Mentor Di Logica - It.en

Translated from Italian to English - www.onlinedoctranslator.
com
Mentor of Logic
Volume 1
CISIA editions
2018
Curators: Luisella Caire and Paola Suria Arnaldi
Editing and layout: Claudio Beccari
Reviewers: Claudio Beccari, Caludio Casarosa, Giuseppe Forte
© 2018 Editions CISIA

ISBN: 978-88-940040-5-2
Copyright © 2018
CISIA - Interuniversity Consortium Integrated Systems for Access - All rights reserved.
THERE IS
President
Prof. Andrea Stella University of Padua
Vice president
Prof. Bianca Maria Lombardo University of Catania
Director
Prof. Claudio Casarosa University of Pisa
Scientific Council
Prof. Claudio Beccari Polytechnic of Turin
Prof. Anna Ciampolini Prof. Alma Mater Studiorum University of
Gioconda Moscariello Prof. Bologna University of Naples - Federico II
Marco Lonzi University of Siena
Prof. Alessandra Petrucci University of Florence
Prof. Roberto Piazza Polytechnic of Milan
Board of Directors
Prof. Andrea Stella University of Padua
Prof. Bianca Maria Lombardo University of Catania
Prof. Claudio Casarosa University of Pisa
Prof. Alessandro Pozzetti Politecnico di Milano
Prof. Paolo Villani University of Salerno
Technical director
Giuseppe Forte
Site
Via Malagoli, 12
56124 PISA
www.cisiaonline.it
www.facebook.com/consorziocisia
Presentation
This text, both in print and (possibly) in the form of a PDF file, must be used as an interactive
book, either by leafing through it by hand following the instructions provided gradually, or
by following the links in the PDF file; practically all PDF viewers for calculators, iPADs of
various sizes, and not too small tablets, seem to be able to navigate a PDF document by
following hyperlinks.
This booklet is a self-learning tool; it is not used to simulate a test, but to practice
answering closed-ended questions on specific subjects that are generally included in
university admission tests.
The booklet has a particular shape and cannot be used by reading the pages sequentially; a sequential
reading is intentionally almost incomprehensible. The reading should be done in this way: we start with
the first question; read the text and choose an answer by going to the page indicated at the end of the
answer. If the answer is correct, the new page confirms it, perhaps adding some little information and
indicating the page where to find the next question. If, on the other hand, the chosen answer is wrong,
the new page explains why it is wrong and at the bottom indicates the page to return to the question
for which the wrong answer was chosen.
As you can see, therefore, the reading path is forced through the indications of the pages to move to.
On the other hand, sequential reading is practically impossible because both the questions and the
answers are distributed "randomly" throughout the text and there are no two logically consecutive
elements (questions or explanations to the answers) placed in adjacent positions in the text.
In this particular mentor, propositional and graphic logic questions are presented; sometimes it is
necessary to do some simple calculations (developable in mind), but it should be emphasized that these
questions that require simple calculations do not require any specific knowledge of mathematics that
have not been known since the time of compulsory school.
Logic as such is generally not the subject of any course in upper secondary schools; but the questions
are formulated without using logical "jargon", but in natural language; no specific preparation is
therefore necessary; on the other hand, it is necessary to know how to connect sentences or drawings
intelligently without misunderstanding between causes and effects.
The time to devote to each question shouldn't be too long; however, the revision or self-
learning of logical concepts is a very different thing from facing an admission test
carried out through a questionnaire full of closed multiple-choice questions, having an
average of a couple of minutes available for each question. The time to answer in this
kind of test together with the difficulty of the question itself is an essential element for
the effectiveness of the admission test; it allows to better separate the sample of
candidates who present themselves for the test in order to discriminate the preparation
of individual candidates. Usually this does not prevent brilliant candidates, who have
followed upper secondary studies not suited to the chosen faculty, from showing their
skills;
This is why reviewing your logical reasoning skills is important; just as it is important to
discover before starting university studies that you do not have a logical way of reasoning in
some areas, so as to be able to make the most of the explanations given to each answer to
each question in this text.
4
How to use the mentor
In the mentor the questions and the explanations of the closed answers they contain are
mixed at random, but next to each answer it is indicated which page is the explanation by
means of a black hand whose index points to the page to which to move; on the page
indicated, the explanation is clearly identified as the answer 'X' to the question 'Y'. The
explanation consists of a title that classifies the answer as right or wrong and is followed by
a short explanatory text possibly accompanied by formulas and drawings. At the end of the
short explanatory text another black hand indicates which page to go to to continue using
the mentor; in particular, if the answer given was wrong, the hand indicates to go back to
the question that was not able to answer,
Note the questions are numbered sequentially in the mentor, but this game of references by means of the pointers to
the pages proceeds in no particular order, which however at the end of the reading will have made it possible to reach
each question.
Reading does not take place sequentially according to the numbering of the pages, but only following the
sequence of the pages indicated by the various hands. Whether the mentor is printed or in the form of an e-
book to be read on the screen, reading according to the natural sequence of the pages is virtually impossible.
In short, one is forced to think carefully about each question in order to proceed with the sequence of the
right answers.
If a question is answered once or twice with a wrong answer, it is likely that the topic the
question is about constitutes a gap or that the topic has not been properly assimilated. The
mentor's aim of highlighting the shortcomings of logical reasoning is achieved. The reader
then tries to understand why the answers given were wrong; explanations usually clarify
which errors of logical reasoning have been made, so by understanding the errors one also
understands how to reason logically.
If, on the other hand, one proceeds well along the guided reading of the mentor, it means that the reader has
the necessary knowledge and skills; it will be his care, eventually, to point out if he has encountered questions
that have forced him to do a lot of mental and material work to repeat the logical reasoning carried out and he
will be able to acquire greater operational "ease". Again the mentor's purpose is achieved; in fact, the reader
has identified his possible weaknesses and has the opportunity to practice to strengthen himself in the topics
that have proved to be the most difficult for him.
We hope that readers of this text will find the method followed in this mentor useful; we
know from experience that a book of about fifty years ago, set up in the same way as this
mentor, was very useful to the young people of that time. Today there are more modern
means, but learning is always based on individual cognitive experiences, just as it was then.
5
Start
Start from the page that contains the

question from which to begin reading the
mentor, as indicated in the box
below.
question 41 on page 67
Question 1
A company has delivered frozen food to your home and now you have to pay the delivery boy (or the
delivery men) who physically carried out the task. The delivery was made with a van. That day only the
employees Aldo, Bruno, Ciro were available. Knowing that Ciro doesn't work if Aldo doesn't work too
and that Bruno doesn't know how to drive, then:
A. Aldo will be paid ☛ page 76

B. only Bruno will be paid ☛ page 44
C. neither Aldo nor Bruno will be paid ☛ page 12
Q. Aldo will not be paid and Bruno will ☛ page 65
E. Ciro will be paid and Aldo will not ☛ page 47
Question 35 - Answer C is wrong
It is not the exact square; the law that generates the numbers on the sides and vertices, internally or
externally to the figure, is not identified.
☛to question 35 on page 55
Question 46 - Answer D is wrong
What if they were 5? Try to give a counter example.

Some reliable people are involved in politics!

Said ℙ the set of prime numbers, say that
∀ ∈ ℕ ∃ , > ∶ ∈ ℙ And + 2 ∉ ℙ
it is not the refutation of the conjecture.

Denial of ownership requires that
∃ ∈ ℕ ∶ ∀ > , with ∈ ℙ, + 2 ∉ ℙ
7
Question 2
How many triangles can you identify in the following figure?
TO. 6 ☛ page 72
B. 12 ☛ page 70
C. 10 ☛ page 44
D. 8 ☛ page 36
AND. 16 ☛ page 25
You can play ball before 1pm and after 4pm on non-holiday days, but it is not compulsory! The
formulation error is generated by the displacement of the position of the logical connective NOT.
Indeed:
playing is allowed ... it means it is not forbidden to play ...
instead
it is forbidden NOT to play ... it means you have to, you have to play…!
Question 35 - Answer B is wrong
The missing figure is not a hexagon; moreover, it is not possible to find a law that binds the
writing of numbers on the sides and vertices, internally or externally.
Question 9 - Answer E is correct
Luigina herself says:
yesterday (Wednesday) I did NOT take a bath and went to the market
8
Question 3
A chemist, studying a solution that was tinged with orange, found that sodium or potassium (or
both) was present in it; further noted that, ifNOT there was sodium, there was iron, and that, if
there was potassium, there was also iodine.
Which of these situations can occur?
A. The solution contains only potassium and iron ☛ page 35
B. The solution contains only iron and iodine ☛ page 36
C. the solution contains sodium and potassium, and does not contain iodine ☛ page 45
D. The solution contains neither sodium nor iodine ☛ page 25
E. The solution contains only sodium ☛ page 37
If the budget was not cut, the necessary and sufficient condition for prices to remain stable
was that all taxes should be increased and not just those of state employees.
We prove that, for any table of the proposed type, it is ≤ .
• self And are on the same line then < , because, by definition, it is the smallest of
the numbers in its row;
• self And they are on the same column then < , because by definition, is the
largest of the numbers in its column;
• self And they are neither on the same row nor on the same column, then calling the
number that is on the same line as and in the same column as , the relationship must be
valid < < , by definition of and of .
So < .
The particular case
1 2 1 2 1 2
⇒ ⟹3= =
(3 4) 1 3 3 3 4 3
proof that it can also be = ; therefore ≤ .

In this question one could also proceed by exclusion, after having analyzed the other four answers and having
demonstrated that they are false, confident that every well formulated question has only one correct answer!
9
Question 4
With which pair of numbers would you continue the following sequence of integers?
1, 2; 2, 4; 5, 8; 10, 14; 17, 22; 26, 32; ..., ...
TO. 40, 80 ☛ page 69

B. 46, 64 ☛ page 70
C. 40, 67 ☛ page 72
D. 37, 44 ☛ page 18
AND. 44, 16 ☛ page 48
Question 18 - Answer D is correct
If there are two glasses on the table then it is certainly true that there is one glass on the table!
Attention, the meaning of a sentence, in logic, does not necessarily correspond to the interpretation
that can be given to that sentence in ordinary language.
Another is the correct answer! Wish they were only 5! Play to be convinced!
Question 47 - Answer E is wrong
With two archaea the time is not halved! If two archaea are introduced into the pond, the
present situation is created on the second day starting with only one archaea.
The day before yesterday was Tuesday and Luigina took a bath, so she went to the market!
3 colors are too many.

