NCERT solutions for class 12 maths chapter 13 probability-Exercise: 13.2

NCERT solutions for class 12 maths chapter 13 probability-Exercise:
13.1
Question:1 Given that and are events such
that and find and
Answer:
It is given that and
Question:2 Compute if and
Answer:
Question:3 If and find
(i)
Answer:
It is given that P(A)=0.8, P(B)=0.5 and P(B|A)=0.4

(ii)
Answer:
(iii)
Answer:
It is given that
Question:4 Evaluate if and
Answer:
Given in the question and
We know that:
Use,
Question:5 If and , find
(i)
Answer:
Given in the question
and
By using formula:
(ii)
Answer:
It is given that -
We know that:
(iii)
Answer:
Given in the question-
and
Use formula
Question:6 A coin is tossed three times, where
(i)E : head on third toss ,F : heads on first two tosses
Answer:
The sample space S when a coin is tossed three times is
S = {HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT, THH, THT, TTH, TTT}
It can be seen that the sample space (S) has 8 elements.
Total number of outcomes
According to question
E: head on third toss, F: heads on first two tosses
(ii)E : at least two heads ,F : at most two heads

Answer:
E : at least two heads , F : at most two heads

(iii)E : at most two tails ,F : at least one tail
Answer:
E: at most two tails, F: at least one tail

Question:7 Two coins are tossed once, where
(i) E : tail appears on one coin, F : one coin shows head
Answer:
E : tail appears on one coin, F : one coin shows head
Total outcomes =4
Question:7 Two coins are tossed once, where
(ii)E : no tail appears,F : no head appears
Answer:
E : no tail appears, F : no head appears
Total outcomes =4
Question:8 A die is thrown three times,
E : 4 appears on the third toss, F : 6 and 5 appears respectively on first two tosses
Answer:
E : 4 appears on the third toss, F : 6 and 5 appears respectively on first two tosses
Total outcomes
Question:9 Mother, father and son line up at random for a family picture
E : son on one end, F : father in middle
Answer:
E : son on one end, F : father in middle
Total outcomes
Let S be son, M be mother and F be father.
Then we have,
Question:10 A black and a red dice are rolled.
(a) Find the conditional probability of obtaining a sum greater than , given that the
black die resulted in a
Answer:
A black and a red dice are rolled.
Total outcomes
Let the A be event obtaining a sum greater than and B be a event that the black die
resulted in a
Question:10 A black and a red dice are rolled.
(b) Find the conditional probability of obtaining the sum , given that the red die
resulted in a number less than .
Answer:
A black and a red dice are rolled.

Total outcomes
Let the A be event obtaining a sum 8 and B be a event thatthat the red die resulted in a
number less than .
Red dice is rolled after black dice.
Question:11 A fair die is rolled. Consider

events and Find
(i) and
Answer:
A fair die is rolled.
Total oucomes
and
events and Find
(ii) and
Answer:
Total oucomes
,
events and Find
(iii) and
Answer:
Total oucomes
and
,
Question:12 Assume that each born child is equally likely to be a boy or a girl. If a
family has two children, what is the conditional probability that both are girls given that
(i) the youngest is a girl,
Answer:
Assume that each born child is equally likely to be a boy or a girl.
Let first and second girl are denoted by respectively also first and second
boy are denoted by
If a family has two children, then total

outcomes
Let A= both are girls
and B= the youngest is a girl =

Therefore, the required probability is 1/2
Question:12 Assume that each born child is equally likely to be a boy or a girl. If a
family has two children, what is the conditional probability that both are girls given that
(ii) at least one is a girl?
Answer:
Assume that each born child is equally likely to be a boy or a girl.
Let first and second girl are denoted by respectively also first and second
boy are denoted by
If a family has two children, then total

outcomes
Let A= both are girls
and C= at least one is a girl =

Question:13 An instructor has a question bank consisting of 300 easy True / False
questions, 200 difficult True / False questions, 500 easy multiple choice questions and
400 difficult multiple choice questions. If a question is selected at random from the
question bank, what is the probability that it will be an easy question given that it is a
multiple choice question?
Answer:
An instructor has a question bank consisting of 300 easy True / False questions, 200
difficult True / False questions, 500 easy multiple choice questions and 400 difficult
multiple choice questions.
Total number of questions
Let A = question be easy.
Let B = multiple choice question

easy multiple questions
Question:14 Given that the two numbers appearing on throwing two dice are different.
Find the probability of the event ‘the sum of numbers on the dice is 4’.
Answer:
Two dice are thrown.
Total outcomes
Let A be the event ‘the sum of numbers on the dice is 4.
Let B be the event that two numbers appearing on throwing two dice are different.
Question:15 Consider the experiment of throwing a die, if a multiple of 3 comes up,
throw the die again and if any other number comes, toss a coin. Find the conditional
probability of the event ‘the coin shows a tail’, given that ‘at least one die shows a 3’.
Answer:
Consider the experiment of throwing a die, if a multiple of 3 comes up, throw the die
again and if any other number comes, toss a coin.
Total outcomes
Total number of outcomes =20

Let A be a event when coin shows a tail.
Let B be a event that ‘at least one die shows a 3’.
Question:16 In the following Exercise 16 choose the correct answer:
If then is
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Answer:
It is given that
Hence, is not defined .
Thus, correct option is C.
Question:17 In the following Exercise 17 choose the correct answer:
If and are events such that then
(A) but
(B)
(C)
(D)
Answer:
It is given that
Hence, option D is correct.

