ARRA PROJECT TRAINING DOCUMENTS

Transmitters Operation &

Maintenance
TRAINER Wu Jianmin

ARRA CSU PROJECT MANAGEMENT TEAM

 CONTENTS

1 TRANSMITTERS

2
2 PRESSURE/DP TRANSMITTERS

TEMPERATURE TRANSMITTERS
4
3

4 MAINTENANCE
TRANSMITTERS OPERATION & MAINTENANCE

CHAPTER 1

TRANSMITTERS
 CHAPTER 1 TRANSMITTERS

1.1 Introduction
The transmitter is a device that converts the sensed physical,
chemical and other information into a standardized signal according
to a certain rule, and is an integral part of the combination instrument
in the unit. The transmitter can also be said to be a sensor that
outputs a standardized signal.

Pa
mA
m3/h

℃ Transmitters mV

m(H)
Hz
μm(V)
……… ……
 CHAPTER 1 TRANSMITTERS

1.2 Brands in the site

Vortex Thermal Displacer

Magnetic Magnetostrictive Ultrosonic
Coriolis
Radar
Pressure
Pressure Pressure
Temperature

Turbine Rotameter
TRANSMITTERS OPERATION & MAINTENANCE

CHAPTER 2

PRESSURE/DP TRANSMITTERS
 CHAPTER 2 PRESSURE/DP TRANSMITTERS

2.1 Introduction

The pressure transmitters model 266 is a

modular range of field mounted,
microprocessor based electronic
transmitters, multiple sensor technologies.
Accurate and reliable measurement of
differential pressure, gauge and absolute

pressure, flow and liquid level is provided,

in the even most difficult and hazardous
industrial environments. Model 266 can be
configured to provide specific industrial
output signals according to 4...20mA with
HART digital communication.
CHAPTER 2 PRESSURE/DP TRANSMITTERS
 CHAPTER 2 PRESSURE/DP TRANSMITTERS

2.1 Introduction---plate

The Nameplate provides information

concerning the model code,
maximum working pressure, range
and span limits, power supply ,
output signal, ……

Tag plate also provides customer

tag number and calibrated range.
 CHAPTER 2 PRESSURE/DP TRANSMITTERS

2.1 Introduction---manifold

2-valve manifold 3-valve manifold

5-valve

5-valve manifold manifold

principle
 CHAPTER 2 PRESSURE/DP TRANSMITTERS

2.1 Introduction---bracket
A mounting bracket for wall or pipe mounting
1: U-Bolt
(2” pipe) is also available as an accessory.
2: U-Bolt fixing and washer
Ideally, the pressure transmitter should be
3: Transmitter fixing bolts
mounted in a vertical position to prevent
4: bracket
subsequent zero shifts.
 CHAPTER 2 PRESSURE/DP TRANSMITTERS

2.1 Introduction---abbreviation

URL: Upper Range Limit of a specific sensor. The highest value of the
measured value that the transmitter can be adjusted to measure.

LRL: Lower Range Limit of a specific sensor. The lowest value of the
measured value that the transmitter can be adjusted to measure.

URV: Upper Range Value. The highest value of the measured value to
which the transmitter is calibrated.

LRV: Lower Range Value. The lowest value of the measured value to
which the transmitter is calibrated.

SPAN: The algebraic difference between the Upper and Lower Range
Values. The minimum span is the minimum value that can be used
without degradation of the specified performance.
 CHAPTER 2 PRESSURE/DP TRANSMITTERS

2.1 Introduction---basic operation

Calibrate

Turning write protect button to

enable position before calibrating

LRV calibrating

1. Apply the pressure for the LRV

2. Wait approx. 30s until it has

stabilized.

3. Press the “Z” button. This sets

the output current to 4mA.
CHAPTER 2 PRESSURE/DP TRANSMITTERS

URV calibrating

1. Apply the pressure for the URV

2. Wait approx. 30s until it has

stabilized.

3. Press the “S” button. This sets

the output current to 20mA.