10
Question 5
Which of the squares no mereyou from 1 to 5 i knowstit u iscecorrectly the requ

adro containing the
point interrogative?
9 9 9 9
16 16 16
36 36
9 9 9 9
16 16 16
?
9 9 9 9
36 36
16 16 16
9 9 9 9
4444 44
16 16 16
4444 44
4444 44
16 16 16 64 144 100
4444 44
444444
16 16 16
444444
1 2 3 4 5
A. The square 5 ☛ page 24

B. The square 3 ☛ page 23
C. The square 1 ☛ page 61
D. The square 2 ☛ page 26
E. The square 4 ☛ page 19
Julius Caesar has won more than some others.
The law of formation of the sequence of numbers has not been correctly identified.
If Luigina takes a bath on Tuesday, then she goes to the market. He doesn't say, though, if he takes a bath every Tuesday!
11
Question 6
Of the two brothers Romulus and Remus, one is always sincere and the other always a liar. If Romulus
says that the mother of the two is called Silvia and Remo states that she is blonde, it can be deduced
with certainty that:
A. if the mother is blonde, her name is not Silvia ☛ page 54

B. if the mother is called Silvia, then she is blonde ☛ page 77
C. the mother is called Silvia and is not blonde ☛ page 74
D. if the mother's name is not Silvia, then the mother is not blonde ☛ page 46
E. the mother is not called Silvia ☛ page 64
That's not the right answer: draw a chessboard and play to convince yourself!
The hypothesis
It is not true that every parliamentarian is an honest and competent person

is to say that
it is false that all parliamentarians are honest and competent
without excluding, however, that there may be honest and competent parliamentarians. Certainly there
is at least one parliamentarian who does not possess at least one of these two qualities: honesty or
competence.
If Aldo and Bruno are not paid, then Ciro made the deliveries, but Ciro works only with
Aldo's help ...
The premise does not take away the hope that some honest and competent person exists, is a candidate and becomes a
member of parliament!
12
Question 7
The cook Giovanni observes that when cooking the roast if you do not use the gas oven, the
meat is either raw inside or burnt on the outside or both.
So it follows that:
A. if the roast is well cooked inside, it has been cooked in a gas oven ☛ page 17
B. if the roast has a well-cooked inside or is not burnt on the outside, it has
been cooked in a gas oven ☛ page 45
C. if the roast has a well-cooked inside and is not burnt on the outside, it has
been cooked in a gas oven ☛ page 52
D. if the roast is raw inside it has not been cooked in the gas oven ☛ page 47
E. if the roast was cooked in an electric oven, the meat is raw on the
inside and burnt on the outside ☛ page 33
Question 13 - Answer A is correct
The global claim is false

Whoever breathes is alive, Piero does not breathe, therefore Piero is dead
In fact, the premise is true
whoever breathes is alive
but if Piero does not breathe it does not necessarily mean that Piero is not alive, that he is dead.
Piero could, at that moment, hold his breath.
⟹ is not equivalent to (NOT ) ⟹ (NOT )

Whoever breathes is alive is not equivalent to Whoever does not breathe is not alive that is, it is died.
Question 42 - Answer C is correct
One of the two hypotheses of the question is: if you are few, you eat well
Therefore: • if you eat well, Mr. Aquilotto CANNOT deduce how many we are eating:
few or many;
• if you eat badly, Mr. Aquilotto can deduce that we are definitely NOT few.
If we interpret the question from the point of view of mathematical logic, posed
= there are few And =you eat well
so long as
⟹ is equivalent to (NOT ) ⟹ (NOT )

Mr. Aquilotto can deduce that:
if you eat NOT well (that is, if you eat badly) then you are NOT a few (that is, there are many)
13
Question 8
Say how many stars if not but not in the square

even in the straight line
TO. 2 ☛ page 31
B. 3 ☛ page 41
C. 4 ☛ page 59
D. 5 ☛ page 24
AND. 6 ☛ page 57
14 = 7 ⋅ 2 + 0, 29 = 14 ⋅ 2 + 1, 60 = 29 ⋅ 2 + 2, 123 = 60 ⋅ 2 + 3
so:
= 123 ⋅ 2 + 4 = 250, = 250 ⋅ 2 + 5 = 505
Each number is double the one before it increased by the number of its position in the
sequence, decreased by two.
For instance 14 is the second number in the sequence and is equal to double the number that precedes it
(7) to which it must be added 2 - 2 = 0.
29 is the third number and double the number that precedes it (14) and must be increased by
3 - 2 = 1...
14
Question 9
Luigina states:
• on Tuesdays, if I take a bath then I go to the market. The day before yesterday was Tuesday, and I
took a bath
• yesterday I didn't take a bath and went to the market
• today I will go to the market and maybe I will also take a bath
It necessarily follows that:

A. every time Luigina goes to the market, she doesn't take a bath ☛ page 31
B. on Tuesdays Luigina always takes a bath ☛ page 11
C. if Luigina takes a bath on Wednesday, then she doesn't go to the market ☛ page 35
Q. the day before yesterday Luigina did not go to the market ☛ page 10
E. sometimes Luigina goes to the market without having taken a bath ☛ page 8
The length dimension of the stick, i.e. 90 cm, exceeds one of the three dimensions
indicated in the standard 50 cm, 30 cm or 25 cm, so if you want to carry the stick in
question you have to pay an additional ticket. Information about how the stick is held,
i.e. horizontally, is completely superfluous.
Let's look for a particular case that satisfies both the hypotheses of the question:
# married people> # single
# males> # females
both at the request of the affirmation:

• # couples> # unmarried males
For example, we choose two couples, one single male and zero single female females. The number of couples is
greater than the number of celibate males.
We have shown that the claim itself is definitely NOT False.
15
The King does not listen to the Grand Chamberlain's advice to oppose the marriage only if the two
young men intend to marry in Superga. The spouses can, therefore, also choose the beautiful Basilica
of Superga to celebrate their wedding.
Let's rewrite the hypotheses of the question:
• # married people> # single
• # males> # females
and add the condition of the response:

• # unmarried males> # husbands
We are looking for a particular case in which all hypotheses are satisfied.
For example, 12 married people (6 husbands and 6 wives), 8 single males and 4 single females. There are more
celibate males than husbands, so the proposed case is possible and the statement is true.
Only a few reliable people (and therefore only a few engineers) are involved in politics. So only a
few engineers are involved in politics.
Mr. Rossi is left-handed, but not all left-handed people are stabbers, much less murderers.
What relationship are there between the numbers 12 and 240 respectively with the first or second sequence of
numbers?
Question 36 - Answer A is wrong
The correct answer is another: with a single 20 euro piece in the box, it would have a different total.
16
We identify the laws that generate the two sets of numbers, knowing that they can also be
different.
Let's rewrite the numbers in the first row of the table:
1, 3, 6, 10, , 21, 28
The difference between a number and the one that precedes it grows like the succession of natural
numbers:
- 10 = 5 ⟹ = 15; 21 - = 6 ⟹ = 15
Let's rewrite the numbers in the second row of the table:
1, 2, 6, 24, 120, , 5040
The relationship between a number and the one that precedes it grows like the succession of natural numbers:
/ 120 = 6 ⟹ = 720; 5040 / = 7 ⟹ = 720
The hypothesis
if you do NOT use the gas oven then the meat

either it is raw on the inside or it is burnt on the outside or both
is to say
roast well cooked inside and not burnt on the surface ⟹ gas oven In
fact, in mathematical logic:
We know the roast is well cooked on the inside, but what is the outside like?
The fulfillment of only one of the two conditions does NOT guarantee that it has been cooked in a gas oven
What relationship do the numbers 224 and 283 have with the sequence?
On Sundays you can NOT play ball in the courtyard at any time of the day.
17
At least one, but we are not sure that they are all seven, fears not to rank among the three most
voted!
I'm sorry, but the answer is not correct: it is easier to open the safe. Try to build the quads
that meet the conditions of the question.
Let's rewrite the hypotheses:
• self he stabbed the victim then he is left-handed
• self he stabbed the victim then is the killer
We can infer that

self stabbed the victim is left-handed and is the killer
But the self initial does not ensure that the victim was stabbed. The killer may have
poisoned her ...
The 6 becomes 9 by adding a rod and removing one.

The difference between the first term of each pair and the corresponding one of the preceding
pair increases as the sequence of odd numbers. Self is the first term of the pair:
(2 - 1) = 1, (5 - 2) = 3, ... ( - 26) = 11 → = 26 + 11 = 37
The difference between the second term of each pair and that of the previous pair grows as the
succession of even numbers.
(4 - 2) = 2, (8 - 4) = 4, ... ( - 32) = 12 → = 32 + 12 = 44
Not the right number of Cyril numbers; three or four examples are enough.
18
The number of gray squares, inside each large square, is a perfect decreasing square (16, 9, 4, ?).
The only perfect square, less than 4, is 1. We therefore expect only one gray square. The numbers
written in each square are perfect, increasing squares (9, 16, 36, ?). The only perfect square
greater than 36, among the possible choices, is 144.
We can also see that the product of the number of squares by the number written on each
square is always 144 (that is, the sum of all the numbers present in each large square is
always 144).
Ruggiero cannot be behind the odd door 3, behind which a deadly dragon is hidden!
The law of formation of the sequence has not been identified.

Agenore, who is not out of tune, can listen to blues and if so, does not win the Lotto.
Therefore this conclusion can be drawn from the premises; we are looking for a conclusion that is
certainly false, and this is not.
• at least one male is married
• all graduates, if any, are unmarried
• all males are of age
We can deduce that:

all males are of age and at least one adult is married.
19
Question 10
We need to color the 11 regions delimited by the 4 circles of the figure so that two
regions that have an arc in common are not the same color.
How many colors do we need to use as a minimum to satisfy this request?
A. 4 ☛ page 51
B. 6 ☛ page 24
C. 2 ☛ page 58
D. 5 ☛ page 44
E. 3 ☛ page 10
The hypothesis of the question
we all like coffee, except Paola, who doesn't like it
it speaks both of Paola and of friends, different from Paola.

