WEEK 2: BSR 255

1) What is your understanding regarding Condition Survey Procedure and Inspection

Procedure?

(10 marks)

Based on my understanding, the Condition Survey Procedure and Inspection procedure is two
different procedures. As for the Condition Survey Procedure, it is a procedure slightly that can
be divided by five steps such as the Confirmation on client instruction, preliminaries
survey/procedures, preparing equipment, the inspection (sequence of survey operation &
recording site notes base on checklist) and preparing report and submission to client. Then, the
Condition Survey Procedure also is more likely explained about terms, conditions and
compliance of the nature of inspection from steps by steps generally as to ensure the steps
taken must be followed in order to accomplish the procedures correctly. Next, the Condition
Survey Procedure also tells in detailed about the request letter as to access and inspect the
building which matters the most to confirm whether the inspection can be done from both sides
which is the owner and the person who checks the building. Besides, the Condition Survey
Procedure also tells about the studies regarding the survey of the history of the building inspect
itself in order to accomplish the inspection successfully without making false survey after on.
Then, in Condition Survey Procedure also, it tells about the equipment needed to be used for
the survey at the suitable and right places based on the correct applications to ensure the
defects of an element can be identified correctly so that it will resulting in good survey. Next, for
the Inspection Procedure, based on my understanding it focuses more about the inspection that
will be carried out which means it tells more about where, how and more regarding the
inspection will be done followed by their own terms. Then, it slightly focuses more on the
procedure for the domestic houses that can be divided by eight steps from the beginning till the
end such as a preliminary inspection of the whole property to familiarizes the Surveyor with type
and layout, a detail inspection of the main roof-space and any subsidiary roof voids which are
accessible, a room-by-room inspection at each floor level starting form the topmost floor,
inspection of accessible basements, cellars, and sub-floor areas, an examination of the roof
structure and coverings from ground level, using binoculars if necessary, and from ladders or
through roof voids where accessible, an examination of the elevations, including structure and
finishes, inspection of the site boundaries, outbuildings and surroundings and examination and
testing of drains. Besides, the Inspection procedure also tells more about the making references
on the place or building that they are going to inspect such as making a references to the
geological survey map of this area to check on subsoil condition (shrinkable clay, gravel pit/old
quarry workings) surveyor will aware and inspection will armed with this information. Then, the
Inspection Procedure also tell more details of how and what to be checked for each of the
elements that need to be inspected overall for the building step by step till the end. It also tells
more about the limitation that can be identified during the inspection in detail since not every
places in or outside of the building can be easily inspected and there must some of the limitation
can be detected. Thus, all explanation above mentioned were all my understanding regarding
the Condition Survey Procedure and the Inspection Survey Procedure.
 2) Based on the photo given, please evaluate the existing condition of building defect by using
Building Condition Assessment Rating System (BCARS) which involving defect description,
possible causes, rating and its remedies.

DEFECT SHEET NO. 001/001 LEVEL -

LOCATION -
ELEMENT/ Beam
COMPONENT
BARIS
CONDITION PRIORITY MATRIX COLOUR RATING
3 2 6 Fair
DEFECT DESCRIPTION
Figure 1.1. Foresight View.  Spalled Concrete.
Source: Construction Industry Standard
(CIS 7), 2014 by CIDB.
POSSIBLE CAUSES

 The corrosion of embedded steel reinforcement

Figure 1.2. Close View.
bars or steel sections.
 The expansive effects of Alkali Silica Reaction or
exposure to fire. 
 A bad concrete mix.
 Poor finishing techniques.

 Improper curing
 Freeze thaw cycling.

Sources:https://www.concretenetwork.com/fix-spalled-
concrete/
REMEDIES
 Patch the spalled area with a color matching
compound.
  Have your concrete resurfaced with an overlay.
 Rip out and replace the entire slab.
 Remove the concrete at the spalled areas to
expose the corroded steel bars.
 Scrape and clean the exposed steel bars and use a
wire brush to remove the rust.
 Apply two coats of anti-rust paint to the steel bars.
 Before patching the area, apply a bonding agent to
the affected surface to ensure proper adhesion.
 Patch up the hacked area using polymer modified
cement mortar.

Sources: https://civildigital.com/

WEEK 3
 1) List down ten (10) sources of moisture defects in building (10 marks)

There are 10 sources of moisture defects in building that can be listed. The sources of moisture
defects in building are:

1. Blocked or broken guttering

2. Blocked or broken downpipes
3. Defective external rendering or pointing
4. Defective weatherproof seals on doors and windows
5. No weatherboard on doors
6. Bridged wall cavity
7. Roofing defects such as loose or missing tiles/slates, damaged or missing flashings, or
damaged coping.
8. Overflow pipe continuous running
9. Lack of drip beading on rendered walls or blocked drip grooves on chills
10. Porous or cracked bricks

2) In your point of view, how to solve a problem regarding moisture defects in building? (10
marks)

