Poisonous gas detection using IoT

MINOR PROJECT SYNOPSIS

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree

Of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

In

ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

By

GROUP NO – 23
F-6

Under the guidance of

Chandan Kishore, Asst. Professor, EEE Department, ADGITM

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

DR. AKHILESH DAS GUPTA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT
(AFFILIATED TO GURU GOBIND SINGH INDRAPRASTHA UNIVERSITY,
DELHI)
NEW DELHI – 110053
SEPTEMBER 2021
 OBJECTIVE

Alerting and Detection of poisonous

gasses (methane, carbon monoxide,
hydrogen sulphide) in coal mining
Using internet of things
 ABSTRACT

Coal mine explosions are rare, but they cause the most
fatalities. Nearly 8,000 lives have been lost in US coal
mines alone. Worldwide figures are much higher.
Criteria for both gas and coal dust explosions are
discussed. Flammability limits (upper and lower) for
all mine gases are discussed. Techniques to determine if
a mixture of combustible and inert gases are explosive
are presented. Minimum ignition energy (MIE) and
minimum temperatures for ignition for both gas and
dust are presented. Impact of methane, moisture,
particle size, and volatile content of coal-on-coal dust
explosion is discussed. Preventive techniques
comprising methane drainage, use of permissible
equipment, mixing inert material, such as limestone
dust, with coal dust to render it inert are explained.
Finally, the use of stone dust barriers to contain the
explosion within a section is presented. This limits the
extent of damage to mine structures within the section
and minimizes widespread losses of life and property.
 LITERATURE SURVEY

Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel on Earth. Its predominant use has always
been for producing heat energy. It was the basic energy source that fuelled
the Industrial Revolution of the 18th and 19th centuries, and the industrial
growth of that era in turn supported the large-scale exploitation of coal deposits.
Since the mid-20th century, coal has yielded its place to petroleum and natural
gas as the principal energy supplier of the world. The mining of coal from
surface and underground deposits today is a highly productive, mechanized
operation.

The air we breathe on the surface is a mixture of several gases including

oxygen, nitrogen, argon, carbon dioxide, and other gases in trace amounts.
We breathe easiest with 21% oxygen present in the air.
When other gases contaminant the air, the oxygen levels drop, and that is
when the trouble begins.
The air in mines can be contaminated by the presence of other gases such as
carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, methane, and excess of carbon dioxide.
Due to being in a confined space these gases are not always able to disperse and
can therefore build up in the mine, and due to their combustible, explosive, or
toxic qualities this is a serious issue.
These other gases are often referred to as mine damps. This name comes from
the German word Damp meaning “vapour”.

A dangerous mine atmosphere is one that is toxic or explosive and there are
several damps that create this kind of atmosphere. They are:
Firedamp
Black damp
White damp
Stinkdamp
Firedamp - Methane Gas (CH4)

Firedamp is a mining term for a set of explosive gases found in mines.

It’s mostly made up of methane and methane is often an
interchangeable term when miners talk about firedamp.

Methane (CH4) is a colourless, odourless, highly flammable, and

highly explosive noxious gas. It occurs naturally in coal seams and
shale deposits and is a major component of the natural gas that we
burn for energy.

Methane gas accumulates in “pockets” of the coal and adjacent strata

naturally over millions of years and can be released as the coal is
mined. As the pockets are penetrated by the mining machinery the gas
seeps into the pit where explosive mixtures of methane can form.
Black Damp - Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Black damp is the mining term for the suffocating mixture of carbon
dioxide and other unbreathable gases that can build-up in mines
causing poisoning, asphyxiation, and ultimately death if left untreated.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a colourless, noxious gas that only gives off
a slight acrid smell at higher concentrations making it very hard to
identify through human senses.