The hypothesis is denied not only if Paola likes coffee, but even if, in addition to Paola, at least one other friend
of Antonio's does not like coffee.
The denial of:

Umberto has at least one blond son
is
Umberto has no children or all of his children are NOT blond
The proposed answer is wrong because we know that Umberto's children, if they exist, are NOT blond
and not that at least one of Umberto's children is NOT blond.
20
Let's rewrite the first hypothesis of the question:

self he stabbed the victim then he is left-handed
If Bianchi is not left-handed, he is certainly not the stabber; however, he could still be
the killer. The victim may have been poisoned, strangled… by Bianchi.
We remember that:
NOT left handed ⟹ NOT stabber
but
NOT stabber ⟹ / NOT killer.
If the premise of the question is

then its negation is equivalent to:
either Paola likes coffee or there is someone among friends, besides Paola, who doesn't like coffee
The proposed answer
one of the friends, who is not Paola, doesn't like coffee
it takes into consideration only one of the two eventualities, compatible with the denial of
Antonio's assertion.
In 30 days the pond fills up if there is only one archaea in the initial instant.
If with O, P, Q, R, S, we indicate the patrimony of Oronzo, Piero, Quirino, Rocco, Silvio, we can
write the following inequalities:
O> R, S> R, S> P, P> Q, Q> O
If we compare the relations we deduce that:
S> P> Q> O> R
Therefore the third in order of wealth is Quirino.

21
Question 11
Which of the numbers , proposed should be included in the table?
1 3 6 10 21 28
1 2 6 24 120 5040
TO. = 14 And = 720 ☛ page 29

B. = 14 And = 240 ☛ page 37
C. = 15 And = 720 ☛ page 17
D. = 12 And = 240 ☛ page 16
AND. = 15 And = 240 ☛ page 31
The current rule on the bus requires the purchase of an additional ticket if you are transporting
an object that has at least a size greater than the three indicated.
Using the Venn diagrams, we represent the third hypothesis of the question:
They don't win the Lotto
They listen to blues They win the Lotto
It's true: everyone who wins the Lotto does NOT listen to
blues! With the logical implications we can reflect that
Therefore: who listens to blues music does NOT win the Lotto
Lotto winners DO NOT listen to blues music

22
Question 12
A survey shows that in Italy there are more married than single people and more males than
females.
From these data we can deduce that only one of the following statements is surely FALSE;
which?
A. In Italy there are more couples than single women ☛ page 25

B. In Italy there are more couples than single males ☛ page 15
C. In Italy there are more husbands than single women ☛ page 62
D. In Italy, singles are more than double the number of couples ☛ page 38
E. In Italy there are more celibate males than husbands ☛ page 16
The different numbers that can be obtained from algebraic sums of the required type are not this. Look for a
logical method that allows you to understand the type of numbers generated.
The law that generates the number of squares has been understood, but the law of formation of the numbers
written on their face has not been identified.
There is one affirmation, among those proposed, which can be deduced from the hypotheses of the question, so it is not this
one.
The 5 becomes 6 adding only one rod to the display.

It has exactly the TV or refrigerator 50% of the population over the age of 55:
400 + 250 - 150 = 500 ⟹ 50%
23

On the sign is written:
It is allowed to play ball in the courtyard, except from 13.00 to 16.00 and on Sundays
which means that at 12 you can play ball in the courtyard, as long as it is NOT Sunday.
Totti pays more for each penalty saved by Buffon than he receives for each penalty scored; since he receives
120 euros from Buffon, the number of penalties scored is higher than those saved.
Totti has scored more than 6 penalties and Buffon has saved less than 6!
If the penalties saved by Buffon were 5 Totti would earn
(7 ⋅ 40 - 5 ⋅ 50) euro = 30 EUR
The penalties saved are not only 4; indeed
(8 ⋅ 40 - 4 ⋅ 50) euro = 120 EUR
The stars counted are too many.

The book is thinner! Look for a method, starting from particular cases (if the book had nine pages, if it
had 99 ...), which allows to identify the thickness of the book.
The law that generates the number of squares has been understood, but the law of formation of the numbers
written on their face has not been identified.
24
Question 13
Which of the following statements is surely false?

A. Whoever breathes is alive; Piero is not breathing, so Piero is dead ☛ page 13
B. No Parisian is Italian; all Parisians speak French; but it is
not true that no Italian speaks French ☛ page 31
C. A square is always a rhombus ☛ page 64
D. What is written in A. is false ☛ page 58
E. Each professor has a register; Mario has no register, therefore
Mario is not a professor ☛ page 66
If the solution does not contain sodium it must have potassium and therefore also iodine.
Counting better, the triangles are fewer.

# married people> # single

# males> # females
• # couples> # single women
If we find at least one particular situation, compatible with the initial hypotheses of the question, which
also satisfies the requests of the answer, then the statement is definitely NOT false and the answer is
wrong.
Suppose there are 11 single males and there are no single females. There must be more than 11
married people: we choose, for example, 6 couples, that is 12 married people. We infer that it is
possible that there are more couples than single women.
Ruggiero could be behind door 2, but we are not sure.

25
Question 14
It reads on the bus
Passengers are required to pay an additional ticket for each piece of baggage that
exceeds at least one of the following dimensions: 50 cm × 30 cm × 25 cm.
Based on this rule, it is deduced that:
A. You do not have to pay an additional ticket for an item that exceeds 50cm in
length, 30cm in height and 25cm in thickness ☛ page 42
B. You do not have to pay an additional ticket for a 90cm long and
2cm diameter stick when held horizontally ☛ page 15
C. You do not have to pay an additional ticket for a 90 cm long stick with a
diameter of 2 cm ☛ page 77
D. you do not have to pay an additional ticket for an object that exceeds 50
cm in length or 30 cm in height or 25 cm in thickness ☛ page 22
E. You do not have to pay an additional ticket for a 20 cm diameter
balloon ☛ page 49
Tondolini Martial
submissive NOT submissive submissive stubborn
It might be true; to say that there are no Tondolini who are also Marziolani is equivalent to saying that the
whole of the Tondolini and that of the Marziolani are separate, and this is not incompatible with the
hypotheses of the question.
The square chosen is equal to the second of the ordered set of squares, but the third is not equal to the
first: so the squares do not appear to alternate!
26
Question 15
Two players, Aldo and Bruno, take turns placing their pieces on a chessboard 3 × 3; the
pawns of the two players are the same, let's say all black.
The first player to complete a trio in a horizontal, vertical or one of two diagonal
rows wins.
How many moves can the first player (Aldo) start the game with so that he can
guarantee victory regardless of how Bruno plays?
A. 8 ☛ page 49
B. 1 ☛ page 48
C. 0, in the sense that Bruno can always respond appropriately and
guarantee victory ☛ page 12
D. 5 ☛ page 10
E. 9 ☛ page 60
This statement is compatible both with the conjecture and with its negation (if they are
finite, there is at least one): therefore it does not allow to refute or accept the conjecture.
Every well-structured question must have only one correct answer, but it is not this: 4 possibilities are
too many.
27
Question 16
Indicate how many different numbers can be obtained from algebraic sums of this type
±1±2±3±4±5
using all the digits from 1 to 5 and varying all the possible choices of the + or - signs (eg
example: -1 - 2 + 3 + 4 + 5, 1 + 2 - 3 + 4 + 5, …).
A. 20 ☛ page 45
B. 24 ☛ page 23
C. 31 ☛ page 73
D. 16 ☛ page 78
E. 32 ☛ page 73
The third digit is half of the fourth, so the fourth is even! It cannot be 4, but it must be
greater than 4 in order to have the three preceding digits that are minor (the digits of the
safe combination are increasing).
• The fourth digit is 6. It cannot be 8, because in the third position there cannot be 4
• the third digit is 3
• the second digit, less than 3, can be 2 or 1: zero can occupy only the first position
• the first digit is 1 or 0, if 2 is in the second position; 0 if there is 1 in second position
There are three possible combinations and three is the minimum number of attempts for Nonno Peperino:
(0, 2, 3, 6), (1, 2, 3, 6), (0, 1, 3, 6)
The 5 becomes 6 adding only one rod to the display.

The correct answer is another. Try to write down some possible arrangements of the 5 numbers that satisfy
the premises; you will see that there are certainly more than six, even if you don't write them all.
28
This is not the correct answer. Try to write down some possible arrangements of the 5 numbers that satisfy
the premises; you will see that there are certainly more than three, even if you don't write them all.
A third of the first-term parliamentarians are 10 politicians: they could all be

unquestioned or investigated, but not definitively convicted.
Rocco is the least rich.

From 1pm to 4pm you CANNOT play ball in the courtyard, on any day of the week. Therefore, at 2 pm
ball games in the courtyard are prohibited.
What relation does the number 14 have with the other terms of the first sequence?
Since one dragon is behind an odd door, the other two cannot be behind an even door. Ruggiero
is therefore behind an even goal.
If it is false that Umberto has at least one blond child then Umberto has no children or has children, for
example, red-haired.
29
Question 17
Which of the boxes numbered 1 to 5 replaces the box marked with the question
mark?
1 2 3 4 5
A. 1 ☛ page 28
B. 2 ☛ page 80
C. 3 ☛ page 18
D. 4 ☛ page 41
E. 5 ☛ page 23
The hypothesis
it is not true that at least one male is not of age

allows us to conclude that all males are of age. There are therefore no males, married or single,
who are not adults.
The first hypothesis of the question

those who listen to rock or blues music are not out of tune
it is equivalent to saying that those who are out of tune do not listen to rock music or blues music.
Agenore is not out of tune and can, if he wants, listen to rock and / or blues music: therefore it is not excluded that he listens to
rock.
30
There are only two stars that satisfy the four conditions.
Kontakerikonta, while not knowing if the numbers Incredible they are an infinite or finite quantity, formulate a
conjecture, a hypothesis about numbers Incredible, if they are infinite in number. The pupil Rikontoijo
discovers that the conjecture is false, that is, that the numbersIncredible they are infinite, but they do not have
the property hypothesized by Kontakerikonta: therefore it proves that Incredible numbers are infinite and
none of them have eight distinct prime factors.
A little too much, one figure would have been used for each page and not one number per page!
Probably the concept of number has been confused with that of digits of a number!
Question 11 - The answer E is wrong
What is the relationship between the number 240 and the other numbers of the second sequence?
Luigina herself says that on Tuesdays, if she takes a bath, then she goes to the market.
as the statement:
no Parisian is Italian; all Parisians speak French,
but it is not true that no Italian speaks French
it's true; we are, however, looking for the reasoning that is certainly false!
31
Using the Venn diagrams, we represent the first hypothesis of the question:
Don't be out of tune
They listen to rock

or blues Agent?
The first hypothesis of the question

those who listen to rock or blues music are not out of tune
it is equivalent to saying that those who are out of tune do not listen to rock music or blues
music. Agenore is not out of tune so he can listen to rock or blues music.
Therefore the proposed answer is certainly incompatible with the premises.
Charlemagne is the one who won the most.