In my point of view, there are many ways to solve a problem regarding moisture defects
in building. One of the solutions is by applying ‘Chemical Damp proof System Technique’
and ‘Cocoon Technique’ at the certain location with high level dampness involved to
overcome the moisture defects that facing major problem in moisture defects in building.
Chemical damp proofing is a system which comprises of two main elements. The
introduction of a water repellent or pore blocking material into a wall at a suitable level to
form a continuous barrier against the capillary movement of water while the cocoon
technique is like the technique to remove the moisture or control it to ensure the
moisture problem would not grow bigger that will lead to a serious problem. Next, the
other solution that can be used to solve the moisture defects problem in the building is
by replace or repair several places elements in the building affected by referring to the
correct guidelines in ensuring that the building problem could be overcome. The
remedial work must be done in detail to make sure that the replace or repair work can be
 done successfully according to the right step. Besides, by controlling the problem occur
for the moisture defects in the building also would help the moisture defects in the
building also not to become worsen since some of the moisture defects could not be
repair or replace where it can be controlled in the correct ways. There are many ways to
control them that can be followed based on the correct guidelines. Hence, by controlling
them generally, it helps the moisture defects in the building to not making bigger damage
to the other parts of the elements in the building. Then, the other solution on how to
solve a problem regarding the moisture defects in building also is by calling for a
maintenance checking for the whole building. It is because, all the moisture defects can
be identified overall not only for certain location but all location in the building. It is to
ensure that all the moisture defects problem could be identified and actions could be
taken quicker to ensure that all the moisture defects in the building problem could be
taken care with. Thus, the problem of moisture defects could be minimized at least.
Lastly, another solution in my opinion to overcome the moisture defects in the building is
by hiring professional contractors to overcome the building defects problem. It is
because, to avoid more moisture defects to come afterwards so that it is compulsory to
call professional ones so that it will not be a waste of cost if the quality of their work
could be last longer compared to the not quality work which resulting in need more cost
in the future to overcome the moisture defects problem. Hence, all the five explanations
mentioned above from my point of view, it can be said that those solutions could be
done in order to solve the moisture defects of the building.

3) Explain the standard operating procedure in assessing a moisture defect in residential

building. (10 marks)
The standard operating procedure in assessing a moisture defect in residential building are
many and it needed to be done from step by step to ensure the sops will be done in correct
ways. Firstly, the dampness study. The dampness study is was conducted using two types of
protocols which they are visual inspection that being conducted through observation of
surrounding area, checking out the damp zone and prediction of suspected causes. The other
one is by conducting a non-destructive test which the equipment used is Moisture Meter.
Measurement of dampness focus on defected wall by referred to the symptoms appeared such
as blistering, chalking, staining and so forth. Find the location that need to be tested its moisture
defect. Next, for the next standard operating procedure, prepare or identify the surveying
equipment and test to ensure that all the equipment is functionable and can be used before
assessing a moisture defect in residential building. The general equipment used are moisture
meter, hygrometer, laser distance and digital caliper if compulsory. At least moisture meter
needed to be used. Measuring tape, ladder and marker pen also can be used in completing the
assessing moisture defects. Besides, the third sop assessing the moisture defects is from its
own work method. The work method need to be focus and it explains how the assessment will
be conducted correctly and successfully. For instance, moisture meter needs to aim the area of
high level of dampness and the reading is taken and noted on checklist. The result of low,
intermediate and serious level of dampness will be draught down on the checklist. Location that
been tested by moisture meter is pick up randomly as listed on the checklist too. Next, the fourth
standard operating procedure in assessing the moisture defects in residential building would be
regarding the reference code. It is used as a guideline in work process and it assist in showing
the location of dampness in measured drawing plan and checklist, clearly define the actual site
and its location. Thus, this is why it is important to prepare a reference code in assessing the
moisture defects. Lastly, prepare a finding which clearly tells the result of the moisture defects
investigation for the residential building. The moisture analysis would be done and it can be
presented clearly on the report. Hence, all the five main standard operating procedure of
assessing the moisture defects in residential building mentioned above are all must be followed
accordingly.

WEEK 4
1. With example, differentiate between structural and non structural crack. (10 marks)

The structural and non-structural crack can be differentiated by many terms. Firstly, the
structural crack occur due to the incorrect design, faulty of construction or overloading
such as the poor of workmanship involved between the contractors, poor building
materials used, incompliance with the standard designs produced and more while the
non-structural crack can be defined as internal forces developed in materials, moisture
and temperature variations, crazing, effect of gases, liquids and more. For example, it
can be relate with weather conditions, temperature changes, and moisture content will
naturally cause foundation to experience these types of cracks. Next, the other
differences that can differentiate the structural crack and non structural crack is from the
repairing methods. The structural crack can be repaired from the internal or external of
the building. For instance, severe cracks or leaks can be repaired with an interior French
drain or an exterior weeping tile drainage system and all cracks are injected with high-
pressure fittings to create a permanent seal that carries a transferable warranty while the
non-structural crack can be overcome by repairing an injection of a sealant resin. For
example, the resin protects foundation from future leaks and prevents the problem from
worsening. Both repair methods help a lot to overcome the problem between the two
cracks. Besides, the structural and non-structural crack can be differentiated from its
characteristics. The structural cracks commonly have some tell-tale signs and these
cracks can be horizontal, vertical, diagonal, or appear like a staircase. For example, it
can be cracks in the foundation wall, in beams, or in foundation slabs. Structural cracks
often extend to the upper floors of the home but generally structural cracks are wider
than three millimeters in width while the non-structural crack, it can easily turn into a
structural crack as water seeps into the home and erodes the inner concrete and these
cracks are often very thin hairline cracks that are usually less than three millimeters in width.
Then, the other differences that can be differentiated between the structural crack and non-
structural crack is from its caused. The structural cracks are caused by a variety of issues,
like poor soil bearing, overloading, swollen soil, and poor construction sites. Generally,
structural cracks are accompanied by interior problems, like sloping floors and doors and
windows that stick when closed while the non-structural crack caused by Creep damage,
settlement, shifting foundations, hydrostatic pressure, and vegetation or trees. Thus, all
mentioned above explained how the structural and no-structural cracks can be defined or
recognized.
 2. Discuss a typical sources of building crack (10 marks)

