DMV 30193 – CHAPTER 2

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Block Diagram for Pneumatic System Component

COMPRESSOR DRYER RECEIVER FRL VALVE ACTUATOR

Block Diagram (Pneumatic Flow System)

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2.1 Air Generation & Distribution

Air Generation & Distribution

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2.1.1 Compressor

Compressor is a machine that compresses air or

another type of gas from a low inlet pressure (usually
atmospheric) to a higher desired pressure level. This is
accomplished by reducing the volume of the gas.
Compressor can be divided into two main groups :
COMPRESSOR

DISPLACEMENT
MACHINE TURBO COMPRESSOR

RECIPROCATING ROTARY

1. PISTON (Single) 1. SLIDING VANE 1. RADIAL

2. DIAPHRAGM 2. SCREW-TYPE 2. AXIAL
(Multi) 3. ROOTS / LOBE

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Comparision Between :

Displacement Machine
A Displacement Machine consists of a movable
member inside housing. The compressor has a piston for
a movable member. A Positive Displacement
Compressor works as the crankshaft pulls the piston
down, an increasing volume is formed within the
housing.

Turbo Compressor
The air intake is accelerated by a turbine and the
kinetic engine of the air is converted to pressure.

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2.1.1.1 Reciprocating Compressor

There are two types of reciprocating compressor :
1. Single Stage Reciprocating Compressor

2. Multi-Stage Reciprocating Compressor

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2.1.1.2 Rotary Compressor

There are three types of rotary compressor :
1. Screw-type Compressor

2. Sliding Vane Compressors

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3. Root / Lobe Compressor

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2.1.1.3 Dynamic / Turbo Compressor

i. Axial Flow Compressors

Turbine in which the air is accelerated to a high

speed by rotors. The air is passed through a diffuser
and the kinetic energy is converted into pressure

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ii. Radial Flow Compressors

Turbine blades in which kinetic energy is converted

into pressure. The intake is axial, with air direction
being changed and exhausted radially.

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2.1.2 Compressed Air Preparation

In compressed air preparation, it is common to used FRL

unit. FRL unit consist of Filterations, Regulators and
Lubricator unit. It is also known as Service Unit. It
conditions the compressed air to provide clean air at
optimal pressure and occasionally adds lubrication to
extent the life of the pneumatic system components
which need lubrication.

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2.2 Pneumatic Drivers

Pneumatic drive is devided into four category such as:

a. Linear Cylinder
i. Single Acting Cylinder - Spring Retract Type

ii. Double Acting Cylinder

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b. Rotary Cylinder
The angle of the rotation is also limited. Standard
angle of rotation is commonly 90O or 180O

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c. Special Cylinder
i. Tandem Cylinder
Bulit with self lubrication element

ii. Telescopic Cylinder

Design for long strokes. It can also holds large
forces and consists of several nested cylinder.

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d. Compressed Air motor

Air motor use the characteristic of compressed air
power transmission to their best advantage and
easily adjusted for varying speeds and torque,
reversable, can be operated in an explosive
environment and overload safe. The operation of air
motor is similar to air compressors.

Lobe Motor Radial Motor Gear motor

Axial Motor Vane Motor 15

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2.3 Pneumatic Control Element (Valve)

A valve is a device which receives an external
command. The command can either be in the form of
mechanical, fluid pilot signal or electrical. This
command is used either to release, stop or redirect the
fluid that flows through it.

2.3.1 Directional Control Valve (DCV)

DCV is to control the fluid flow direction.

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Port & Position to DCV

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Ports Designation Letters Digits

Working Ports A, B 2, 4
(Signal Output)
Supply Ports P 1
Exhaust/tank R, S, T 3, 5
piping
Hydraulic L -
Leakage ports

Pilot ports X, Y, Z 10, 12, 14

Port Designation

2(A)

1(P) 3(R)
3/2 Way NC
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2.3.1 Actuator for DCV

Types of actuation can be in the form of manual,
mechanical, pressure and solenoid actuation.
a. Manual Actuated

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b. Mechanical Actuated

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c. Pressure Actuated

d. Solenoid Actuated

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2.3.1.1 Solenoid Valve

Solenoid valves convert electrical energy into
pneumatic energy. It can also used DC or AC supply.
The advantages to used solenoid valve is that,
electrical signal are very fast and efficient in actuating
movement.

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2.3.2 Presure Control Valve

The function of pressure control valve is to influence
the pressure of the compressed air or react to
specific values of pressure
The distribution system pressure must always be
greater than the pressure for any air operated device
or system. Thus, pressure reducing valve is used for this
purpose.
There are two types of pressure reducing valve.
i. Pressure reducing valve without relief
ii. Pressure reducing valve with relief function

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2.3.3 Isolating Valve

Isolating valve is used to cut off the flow of the
compressed medium in one direction and allow a free
flow in the opposite direction.
i. Check valves

i. Shuttle valve

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2.3.2 Isolating Valve

iii. Double cut-off valves

iii. Qiuck exhaust valves

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2.4 Pneumatic Drives, Valve Outline & Symbol

Standard symbols are according to the regulations of ISO

(International Standard Organization - ISO 1219-1:1991),
DIN (Deutsches Institut für Normung), Cetop (European
Fluid Power Committee) and BS (British Standard - BS
2917-1:1993; BS ISO 1219:1995). It is suggested that the
symbols are guided by these standards.
Valve
Actuator Body
Port “A2”

Pressure Port “P1”

From Regulator

Solenoid Exhaust Port

Wires “R”

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