You have been misled and, of course, you are in good company!
To be sure that there are two glasses on the table and only two, the statement should have said:
exactly two.
You are sure there are two glasses, but it could be three, half a dozen ...
If we find an easy counter example, we are sure the claim < it is false. For example if the
table is:
1 2 1 2 1 2
⇒ ⟹3= =
(3 4) 1 3 3 3 4 3
If the first player takes 2 pebbles, there are 6 left on the table and nothing prevents the second player from
winning by taking them all.
32
Question 18
The phrase There are two glasses on the table implies that on the table:
A. there are two glasses and a bottle ☛ page 61

B. there are no bottles ☛ page 43
C. there are two glasses and two coffee cups ☛ page 73
D. there is a glass ☛ page 10
E. there are not three glasses ☛ page 32
The denial of:

is
if Umberto has children, then all are NOT blond, that is, no one is blond
The proposed answer suggests instead that there may be blond children and non-blond children.
Ruggiero could be behind goal 0, but we are not sure.

The hypothesis

equivalent to
with electric oven (not gas) ⟹ roasted with raw
meat on the inside or burnt on the outside or both
With the electric oven the meat could also be just raw inside or burned outside without
excluding the possibility that it is raw inside and burned outside.
We know that at least one of the seven candidates fears not to rank in the top three, but we don't know
if anyone believes they are among the top three.
33
Question 19
The warrior Bradamante is in a room in the shape of a regular hexagon, with doors numbered
in succession from 0 to 5. Behind each door is one and only one of the following: three deadly
dragons, the beloved paladin Ruggiero, the hippogriff and the mocking wizard Atlas. If an even
door conceals a dragon, all even rooms conceal dragons. Behind door 4 the hippogriff is
pawing, while a dragon's tail peeps out from under the door opposite it.
The magician says: the sum of the Ruggiero gate and the two adjacent gates is 6. With
certainty Bradamante can say that:
A. Ruggiero is behind an odd goal ☛ page 29

B. Ruggiero is behind goal 2 ☛ page 25
C. Ruggiero is behind goal 0 ☛ page 33
D. the magician gave no new indications ☛ page 53
E. Ruggiero is behind goal 0 or behind goal 3 ☛ page 19
If Buffon had saved 5 penalties, Totti would have won
(7 ⋅ 40 - 5 ⋅ 50) euro = 30 EUR
The first hypothesis

if you are few, you eat well
it does not say how to eat if there are many. The
second hypothesis
if there are many, you spend little
it does not provide information on how to eat.
Mr. Aquilotto is wrong to deduce that if you are NOT a few (ie many) then you eat NOT well
(ie badly).
Convince him, with the laws of mathematical logic: place
= there are few And = you eat well
we know that
⟹ It is NOT equivalent to (NOT ) ⟹ (NOT )
So:
/ You do NOT eat well.
There are NOT a few ⟹
34
Question 20
Of a family it is known that:
• at least one male is not celibate
• all graduates are celibate
• it is not true that at least one male is not of age.
Only one of the following propositions is deducible from the premises. Which?
A. No adult is unmarried ☛ page 58

B. All celibates have university degrees ☛ page 63
C. At least one adult is married ☛ page 19
D. At least one celibate is not of age ☛ page 30
E. At least one adult is not married ☛ page 48
From the hypotheses of the question we know that the accused vigorously defends himself by declaring his
innocence, but we do not know if he is telling the truth or if he is lying!
The answer speaks of a set of numbers not taken into consideration by the professor.
From the hypotheses we know that:
yesterday (Wednesday) Luigina did not take a bath and went to the market.
Luigina says what she did yesterday, Wednesday, but she doesn't say what she usually does on Wednesdays and she doesn't
even tell us if, when she takes a bath on Wednesday, she goes or doesn't go to the market.
If it contains potassium, it must also have iodine.

35
Question 21
On the occasion of the primary elections for the choice of the prime minister of Burgundia,
each of the seven candidates is sure to be able to rank among the three most voted. To deny
this sentence means to affirm that:
A. there is at least one candidate who is afraid of being among the three least voted ☛ page 65
B. there is at least one candidate who is not sure whether he will be among the top three
most voted ☛ page 46
C. some of the seven candidates are confident they will be able to rank among
the top three ☛ page 33
D. each candidate is sure he will not be able to rank among the three most
voted ☛ page 18
E. each of the seven candidates is afraid of being among the three least voted ☛ page 46
It counts better.
The solution must have either sodium or potassium or both.

Therefore at least one of the two substances must be there.
If Bianchi is not a left-handed, Lieutenant Piccione can deduce that Bianchi cannot have stabbed the
victim, without excluding, however, that he may also be the murderer.
We remember that:
36
Question 22
A survey carried out among all 1000 inhabitants of the town of Sparagna over the
age of 55 shows that 40% of them own a refrigerator, that 25% have a television, and
that 15% have both.
So, in the town of Sparagna:
A. under the age of 55 less than 40% of the population owns a
refrigerator ☛ page 62
B. Less than 45% of the population over the age of 55 own a
television or refrigerator ☛ page 23
C. 50% of the population over the age of 55 does not have a
television or a refrigerator ☛ page 79
D. under the age of 55 more than 25% of the population owns a
television ☛ page 78
E. more than 50% of the population over the age of 55 has a television or
refrigerator ☛ page 39
The possible substances contained in the solution are:
• sodium
• sodium, iodine
• sodium, iron
• sodium, iron, iodine
• sodium, potassium, iron, iodine
• potassium, iron and iodine
• sodium, potassium and iodine
The solution can therefore only contain sodium.

What are the relationships between the numbers 14 and 240 respectively with the first or second sequence of
numbers?
37
Question 23
Given that:
• those who listen to rock or blues music are not out of tune
• Agenore is not out of tune
• those who listen to blues do not win the Lotto
which of the following conclusions NOT can it be drawn from the previous premises?
A. It is impossible for Agenore to listen to blues ☛ page 32

B. A out of tune does not listen to rock ☛ page 68
C. It is possible that Agenore will not win the Lotto ☛ page 19
Q. Whoever wins the Lotto doesn't listen to blues ☛ page 22
E. It is not excluded that Agenore listens to rock ☛ page 30
Let's rephrase the hypothesis. Say that:

The commissioner does not believe that the murder defendant did not go to the victim's home
in the time frame in which the victim lost his life
is to say that:
the commissioner believes that the defendant went to the home of in the time interval
in which it lost its life.
# married people> # single ⟹ # single < 2(# couples)
# males> # females

• # single> 2(# couples)
Since the number of married persons is double the number of couples, the first hypothesis is equivalent
to saying that the number of singles is less (not greater!) Than double the number of couples. The claim
is therefore certainly FALSE.
38
Question 24
I consider a square table made up of 4 different numbers and arranged in 2 rows each
consisting of 2 numbers:

( )
Are:
• 1 the smallest of the numbers in the first row
• 2 the smallest of the numbers in the second row
• the greater of 1 and 2
• 1 the largest of the numbers in the first column

• 2 the largest of the numbers in the second column
• the lesser of 1 And 2
Then we can conclude that:

TO. < ☛ page 32
B. = ☛ page 40
C. > ☛ page 50
D. ≥ ☛ page 47
AND. ≤ ☛ page 9
The number of citizens of Sparagna over 55 with a television or refrigerator, taking into
account that 15% have both, is:
400 + 250 - 150 = 500 ⟹ 50%
The answer is wrong because it predicts a percentage strictly greater than the 50%! (more than 50%)
and not of 50%.
Try to count the pages by dividing them into blocks, based on the digits of each of its numbers: pages from 1
to 9; from 10 to ...
39
Question 25
The Lady she was strangled in her living room. The commissioner he does not believe
that the murder accused (who vigorously defends himself by declaring his innocence) did
not go to the victim's house in the time interval in which the victim lost his life. It can be
deduced that:
A. surely the accused is not guilty ☛ page 35
B. the commissioner he is convinced that the accused did not go to

the victim's home in the time interval in which the victim lost his
life ☛ page 38
C. for the commissioner the accused is certainly not guilty ☛ page 70
D. certainly the accused is guilty ☛ page 78
E. the commissioner does not rule out that the accused strangled
the lady ☛ page 66
If we find an easy counter example, we are sure the claim = it is false. If the table is:
3 1 1 2 1 2
⇒ ⟹ 2 = < = 3
(2 4) 1 2 2 3 4 3
Let's rewrite the first hypothesis:

self he stabbed the victim then he is left-handed
Attention the error is classic:
⟹ It is NOT equivalent to ⟹
The stabber must be left-handed, but this does not mean that all left-handed people (for
example, Mr. Rossi) are stabbers, much less murderers.
Consistent with the assumptions of the question, if the budget was not cut and all taxes
were raised then prices had to remain stable.
40
If the symbols + + - - indicate how many rods must be switched on or off to display on the display the
number indicated beyond the sign of =, with only two more rods the 5 becomes 8!
☛on page 81
Reread the requests of the question and recount.

The second hypothesis of the question

it does not say that you spend little alone if so many.
Mr. Aquilotto cannot deduce that, in order to spend little (individual expenditure), there must be many:
he can hope that the price is low even if he goes to dinner with a few friends.
Mr. Aquilotto can be convinced of the groundlessness of his reasoning with the help of
mathematical logic by posing
= there are many And = you spend little
and reminding him that
If with GC, N, CM, AM, ... we indicate the heritage of Julius Caesar, Napoleon, Charlemagne,
Alexander the Great, ... we can write the following inequalities:
≥ > , > >
Comparing the relationships we deduce that
> > ≥ >
Augusto is the one who won less!

Cyril numbers are much less numerous!

41
Question 26
The great number theorist Kontakerikonta discovered numbers Incredible; he does not yet
know if they are finite in number, but he made the following conjecture:
• if they are infinite, at least one of them must have 8 distinct prime factors
His pupil Rikontoijo, studying these numbers carefully, proves that the Kontakerikonta
conjecture is false.
So Rikontoijo proved that:
A. if the numbers Incredible are a finite quantity, none of them have 8
distinct prime factors ☛ page 66
B. if the numbers Incredible are a finite quantity, they all have 8
distinct prime factors ☛ page 35
C. the numbers Incredible they are infinite ☛ page 74
D. the numbers Incredible they are infinite and none of them have 8 distinct
prime factors ☛ page 31
E. the numbers Incredible they are infinite and all have 8 distinct prime
factors ☛ page 47
The dimensions of the object indicated in answer A exceed the maximum dimensions indicated in
the standard. Therefore, an additional ticket must be paid for an object with dimensions
exceeding 50 cm in length, 30 cm in height and 25 cm in thickness.
On Sundays we do NOT play ball in the courtyard, neither at 2.00 pm nor at any other time!
The Grand Chamberlain advises the King to oppose the marriage of the Princess to the Toad if the
young people intend to marry in the Basilica of Superga.
The King, not opposing the celebration of marriage in any form, leaves young people
the faculty of freely deciding the place of marriage.
42
Question 27
A sign with the following notice hangs in the entrance hall of an apartment building:
It is allowed to play football in the yard, except that

from 13.00 to 16.00 and on Sundays
It can be deduced that in that condominium:
A. It is not forbidden to play football in the courtyard at 12.00, as long as it

is not Sunday ☛ page 24
B. It is not forbidden to play football in the courtyard on Sunday from
16.00 onwards ☛ page 17
C. on days other than Sunday it is forbidden not to play football in the
courtyard before 13.00 and after 16.00 ☛ page 8
D. It is not forbidden to play football in the courtyard at 2.00 pm, as long as
it is not Sunday ☛ page 29
E. It is not forbidden to play football in the courtyard at 2.00 pm, as long as
it is Sunday ☛ page 42
The figure you are looking for should not be a hexagon.