Several typical sources of building crack could be explained below. Firstly, cracking in a building
or structure can appear for a variety of reasons and sometimes a combination of factors can
contribute to the problem. The appearance of cracks can impact on the value of the building, its
insurability and the sale ability. There are many sources of building cracks such as subsidence,
permeability of concrete, moisture movement, poor maintenance, due chemical reactions and
more. Most buildings are constructed with materials that expand when absorbing moisture and
shrink on drying. Then, moisture inevitably moves through the building due to factors such as
rain, water vapor and ground water. Exposure to wet or dry cyclic periods can cause moisture
shrinkage, especially in concrete and calcium-silicate masonry. This movement causes tension
that can result in the structure developing cracks. Besides, corrosion in concrete can occur due
to various aggressive agents and low permeability is the key to its durability. Permeability of
concrete is directly related to its water-to-cement ratio where the lower the water to cement
ratio, the lower the permeability of the concrete. The requirements are very much based on the
building’s exposure to elements such as chlorides, chemicals, salt and moisture. Next is
subsidence, this is when the buildings foundations move. Shallow foundations, clay sub-soil,
tree roots and dry weather are a combination that can make subsidence a real danger. Around
70% of subsidence cases are due to tree roots. There could be movement in the ground
beneath home if new or expanding cracks in plasterwork or outside brickwork can be found.
Other than that, the other source of building crack is from its maintenance work. The poor
maintenance work would affects the building where without regular building maintenance the
performance of the building could be decreased. A structure needs to be maintained after a
lapse of certain period from its construction completion. Some structures may need a very early
look into their deterioration problems, while others can sustain themselves very well for many
years depending on the quality of design and construction. Earlier steps taken are good in
ensuring the building defect such as building crack could be overcame. Lastly, the other source
of building crack is due to chemical reactions. Chemical reactions is one of the biggest source
that might affect the condition of the building whether internal or external. The concrete may
crack as a result of expansive reactions between aggregate, which contains active silica, and
alkaline derived from cement hydration. Then, the alkali silica reaction results in the formation of
swelling gel. This tends to draw water from other portions of concrete. Consequently, local
expansion occur and results in cracks in the structure. Thus, all the sources of building cracks
explained above are explained in detail.
 3. Discuss in detail a remedial works that can be taken in order to resolve a building crack
issues (10 marks)

There are many remedial works that can be taken in order to resolve a building crack issues.
The remedial works are important to overcome the building defects such as building crack to
ensure the building is safe to be used by the occupants whether internal or external of the
building. It can be explained it detail the remedial works that can be taken to resolve a building
crack issues. Next, the next remedial works that can be taken to resolve a building crack is
remedial works is for the corrosion of reinforcement problem. For example, hydraulic or fat limes
may provide enough plasticity to accommodate strain. Corrosion-resistant stainless-steel
reinforcements can be inserted into bed joints to reduce the risk of failure by redistributing strain
and stress over a wider area. Make sure concrete-steel bond is as good as possible. This is
because concrete alone is not capable of resisting tensile forces to which it is often subjected.
Otherwise, concrete may crack and allow harmful substance materials to attack steel bars.
Other than that, the other remedial works that can be done is epoxy injection. It is an
economical method of repairing non-moving cracks in concrete walls, slabs, columns and piers
a sit is capable of restoring the concrete to its pre-cracked strength. The technique generally
consists of establishing entry and venting ports at close intervals along the cracks, sealing the
crack on exposed surfaces, and injecting the epoxy under pressure. Besides, grouting and
sealing. It can be done to repair the crack problem where in this method, the crack is made
wider at the surface with a saw or grinder, and then the groove is filled with a flexible sealant.
This is a common technique for crack treatment and it is relatively simple in comparison to the
procedures and the training required for epoxy injection. Initially clean the surface and the
surface should be free from paint, dirt, oil, efflorescence or any bond inhibiting agents. Then
apply epoxy. To prevent epoxy flowing out insert foam breaker or rod of suitable diameter and
sealant is applied to it. Then, the other remedial work that can be done is stitching where this
method is done to provide a permanent structural repairs solution for masonry repairs and
cracked wall reinforcement. It is done by drilling holes on both sides of the crack, cleaning the
holes and anchoring the legs of the staples in the holes with a non-shrink grout. Lastly, the
underpinning can be used since it is the other best solution whereby the footings of the building
are underpinned with either concrete, masonry or piles to carry the load of the building down to
a more stable stratum such as rock or soils below the reactive zone. This remedial work is
usually the most costly, particularly if there are access difficulties or if internal walls require
underpinning, which may require lifting internal floors. Hence, all the remedial works or repair
techniques in order to solve the building crack issues have been explain in detail above.