13.2
Question:1 If and find if and are independent
events.
Answer:
and
Given : and are independent events.
So we have,
Question: 2 Two cards are drawn at random and without replacement from a pack of
52 playing cards. Find the probability that both the cards are black.
Answer:
Two cards are drawn at random and without replacement from a pack of 52 playing
cards.
There are 26 black cards in a pack of 52.
Let be the probability that first cards is black.
Then, we have
Let be the probability that second cards is black.
Then, we have
The probability that both the cards are black
Question:3 A box of oranges is inspected by examining three randomly selected
oranges drawn without replacement. If all the three oranges are good, the box is
approved for sale, otherwise, it is rejected. Find the probability that a box
containing oranges out of which are good and are bad ones will be approved for
sale.
Answer:
Total oranges = 15
Good oranges = 12
Bad oranges = 3
Let be the probability that first orange is good.
The, we have
Let be the probability that second orange is good.
Let be the probability that third orange is good.
The probability that a box will be approved for sale
Question:4 A fair coin and an unbiased die are tossed. Let A be the event ‘head
appears on the coin’ and B be the event ‘3 on the die’. Check whether A and B are
independent events or not.
Answer:
A fair coin and an unbiased die are tossed,then total outputs are:
A is the event ‘head appears on the coin’ .
Total outcomes of A are :
B is the event ‘3 on the die’.
Total outcomes of B are :
Also,
Hence, A and B are independent events.

Question:5 A die marked in red and in green is tossed. Let be the event,
‘the number is even,’ and be the event, ‘the number is red’.

Are and independent?
Answer:
Total outcomes .
is the event, ‘the number is even,’
Outcomes of A
is the event, ‘the number is red’.
Outcomes of B
Also,
Thus, both the events A and B are not independent.
Question:6 Let and be events
with and Are E and F independent?
Answer:
Given :
and
For events E and F to be independent , we need
Hence, E and F are not indepent events.
Question:7 Given that the events and are such
that and Find if they are
(i) mutually exclusive
Answer:
Given,
Also, A and B are mutually exclusive means .
Question:7 Given that the events and are such
that and Find p if they are
(ii) independent
Answer:
Given,
Also, A and B are independent events means
. Also
Question:8 Let A and B be independent events with and Find
(i)
Answer:
and
Given : A and B be independent events
So, we have
Question:8 Let and be independent events with and Find
(ii)
Answer:
and
So, we have
We have,
Question:8 Let and be independent events with and Find
(iii)
Answer:
and
So, we have
Question:8 Let A and B be independent events

with and Find
(iv)
Answer:
and

So, we have
Question:9 If and are two events such
that and find
Answer:
If and are two events such that and
use,
Question:10 Events A and B are such
that and State whether and are

independent ?
Answer:
If and are two events such
that and
As we can see
Hence, A and B are not independent.
Question:11 Given two independent events and such

that Find
(i)
Answer:
Given two independent events and .

Also , we know
Question:11 Given two independent events A and B such

that Find
(ii)
Answer:
Given two independent events and .
Question:11 Given two independent events A and B such

that Find
(iii)
Answer:
Question:11 Given two independent events and such
that Find
(iv)
Answer:
Question:12 A die is tossed thrice. Find the probability of getting an odd number at
least once.
Answer:
A die is tossed thrice.
Outcomes
Odd numbers
The probability of getting an odd number at first throw
The probability of getting an even number
Probability of getting even number three times
The probability of getting an odd number at least once = 1 - the probability of getting an
odd number in none of throw
= 1 - probability of getting even number three times
Question:13 Two balls are drawn at random with replacement from a box containing 10
black and 8 red balls. Find the probability that
(i) both balls are red.
Answer:
Two balls are drawn at random with replacement from a box containing 10 black and 8
red balls.
Total balls =18
Black balls = 10
Red balls = 8
The probability of getting a red ball in first draw
The ball is repleced after drawing first ball.
The probability of getting a red ball in second draw

the probability that both balls are red
Question:13 Two balls are drawn at random with replacement from a box
containing black and red balls. Find the probability that
(ii) first ball is black and second is red.
Answer:
red balls.
Total balls =18
Black balls = 10
Red balls = 8
The probability of getting a black ball in the first draw
The ball is replaced after drawing the first ball.
The probability of getting a red ball in the second draw
the probability that the first ball is black and the second is red
Question:13 Two balls are drawn at random with replacement from a box
containing black and red balls. Find the probability that
(iii) one of them is black and other is red.
Answer:
red balls.
Total balls =18
Black balls = 10
Red balls = 8
Let the first ball is black and the second ball is red.
The probability of getting a black ball in the first draw
The ball is replaced after drawing the first ball.
The probability of getting a red ball in the second draw
the probability that the first ball is black and the second is red
Let the first ball is red and the second ball is black.
The probability of getting a red ball in the first draw
The probability of getting a black ball in the second draw
the probability that the first ball is red and the second is black
Thus,
The probability that one of them is black and the other is red = the probability that the
first ball is black and the second is red + the probability that the first ball is red and the
second is black
Question:14 Probability of solving specific problem independently by A and B
are and respectively. If both try to solve the problem independently, find the
probability that
(i) the problem is solved
Answer:
and
Since, problem is solved independently by A and B,
probability that the problem is solved
Question:14 Probability of solving specific problem independently by A and B
are and respectively. If both try to solve the problem independently, find the
probability that
(ii) exactly one of them solves the problem
Answer:
and
,
,
probability that exactly one of them solves the problem
probability that exactly one of them solves the problem
Question:15 One card is drawn at random from a well shuffled deck of cards. In
which of the following cases are the events and independent ?
(i) E : ‘the card drawn is a spade’
F : ‘the card drawn is an ace’
Answer:
One card is drawn at random from a well shuffled deck of cards
Total ace = 4
total spades =13
E : ‘the card drawn is a spade
F : ‘the card drawn is an ace’