Turning write protect button to

disable position after calibrating
 CHAPTER 2 PRESSURE/DP TRANSMITTERS

2.1 Introduction---wiring

DCS/ESD/PLC etc
 CHAPTER 2 PRESSURE/DP TRANSMITTERS

2.2 Application---measuring pressure

Liquid pressure measurement
CHAPTER 2 PRESSURE/DP TRANSMITTERS

Gas pressure measurement

 CHAPTER 2 PRESSURE/DP TRANSMITTERS

2.2 Application---measuring differential pressure

Differential pressure measurement
 CHAPTER 2 PRESSURE/DP TRANSMITTERS

2.2 Application---measuring flow

Liquid flow measurement
CHAPTER 2 PRESSURE/DP TRANSMITTERS

Steam flow measurement

CHAPTER 2 PRESSURE/DP TRANSMITTERS

Gas flow measurement

 CHAPTER 2 PRESSURE/DP TRANSMITTERS

2.2 Application---with orifice plate

Orifice plates are the most widely used type of flow meters in the world
today. They offer significant cost benefits over other types of flow meters,
especially in larger line sizes, and have proved to be rugged, effective and
reliable over many years. Where a need exists for a rugged and cost
effective flow meter which has a low installation cost.

qv --- volumetric flow rate, m³/s

C --- orifice flow coefficient
A2--- cross-sectional area of the orifice hole, m²
p1 --- fluid upstream pressure, Pa
p2 --- fluid downstream pressure, Pa
ρ --- fluid density, kg/m³
 CHAPTER 2 PRESSURE/DP TRANSMITTERS

2.2 Application---with Venturi

The pressure difference between the upstream and if the cone and the
throat are measured and provide the signal for the rate of flow.

The attraction of this meter lies in its high-energy recovery so that it may
be used where only a small pressure head is available, though its const-
ruction is expensive.

Q --- flow, m3/s

A1 、 A2 --- area , mm2
p1 、 p1 --- measured pressure , Pa
ρ --- density , kg/m3
 CHAPTER 2 PRESSURE/DP TRANSMITTERS

2.2 Application---with Pitot

A Pitot tube, also known as Pitot probe, is a pressure measurement instr-
ument used to measure fluid flow velocity. It is widely used to measure
liquid, air and gas flow velocities in certain industrial applications. The
pitot tube is used to measure the local flow velocity at a given point in the
flow stream and not the average flow velocity in the pipe or conduit.

u --- flow velocity, m/s

Pt --- the total pressure, Pa
ps --- the static pressure, Pa
ρ --- density, kg/m3
 CHAPTER 2 PRESSURE/DP TRANSMITTERS

2.2 Application---valve manifold operation

To zero trim the transmitter, close

the isolate valve on the low side
(downstream) side of the
transmitter.

Open the equalize valve to equalize

the pressure on both sides of the
transmitter. The manifold is now in
the proper configuration for
performing a zero trim on the
transmitter.
CHAPTER 2 PRESSURE/DP TRANSMITTERS

After performing a zero trim on the

transmitter, close the equalize
valve.

Finally, to return the transmitter to

service, open the low side isolate
valve.
 CHAPTER 2 PRESSURE/DP TRANSMITTERS

2.2 Application--- measuring liquid level

Liquid level measurements on

closed tanks

△ p=ρgh
h=△ p/ρg
h--- height, m
△ p--- different pressure, pa
ρ--- density, kg/m3
g--- gravity acceleration, N/kg
CHAPTER 2 PRESSURE/DP TRANSMITTERS
CHAPTER 2 PRESSURE/DP TRANSMITTERS
CHAPTER 2 PRESSURE/DP TRANSMITTERS

Liquid level measurements on open

tanks

p=ρgh
h=p/ρg
h--- height, m
p--- pressure, pa
ρ--- density, kg/m3
g--- gravity acceleration, N/kg
TRANSMITTERS OPERATION & MAINTENANCE

CHAPTER 3

TEMPERATURE TRANSMITTERS
 CHAPTER 3 TEMPERATURE TRANSMITTERS

3.1 Introduction

The TTF350 is the high-end model in the

TTx300 HART family of temperature
transmitters. It features dual compartment
housing technology.

Universal sensor input (RTD,

thermocouple, Ohm, mV)

Output signal (temperature linear), 4 to 20

mA, HART signal
CHAPTER 3 TEMPERATURE TRANSMITTERS
CHAPTER 3 TEMPERATURE TRANSMITTERS

- 2 x RTD 2-wire circuit

- 2 x RTD 3-wire circuit
- 2 x resistance measurement / potentiometer
2-wire circuit
- 2 x resistance measurement / potentiometer
3-wire circuit
- 2 x thermocouple
- 2 x voltage measurement
- 1x Pt100 2-wire circuit and thermocouple
- 1x Pt100 3-wire circuit and thermocouple
- 1x Pt100 4-wire circuit and thermocouple
 CHAPTER 3 TEMPERATURE TRANSMITTERS

3.1 Introduction---LCD

1---Diagnostic
2---Bar graph
3---Readout
4---HART tag
5---Unit
6---Bar graph in % of configured measuring range
 CHAPTER 3 TEMPERATURE TRANSMITTERS