WEEK 5

1) Discuss in detail five (5) crack repair technique available in the market and its
characteristic based on lecture slide? (15 marks)

Five crack repair technique available in the market and its characteristic based on lecture slide
can be explained in detail. There are several of them. One of the five repair techniques available
in the market is sealing with epoxies. Sealing with epoxies is a technique where injecting epoxy
bonding compounds in high pressure in to cracks. This technique is not suitable for crack that
are active and if the cracks are large in number, or when the water leakage cannot be
controlled. Problems such as leakages and silt contamination damage the efficiency of epoxy,
therefore it is recommended to fix these issues before injecting the epoxy to make it last longer.
Epoxy injection method of crack repairing requires a lot of discipline and skillful execution so it is
a need to be sure that the person executing the repairs knows his work. The work involved also
are drilling, drying, injection into holes, curing and more. Besides, the other repair technique
available in the market can be listed here is routing and sealing. This method is the simplest,
common and inexpensive where it does not cost a lot that widely used for most crack occur. It is
suitable for both fine and larger isolated cracks. The cracks increase in size first then only the
crack along its exposed face and sealing it with a suitable joint sealant. It is also used mostly for
the floors and pavements. For instance, in road pavements, hot tar is used as hot sealant. This
method also would bring an effect where it might because of chemical attack, corrosion of
rebars and swelling. Next, the repair technique would be stitching. Stitching is a rehabilitation
technique used at cracks to maintain aggregate interlock and provide added reinforcement to
minimize the relative movement of concrete slabs at the cracks. It is also used at the
longitudinal joints to keep the slabs from separating. It is an easiest and long-lasting method of
repairing concrete cracks. The stitching may be used when tensile strength must be
reestablished across major cracks. The activities involved are also drilling holes, grouting in U-
shaped metal units and more. Other than that, the other repair technique would be grouting.
Grouting is defined similar to epoxy injection. Epoxy not suitable to be used for fire resistance
and on cold weather. It is also found to be effective alternative and when the crack is straight
line. This method also is effective in stopping water leaks such as in the bathroom, flat roof and
more. Last but not least, another repair technique that available in the market is external stress.
The method is used when the development of cracking is due to the tensile stress, thus can be
arrested by suppressing this stress. The cracks can be closed by inducing a compression force
to overcome the tensile stresses. The compressive force is also applied by pre-stressing wires
and or rods and also wedging by opening the cracks and filing with expanding mortar, by jacking
and grouting or by actual driving wedges. Thus, all the 5 techniques available in market have
been explained above with their characteristics in detail.

2) Explain how the process of corrosion of embedded metals occur based on the article
sharing in the lecture? (10 marks)

The process of corrosion of embedded metals occur based on the article sharing in the lecture
can be explained below in detail. Firstly, four elements must be presented to ensure the
corrosion will happen. There must be at least two metals or two locations on a single metal at
different energy levels, an electrolyte and metallic connection. Besides, in reinforce concrete,
the rebar may have many separate areas at different energy levels. The concrete also acts as
the electrolyte and the metallic connection is provided wire ties, chair supports or the rebar
itself. Next, corrosion is also known as electrochemical process where it involves the flow
charges such as electrons and ions. When reinforcing steel corrodes, electrons flow through the
bar and ions flow through the concrete. It can be told that how electrochemical works in the
process of corrosion of embedded metals. The reactions involved in the corrosion stages also
can be known as half-cell oxidation reaction and reduction reaction. Followed by the
combination to form iron hydroxides or rust on the cathodic sites. Then, the increase in volume
as the reactions products reacts further with dissolved oxygens lead to internal stress within the
concrete where resulting cracking or spalling of the concrete cover. In this stage, the metal can
already be seen from the corrosion happening. Other than that, the process also can be
explained clearer where as an electrochemical reaction, electrons migrate from the anodic zone
to the cathodic zone, releasing ferrous ions at the anode and hydroxide ions at the cathode.
This will eventually lead to a potential difference between the anodic and cathodic areas at the
surface of the steel reinforcement. This results in the creation of rust as by product. Since rust
occupies a larger volume than steel, it exerts internal pressure which causes the surrounding
concrete to crack and become damaged. These cracks make their way to the surface of the
concrete which causes even more CO2 and chloride to penetrate the concrete and speed up
the process of corrosion. Hence, all the process mentioned above explain how does the
corrosion of embedded metals will take place based on the article sharing in the lecture.
3. “When exposed to fire or unusually high temperatures, concrete can lose strength and
stiffness”.