a card which is spade and ace = 1
Hence, E and F are indepentdent events .
Question:15 One card is drawn at random from a well shuffled deck of 52 cards. In
which of the following cases are the events E and F independent ?
(ii) E : ‘the card drawn is
F : ‘the card drawn is a king’
Answer:
Total black card = 26
total king =4
E : ‘the card drawn is black’
F : ‘the card drawn is a king’

a card which is black and king = 2
Hence, E and F are indepentdent events .
Question:15 One card is drawn at random from a well shuffled deck of 52 cards. In
which of the following cases are the events E and F independent ?
(iii) E : ‘the card drawn is a king or queen’
F : ‘the card drawn is a queen or jack’.
Answer:
Total king or queen = 8
total queen or jack = 8
E : ‘the card drawn is a king or queen’
F : ‘the card drawn is a queen or jack’.

a card which is queen = 4
Hence, E and F are not indepentdent events
Question:16 In a hostel, of the students read Hindi newspaper, read
English newspaper and read both Hindi and English newspapers. A student is
selected at random.
(a) Find the probability that she reads neither Hindi nor English newspapers
Answer:
H: of the students read Hindi newspaper,
E: read English newspaper and
read both Hindi and English newspapers.

the probability that she reads neither Hindi nor English newspapers
selected at random.
(b) If she reads Hindi newspaper, find the probability that she reads English newspaper.
Answer:

The probability that she reads English newspape if she reads Hindi
newspaper
selected at random.
(c) If she reads English newspaper, find the probability that she reads Hindi newspaper.
Answer:

the probability that she reads Hindi newspaper if she reads English
newspaper
Question:17 The probability of obtaining an even prime number on each die, when a
pair of dice is rolled is
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Answer:
when a pair of dice is rolled, total outcomes
Even prime number
The probability of obtaining an even prime number on each die

Option D is correct.
Question:18 Two events A and B will be independent, if
(A) and are mutually exclusive
(B)
(C)
(D)
Answer:
Two events A and B will be independent, if
Or
Option B is correct.

13.3
Question:1 An urn contains red and black balls. A ball is drawn at random, its
colour is noted and is returned to the urn. Moreover, additional balls of the colour
drawn are put in the urn and then a ball is drawn at random. What is the probability that
the second ball is red?
Answer:
Black balls = 5
Red balls = 5
Total balls = 10
CASE 1 Let red ball be drawn in first attempt.
Now two red balls are added in urn .
Now red balls = 7, black balls = 5
Total balls = 12
CASE 2
Let black ball be drawn in first attempt.
Now two black balls are added in urn .
Now red balls = 5, black balls = 7

Total balls = 12
the probability that the second ball is red =
Question:2 A bag contains red and black balls, another bag contains red
and black balls. One of the two bags is selected at random and a ball is drawn frome
bag which is found to be red. Find the probability that the ball is drawn from the first
bag.
Answer:
BAG 1 : Red balls =4 Black balls=4 Total balls = 8
BAG 2 : Red balls = 2 Black balls = 6 Total balls = 8
B1 : selecting bag 1
B2 : selecting bag 2
Let R be a event of getting red ball

probability that the ball is drawn from the first bag,
given that it is red is .
Using Baye's theorem, we have
Question:3 Of the students in a college, it is known that reside in hostel
and are day scholars (not residing in hostel). Previous year results report
that of all students who reside in hostel attain grade and of day scholars
attain grade in their annual examination. At the end of the year, one student is chosen
at random from the college and he has an grade, what is the probability that the
student is a hostlier?
Answer:
H : reside in hostel
D : day scholars
A : students who attain grade A
By Bayes theorem :
Question:4 In answering a question on a multiple choice test, a student either knows
the answer or guesses. Let be the probability that he knows the answer and be the
probability that he guesses. Assuming that a student who guesses at the answer will be
correct with probability . What is the probability that the student knows the answer
given that he answered it correctly?
Answer:
A : Student knows answer.
B : Student guess the answer
C : Answer is correct
By Bayes theorem :
Question:5 A laboratory blood test is effective in detecting a certain disease
when it is in fact, present. However, the test also yields a false positive result
for of the healthy person tested (i.e. if a healthy person is tested, then, with
probability the test will imply he has the disease). If of the population
actually has the disease, what is the probability that a person has the disease given that
his test result is positive ?
Answer:
A : Person selected is having the disease
B : Person selected is not having the disease.
C :Blood result is positive.
By Bayes theorem :
Question:6 There are three coins. One is a two headed coin (having head on both
faces), another is a biased coin that comes up heads of the time and third is an
unbiased coin. One of the three coins is chosen at random and tossed, it shows heads,
what is the probability that it was the two headed coin?
Answer:
Given : A : chossing a two headed coin
B : chossing a biased coin
C : chossing a unbiased coin
D : event that coin tossed show head.
Biased coin that comes up heads of the time.

Question:7 An insurance company insured 2000 scooter drivers, 4000 car drivers and
6000 truck drivers. The probability of an accidents are , and respectively.
One of the insured persons meets with an accident. What is the probability that he is a
scooter driver?
Answer:
Let A : scooter drivers = 2000
B : car drivers = 4000
C : truck drivers = 6000
Total drivers = 12000
D : the event that person meets with an accident.