3.1 Introduction---buttons

The ◄ (1), ► (4), ▲ (2) and ▼ (3) buttons are

available for the menu-controlled configuration.
 CHAPTER 3 TEMPERATURE TRANSMITTERS

3.2 Terminal connection---RTD (Resistance Temperature

Detector)
 CHAPTER 3 TEMPERATURE TRANSMITTERS

3.2 Terminal connection---TC (Thermocouple)

 CHAPTER 3 TEMPERATURE TRANSMITTERS

3.2 Terminal connection---RTD & TC

 CHAPTER 3 TEMPERATURE TRANSMITTERS

3.2 Terminal connection---function

1xRTD or 1xTC
Show and transmit

2xRTD or 2xTC or RTD&TC

Show and transmit
Plus function: sensor backup/redundancy, sensor drift monitoring,
average value or differential temperature measurement
 CHAPTER 3 TEMPERATURE TRANSMITTERS

3.3 Configuration---function
of buttons
 CHAPTER 3 TEMPERATURE TRANSMITTERS

3.3 Configuration---Default
 CHAPTER 3 TEMPERATURE TRANSMITTERS

3.3 Configuration---modify steps

TRANSMITTERS OPERATION & MAINTENANCE

CHAPTER 4

MAINTENANCE
 CHAPTER 4 MAINTENANCE

4.1 Attention

If transmitters are used as intended under normal operating conditions, no

maintenance is required. It is sufficient to check the output signal at
regular intervals (in accordance with the operating conditions). If deposits
are expected to accumulate, the measuring equipment should be cleaned
on a regular basis, in accordance with the operating conditions. Cleaning
should ideally be carried out in a workshop.

The electronic components of the printed circuit board can be damaged

by static electricity. Make sure that the static electricity in your body is
discharged when touching electronic components. If a remote seal is
mounted on the measuring equipment, it must not be removed.
 CHAPTER 4 MAINTENANCE

Essentially maintenance is not required for the transmitter sensor.

Anyway the following items should be checked periodically:

— Check the integrity of the pressure boundary (no cracks should be

visible on the process connection or on the process flanges.

— Check that there is no leakage from the sensor/flange interface or from

the vent/drain valves.

— The process flanges bolts should not show excessive rust.

 CHAPTER 4 MAINTENANCE

4.2 Troubleshooting---DP transmitter measuring flow

appearance reason and deal

The value of The high and low pressure connections of the transmitter's pressure
differential guiding tube on the site are reversed. Reverse the tubes or configure
pressure is just anew.
the opposite
The pressure To view the indication of the local pressure gauge, check whether the
difference has actual differential pressure is zero, if not zero , generally the
been 0 differential pressure transmitter has not been used, the 3 or 5-valve
manifold’s isolation valves are not opened. If the pressure is applied,
the pressure is taken on one side to check whether the equalize valve
is closed tightly. In this case, the pressure is normal at the beginning.
However, as time elapsed, the differential pressure will decrease until
the differential pressure is zero. This requires the replacement of the
valve manifold. Another reason is the possibility of gas liquefaction in
the low pressure tube or liquid vaporization in the high pressure tube,
may cause the transmitter's measurement output to be zero.
 CHAPTER 4 MAINTENANCE

appearance reason and deal

The pressure The liquid gasification in the low pressure tube or the gas liquefaction
difference is in the high pressure tube
always max
The pressure To check whether the liquid is present. If the liquid is missing, it needs
difference is to be replenished. If the liquefaction phenomenon is serious, it is
always 0 or max necessary to consider adding the heat tracing. If the phenomenon of
with a gasification is serious, it is necessary to consider extending the guiding
condensate tank tube or reducing the temperature of the heat tracing.
Attention
If the measurement of the process is inaccurate, the condensate in the
pressure guiding tube cannot be arbitrarily discharged. Because the
condensate can easily be lost. After discharge, the liquid level of the
condensate cannot be established in time, which means that the
measurement is inaccurate for a period of time until the pressure is
balanced. It is also not allowed to open the equalize valve, otherwise
the condensate will be pushed into the steam pipe line since the
pressure on the high side is higher than on the low side.
 CHAPTER 4 MAINTENANCE

4.2 Troubleshooting---DP transmitter measuring level

appearance reason and deal

The value does To consider the migration of the transmitter’s high and low pressure.
not correspond to If the amount of migration does not correspond to the amount of actual
actual level installation location, the measured liquid level is also inaccurate.
 CHAPTER 4 MAINTENANCE

4.2 Troubleshooting---temperature transmitter

appearance reason and deal

The resistance of To consider the wire is in case of short circuit or open circuit
the RTD is 0Ω or
infinite
The To consider the wiring connection reversed
thermocouple
indicates a
deviation
The end