Based on the above statement, explain. (10 marks)

Based on the above statement, it can be explained below regarding the interrelated of the
effects of fire, exposure unusually high temperature, the strength and more with the concrete.
Generally, concrete has its own strength and weakness that can affects the condition of the
building overall. Its properties and characteristics also explained what is the used of concrete
and how to deal with them. Basically, concrete has good fire resistance and concrete structures
generally perform well when fire damage occurs. However, the visual appearance of concrete
after a fire can be quite shocking with extensive blackening often accompanied by spalling and
cracking which is caused by differential expansion of successive layers of the concrete as it is
heated and by internal pressure as moisture in the concrete is turned to super-heated steam.
Heating concrete above about 300oC reduces its compressive strength which resulting the
reduction is approximately linear with temperature, with all strength being effectively lost at
about 1000oC. Similarly, there will be a reduction in the strength of any reinforcing steel, which
may have a significant effect on the performance of the structure. It tells that even it is made of
fire resistance but somehow it will still affect the condition of the concrete itself due to the
possible reasons explained causing it to lose the strength or cause stiffness. Then, the
unusually high temperature can be explained further with the behavior of concrete at high
temperatures is influenced by several factors, including the rate of temperature rise and the type
and stability of the aggregate. Sudden temperature changes can cause cracking and spalling
due to thermal shock, and aggregate expansion can also cause stress in concrete. The rate of
the hydration reaction depends on the temperature which is a high temperature will affect the
compressive strength of concrete. Above 212º F, the cement paste begins to undergo
dehydration (loss of chemical combination hydration water), which gradually weakens the
bonding of the paste and the paste aggregate. For example, if the temperature increases, the
reaction also increases, while when at a certain temperature it increases, the rate of the
hydration process also increases in it, and indirectly it will gain strength quickly. So that, the final
strength of concrete is lower at the very high temperature. This means that concrete stored at
higher temperatures will gain strength faster than similar concrete stored at lower temperatures.
However, the final strength of concrete stored at higher temperatures will be lower. This is
because the physical form of the hardened cement paste is less structured and more porous
when hydration runs at a faster rate. The temperature that concrete has reached often can be
determined by observing color changes in the aggregate. For example, limestone aggregates
turn pink when they reach about 570º F, which can result in substantial loss of compressive
strength. This is an important thing to keep in mind because the temperature has a similar but
more pronounced effect on concrete permeability. Hence, in can be concluded that all the
interrelated explanations mentioned above explained with the concrete overall based on the
above statement.
WEEK 6

1) Prepare a permission letter to do a dilapidation survey works with considering a key

component of title, introduction, scope, purpose, disclaimer and details of person in
charge in that particular task. (25 marks)

Our Ref: 1/AAAA/00/2021/20

Date: 14/02/2020

Dear Sir/Madam,

PROJEK PENSWASTAAN LEBUHRAYA SUKE SELANGOR – SG BESI FOR PROJEK

LINTASAN KOTA HOLDINGS SDN. BHD. (PROLINTAS)

RE : Dilapidation Survey Inspection

The above matter is referred.

For your information, we are the independent building surveyor engaged by the contractor
(PROJEK LINTASAN KOTA HOLDINGS SDN. BHD. (PROLINTAS)) for the project mentioned
above.

As per contact requirements, a Dilapidation Survey (Pre-Construction Survey) should be

carried out on the adjacent and surrounding premises. Your house/premises are include in the
zone to carrying out the inspection. The scope of the survey as following:

a) Visual inspection on all structural and non-structural elements on the internal and
external areas of your house/premises.

b) Photographic documentation of the observed distresses.

The purpose of the inspection is to record the current condition of the house/premises before
the construction works begin. This is crucial to avoid conflicts in case of damage to the
house/premises after commencement of the construction work.
We would highly appreciate if you could provide your full co-operation to gain access to your
house/premises in order to facilitate the dilapidation survey works as soon as possible. Regret
to inform you that if you decline for the survey works, you are not eligible to claim any damages
occur at your house/premises.

Kindly responses to use the date you prefer to allow surveyor’s team to enter your
house/premises. Please contact our surveyor as stated below before 28/02/2020 to confirm your
appointment for the survey works., if sir/madam failed to respond to us within fourteen days (14
days), we assume for the sir/madam agree with that stated above.

Since the project benefits to all parties, we really seek for your kind co-operation on this matter
and greatly appreciate. For any inquiries, please contact in-charge personnel for further info.

Thank you.

………izzahR…………

(NURUL IZZAH BT MOHD RIZDZUAN)

(BUILDING SURVEYOR)

(018-2543132)

(Email: izzahrizdzuan14@gmail.com)
2) Explain the importance of CPBS101 in the construction industry. (5 marks)

Several importance of CPBS101 in the construction industry that can be explained below. One
of the importance is it helps to ensure all the construction work whether external or internal will
comply all the acceptable fixed standard during the building inspection. For instance, during the
building inspection it can be seen that there are several building elements that are not comply
with the fixed standard of construction work which it will affects the construction industry itself.
Secondly, the other importance also is CPBS101 acts as reference that enables the building
inspection reports to be done in proper ways since the guidelines are written. For instance, it
helps the inspection works to be briefly explain in the report by referring to the CPBS101 and
applying them during writing the report. Besides, the status of the defects also could be
identified by referring to the CPBS101 on the BARIS assessment section. The condition of the
defects itself determined the condition and how long it will last if the actions will not be taken.
Therefore, by referring to the BARIS assessment it helps to urge the contractors or handyman
to play their role by avoiding or overcome the building defects in the building for their remedial
works where it also help to maintain the lifespan of the construction work in the industry. Hence,
all importance of CPBS101 in the construction industry have been explained above.
WEEK 7

1) With example, differentiate a concept of Building Condition Survey and

Dilapidation Survey. (20 Marks)