Question:8 A factory has two machines and Past record shows that
machine produced of the items of output and machine B produced of the
items. Further, of the items produced by machine and produced by
machine were defective. All the items are put into one stockpile and then one item is
chosen at random from this and is found to be defective. What is the probability that it
was produced by machine ?
Answer:
A : Items produced by machine A
B : Items produced by machine B

X : Produced item found to be defective.
Hence, the probability that defective item was produced by machine =
Question:9 Two groups are competing for the position on the Board of directors of a
corporation. The probabilities that the first and the second groups will win
are and respectively. Further, if the first group wins, the probability of introducing
a new product is and the corresponding probability is if the second group wins.
Find the probability that the new product introduced was by the second group.
Answer:
A: the first groups will win
B: the second groups will win
X: Event of introducing a new product.
Probability of introducing a new product if the first group wins :
Probability of introducing a new product if the second group wins :
Hence, the probability that the new product introduced was by the second group :
Question:10 Suppose a girl throws a die. If she gets a or , she tosses a coin three
times and notes the number of heads. If she gets or , she tosses a coin once
and notes whether a head or tail is obtained. If she obtained exactly one head, what is
the probability that she threw or with the die?
Answer:
Let, A: Outcome on die is 5 or 6.
B: Outcome on die is 1,2,3,4
X: Event of getting exactly one head.
Probability of getting exactly one head when she tosses a coin three times
Probability of getting exactly one head when she tosses a coin one time :
Hence, the probability that she threw or with the die =
Question:11 A manufacturer has three machine operators and The first

operator produces defective items, where as the other two operators B and C
produce and defective items respectively. is on the job for of the
time, is on the job for of the time and is on the job for of the time. A
defective item is produced, what is the probability that it was produced by ?
Answer:
Let A: time consumed by machine A
B: time consumed by machine B
C: time consumed by machine C
Total drivers = 12000

D: Event of producing defective items
Hence, the probability that defective item was produced by =
Question:12 A card from a pack of cards is lost. From the remaining cards of the
pack, two cards are drawn and are found to be both diamonds. Find the probability of
the lost card being a diamond.
Answer:
Let A : Event of choosing a diamond card.

B : Event of not choosing a diamond card.
X : The lost card.
If lost card is diamond then 12 diamond cards are left out of 51 cards.
Two diamond cards are drawn out of 12 diamond cards in ways.
Similarly, two cards are drawn out of 51 cards in ways.
Probablity of getting two diamond cards when one diamond is lost :
If lost card is not diamond then 13 diamond cards are left out of 51 cards.
Two diamond cards are drawn out of 13 diamond cards in ways.
Similarly, two cards are drawn out of 51 cards in ways.
Probablity of getting two diamond cards when one diamond is not lost
:
The probability of the lost card being a diamond :
Hence, the probability of the lost card being a diamond :
Question:13 Probability that A speaks truth is . A coin is tossed. A reports that a head
appears. The probability that actually there was head is
(A)
(B)
C)
(D)
Answer:
Let A : A speaks truth
B : A speaks false
X : Event that head appears.
A coin is tossed , outcomes are head or tail.
Probability of getting head whether A speaks thruth or not is

The probability that actually there was head is
Hence, option A is correct.
Question:14 If and are two events such that and then which of
the following is correct?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D) None of these
Answer:
If and then
Also,
We know that
Hence, we can see option C is correct.

13.4
Question:1(i) State which the following are not the probability distributions of a random
variable. Give reasons for your answer.
Answer:
As we know the sum of probabilities of a probability distribution is 1.
Sum of probabilities
The given table is the probability distributions of a random variable.
Question:1(ii) State which of the following are not the probability distributions of a
random variable. Give reasons for your answer.
Answer:
As we know probabilities cannot be negative for a probability distribution .
The given table is not a the probability distributions of a random variable.
Question:1(iii) State which of the following are not the probability distributions of a
Answer:
As we know sum of probabilities of a probability distribution is 1.
Sum of probablities
The given table is not a the probability distributions of a random variable because
sum of probabilities is not 1.
Question:1(iv) State which of the following are not the probability distributions of a
Answer:
As we know sum of probabilities of a probability distribution is 1.
Sum of probablities
The given table is not a the probability distributions of a random variable because
sum of probabilities is not 1.
Question:2 An urn contains red and black balls. Two balls are randomly drawn.
Let represent the number of black balls. What are the possible values of Is a
random variable ?
Answer:
B = black balls
R = red balls
The two balls can be selected as BR,BB,RB,RR.
X = number of black balls.