Who assures us that there are NO bottles on the table?

If the first player takes 1 pebble, the second player wins the game by taking the 7
pebbles left on the table.
The King does not want to oppose the celebration of the marriage with any formality; young people can
decide to marry or not to marry, to marry in the Basilica of Superga or elsewhere.
43
Question 28
A total of 3301 digits were used to number the pages of a book. The
pages of the book are:
A. between 1500 and 2000 ☛ page 39

B. between 2000 and 3000 ☛ page 24
C. less than 1000 ☛ page 77
D. more than 3000 ☛ page 31
E. between 1000 and 1500 ☛ page 75
The number sequence is increasing!


It is true that the number of days depends on the size of the pond, but knowing that with
one archaea it takes 30 days and that the pond is always the same, the time with two
archaea can be determined without knowing the size of the pond.
The missing figure is a square, but it's not the right one!
Some triangles are missing.

It's not possible: Bruno can't drive and therefore needs a van driver.
44
The hypothesis

equivalent to
well cooked roast inside And not burnt on the surface ⟹ gas oven
Indeed:
and if
= ∨ so do not ) = (NOT ) ∧ (NOT )

So if q is:
(raw roast inside) or (burned to the surface) or (both things)
so do notq) it becomes:
(well cooked roast inside) And (not burned on the surface).
To be sure that the roast has been cooked in a gas oven the meat must have
the inside well cooked And the outside not burned!
It is not the exact number: to reflect starting from particular cases.

Observe that the first number of each pair belongs to an increasing sequence, while the
second to a decreasing one.
Julius Caesar won less than Napoleon.

Silvio is the richest.

If it contains potassium, it must also have iodine.

45
Question 29
A Marziolano, noting that:
• half of all Tondolini are submissive
• half of all Marziolans are stubborn
• half of all Marziolans are submissive
and bearing in mind that one cannot be both submissive and stubborn, he deduces that one
and only one of the following statements NOT it can be true. Which?
A. Half of all Tondolini are stubborn ☛ page 52

B. All Tondolini are Marziolani ☛ page 66
C. All Marziolani are Tondolini and no Tondolino is stubborn ☛ page 47
Q. There are no Tondolini who are also Marziolani ☛ page 26
E. Tondolini and Marziolani are the same set of people ☛ page 61
Question 21 - Answer B is correct
Let's rewrite the hypothesis.

All seven candidates are sure to rank in the top three
The negation of the statement becomes:
There is at least one candidate who is NOT sure to rank in the top three
There are two mistakes made in the formulation of the answer. We know that
1. at least one of the seven candidates fears NOT to be ranked among the top three, but we are not
sure that all seven are afraid of NOT being among the top three.
2. not being among the top three in the standings means being among the four least voted
Romulus and Remus would both be liars: the hypotheses of the question assure that only one of
them is a liar!
46
The statement is certainly false: to say that all Marziolani are Tondolini is equivalent to saying that
the set of Marziolans is a subset of that of Tondolini and therefore stubborn Marziolans are a
subset of NON submissive Tondolini; therefore there are non-submissive Tondolini who are
stubborn.
Ciro works only with Aldo!

The hypothesis states that the cook John found that

without gas oven ⟹ the roast is raw inside
or externally burned or both
In mathematical logic
So a raw roast inside was not necessarily cooked without a gas oven.
The gas oven is necessary to cook a roast well, but it is not enough. Other conditions may be
required: for example that the cook puts the oven at the right temperature, leaves the roast in
the oven for the necessary time, etc.
Kontakerikonta formulates a conjecture about numbers Incredible infinite in number

at least one of them must have 8 distinct prime factors.
If the conjecture is false then
the set of Incredibles is an infinite quantity and does not exist
no number Incredible with 8 distinct prime factors
This counter example assures us that it is not true that ≥
3 1 1 2 1 2
⇒ ⟹ 2 = < = 3
(2 4) 1 2 2 3 4 3
47
The answer is wrong. The second numbers of each pair seem to be arranged in increasing
order ...
To say that there is a positive integer such that, for each number (prime or non prime) with > ,
the number + 2 is not prime is to say that prime numbers are finite!
It is a common language thought, not logically deducible from the hypotheses of the question. It
could be a statement made between friends.
• at least one male is married
• all graduates are unmarried
• all males are of age
We can deduce that:
all males are of age and at least one male is married.
At least one it might mean all, so we have no elements to say if there are celibate
males.
The right answer to a question is always unique, but in this case it is another. Nonno Peperino
opens the safe with a maximum of two attempts only if he is lucky. Remember that Nonno
Peperino can also use zero.
The answer is wrong. It is worth trying to draw a chessboard and do some simulation! Play
to be convinced!
48
The correct answer is another. Don't they seem like a lot? 24 are the permutations of four objects in any order,
but if you put the two even numbers only in the even places, and the odd numbers only in the odd places, you
don't have that many permutations to do.
The diameter of the balloon does not exceed any of the three dimensions indicated in the standard.
Furthermore, given its spherical shape, the balloon can be contained in a box with dimensions of 20 cm x 20
cm x 20 cm, or having dimensions that DO NOT exceed the three maximum dimensions indicated by the
standard. Therefore, the passenger who intends to transport a balloon with a diameter of 20 cm does not have
to purchase an additional ticket.
If Buffon had saved 9 penalties, Totti would be at a loss!

Neither number is right. It is not the correct law. The second number of the pair should be
between 19 and 13.
There are those who have won less than Alexander the Great.
In each question only one is the correct answer and it is not this. There are many 8 possibilities but they are
not the right number. Play to be convinced!
40 parliamentarians have been investigated and definitively convicted, the other 80 have not been
investigated or, if investigated, have not been definitively convicted. By randomly choosing three
parliamentarians, we could just run into three politicians belonging to the group of 80.
49
Question 30
Wanting to arrange the numbers
28 29 36 43 55
so that the odd ones occupy an odd position and the even ones occupy an even position, in
how many different ways can one operate?
TO. 3 ☛ page 29
B. 24 ☛ page 49
C. 12 ☛ page 80
D. 5 ☛ page 50
AND. 6 ☛ page 28
If we find an easy counter example, we are sure the claim > it is false. Let's consider the
table:
1 2 1 2 1 2
⇒ ⟹3= =
(3 4) 1 3 3 3 4 3
The King does not listen to the advice of the Grand Chamberlain and the princess and the toad can marry wherever
and whenever they want.
The right answer is another: with no 20 euro piece he would not have 195 euro in cash.
Only one of the answers is correct and not this one! Try to write down some possible arrangements of the 5
numbers that satisfy the premises; you will see that there are certainly more than five, even if you don't write
them all.
50
Question 31
There are five people with different financial situations.

Oronzo is richer than Rocco, whose wealth is more modest than those of Silvio, and the latter in
turn is more wealthy than Piero. Quirino is less wealthy than Piero, but more wealthy than
Oronzo.
Who is third in order of wealth?
A. Piero ☛ page 66
B. Rocco ☛ page 29
C. Oronzo ☛ page 54
D. Silvio ☛ page 45
E. Quirino ☛ page 21

Only one of the two numbers of the pair is correct: the second.
Not the right answer. Cannot have 4 20-euro pieces; what pieces should the remaining 115 euros
be made of?
The hypothesis
if you are few, you eat well

does not say you eat well alone if you are few: Mr. Aquilotto cannot, therefore, deduce that in
order to eat well it is necessary to go to the Oca Giuliva in a few. He can hope that even a cheerful
brigade can eat well in company.
From the point of view of mathematical logic if
=you spend little And = you eat well
so long as
Mr. Aquilotto has no information to deduce that if you eat well then you are few.
51
Question 32
Examined the following chain of propositions
Only Engineers Are Trustworthy People Some

trustworthy people are involved in politics
it can be deduced that:
A. nothing can be deduced ☛ page 23

B. no engineer is involved in politics ☛ page 74
C. Anyone involved in politics is not a reliable person ☛ page 7
D. some engineers are involved in politics ☛ page 61
E. all engineers are involved in politics ☛ page 16
It might be true; it is possible that half of the Tondolini about whom the text says nothing, but who are
non-submissive, are stubborn.
We interpret the hypothesis of the question

with the language of mathematical logic.
Knowing that
and what if
= ∨ so do not ) = (NOT ) ∧ (NOT )
The hypothesis
NOT (gas oven) ⟹ (raw meat inside) or (burned on the outside)

or (both things)
is equivalent to
NOT [(raw meat inside) or (burned on the outside) or (both things)] ⟹ NOT (NOT gas oven)
that we can rewrite

(well cooked meat inside) And (not burnt on the outside) ⟹ gas oven
52
Question 33
A famous conjecture states that
prime numbers such that + 2 is a prime number are infinite.
Refuting this claim is tantamount to proving that