Building Condition Survey and Dilapidation survey concept can be differentiated into
their own several differences with proper examples. First and foremost, the concept for
both surveys can be differentiated from its definition. Building Condition Survey can be
defined as a detailed inspection of a building in order to establish its maintenance and
repair condition at that time. It is done at a level that surveys each building element,
describing it and providing detail of its current state while for the Dilapidation Survey,
Dilapidation Survey is also known as a pre construction condition survey in Malaysia (or
sometimes called structural survey). For example, a dilapidation survey done by a
Professional Building Surveyor is an inspection of the existing structural condition of the
surrounding buildings and structures before the commencement of a demolition,
construction or development. All prominent defects in the form of cracks, settlement,
movement, water seepage, spalling concrete, distortion, subsidence and other building
defects will be recorded in photographs together with notes. A Post-Construction
Condition Survey will highlight any building defects that have occurred (or caused by the
construction works) since the first survey, or after a construction. Besides, the other
concept that can be used to differentiated both of the surveys with an example is from its
cost. The cost of both condition surveys and dilapidation surveys will largely depend on
the size and complexity of the commercial building. For instance, typically a schedule of
dilapidation will cost more than a schedule of condition owing to the instruction requiring
a greater level of detail. The typical cost for either building survey will range between
£1k-£10k which is RM4.13-RM41,340 in MYR subject to the requirement for other
consultants, access equipment etc. Next, the other concept that can be differentiated for
both surveys are from its conduction. A condition survey is produced to accurately
record the construction and condition of a property at a given time. A schedule of
condition can be produced prior to the commencement of a lease to limit a tenant’s
repair liability; or prior to works being undertaken, particularly for works to a Party Wall
while a dilapidation survey is typically produced at the time of lease expiry by a
commercial building surveyor who is instructed by the landlord. For instance, the
intention of a dilapidation survey report is to set out the works required to a commercial
building to put it in a condition which complies with the tenant’s lease obligations. Other
than that, a building condition survey and dilapidation survey concept can be
differentiated from its report contents. A building condition survey which produced a
schedule condition ill provide a brief summary of the property including the location, type
of condition, size etc. For instance, the schedule will summarize the different grades or
condition ratings which will be referred to later within the condition report. These are
typically very poor, poor, reasonable, good and very good. Each rating will be clearly
defined. The main section of the report will include a description of the element, the
condition and a photograph while for a dilapidation survey report, it includes a summary
of the relevant lease obligations, a schedule setting out the breaches in relation to repair,
reinstatement and decoration, a proposal for remediating the breach and budget costs.
For instance, the schedule of dilapidation should also include a building surveyors
endorsement and if it is issued post lease expiry a Quantified Demand should also be
provided setting out the full extent of a landlords claim. Last but not least, both surveys
concept can be differentiated from its requirement. A schedule of condition which
produced by the Building Condition Survey is required prior to the undertaking of
something, whether this be a lease, or construction works. The purpose is to ensure that
at the end of a lease or once works have been completed that there is a clear record of
the condition which a part or the whole of a property was in and therefore needs to be
returned to. For instance, a schedule of condition should be prepared as close to the
point when the works or lease commences to ensure it is an accurate reflection of the
condition of the property while a dilapidation survey report is typically undertaken
towards the end of a lease as the commercial building surveyor needs to assess the
condition of a property at lease expiry. For instance, a landlord should ideally look to
instruct a commercial building surveyor between 6 and 12 months from lease expiry as
this will enable due consideration to be given as to what the best course of action is for
managing the dilapidation matter. However, a dilapidation survey report can be
produced and issued following lease expiry, Best practice suggests within 56 days of
lease expiry. Hence, all concepts for the Building Condition Survey and Dilapidation
differences can be differentiated as explained above.
WEEK 8

No. Item Quantity Price Total

Remove and discard doors of any type and RM7.00 x 2

1. 2 RM7.00
thickness. = RM14.00

Supply and install 28mm thick PVC toilet

door overall size 675mm wide x 2000mm RM139.50 x 2
2. 2 RM139.50
high including hinges and indicator bolts as = RM279.00
well as mounted on frame.

Total Price based on JHK: RM293.00

Details Percentage Total

Additional percentage because the project 30% x RM293.00

1. 30%
site is between 15 -30km from JKR Dungun. = RM87.90

Additional percentage because the project 5% x RM293.00

2. 5%
site is blocked by a river without a bridge. = RM14.65

Total labor costs RM395.55

Additional percentage due to the amount

3. 5% RM19.78
being less than RM500.

Total Overall RM415.33

WEEK 9

1) Explain the characteristic of:

a) Pitch Roof

Pitch roof can be defined as a roof that slopes downwards, typically in two parts at an angle
from a central ridge, but sometimes in one part, from one edge to another. The ‘pitch’ of a roof is
its vertical rise divided by its horizontal span and is a measure of its steepness. Then, a pitched
roof is in contrast to a flat roof which, technically, is any roof with a slope less than 10°;
however, in practices they tend to be much shallower, commonly being expressed as a gradient
and can be anywhere from 1:40 to 1:80. There are two basic construction methods of pitch roof
such as cut roof where a traditional method of cutting timber on-site and building up the roof
using rafters, joists, purlins, ridge boards and more. The other construction method is a truss
roof where the prefabricated trusses which are delivered to site and erected. Besides, there are
several different types of pitch roof which they are mono, couple, closed couple, collar and
purlin pitch roof. Thus, explanations above mentioned the explanations regarding characteristics
of pitch roof overall.