Hence, possible values of X can be 0, 1 and 2.
Yes, X is a random variable.
Question:3 Let represent the difference between the number of heads and the
number of tails obtained when a coin is tossed times. What are possibl valuess of ?
Answer:
The difference between the number of heads and the number of tails obtained when a
coin is tossed times are :
Thus, possible values of X are 0, 2, 4 and 6.
Question:4(i) Find the probability distribution of

number of heads in two tosses of a coin.
Answer:
When coin is tossed twice then sample space
Let X be number of heads.
X can take values of 0,1,2.
Table is as shown :
X 0 1 2
P(X)
Question:4(ii) Find the probability distribution of
number of tails in the simultaneous tosses of three coins.
Answer:
When 3 coins are simultaneous tossed then sample

space
Let X be number of tails.
X can be 0,1,2,3
X can take values of 0,1,2.
Table is as shown :
X 0 1 2 3
P(X)
Question:4(iii) Find the probability distribution of
number of heads in four tosses of a coin.
Answer:
When coin is tossed 4 times then sample
space
Let X be number of heads.
X can be 0,1,2,3,4
Table is as shown :
X 0 1 2 3 4
P(X)
Question:5(i) Find the probability distribution of the number of successes in two tosses
of a die, where a success is defined as
number greater than 4
Answer:
When a die is tossed twice , total outcomes = 36
Number less than or equal to 4 in both toss :
Number less than or equal to 4 in first toss and number more than or equal to 4 in
second toss + Number less than or equal to 4 in second toss and number more than or
equal to 4 in first toss:
Number less than 4 in both tosses :
Probability distribution is as :
X 0 1 2
P(X)
Question:5(ii) Find the probability distribution of the number of successes in two tosses
of a die, where a success is defined as
six appears on at least one die .
Answer:
When a die is tossed twice , total outcomes = 36
Six does not appear on any of the die :
Six appear on atleast one die :
X 0 1
P(X)
Question:6 From a lot of bulbs which include defectives, a sample of bulbs is
drawn at random with replacement. Find the probability distribution of the number of
defective bulbs.
Answer:
Total bulbs = 30
defective bulbs = 6
Non defective bulbs
bulbs is drawn at random with replacement.
Let X : number of defective bulbs
4 Non defective bulbs and 0 defective bulbs :
the probability distribution of the number of defective bulbs is as :
X 0 1 2 3 4
P(X)
Question:7 A coin is biased so that the head is times as likely to occur as tail. If the
coin is tossed twice, find the probability distribution of number of tails.
Answer:
the coin is tossed twice, total outcomes =4
probability of getting a tail be x.
i.e.
Then
and
Let X : number of tails
No tail :
1 tail :
2 tail :
the probability distribution of number of tails are

X 0 1 2
P(X)
Question:8(i) A random variable X has the following probability distribution:
Answer:
Sum of probabilities of probability distribution of random variable is 1.
Question:8(ii) A random variable has the following probability distribution:

Answer:
Question:8(iii) A random variable has the following probability distribution:
Answer:
Question:8(iv) A random variable X has the following probability distribution:
Answer:
Question:9(a) The random variable X has a probability distribution P(X) of the following
form, where k is some number :
Determine the value of
Answer:
Sum of probabilities of probability distribution of random variable is 1.

Question:9(b) The random variable has a probability distribution of the
following form, where k is some number :
Find
Answer:
Question:10 Find the mean number of heads in three tosses of a fair coin.
Answer:
Let X be the success of getting head.
When 3 coins are tossed then sample

space
X can be 0,1,2,3
The probability distribution is as
X 0 1 2 3
P(X)
mean number of heads :
Question:11 Two dice are thrown simultaneously. If denotes the number of sixes,
find the expectation of .
Answer:
denotes the number of sixes, when two dice are thrown simultaneously.
X can be 0,1,2.
Not getting six on dice
Getting six on one time when thrown twice :
Getting six on both dice :
X 0 1 2
P(X)
Expectation of X = E(X)
Question:12 Two numbers are selected at random (without replacement) from the first
six positive integers. Let denote the larger of the two numbers obtained. Find
Answer:
Two numbers are selected at random (without replacement) from the first six positive
integers in ways.
denote the larger of the two numbers obtained.
X can be 2,3,4,5,6.
X=2, obsevations :
X=3, obsevations :
X=4, obsevations :
X=5, obsevations :
X=6, obsevations :
Probability distribution is as follows:
X 2 3 4 5 6
P(X)
Question:13 Let denote the sum of the numbers obtained when two fair dice are
rolled. Find the variance and standard deviation of .
Answer:
denote the sum of the numbers obtained when two fair dice are rolled.
Total observations = 36
X can be 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12
Probability distribution is as follows :
X 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
P(X)
Standard deviation =
Question:14 A class has students whose ages
are and years. One student is selected
in such a manner that each has the same chance of being chosen and the age X of the
selected student is recorded. What is the probability distribution of the random

variable Find mean, variance and standard deviation of .
Answer:
Total students = 15
probability of selecting a student :

The information given can be represented as frequency table :
X 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
f 2 1 2 3 1 2 3 1
X 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
P(X)
Question:15 In a meeting, of the members favour and oppose a certain
proposal. A member is selected at random and we take . if he opposed,

and if he is in favour. Find and Var .
Answer:
Given :
X 0 1
P(X) 0.3 0.7

Question:16 The mean of the numbers obtained on throwing a die having written 1 on
three faces, on two faces and on one face is, Choose the correct answer in the
following:
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Answer:
X is number representing on die.
Total observations = 6
X 1 2 5
P(X)
Question:17 Suppose that two cards are drawn at random from a deck of cards.
Let be the number of aces obtained. Then the value of is Choose the correct
answer in the following:
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Answer:
X be number od aces obtained.
X can be 0,1,2
There 52 cards and 4 aces, 48 are non-ace cards.
The probability distribution is as :
X 0 1 2
P(X)
Option D is correct.

13.5
Question:1(i) A die is thrown 6 times. If ‘getting an odd number’ is a success, what is
the probability of
5 successes?
Answer:
X be the number of success of getting an odd number.
X has a binomial distribution.
Question:1(ii) A die is thrown 6 times. If ‘getting an odd number’ is a success, what is

the probability of
at least 5 successes?
Answer:
X be a number of success of getting an odd number.
Question:1(iii) A die is thrown 6 times. If ‘getting an odd number’ is a success, what is

the probability of
at most 5 successes?
Answer:
X be a number of success of getting an odd number.

