University of Maisan

College of Engineering
Electrical Engineering
Second
Fourth stage/ stage/ Electronics
Communication Laboratory-M
Study : Moring

Name of Report : Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)

Name of student: Reham Khaled Johe

2021
OBJECT
01. To demonstrate sampling of a sine wave audio signal thereby converting it into Pulse
Amplitude Modulated Signal (PAM)

02. To demonstrate demodulation of PAM signal thereby recovering the sine wave audio
signal.

03. To demonstrate the effect of sampling-rate on the distortion in recovered sine wave
audio signal.

Introduction
Pulse Amplitude Modulation
Pulse amplitude modulation is a technique in which the amplitude of each pulse is controlled
by the instantaneous amplitude of the modulation signal. It is a modulation system in which
the signal is sampled at regular intervals and each sample is made proportional to the
amplitude of the signal at the instant of sampling. This technique transmits the data by
encoding in the amplitude of a series of signal pulses.
Theory
Continuous amplitude signals could be classified as either continuous-time or discrete-
time signals. Discrete-time signals might be produced by ideally sampling an analog
information-bearing (message) signal. It involves the process of multiplying the
message signal by a periodic train of impulses to produce an ideally sampled signal.
Practical sampling, on the other hand, is effected either by natural sampling or by
the process of flat-top sampling which is more formally known as pulse amplitude
modulation (PAM). Natural sampling simply involves mixing the message signal with
a pulse train of a relatively small duty cycle, in which case the pulse amplitude of
the PAM signal will reflect the shape of the original message signal within its time
span. A typical functional diagram and the corresponding input and output signal
waveforms illustrating the process of natural sampling are shown in Fig. 1. Flattop
sampling, on the other hand, involves the process of naturally sampling the output of
a sample-and-hold (S/H) block with the message signal at its input. The S/H process
is illustrated by the input/output waveforms shown in Fig. 2, while a typical message
signal and the corresponding PAM signal waveforms are shown in Fig. 3.
It can be shown that the process of sampling in the time domain (ideal or practical)
involves replicating the message signal spectrum in the frequency domain as shown
in Fig. 4 for the case of naturally sampling a bandlimited message signal X(t). It is
evident though that the nature of the spectrum of the sampled signal Xs(t) depends
explicitly on the value of the sampling frequency =1 ⁄ Ts relative to that of the
message signal W . If (Fs) is greater than or at least as much as twice the message
bandwidth (known as the Nyquist rate) as shown in Fig. 4-b then the message signal
may simply be reconstructed through low pass filtering. This of course is based on
the assumption that the reconstruction filter has a sharp cutoff characteristic to reject
any contribution from nearby replicas of the message spectrum. If, on other hand Fs is
Procedure
OBJECT.1 TO DEMONSTRATE SAMPLING OF A SINE WAVE AUDIO SIGNAL
THEREBY IT IN TO (PAM) PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATED SIGNAL:

CONVERTING PROCEDURE

1.Using connecting leads connect the OUTPUT of sampling pulse generator TP1 to INPUT-
1 of PAM Modulator and OUTPUT of Modulating signal generator to INPUT-2 of the PAM
modulator. Tum the toggle switch marked H - 'L' to 'H' position and the potentiometer
marked 'FREQ', to completely anticlockwise position. Also turn the potentiometer marked
LEVEL under the modulating signal generator to fully clockwise position

2. Observe the PAM signal at the socket marked TP3 on a CRO after switching ON the
mains power to the training board. Adjust the level of the modulating signal so that the peaks
of the sampling pulses (as seen on the CRO) clearly make the outline of an undistorted
complete sine wave signal, as shown in Fig. 3(C)
OBJECT.2 TO DEMONSTRATE DE-MODULATION OF PAM SIGNAL THERE BY
RECOVRING THE SINE WA VE AUDIO SIGNAL.

PROCEDURE

1. in continuation with the above experiment now connect the OUTPUT of PAM modulator
to the Input of PAM Demodulator with a connecting lead.

2. Observe the output of the PAM Demodulator at the sockets marked 'DEMOD. OUTPUT
on the CRO The recovered waveform shall resemble with the modulating signal,

OBJECT.3 TO DEMONSTRATE THE EFFECT OF SAMPLING- RATE ON THE

DISTORTION IN RECOVERED SINE WAVE AUDIO SIGNAL

PROCEDURE

1. In continuation with the above experiments now slowly vary the frequency of the
sampling pulses while carefully observing the demodulated signal on the CRO. First with
toggle switch, in 'H' position then in 'L' position and continuously varying the frequency
with the pot It will be observed that as the frequency of the sampling pulses is lowered the
recovered 1.

2. waveform becomes more and more distorted. This error is called sampling error Please
to Fig. 5(A) and Fig. 5 (B)
QUESTIONS

Q1*
1) Noise interference is higher.
2) It is difficult to remove noise, as this will affect amplitude part which carries
information.
3) It has lowest power efficiency among all three types.
4) Instantaneous power of transmitter varies.
5) Transmission bandwidth is too large.

Q2*
For pulse amplitude modulated (PAM) signals, the demodulation is done using a Holding
circuit. Fig.1 shows the block diagram of a PAM demodulator.

Q3*
In single polarity pulse amplitude modulation, there is fixed level of DC bias added to the
message signal or modulating signal, so the output of modulating signal is always positive.
In the double polarity pulse amplitude modulation, the output of modulating signal will have
both positive and negative ends.
Q4*
This statement is true as shown in the figure below .(Fig A )when the frequency is high

And (Fig B) when the frequency is low