A. for each positive integer and for any prime number with > the
number + 2 it is not prime ☛ page 68
B. there is a positive integer and a prime number with > such
that the number + 2 it is not prime ☛ page 27
C. for each positive integer there is a prime number with > such that
the number + 2 it is not prime ☛ page 7
D. there is a positive integer such that, whatever the prime
number with > , the number + 2 it is not prime ☛ page 71
E. there is a positive integer such that, for each number (prime and not
prime) with > , the number + 2 it is not prime ☛ page 48
If the hippogriff is pawing behind an even door then the dragons must be behind the odd doors
(1, 3, 5). On the other hand, a dragon's tail peeks out behind door 1.
Ruggiero, therefore, must be behind an even door other than 4, behind which the hippogriff
is pawing. Ruggiero is therefore behind goal 0 or 2.
The mocking wizard Atlas does not provide any other information, because the only three consecutive doors
with the sum of the three numbers 6 are the doors with numbers (5, 0, 1) or (1, 2, 3)
Atlante therefore confirms the information already in Bradamante's possession: Ruggiero is
behind the only even door of each hat-trick: door 0 or door 2.
The data of the question authorize to conclude the truthfulness of one of the proposed interpretations and the
falsity of four others (including this one).
53
Question 34
Nonno Peperino no longer remembers the combination of his electronic coffer. He only
remembers that:
• has four distinct digits between 0 and 9
• 4 does not appear
• the third digit is half of the fourth
• the figures are increasing from first to last
How many are the possible combinations from Nonno Peperino's coffer?
A. 3 ☛ page 28
B. 4 ☛ page 27
C. 5 ☛ page 18
D. 6 ☛ page 60
E. 2 ☛ page 48
NOTE We commonly talk about combinations of a safe; in reality they are dispositions, because it is
important to remember not only the figures, but also their order.
you liar Sincere oar the mother is not Silvia and she is blonde
Romulus
sincere Liar Remo the mother is Silvia and she is not blonde
So if the mother is blonde she is not called Silvia (and if her name is Silvia she is not blonde).
Oronzo is not the fourth in order of wealth

54
Question 35
Which of the figures no eratand from 1 to 5 replace isce correctly the requ
adro containing the
point interrogative?
15 28 12 4 3
9 6
16 8 9
6 ?
3 4 3 9
6 3 20 4 6
42 6 6
24 64 12 4 96 72 12 4 6
4 4 54 30 4 6 6
144 16 16 8 120 48 16 8 6 6
4 12 4 66 18 6 6
72 24 4
80 4 4 12 4
6 6 6 6
1 2 3 4 5
A. Figure 2 ☛ page 67
B. Figure 3 ☛ page 8
C. Figure 4 ☛ page 7
D. Figure 5 ☛ page 43
E. Figure 1 ☛ page 44
If the first player takes 3 pebbles, the second player can take 5 and win the game.
Play to believe!
55
Question 36
Franco the tobacconist has 195 euros in cash and has no coins.
A customer asks him if he has 10, 20, 50 or 100 euros to change, but Franco
reluctantly replies no to all requests.
How many pieces of 20 euros does Franco have in the cash register?
A. 1 ☛ page 16
B. 4 ☛ page 51
C. 3 ☛ page 62
D. 2 ☛ page 63
E. 0 ☛ page 50
Let's try to understand the law of growth of archaea.
. batt. g. 1 g. 2 g. 3 g. 4 ... g. 29 g. 30
228 pond
1 1 2 4 8 ...
full
1 20 = 1 21 = 2 22 = 4 23 = 8 ... 228 229
We repeat the calculation with two bacteria, knowing that the full pond must contain 229 archaea.
. batt. g. 1 g. 2 g. 3 g. 4 ... g. 28 g. 29
228 pond
2 2 4 8 16 ...
full
2 21 = 2 22 = 4 23 = 8 24 = 16 ... 228 229
We can observe that, starting with two archaea on the first day, the number of bacteria
on any given day is what there would be, with only one initial archaea the next day.
Then the pond fills up after 29 days.
The hypothesis
We all like coffee, except Paola, who doesn't like it
56
he says that
of all Antonio's friends, only Paola doesn't like coffee

If this assumption is false then:
1.) Paola likes coffee as well as any other friend of Antonio's, other than Paola
or
2.) Paola likes coffee and there is at least one other friend of Antonio's, other than Paola, who doesn't like
coffee
or
3.) Paola doesn't like coffee and there is at least one other friend of Antonio's, other than Paola, who doesn't
like coffee
In the first two cases it is evident that:

Paola likes coffee
while the third hypothesis says that:
there is at least one other friend besides Paola who doesn't like coffee
The correct answer is:
either Paola likes coffee, or there is someone among her friends, besides Paola, who doesn't like coffee.
According to the hypothesis of the question, if the budget was not cut and all taxes were not
raised, prices should not remain stable. Prices would have remained stable if and only if taxes
increased.
Recount better in the light of the requests of the question.

The first number of each pair seems to be obtained by adding, to the previous one, a power of 2,
in an increasing way:
5 = 3 + 2, 9 = 5 + 4, ? =9 + 8, 33 =? + 16
The number we are looking for is therefore (9 + 8) = 17.
The second number belongs to a decreasing sequence, with the same rule by which the first
numbers grow:
27 = 43 - 16, 19 = 27 - 8, ? =19 - 4, 13 =? - 2
The number we are looking for is therefore (19-4) = 15.
57
The claim to be evaluated:

no adult is not married.
is equivalent to:
all adults are married.
From the hypotheses of the question we know that
• at least one male is married;
• graduates, if any, are not married;
• all males are of age.
So at least one male in the family is married, but we are not sure that all males are
married.
If Buffon had 6 penalties saved, Totti would have lost 60 euros: in fact, Totti pays Buffon, for each
penalty saved, 10 euros more than he receives from Buffon for each penalty scored!
It is true that the claim is false

Whoever breathes is alive; Piero is not breathing, so Piero is dead
because Piero could be alive and holding his breath. The question requires you to identify the
statement that is certainly false and this is certainly true!
Let's proceed empirically: let's start from any area and color it with color 1. We insert a new
color if and only if we are forced!
58
Question 37
The Minister of Economy of Matlandia states:
If the budget is not cut, then in the next year 2006 prices will remain
stable if and only if we raise all taxes.
Granted the absolute truth of this statement and based only on it, what could
have happened to Matlandia in 2006?
A. The budget was not cut; all taxes were raised and prices
remained stable ☛ page 72
B. The budget was not cut; all taxes were raised and prices
increased ☛ page 40
C. The budget was not cut; taxes were not raised and
prices remained stable ☛ page 57
D. The budget was not cut; taxes were raised only on the
salaries of state employees and prices remained stable ☛ page 9
E. The budget was not cut, and prices rose anyway ☛ page 64
Reread the requests of the question carefully and recount.
Let's rephrase the hypothesis.

it is equivalent to saying that there is at least one parliamentarian (we do not know how many)
who is not honest or is not competent or is neither honest nor competent. In Arraffa there may
be honest and competent parliamentarians, but we are not sure.
59

allows us to deduce that:
• Umberto has at least one child
• at least one of the children is blond
The denial of the claim is:

Umberto has no children or none of Umberto's children are blond.
It is not the correct answer: Nonno Peperino needs fewer attempts, if he thinks correctly and
remembers all the conditions.
Here is the chessboard:
(1.1) (1.2) (1.3)
(2.1) (2.2) (2.3)
(3.1) (3.2) (3.3)
Observe that the game choices have an evident symmetry: it is indifferent to place the first pawn
in
• (1,1), (1,3), (3,1), (3,3)

• (1,2), (2,1), (2,3), (3,2)
Let us therefore consider only one case.
• Aldo has the victory in his pocket, whatever Bruno's move, if he places his first pawn
in (2,2).
• If Aldo places his first pawn in a cell on the outer edge, at the corner (for example
in (1,1)) or central (for example in (1,2)), he has the chance to win with his second
or third pawn, whichever cell Bruno chooses.
60
- If Bruno places his first pawn so that the two pawns on the board are aligned
horizontally, vertically or diagonally: that's it!
- If Bruno places his first pawn so that it is neither horizontally, vertically, nor
diagonally aligned with his playmate's first pawn, Aldo must place his second
pawn in the only empty cell that is on the intersection of two. lines (one
horizontal and one vertical) that do NOT have any checkers yet and… he
doesn't win on his second move, but on the third one.
Play to be convinced!
The chosen square contains too many squares. It would be fine if the square with the
question mark was the first.
Engineers
Reliable
people who deal with
policy
From the hypotheses of the question we deduce that reliable people are engineers and that some
reliable person (therefore some engineer) is involved in politics.
We have no information to think that there is also a bottle on the table ...
It might be true; nothing prevents the number of Marziolani and Tondolini from being the same and even
being the same group of people, described by different adjectives (submissive, stubborn ..), but compatible
with each other.
61
To prove that a certain statement is NOT DEFINITELY false, it is sufficient to find at least
one particular case in which that statement is TRUE.
• # married people> # single
• # males> # females

• # husbands> # single women
We choose a particular case that satisfies all the hypotheses of the question.
For example, take the case of two couples, a single male and zero single women.
There are two husbands, zero single women, so it is true that in Italy there are more husbands than single
women.
We summarize the situation in the table
30 first-term MPs 90 spoken to a term after the first

40 spoke investigated and convicted 80 spoken not inq. or not condemn. def.
Since only 30 parliamentarians are in the first term and 40 are definitively sentenced, even if all
the new parliamentarians had been sentenced, necessarily at least 10 non-first-nominated
parliamentarians have been investigated and sentenced definitively.
This is not the correct answer. If you had three pieces of 20 euros, what tickets would the remaining 135
euros consist of?
The hypotheses of the question do not provide information on citizens of Sparagna under the age of 55!
62
Question 38
Playing Risk Julius Caesar won more than his nephew Augustus, but not Napoleon.
Alexander the Great won less than Charlemagne, but more than Napoleon.
Who won the least?
A. Charlemagne ☛ page 32
B. Alexander the Great ☛ page 49
C. Napoleon ☛ page 45
D. Augusto ☛ page 41
E. Julius Caesar ☛ page 11
The hypotheses of the question assure that all graduates are celibate, but not that all celibates are
graduates.
⟹ is not equivalent to ⟹
How many pieces from 5 euros, from 10 euros.… can he have Franco in cash, in order not to be able to satisfy the
customer's requests?
• 5 euro tickets: must have one and only one in order not to be able to change 10 euros
• tickets from 10 euros: he can have none or at most one, otherwise he could change 20
euros
• tickets from 50 euros: must have one and only one