Question:2 A pair of dice is thrown times. If getting a doublet is considered a
success, find the probability of two successes
Answer:
A pair of dice is thrown times.X be getting a doublet.
Probability of getting doublet in a throw of pair of dice :
X has a binomial distribution,n=4
Put x = 2
Question:3 There are defective items in a large bulk of items. What is the
probability that a sample of items will include not more than one defective item?
Answer:
There are defective items in a large bulk of items.
X denotes the number of defective items in a sample of 10.
X has a binomial distribution, n=10.
Question:4(i) Five cards are drawn successively with replacement from a well-shuffled
deck of cards. What is the probability that
all the five cards are spades?

Answer:
Let X represent a number of spade cards among five drawn cards. Five cards are drawn
successively with replacement from a well-shuffled deck of cards.
We have 13 spades.
X has a binomial distribution,n=5.
Put X=5 ,
Question:4(ii) Five cards are drawn successively with replacement from a well-shuffled
deck of 52 cards. What is the probability that
only 3 cards are spades?
Answer:
Let X represent a number of spade cards among five drawn cards. Five cards are drawn
We have 13 spades.
Put X=3 ,
Question:4(iii) Five cards are drawn successively with replacement from a well-
shuffled deck of 52 cards. What is the probability that
none is a spade?
Answer:
Let X represent number of spade cards among five drawn cards. Five cards are drawn
We have 13 spades .
Put X=0 ,
Question:5(i) The probability that a bulb produced by a factory will fuse after days
of use is . Find the probability that out of such bulbs
none will fuse after days of use.
Answer:
Let X represent number of bulb that will fuse after days of use .Trials =5
Put X=0 ,
Question:5(ii) The probability that a bulb produced by a factory will fuse after days
of use is Find the probability that out of such bulbs
not more than one will fuse after days of use.
Answer:
Let X represent a number of the bulb that will fuse after days of use. Trials =5

Put ,
Question:5(iii) The probability that a bulb produced by a factory will fuse after days
of use is Find the probability that out of such bulbs
more than one will fuse after days of use.
Answer:

Put ,
Question:5(iv) The probability that a bulb produced by a factory will fuse after days
of use is . Find the probability that out of such bulbs
at least one will fuse after days of use.
Answer:
Put ,
Question:6 A bag consists of balls each marked with one of the digits to If four
balls are drawn successively with replacement from the bag, what is the probability that
none is marked with the digit ?
Answer:
Let X denote a number of balls marked with digit 0 among 4 balls drawn.
Balls are drawn with replacement.
Put X = 0,
Question:7 In an examination, questions of true-false type are asked. Suppose a
student tosses a fair coin to determine his answer to each question. If the coin falls
heads, he answers 'true'; if it falls tails, he answers 'false'. Find the probability that he
answers at least 12 questions correctly.
Answer:
Let X represent the number of correctly answered questions out of 20 questions.
The coin falls heads, he answers 'true'; if it falls tails, he answers 'false'.

Question:8 Suppose X has a binomial distribution Show that is the
most likely outcome.
(Hint : is the maximum among all of , )
Answer:
X is a random variable whose binomial distribution is
Here , n=6 and .
is maximum if is maximum.
is maximum so for x=3 , is maximum.
Question:9 On a multiple choice examination with three possible answers for each of
the five questions, what is the probability that a candidate would get four or more correct
answers just by guessing ?
Answer:
Let X represent number of correct answers by guessing in set of 5 multiple choice

questions.
Probability of getting a correct answer :

Question:10(a) A person buys a lottery ticket in lotteries, in each of which his
chance of winning a prize is What is the probability that he will win a prize
at least once
Answer:
Let X represent number of winning prizes in 50 lotteries .

Question:10(b) A person buys a lottery ticket in lotteries, in each of which his
chance of winning a prize is . What is the probability that he will win a prize
exactly once
Answer:
Let X represent number of winning prizes in 50 lotteries .

Question:10(c) A person buys a lottery ticket in 50 lotteries, in each of which his
chance of winning a prize is . What is the probability that he will win a prize
at least twice?
Answer:
Let X represent number of winning prizes in 50 lotteries.

Question:11 Find the probability of getting exactly twice in throws of a die.
Answer:
Let X represent number of times getting 5 in 7 throws of a die.
Probability of getting 5 in single throw of die=P
Question:12 Find the probability of throwing at most sixes in throws of a single die.
Answer:
Let X represent number of times getting 2 six in 6 throws of a die.
Probability of getting 6 in single throw of die=P

Question:13 It is known that of certain articles manufactured are defective. What
is the probability that in a random sample of such articles, are defective?
Answer:
Let X represent a number of times selecting defective items out of 12 articles.
Probability of getting a defective item =P

Question:14 In a box containing bulbs, are defective. The probability that out of
a sample of bulbs, none is defective is
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Answer:
Let X represent a number of defective bulbs out of 5 bulbs.
Probability of getting a defective bulb =P

The correct answer is C.
Question:15 The probability that a student is not a swimmer is Then the probability
that out of five students, four are swimmers is
In the following, choose the correct answer:
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D) None of these
Answer:
Let X represent number students out of 5 who are swimmers.
Probability of student who are not swimmers =q

Option A is correct.
NCERT solutions for class 12 maths chapter 13 probability-

Miscellaneous Exercise
Question:1(i) A and B are two events such that Find if
is a subset of
Answer:
A and B are two events such that

