000 9 Check your answets to questions 1-8 using a calculator. Indices Al-Karaji was one of the greatest Arab mathematicians. He lived in the 11th century, He wrote many books on algebra and developed a theory of indices and a method of finding square roots. In the expressions ax" + dx? + ox? + dx-+e, the small numbers 4, 3 and 2 are called indices. Indices is the plural of index. So wt has index 4 x has index 3 x has index 2 Although x does not appear to have an index, in fact it has index 1 but this is not usually written. So x=x! has index 1 ‘The index is the power to which a number is raised. In 5, the number 5 is raised to the power of 3, which means 5 x5 x5. The 3 is known as the index and the 5 is known as the base. Here are some examples. x5x5=125 TX7X7%7= 2401© cHaPTER 1 Laws of indices When working with numbers involving indices there are three basic laws that can be applied. These are shown o #xd=4x4xd 4K 4x4 =4 (ied) This can be written in a general form as: ones 4 2a SXOXSKSXBDXB 0 +3 3x3 This can be written in a general form as: erase © (5°)'= 6x5) x x5) x 6x5) =5° (Le.5%) This can be written in a general form as: (n= a Worked examples a) Simplify Px. Pxda god = b) Evaluate (4”)’. (477-429) =4 = 4096 2X2X2x5x5=Px5* Simplify the following using indices. QO Simplify 2x2 2x5 x5 using indices. ww Notice that the base numbers must be the same Jor tis rule tobe true.) Again, the base numbers "a must be the same for this rule to be true. 3B IKMTXTXIKIXT 1 4x4x4 2 3x3x3x3x3 4 6x6 5 12xi2x12 Write out the following in full. én” 73 9 6 qo 12INTEGERS, POWERS AND ROOTS @ Simplify the following using indices. 1 aia 2 Bs 3 #xa xa 4 5x5 5 8x8xs 6 +e 7 B48 8 +e 9 10+10 10 3°43 | EXERCISE 1.3¢] Simplify the following. 1 oF 2 BY 3 4 5 BY 6 (248 7 oF 8 oF 9 7 10 (8')" Simplify the following, T Bat 2 F+F 3B 22+ 4 3§x3t+3t 5 Bx Ses 6 Ox6+e 7 Gi+3 8 G+5 9 OPE 10 (77 If the base numbers are not the same, only parts of the expression can be simplified. For example, 5X5SX5SX5KSKIXS= SxS [EaESES Simplify the following. Leave your answers in index form. 1 3x3x2x2 2 4x4x5x5x5 3 2%2x3x3x3 4 3x1x4x5x3 5 5xBx5x5x6x6 6 7X7xdxdxd 7 2xIK3K3xSX5 B 2x3x3X5SKSXS @)© cHapren 1 The zero index The zero index means that a number has been raised to the power of 0. Any number raised to the power of 0 is equal to 1. For example, v=1 10°=1 =i This can be explained by applying the laws of indices a" +a" =a" Therefore oo geen @ =a° But. ‘i sei a ‘Therefore f=1 This can also be demonstrated using numbers: 45 Worked examples Using indices, find the value of each of these. a) +3 b) +4 Baga 39 He Poe 16 ‘Using indices, find the value of each of these. 1 +5 2 3436 3 Pxdeds 4 Bx Par 5 Px 437 6 BHP 7 ses B aed 9 Sx 545° 10 GYP+ 6)INTEGERS, POWERS AND ROOTS @ Negative indices A negative index means that a number has been raised to a negative power, for example 4°. There are other ways of writing negative powers. For example, 4% can also be writien as qs and in general a~ can be written as * This can be explained by applying the laws of indices, crate B=5x5 Jas a) Write 4 asa fraction. yes =i 16 b) Simplify the following. Give your answer as a fraction. TAX PXT? TARP x 79277 1 (To mutiply, aad the indices. =t454-3=-2 FRR @©@ cHapren t oman [7 Without using a calculator, write each of these as an integer or a fraction. 1 a) 2* b) 5? oa das ) 2 2 a)4xat b) 9x34 ©) 10x 10% ) 500 x 109 e) 1000 «10% 3 a) 27x39" b) 16x24 ©) 64x2* d) 4x2? @) 36x6* 4 a) 27x34 b) 16x2> o) 4x25 d) 4x24 e) 6x68 5 a) 29x25 b) 5*x5? Oo 2x24 d)#x4> e 2x Bx ESE Simplify the following. Give your answers as integers. la? b) 11° oF 2 a) 3 b) 10° os Using indices, find the value of each of these. Leave your answers in index form. 3 a) x5? b) 3°x3! O XE x6 4 a) 10+ 10° b) 5°45! oO 858) 5 a) 10x 10+ 10°) 3°x 3-43" Oo Pxgeat 6 a) 3'x 3843? x3! b) 5x 534+5%x5. ) 88x 8? + 89x 8 7 a) 4x4axaxs x5 b) 7X7XBX8X2K2K2 SX3K5RBKS 8 a) Bea b) 28 #43?