White Damp & Afterdamp - Carbon Monoxide

(CO)

White damp is a mixture of poisonous gases found in coal mines and

is predominantly made up of carbon monoxide (CO).It is colourless,
odourless, and tasteless making it very hard for a human to detect. It
is commonly referred to as a “silent killer”. Carbon monoxide is a
product of the incomplete combustion of carbon.
In coal mines, large quantities of CO is generated during the oxidation
of coal, and during mine fires or explosions. It will then be present in
what miners call afterdamp - the resulting noxious gases given off by
these fires, explosions, or blasting.
Carbon monoxide is extremely toxic - it is absorbed by the
hemoglobin in the blood blocking the ability of the hemoglobin to
absorb and carry oxygen around the body, in turn, the body will begin
to shut down.
Carbon monoxide is also cumulative meaning that a person can be
exposed for a number of short periods to no apparent ill effect,
however, with each interaction the person will become more and more
susceptible to its effect. If its levels get as high as 0.2%, death will
take place within one or two hours.

Stinkdamp - Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)

Stinkdamp is the mining term given to hydrogen sulfide (H2S) due to
its characteristic smell of rotten eggs.
Hydrogen sulfide is a highly poisonous, flammable, colourless, and as
mentioned, pungent-smelling gas. It has only ever been found in trace
amounts in mines - but it can be lethal in even small concentrations.
It is produced from the decomposition of iron pyrites in a mine due to
the presence of water and how they interact.
As mentioned H2S is a highly toxic gas capable of causing death in
humans via asphyxiation.
In lower levels, it will irritate the eyes, nose, and throat, as it increases
it has a narcotic effect on the nervous system causing headache,
dizziness and difficulty breathing. At higher levels of exposure H2S
suppresses oxygen in the blood and tissues resulting in paralysis of
the respiratory system and ultimately death in severe cases. Prolonged
low exposure can lead to bronchitis, pneumonia, migraine, and loss of
motor control.
It can also form flammable mixtures in the air in the range of 4.5 -
45% where any sort of ignition would cause an explosion. With a
heavy density of 1.9 it can accumulate in low points in the mine that
are poorly ventilated.
METHODOLOGY WITH BLOCK DIAGRAM

Sensor
A sensor (likewise known as finders) is a device that measures a quantifiable
eminence and proselytes it into a flag that might be perused by an observer or
by a gadget. For instance, a “mercury-in-glass thermo meter” progression over
the calculated temperature into improvement and density of a liquid which can
be perused on a simple glass tube. A thermocouple transforms over temperature
to a yield voltage that could be perused through a voltmeter. For exactness, the
majority of sensors are adjusted against known models

Fire Sensor
The fire sensor circlet is exorbitantly unstable and might distinguish a gradient
in temperature of 10 degrees or more in its area.
Temperature Sensor
The temperature sensor that modifies over temperature regard into electrical
indications. We used IC is also called as LM 35 is a temperature sensor. LM35
alignment sensors are exactness corresponding “circuit temperature sensors”
whose output voltage will be directly relative to the Centigrade temperature.

Humidity sensor
A “humidity sensor or hygrometer sensor” is measures and reports the
comparative humidity in the air. It measures both air temperature and moisture.

ESP8266 Node MCU

EXPECTED OUTCOMES
APPLICATION WITH SCOPE

Coal is responsible for over 800,000 premature deaths per year

globally and many millions more serious and minor illnesses. In
China alone, around 670,000 people die prematurely per year as a
result of coal-related air pollution. The ‘Coal Kills’ report estimates
that in India coal contributes to between 80,000 to 115,000 premature
deaths annually. In the United States coal kills around 13,000 people
annually, and 23,300 in Europe. The economic costs of the health
impacts from coal combustion in Europe are valued at about US$70
billion per year, with 250,600 life years lost.

With the help of this, toxic gas detection system we can save lives of
Coal mine workers ,who work tirelessly for their living, for providing
us Natural resources for production of fuel and electricity
Sign, Name and Roll no. of all project members

Sign and name of the mentor

Date of submission