Question:1(ii) and are two events such that Find if
Answer:
A and B are two events such that
Question:2(i) A couple has two children,
Find the probability that both children are males, if it is known that at least one of the
children is male.
Answer:
A couple has two children,
sample space
Let A be both children are males and B is at least one of the children is male.
Question:2(ii) A couple has two children,
Find the probability that both children are females, if it is known that the elder child is a
female.
Answer:
A couple has two children,
sample space
Let A be both children are females and B be the elder child is a female.
Question:3 Suppose that of men and of women have grey hair. A grey
haired person is selected at random. What is the probability of this person being male?
Assume that there are equal number of males and females.
Answer:
We have of men and of women have grey hair.
Percentage of people with grey hairs
The probability that the selected haired person is male :
Question:4 Suppose that of people are right-handed. What is the probability that
at most of a random sample of people are right-handed?
Answer:
of people are right-handed.

at most of a random sample of people are right-handed.
the probability that more than of a random sample of people are right-handed is
given by,
the probability that at most of a random sample of people are right-handed is given
by
Question:5(i) An urn contains balls of which balls bear a mark and the
remaining bear a mark A ball is drawn at random from the urn, its mark is noted
down and it is replaced. If balls are drawn in this way, find the probability that
all will bear mark.
Answer:
Total balls in urn = 25
Balls bearing mark 'X' =10
Balls bearing mark 'Y' =15

balls are drawn with replacement.
Let Z be a random variable that represents a number of balls with Y mark on them in the
trial.
Z has a binomial distribution with n=6.
Question:5(ii) An urn contains balls of which balls bear a mark and the
remaining bear a mark A ball is drawn at random from the urn, its mark is noted
down and it is replaced. If balls are drawn in this way, find the probability that
not more than will bear mark.
Answer:
Total balls in urn = 25
Balls bearing mark 'X' =10
Balls bearing mark 'Y' =15

balls are drawn with replacementt.
Let Z be random variable that represents number of balls with Y mark on them in trial.
Z has binomail distribution with n=6.
Question:5(iii) An urn contains 25 balls of which 10 balls bear a mark and the
remaining 15 bear a mark A ball is drawn at random from the urn, its mark is noted
down and it is replaced. If 6 balls are drawn in this way, find the probability that
at least one ball will bear mark.

Answer:
Question:5(iv) An urn contains 25 balls of which 10 balls bear a mark and the
remaining 15 bear a mark A ball is drawn at random from the urn, its mark is noted
down and it is replaced. If 6 balls are drawn in this way, find the probability that
the number of balls with mark and mark will be equal.
Answer:
Question:6 In a hurdle race, a player has to cross hurdles. The probability that he
will clear each hurdle is . What is the probability that he will knock down fewer
than hurdles?
Answer:
Let p and q respectively be probability that the player will clear and knock down the
hurdle.
Let X represent random variable that represent number of times the player will knock
down the hurdle.
Question:7 A die is thrown again and again until three sixes are obtained. Find the
probability of obtaining the third six in the sixth throw of the die.
Answer:
Probability of 6 in a throw of die =P

Probability that 2 sixes come in first five throw of die :
Probability that third six comes in sixth throw :
Question:8 If a leap year is selected at random, what is the chance that it will contain
53 tuesdays?
Answer:
In a leap year, there are 366 days.
In 52 weeks, there are 52 Tuesdays.
The probability that a leap year will have 53 Tuesday is equal to the probability that the
remaining 2 days are Tuesday.
The remaining 2 days can be :
1. Monday and Tuesday
2. Tuesday and Wednesday

3. Wednesday and Thursday
4. Thursday and Friday
5.friday and Saturday
6.saturday and Sunday
7.sunday and Monday
Total cases = 7.
Favorable cases = 2
Probability of having 53 Tuesday in a leap year = P.
Question:9 An experiment succeeds twice as often as it fails. Find the probability that
in the next six trials, there will be atleast 4 successes.
Answer:
Probability of success is twice the probability of failure.
Let probability of failure be X
then Probability of success = 2X
Sum of probabilities is 1.
Let and
Let X be random variable that represent the number of success in six trials.
Question:10 How many times must a man toss a fair coin so that the probability of
having at least one head is more than ?
Answer:
Let the man toss coin n times.
Probability of getting head in first toss = P

The minimum value to satisfy the equation is 4.
The man should toss a coin 4 or more times.
Question:11 In a game, a man wins a rupee for a six and loses a rupee for any other
number when a fair die is thrown. The man decided to throw a die thrice but to quit as
and when he gets a six. Find the expected value of the amount he wins / loses.
Answer:
In a throw of die,
probability of getting six = P
probability of not getting six = q
There are three cases :
1. Gets six in the first throw, required probability is
The amount he will receive is Re. 1
2.. Does not gets six in the first throw and gets six in the second throw, then the
probability
The amount he will receive is - Re.1+ Re.1=0
3. Does not gets six in first 2 throws and gets six in the third throw, then the probability
Amount he will receive is -Re.1 - Re.1+ Re.1= -1
Expected value he can win :

Question:12(i) Suppose we have four boxes A,B,C and D containing coloured marbles
as given below:
One of the boxes has been selected at random and a single marble is drawn from it. If
the marble is red, what is the probability that it was drawn from box A ?
Answer:
'
Let R be the event of drawing red marble.
Let respectively denote the event of selecting box A, B, C.
Total marbles = 40
Red marbles =15

Probability of drawing red marble from box A is
Question:12(ii) Suppose we have four boxes A,B,C and D containing coloured marbles
as given below:
the marble is red, what is the probability that it was drawn from box B?
Answer:
Let R be event of drawing red marble.