c) Flat Roof

Flat roof can be defined as a roof that is completely, or almost level. However, whilst they are
described as ‘flat’ almost all flat roofs are actually laid to a fall to ensure that rainwater can run
off to the lower side. Basically, flat roof is designed to have a minimum fall of 1:40, which given
on-site inaccuracies should result in a minimum fall of at least 1:80 in the finished construction.
Besides, this is in contrast with a pitched roof which slopes. Next, the Scottish Technical
Handbook, Domestic, describes flat roofs as roofs, '...the slope of which does not exceed 10º
from the horizontal'. The flat roof also is commonly used in nowadays construction where it is
easier to be handled and it is flexible from its aspect of maintenance too only from its design
only. Then, flat roof also was seen as a cheaper alternative to traditional pitched roofs.
However, the longevity of some flat roofs has been poor, ranging from 6 years to 35 years
depending on the quality of the covering and the structure. Lastly, flat roofs are inspiring of the
Egyptian, Persian, and Arabian styles of architecture. Hence, all the explanations above
mentioned the explanations of the flat roof overall.
2) Discuss in detail five (5) common defects which typically occur on the pitch and
flat roof in the context of Malaysia.

Defects are commonly happened at every building especially for the building which are lack
of maintenance and building that have been built for many years. There are many common
defects which typically occur on the pitch and flat roof in the context of Malaysia. One of the
common defects is corrosion of nails that fix the tiles to battens and rafters. It Is because
due to the exposure of the nails to the hot weather in Malaysia. Malaysia hot weather
exposure will not only cause people too fall sick but also causes the nails to be corroded
resulting to the rusty. Next, the other common defects for both roof is the unwanted plant
growth on the roof surface. It is because, the mixture of the debris brought by the wind and
rainwater causing them to mix up and grow an unwanted plant on the roof. They might grow
longer if there is no action will be taken. Other than that, the other common defects typically
occur for both roof in Malaysia context is leakage of the roof. Most roof leaks are caused by
one of five common factors such as from human nature itself, issues with seams, poor
maintenance work, poor workmanship during the roof is built, and caused by the weather.
Besides, blocked guttering also is one of the common defects typically occur in Malaysia
context. The blocked guttering commonly happens when the rainwater and leaves fall and
collected on the gutter. The stagnant water on the guttering causing the gutter might also
encouraging the growth of aedes mosquitoes in the gutter roof. Thus, the roof gutter needs
to be maintained properly to ensure it is not blocked. Lastly, crack on roof also is one of the
most common defects for roof that typically occur for both roof in Malaysia context. It is
because it is normal for those roofs to crack due to the wear and tear of the building
especially the buildings that are been used for ore than 10 years and lack of maintenance
work. Hence, it can be concluded that all explanations above mentioned the common
defects for flat and pitch roof that typically occur in Malaysia context.
1) WEEK 10 List down five (5) types of defects in concrete based on the video given.
(5 marks)

Based on the video given, there are 5 types of defects in concrete based on the video given
can be listed down:

i. Honeycombing

ii. Segregation

iii. Bleeding

iv. Leaching

v. Sulfate or Acid attack

2) Explain the characteristic and symptom of five (5) types of defects in concrete
based on the video given. (25 marks)

There are several characteristics and symptoms of five types of defects in concrete based
on the video given that can be explained below:

i. Honeycombing

Characteristic: The hollow space and cavities left on surface or inside the concrete mass.

Symptom: The hollow space seemed to be coarse and stony.

ii. Segregation

Characteristic: It can be described as a separation of constituent materials on concrete

which is a non-uniform mix.

Symptom: Coarse aggregates lumps from cement paste can be spotted.

iii. Bleeding

Characteristic: It can be defined bleeding when water in concrete tends to rise to surface of
freshly placed material.
Symptom: It forms and makes top surface seemed porous, dusty and weak.

iv. Leaching

Characteristic: It can be identified when water flows through cracks, dissolving minerals
contained in mix.

Symptom: It produces sandy appearance on concrete surfaces and causes erosion of

internal concrete.

v. Sulfate or Acid Attack

Characteristic: High concentrations of sulfates, sulfuric, hydrochloric and nitric acids to be

found in groundwater and soil.

Symptom: Cement can be seen disintegrated concrete in few years on its surface.

3) Discuss the possible causes of five (5) types of defects in concrete based on the
video given. (25 marks)

There are several possible causes of five types of defects in concrete based on the video
given, that can be discussed below:

i. Honeycombing

Possibly occurred due to the insufficient fine material mix together in the hollow space and
might be caused by the mortar fraction leakage from concrete at construction or formwork
joints. It is also might caused by improper vibration during concreting and the usage of very
stiff concrete.

ii. Segregation

Possibly occurred due to the contain of high water-cement ratio, poor gradation, improper
mixing and concreting is also being done from improper height.

iii. Bleeding
Possibly occurred due to the result of excess water being forced to the surface of the
concrete. The cause of bleed also can assist in properly managing and eliminating its
occurrence.

iv. Leaching

Deterioration due to leaching occurs gradually in structures in long-term contact with water.
This results in the elusions of calcium, which is a major component of concrete, and is called
leaching.