• 100 euro tickets: he must have one, otherwise he would not be able to have 195 euros in cash.
Surely Franco has in cash:
(1 ⋅ 100 + 1 ⋅ 50 + 1 ⋅ 5) euro = 155 EUR
The missing 40 euros can only be the sum of two 20-euro tickets.
63
Question 39
At the end of a training session for the national team, Totti and Buffon make the following bet: Totti
will shoot 12 penalties and Buffon will try to save them. For each penalty saved, Totti will give 50
euros to Buffon while for each penalty scored Buffon will give 40 euros to Totti. After that, the series
of penalties is performed at the end of which Totti must receive 120 euros from Buffon.
How many penalties has Buffon saved?
A. 9 ☛ page 49
B. 5 ☛ page 34
C. 6 ☛ page 58
D. 4 ☛ page 24
E. 12 ☛ page 77
Romulus would certainly be a liar and the hypotheses of the question do not give us this certainty: one of the
two is a liar, but we do not know who!
Adding any Cyril number with himself, for the first property, I find a Cyril. If I still add
to the new result , a new cyril is generated. I repeat the procedure times, and I find the
number :
= + +⋯+ = ⋅
is a Cyril number for the first property, but it is not Cyril for the second property. The
number of numberscirilli is zero (!)
The proposed statement is true: a rhombus is a quadrilateral with 4 sides congruent to each other and to two
parallel sides; the square is a particular rhombus with four angles all congruent to each other. The question
looks for the statement that is certainly false!
The proposed answer, while stating that the budget was not cut, does not provide information on what
was decided on the taxes! So we cannot deduce whether the prices remained stable or not.
64
Question 40
Lieutenant Piccione, in the course of his investigation into an assassination, ascertained these two
facts:
• self he stabbed the victim then is left-handed;
• self he stabbed the victim then is the killer.
Which of these deductions is correct?
A. Commissioner Piccione ascertains that Mr. Bianchi is not left-handed and

deduces that he is not the murderer ☛ page 21
B. The killer stabbed the victim ☛ page 18
C. Commissioner Piccione ascertains that Mr. Rossi is left-handed and
deduces that he is the murderer ☛ page 40
D. Commissioner Piccione ascertains that Mr. Bianchi is not left-handed
and infers that he did not stab the victim ☛ page 36
E. Commissioner Piccione ascertains that Mr. Rossi is left-handed
and deduces that he stabbed the victim ☛ page 16
If Bruno is paid, then there was the driver with him who cannot be Aldo (unless Aldo works
for free). But if Ciro is the driver then Aldo is there too… who has to be paid.
The denial of:

each of the seven candidates is sure to rank among the top three
is
at least one of the seven candidates believes they are NOT ranked among the three most voted
To say that at least one candidate is afraid of not being among the three most voted is equivalent to saying that at
least one candidate is afraid of ranking among the four least voted.
65
Let's rephrase the hypothesis. Affirm that:
The commissioner does not believe that the murder accused did not go to the victim's home ...
is to say that:
the commissioner believes that the defendant went to the home of in the time frame in which the
herself lost her life.
, therefore, it also takes into consideration that the accused may be the murderer.
If in the Republic of Arraffa it is false that all parliamentarians are honest and competent, then it is true
that there is at least one parliamentarian who is not honest or is not competent.
The answer shifts the property formulated by Kontakerikonta for numbers Incredible, of infinite
quantity, to those finite in number. The professor makes no assumptions about this set.
It might be true; from the conditions of the problem there is no information to exclude that in
reality the Tondolini are a subset of the Marziolani, with the same characteristics.
The reasoning proposed is true: if Mario were a professor, he would have a register. We must,
however, find the statement certainly false. We interpret the proposed deductions with
mathematical logic:
professor ⟹ register is equivalent to I DO NOT register ⟹ NOT professor.
Piero is the second in order of wealth.

66
Question 41
In the Republic of Arraffa it is NOT true that
Every parliamentarian is an honest and competent person
Therefore, in the Republic of Arraffa:
A. some parliamentarian is not honest or is not competent ☛ page 66

B. every parliamentarian is either honest, but not competent, or he is
competent, but not honest ☛ page 69
C. some parliamentarians are honest and competent ☛ page 59
D. honest and competent people never become parliamentarians ☛ page 12
E. no parliamentarian is honest and competent ☛ page 12
• In sequence we find a triangle, a square, a triangle: the missing figure seems to be

a square.
• If we agree to think positive the numbers written outside the polygon, both on the sides and in the
vertices, negative those inside, we can identify the law that binds them: the number at the top is
the algebraic sum of the numbers written on the sides, positioned internally if negative,
externally if positive, according to the established convention.
In fact, if we analyze the vertices of the first triangle:
15 = 9 + 6; 3 = 6 - 3; 6 = −3 + 9
if we analyze the vertices of the first square:
28 = 16 + 12; 4 = 12 - 8; −4 = −8 + 4; 20 = 4 + 16
if we analyze the vertices of the second triangle:
3 = 9 - 6; −9 = −6 - 3; 6 = −3 + 9
• Only the square of Figure 2 has this property
- 4 = −16 + 12; 4 = 12 - 8; −4 = −8 + 4; −12 = 4 - 16
• No other figure, neither square nor hexagon, has this property.
67
Question 42
A welcoming sign at the entrance to the restaurant The Giuliva Goose reads:
If you are few, you eat well. If

you are many, you spend little
Mr. Aquilotto, with his sharp mind, logically deduces that:

A. if you are few, you spend a lot ☛ page 76
B. to eat well it is necessary to go there in a few ☛ page 51
C. if you eat badly, you are not few ☛ page 13
D. to spend a little you need to be many ☛ page 41
E. if there are many, the food is bad ☛ page 34
Ownership must stand ∀ , whole, therefore also for = 1.

Said ℙ the set of prime numbers, it follows that if
= 1 ∶ ∀ > 1, ∈ ℙ ⟹ + 2 ∉ ℙ
Then the primes of type + 2 they do not exist. The denial of the conjecture does not claim that they do
not exist, but that they are finite.
Using the Venn diagrams, we represent the first hypothesis of the question:
Don't be out of tune
They listen to rock or

blues Out of tune
We can deduce that someone who is out of tune does not listen to rock music.
68
Question 43
The King did not respect the advice of the Grand Chamberlain to oppose the celebration of the
wedding of the Swan-necked Princess with the toad he loved, if the young people insisted on
celebrating the rite in the Basilica of Superga.
Princesses, at least those in fairy tales, follow their father's will. What do you
deduce?
A. The princess and the toad will be able to get married, if they so wish, in
the Basilica of Superga ☛ page 42
B. The princess and the toad will not marry ☛ page 50
C. The princess and the toad can get married, but not in the Basilica of
Superga ☛ page 16
D. The data of the problem do not authorize the conclusion that any of
the proposed interpretations are true ☛ page 53
E. The princess and the toad will necessarily get married in the
Basilica of Superga ☛ page 43
From the hypothesis

we deduce that in Arraffa there can be both honest and competent parliamentarians, neither honest nor
competent, honest but not competent, not honest despite being competent. Surely, however, there is at least
one member of parliament who does not possess at least one of the two qualities!
Honesty does not exclude competence and competence does not prevent honesty.
Give an example and you will see that the right answer is another.
There is only one correct answer for each well-formulated question, but this is not the correct answer.
The law of formation of pairs of numbers has not been identified. In fact, what relation does 40 have
with the sequence of the first numbers of the previous pairs, and 80 with the sequence of the second
numbers of the previous pairs?
69
The commissioner believes that the defendant went to the home of in the time interval
in which it lost its life.
From the hypotheses, however, we have no information to know if the commissioner considers him the
strangler or not.
There are 30 parliamentarians in the first term; 40 parliamentarians under investigation and definitively
convicted. We have no information on the fact that none of the 30 first-appointed parliamentarians is in
the group of 40.
The triangles are 12:
2 4 3
1 2
3 4
2 1
1
1 2
4 + 2 + 2 + 4 = 12
Umberto may have no children or have children, for example, with black hair.
The answer to a question is always unique: unfortunately there is another correct answer! In fact, what
relationship does 46 have with the sequence of the first numbers of the previous pairs, and 64 with the
sequence of the second numbers of the previous pairs?
70
Question 44
Of the 120 parliamentarians of Allegrandia it is known that one third has been investigated by the
judiciary and definitively sentenced and three quarters are in the second (or in any case, not the first)
parliamentary term. It can be concluded that:
A. a quarter of parliamentarians are in their first term and have

been definitively sentenced ☛ page 73
B. none of the first-term parliamentarians was definitively
sentenced ☛ page 70
C. However, three parliamentarians were chosen, at least one of them
was definitively sentenced ☛ page 49
D. one third of the first-term parliamentarians were
definitively sentenced ☛ page 29
E. there is at least one member of parliament who has been definitively
sentenced and has a mandate after the first ☛ page 62
Refuting the conjecture means proving that the denial of the conjecture is true. Let's rewrite the
conjecture:
Prime numbers , such that + 2 is a prime number, they are infinite The
negation of the conjecture becomes:
Prime numbers , such that + 2 is a prime number, they are finite
that is, taking into account increasingly large positive numbers, from a certain moment onwards
no prime numbers are encountered that satisfy the property of the conjecture.
The negation of the conjecture can be rewritten by substituting from a certain moment on ... with: there
is an integer such that, whatever the prime number with > , And + 2 it is not prime.
The conjecture we have discussed is the famous conjecture of the prime twins: prime numbers
that are 2 units apart.
Examples of numbers prime twins I am:
(3,5), (5,7), (11,13), ... , (239,241), ... , (347,349), (461,463), ...
but also
694 513 810 ⋅ 22304 ± 1, 1 159 142 985 ⋅ 22304 ± 1
both of 703 digits.

71
Question 45
Indicate which of the pairs of numbers indicated should be inserted in place of the dots in the
following sequence
3, 43; 5, 27; 9, 19; …,…; 33, 13
A. 24, 74 ☛ page 76
B. 19, 11 ☛ page 45
C. 15, 15 ☛ page 51
D. 17, 15 ☛ page 57
E. 23, 13 ☛ page 49
There is only one correct answer, for each well formulated question! Indeed, what relation does 40 have with
the sequence of the first numbers of the previous pairs, and 67 with the sequence of the second numbers of
the previous pairs?
Triangles are more.

