FLUIDS AND THERMODYNAMICS LABORATORY (CHE486)

SEMESTER OCTOBER 2021 – FEBRUARY 2022

(open ended)

EXPERIMENT 4: BERNOULLI THEOREM

1.0 PROGRAMME OUTCOMES

LAB REPORT/MANUSCRIPT & RUBRICS

PO3: Conduct investigations of complex engineering problems via literature review,
design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data as well as synthesis of
information to provide valid conclusions.

PRESENTATION AND PEER EVALUATION

PO9: Function effectively as an individual and as a team member with the capacity
to be a leader in multi-disciplinary settings.

2.0 COURSE OUTCOMES

LAB REPORT/MANUSCRIPT & RUBRICS FOR OPEN–ENDED LAB

CO1: Organise laboratory procedures and understand the working principles of
experimental units in order to conduct experimental works successfully and safely
either individually or in a group. (P4)
PRESENTATION
CO3: Display team work and leadership with other members on the experimental
designs and methods adopted, findings and conclusions of the experiments. (A5)

PEER EVALUATION
CO4: Display leadership skills effectively and positive attitude in conducting
experimental work and group discussion. (A5)

3.0 COMPLEX ENGINEERING PROBLEMS

WA4 & WK8: Investigation- Conduct investigation of complex engineering

problems using research-based knowledge and research methods, including design
of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of information to
provide valid conclusions

WP1: The depth of knowledge is required in solving the complex engineering problems

WP2: Involve wide-ranging or conflicting technical engineering and other issues

WP3: The depth of analysis is required with abstract thinking, originality in analysis
to formulate suitable models

Theory & Background:

Consider fluid in a tank which is open to atmosphere escapes through an orifice at

a vertical h distance from the free surface of the fluid (point 2) as shown in figure
1

Figure 1 Fluid escapes from the tank via an orifice.

Following the conservation of energy, the total energy at point 1 is equal to the
total energy at point 2, which can be represented by the Bernoulli’s equation given
as:

The pressure at the jet and the top surface become approximately equal to
atmospheric pressure thus P1 = P2. It is assumed that the fluid
is incompressible and so the density, ρ is constant. By taking the point where fluid
jets out the reservoir as the datum and the velocity at point 1 is extremely small,
the Bernoulli’s equation can further be simplified to:

In other words, the equation predicts the velocity (v) of the jet to be equal to the
square root of 2gh.

Measuring the velocity of the jet is rather challenging. However, it can be

measured indirectly by tabulating the height of the water (h), against the elapsed
time (t). The rate at which h changes is proportional to the velocity (v), of which
water is leaving the orifice and note that this velocity is not constant thus the rate
of h changes is proportion to the velocity, given as:
Objective of this experiment:

1) To determine the jet velocity as well as volumetric flow rate of fluid exiting the
orifice of a water tank in the beginning of the experiment.

2) To determine the coefficient of contraction that is available in the system.

Suggested material for the experiment:

Your experiment requires the following item but not limited to:
a. Plastic mineral water bottle having even cross-sectional area and
clear transparent surface.
b. Measuring tape/ruler
c. Nails to poke a hole in the water bottle.
d. Food coloring or dye
e. Enough amount of water
f. Stopwatch (from your phone)
g. Video camera (from your smartphone)

You are required to record the video both on the set-up preparation
process as well as during the experiment.

Experimental methodology/procedure

You are required to propose the suitable experimental methodology/procedure to

achieve the experimental objectives.

Common methodologies include:

i. Design the step-by-step operating methodology/procedures of the

experiment inclusive the data collection and/or observation.
ii. Identify the material or any chemical used in the experiment.
iii. Any safety issues that should be considered or implemented when
planning, setting up and conducting the proposed experiment.

Discussion

a) The relationship between flow energy and kinetic energy with time.

b) The impact of coefficient contraction and how to manage it.

c) Suggest any element of sustainability being imposed during the experiment.

d) Any improvement that you can suggest in conducting the experiment

Report:

Abstract/Summary,
-Introduction,
-Aims/Objectives,
-Theory
-Apparatus
-Methodology/Procedure,
-Results,
-Calculations
-Discussion,
-Conclusion,
-Recommendations,
-Reference,
-Appendix.

Notes:

i) Your recorded video should be included in your Digital Report. You are
required to record the video both on the set-up preparation process as
well as during the experiment.
ii) Provide relevant citations to support your discussion. Use APA format for
the list of references.