Let respectivly denote event of selecting box A,B,C.
Total marbles = 40
Red marbles =15
Probability of drawing red marble from box B is
Question:12(iii) Suppose we have four boxes A,B,C and D containing coloured

marbles as given below:
the marble is red, what is the probability that it was drawn from box C?
Answer:
Let R be event of drawing red marble.
Let respectivly denote event of selecting box A,B,C.
Total marbles = 40
Red marbles =15
Probability of drawing red marble from box C is
Question:13 Assume that the chances of a patient having a heart attack is It is
also assumed that a meditation and yoga course reduce the risk of heart attack
by and prescription of certain drug reduces its chances by At a time a
patient can choose any one of the two options with equal probabilities. It is given that
after going through one of the two options the patient selected at random suffers a heart
attack. Find the probability that the patient followed a course of meditation and yoga?
Answer:
Let A,E1, E2 respectively denote the event that a person has a heart break, selected
person followed the course of yoga and meditation , and the person adopted
the drug prescription.
the probability that the patient followed a course of meditation and yoga is
Question:14 If each element of a second order determinant is either zero or one, what
is the probability that the value of the determinant is positive? (Assume that the
individual entries of the determinant are chosen independently, each value being
assumed with probability ).
Answer:
Total number of determinant of second order with each element being 0 or 1 is

The values of determinant is positive in the following cases
Probability is
Question:15(i) An electronic assembly consists of two subsystems, say, A and B. From

previous testing procedures, the following probabilities are assumed to be known:
P(A fails) =
P(B fails alone) =
P(A and B fail) =
Evaluate the following probabilities
Answer:
Let event in which A fails and B fails be

Question:15(ii) An electronic assembly consists of two subsystems, say, A and B.
From previous testing procedures, the following probabilities are assumed to be known:
P(A fails) =
P(B fails alone) =
P(A and B fail) =
Evaluate the following probabilities
Answer:
Let event in which A fails and B fails be

Question:16 Bag I contains 3 red and 4 black balls and Bag II contains 4 red and 5
black balls. One ball is transferred from Bag I to Bag II and then a ball is drawn from
Bag II. The ball so drawn is found to be red in colour. Find the probability that the
transferred ball is black.
Answer:
Let E1 and E2 respectively denote the event that red ball is transfered from bag 1 to
bag 2 and a black ball is transfered from bag 1 to bag2.
and
Let A be the event that ball drawn is red.
When a red ball is transfered from bag 1 to bag 2.
When a black ball is transfered from bag 1 to bag 2.

Question:17 If A and B are two events such that and then
Choose the correct answer of the following:
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Answer:
A and B are two events such that and
Option A is correct.
Question:18 If , then which of the following is correct :
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Answer:
Option C is correct.
Question:19 If A and B are any two events such

that then
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Answer:

NCERT solutions for class 12 maths chapter 13 probability-Exercise: 13.2

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NCERT solutions for class 12 maths chapter 13 probability-Exercise: 13.2

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NCERT solutions for class 12 maths chapter 13 probability-Exercise:

Question:1 Given that and are events such

that and find and

It is given that and

Question:2 Compute if and

It is given that and

Question:3 If and find

It is given that P(A)=0.8, P(B)=0.5 and P(B|A)=0.4

It is given that and

Question:3 If and find

Given in the question and

Given in the question

Question:5 If and find

Given in the question-

Question:6 A coin is tossed three times, where

(i)E : head on third toss ,F : heads on first two tosses

S = {HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT, THH, THT, TTH, TTT}

It can be seen that the sample space (S) has 8 elements.

Total number of outcomes

E: head on third toss, F: heads on first two tosses

Question:6 A coin is tossed three times, where

(ii)E : at least two heads ,F : at most two heads

The sample space S when a coin is tossed three times is

S = {HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT, THH, THT, TTH, TTT}

It can be seen that the sample space (S) has 8 elements.

Total number of outcomes

E : at least two heads , F : at most two heads

Question:6 A coin is tossed three times, where

The sample space S when a coin is tossed three times is

S = {HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT, THH, THT, TTH, TTT}

It can be seen that the sample space (S) has 8 elements.

Total number of outcomes

E: at most two tails, F: at least one tail

(i) E : tail appears on one coin, F : one coin shows head

E : tail appears on one coin, F : one coin shows head

Question:7 Two coins are tossed once, where

(ii)E : no tail appears,F : no head appears

Question:8 A die is thrown three times,

E : son on one end, F : father in middle

E : son on one end, F : father in middle

Let S be son, M be mother and F be father.

A black and a red dice are rolled.

Question:10 A black and a red dice are rolled.

A black and a red dice are rolled.

Red dice is rolled after black dice.

Question:11 A fair die is rolled. Consider

A fair die is rolled.

A fair die is rolled.

A fair die is rolled.

(i) the youngest is a girl,

Assume that each born child is equally likely to be a boy or a girl.

If a family has two children, then total

Let A= both are girls

and B= the youngest is a girl =

(ii) at least one is a girl?

Assume that each born child is equally likely to be a boy or a girl.

If a family has two children, then total

Let A= both are girls

and C= at least one is a girl =

Total number of questions

Let A = question be easy.

Let B = multiple choice question

Therefore, the required probability is 5/9