Let's rewrite the hypotheses:
if the budget is not cut:

prices will remain stable if and only if all taxes increase
The budget was not cut, all taxes were raised, so prices remained stable. With the
laws of mathematical logic:
⟺
equivalent to
⟹ And ⟹
stable prices ⟹ all taxes have been increased all

taxes have been increased ⟹ stable prices
naturally with uncut budget.
72
Question 46
The great number theorist Valakekontojioo, studying integers 1,2,3,4,5, ..., found
that numbers might exist among them cyrils, which enjoy these two properties:
• the sum of two Cyril numbers (even the same) is a Cyril
• the product of two Cyril numbers (even equal) is not a Cyril
His pupil Son Pyooh Foorb, studying these numbers carefully, discovered how many there are
Cyril numbers, and precisely deduced that the number of Cyrils is:
A. 3 ☛ page 18
B. 0 ☛ page 64
C. 1 ☛ page 69
D. 4 ☛ page 7
E. infinity ☛ page 41
It is true that the total combinations of the five signs + and - are 232, but many combinations of signs do
not lead to different results.
Each number has its opposite (try writing a few) and zero cannot be obtained. Therefore from algebraic
sums of the indicated type it is possible to obtain only an even number of cases.
The 30 MPs in the first term (a quarter of MPs) could all be virtuous or NOT have been
definitively convicted. In fact, the definitively convicted are 40 out of 120 and could all
be parliamentarians with a mandate following the first (80 out of 120).
We have no information to deduce that there are also two cups of coffee on the table.
73
Question 47
Archaea are single-celled organisms that live in ponds and reproduce by cleavage (i.e.
each bacterium splits into two and forms two other identical bacteria).
If an archaea is placed in a certain pond, it reproduces by cleavage once every
day, and after 30 days the surface of the pond is completely covered with
bacteria.
How many days will it take for the surface of the same pond to be completely
covered if two archaea are initially introduced?
A. 30 days ☛ page 21
B. 28 days ☛ page 74
C. 29 days ☛ page 56
D. depends on the surface of the pond ☛ page 44
E. 15 days ☛ page 10
The formulation of the answer is wrong because it does not give information on the factoring of
the numbers Incredible, none of which must have 8 distinct prime factors. This information is
essential to prove the falsity of the Kontakerikonta conjecture.
Romulus would be sincere and Remus a liar: we know that only one of the two is sincere but we
don't know who. Remo could be the sincere brother.
All and only engineers are reliable people; some reliable people are involved in politics, then
some engineers are involved in politics.
In 28 days that is too few, because only half of the pond is covered.
74
Question 48
In a discussion between friends, Antonio says:
We all like coffee, except Paola, who doesn't like it
Fabio observes that Antonio is

wrong. It follows that:
A. All friends like coffee ☛ page 80

B. Paola likes coffee ☛ page 20
C. one of the friends, who is not Paola, does not like coffee ☛ page 21
D. or Paola likes coffee, or there is someone among friends,
besides Paola, who doesn't like coffee ☛ page 56
E. It is not possible that coffee is displeasing to only one of the friends ☛ page 48
We count the number of digits needed to number the pages of the book.
to number the pages between ... necessary figures total figures

1÷9 1⋅9 9
10 ÷ 99 2 ⋅ 90 180
100 ÷ 999 3 ⋅ 900 2700
1000 ÷ 1500 4 ⋅ 501 2004
So the number of digits to number the pages of a book of:
number of pages necessary figures total pages

999 9 + 180 + 2700 2889 few!
1500 2889 + 2004 4893 too many!
Pages are between 1000 and 1500.

75
Question 49
Indicate what the negation of the statement is
A. At least one of Umberto's children is not blond ☛ page 20

B. Umberto has no children or has only non-blond children ☛ page 60
C. All of Umberto's children are brown ☛ page 29
D. Not all of Umberto's children are blond ☛ page 33
E. Umberto has all the red-haired children ☛ page 70
The hypothesis

it does not provide information on the expense (per person) if the dinner is among a few friends.
With the laws of mathematical logic, place
= there are many And = you spend little
we know that
⟹ It is NOT equivalent to (NOT ) ⟹ (NOT )
So, if you are NOT many, that is, you are few, how much do you spend (per person)?
Mr. Aquilotto has no information to deduce that you spend NOT a little and that is a lot.
Delivery is made with a van, so Aldo or Ciro must be driving. If Ciro is there, Aldo must
be there too (beware that Aldo could make deliveries without Ciro): so Aldo is certainly
present. We cannot know if there is also Ciro or Bruno, but Aldo is certainly paid,
because he is present.
Neither number is exact. Reflect and look for another law of formation of pairs of numbers.
The first number of each pair belongs to an increasing sequence, while the second to a
decreasing one.
76
Question 50
Complete the following sequence with the two appropriate numbers:
7 14 29 60 123
TO. = 63, = 32 ☛ page 44

B. = 250, = 500 ☛ page 11
C. = 250, = 505 ☛ page 14
D. = 224, = 283 ☛ page 17
AND. = 240, = 485 ☛ page 19
If Buffon had saved 12 penalties, Totti would have given him 600 euros.
To win, the only strategy could be to leave the second player 4 pebbles on the table,
but… to leave 4 the first player would have to take 4 and this is prevented by the rule.
All that remains is to resign: the first player, whatever move he makes, loses.
In this case both Romulus and Remus would be sincere!

The length dimension of the stick, i.e. 90 cm, exceeds one of the three dimensions indicated
in the standard, 50 cm, 30 cm or 25 cm, so if you want to carry the stick in question you have
to pay an additional ticket.
The book is too thin; it would have less than 270 pages!
77
• Each number is the algebraic sum of two even numbers; (± 2, ± 4) and three odd (± 1, ± 3, ± 5),
therefore it is an odd number;
• every number has its opposite;
• the greater of the numbers is 1 = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 = 15 to which the lesser of the numbers corresponds
2= −15;
• we verify that we can get all the odd numbers between -15 And 15.
to) 15 = +1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5
b) 13 = −1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5
c) 11 = +1 - 2 + 3 + 4 + 5
d) 9 = +1 + 2 - 3 + 4 + 5 or 9 = −1 - 2 + 3 + 4 + 5
And) 7 = +1 + 2 + 3 - 4 + 5 or 7 = −1 + 2 - 3 + 4 + 5
f) 5 = −1 + 2 + 3 + 4 - 5 or 5 = +1 - 2 - 3 + 4 + 5...
g) 3 = −1 + 2 + 3 + 4 - 5 or 3 = −1 - 2 - 3 + 4 + 5...
h) 1 = +1 - 2 + 3 + 4 - 5 or 1 = −1 + 2 - 3 - 4 + 5...
In all there are therefore 16 different numbers, all odd numbers between -15 and 15, 8 positive and 8 negative.
Let's rephrase the hypothesis. Say that:

does not believe that the accused did not go to the victim's home ...
is to say that:
the commissioner believes that the accused has gone to the home of just in that span of time. From the
information given, however, we cannot deduce whether the commissioner knows if the accused is also the
strangler!
The survey carried out in Sparagna involved 1000 inhabitants aged over 55. We do not know
how many, under the age of 55, have a television.
78
Question 51
Two players take turns taking pebbles with the only rule that neither 4 nor 8 can
be taken.
The player who manages to take the last pebble wins.
If initially there are 8 pebbles, how many does the first player have to take to be able to
guarantee victory, assuming that in the following moves each player does not make
mistakes?
A. Whatever number you hit, it will always win ☛ page 55

B. Whatever number he takes, he will always lose ☛ page 77
C. 1 ☛ page 43
D. 2 ☛ page 32
E. 3 ☛ page 55
Since in Sparagna the citizens over the age of 55 who have a television or a refrigerator
or both are half:
400 + 250 - 150 = 500 ⟹ 50%
the other half of the population, namely the 50%, it has neither TV nor refrigerator.
We visualize the situation with a diagram of Venn diagrams.
50%
neither refrigerator nor television
15%
fridge
25% and TV 10%
refrigerator only TV only
Total inhabitants of Sparagna aged over 55

years
79
The denial of the claim
is
either Paola likes coffee or there is someone among friends, besides Paola, who doesn't like coffee
The proposed answer only considers the case in which Paola also likes coffee and not the possibility
that there is some other friend who does not like it, since Fabio says that Antonio is wrong.
The 3 becomes 5 by lighting one rod on the display again and turning off another.
A set of 5 whole numbers is given, three of which are odd and two are even. In the first position we can
put any of the three odd numbers (29, 43, 55); in second position, for each of the three odd numbers,
we can choose between the two even numbers (28, 36). The cases then become
3⋅2=6
In third position, for each of the previous six cases, we still have two choices between the two
remaining odd numbers. Possible cases become
3 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 = 12
For the fourth and fifth position we do NOT have the possibility to choose anymore, but we must
complete each sequence with the only remaining even and the only remaining odd.
80
The reading of the mentor booklet is finished.
81

Mentor Di Logica - It.en

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Translated from Italian to English - www.onlinedoctranslator.

Editing and layout: Claudio Beccari

Reviewers: Claudio Beccari, Caludio Casarosa, Giuseppe Forte

© 2018 Editions CISIA

Start from the page that contains the

A. Aldo will be paid ☛ page 76

Question 35 - Answer C is wrong

Question 46 - Answer D is wrong

What if they were 5? Try to give a counter example.

Question 32 - Answer C is wrong

Some reliable people are involved in politics!

Question 33 - Answer C is wrong

Said ℙ the set of prime numbers, say that

∀ ∈ ℕ ∃ , > ∶ ∈ ℙ And + 2 ∉ ℙ

it is not the refutation of the conjecture.

☛to question 33 on page 53

How many triangles can you identify in the following figure?

Question 27 - Answer C is wrong

Question 35 - Answer B is wrong

Question 9 - Answer E is correct

Luigina herself says:

☛to question 22 on page 37

Question 37 - Answer D is wrong

Question 24 - Answer E is correct

We prove that, for any table of the proposed type, it is ≤ .

proof that it can also be = ; therefore ≤ .

☛to question 19 on page 34

1, 2; 2, 4; 5, 8; 10, 14; 17, 22; 26, 32; ..., ...

TO. 40, 80 ☛ page 69

Question 18 - Answer D is correct

Question 15 - Answer D is wrong

Question 47 - Answer E is wrong

Question 9 - Answer D is wrong

☛to question 9 on page 15

Question 10 - Answer E is wrong

3 colors are too many.

Which of the squares no mereyou from 1 to 5 i knowstit u iscecorrectly the requ

A. The square 5 ☛ page 24

Question 38 - Answer E is wrong

Julius Caesar has won more than some others.

☛to question 38 on page 63

Question 50 - Answer B is wrong

Question 9 - Answer B is wrong

☛to question 9 on page 15

A. if the mother is blonde, her name is not Silvia ☛ page 54

Question 15 - Answer C is wrong

Question 41 - Answer E is wrong

It is not true that every parliamentarian is an honest and competent person

Question 1 - Answer C is wrong

Question 41 - Answer D is wrong

☛to question 41 on page 67

Question 13 - Answer A is correct

The global claim is false

⟹ is not equivalent to (NOT ) ⟹ (NOT )

☛to question 20 on page 35

Question 42 - Answer C is correct

⟹ is equivalent to (NOT ) ⟹ (NOT )

Say how many stars if not but not in the square

Question 50 - Answer C is correct

• yesterday I didn't take a bath and went to the market

It necessarily follows that:

Question 14 - Answer B is wrong

Question 12 - Answer B is wrong