v. Sulphate or Acid Attack

Possibly occurred due when the water-soluble sulfates (SO42–), originating from ground or
from seawater, penetrate into concrete pore water and react with aluminates or calcium
hydroxide in cement paste.
WEEK 11

1. Explain a MAJOR DIFFERENCES between ‘Jadual Kadar Harga’ method by JKR

2016 and ‘Analysis of Prices’ to get a built up rate cost? (10 marks)

JADUAL KADAR HARGA ANALYSIS OF PRICES

It is used to calculate the estimating costing It is used to calculate the estimated of one
for defects of a building elements that need unit price that need to be used for one
to be repaired. particular work in construction activity.
It is considered more complicated It is easier since it a small-scale version of
approach. this activity.
A cost calculation is typically done by a A price analysis can give anyone an idea of
purchasing agent or manager. value against competitors.
It calculated about the building elements It calculated about the materials used or
that need to be replaced or repair. need to be used.
Table for rate of price is challenging Not that challenging since all the info and
because you are not comparing similar data are provided on the table of
solutions. descriptions.

2. Explain a MAJOR DRAWBACKS for both methods. (10 marks)

There are several major drawbacks for both methods which are Jadual Kadar Harga and
Analysis of Prices:

Jadual Kadar Harga

 It is quite complicated to calculate from scratch if the information or specifications for the
building elements were not listed in the JKH.

 Wrong calculations will easily affect the cost for rate of works of a building which it will
causes increase in cost.

 The delay of work will be happened due to the late submission and approval for the
Jadual Kadar Harga of higher authorities in construction team.

Analysis of Prices
 The accuracy of the analysis can be affected by inadequate information provided which
may lead to the misleading result.

 The QS need to be equipped with past experience and knowledge pertaining to cost
and factors influencing the cost.
 The QS need to be equipped with past experience and knowledge pertaining to cost and
factors influencing the cost.
WEEK 12

1) Based on the video given, state four (4) reason of defects in plaster. (4 marks)

Based on the video given. There are four reasons of defects in plaster that can be explained
below:

i. Structural Problems
ii. Poor Workmanship
iii. Improper Curing
iv. Moisture

2) With example, explain the terminology of: (15 marks)

a) Efflorescene

Efflorescence can be defined as one type of defect found on plaster surface. Efflorescence is
the whitish crystalline substance which appears on the surface of walls due to presence of
soluble salts, such as suphates of sodium, calcium and magnesium. on plaster can cause white
marks on internal walls and it can occur behind paint and wallpaper. These white, fluffy salts
that are crunchy to the touch and where they occur beneath wallpaper or paint the crystals are
strong enough to push these coatings off the plaster, we say they blow the plaster. Then, this
kind of sulphate crystal build-up can occur in any building, of any age, where water is passing
into the structure and the water will find its way out of the wall through evaporation leaving the
salts behind. Lastly, the salts can be brushed off, but they frequently re-occur and damage the
décor again.

b) Flaking off

Flaking off occurs when paint is lifted from the underlying wall surface, cracking is caused by the
splitting of a dry paint film from one or more coats of paint. Paint flaking is a damaging
phenomenon that occurs when paint cracks or flakes off of underlying structures. A properly
applied coats of paint protect underlying wood, masonry, or metal surfaces from contaminants
and water, contributing to the long-term durability of buildings. The reasons for peeling paint can
vary widely. Painting over dirty walls, excess moisture, improper prep, and using latex paint on
top of oil paint can all affect the paint's adhesion and cause it to eventually begin flaking off.
Thus, the explanations mentioned above regarding the flaking off paint on the plaster.
c) Drying Shrinkage

Drying shrinkage can be defined as the contracting of a hardened concrete mixture due to the
loss of capillary water. This shrinkage causes an increase in tensile stress, which may lead to
cracking, internal warping, and external deflection, before the concrete is subjected to any kind
of loading. Then, the drying shrinkage can be minimized by keep the total water content of the
concrete mixture as low as is practicable for the intended application. This can be achieved by
using a high content of hard, rigid aggregates that are free of clay coatings, and by using mid-
range or high-range water-reducing admixtures. The initial drying shrinkage or drying shrinkage
also is calculated as the difference between the original wet measurement and the dry
measurement expressed as a percentage of dry length.
WEEK 13

Based on video given in lecture session, discuss in detail possible sources of dampness
and its remedial works. (25 marks)

Based on the video given in lecture session, it can be discussed in detail possible sources of
dampness and its remedial works below:

i. POSSIBLE SOURCES
a) Rain water
The rain water will enter the building from the roof top. If the roof top is not properly
covered with water proofing materials, water can easily enter to it. The external surface
of the building also may be facing the splash from rainwater causing the surface to be
damaged and resulting into the entry of water to the wall.

b) Ground water
Generally, the buildings are constructed upon the soil. Due to the capillary action or
increase in the ground water table, the water may be hitting the foundation and resulting
it in the foundation of dampness at the floor level.

c) Leakages from pipes

It may be commercially or residential building, there will be a number of water pipes, soil
pipes and others constructed in the structure. Those pipes are functioning as to connect
either to circulate the water or to drain off the water. The network of the pipe is created
by joining numbers of pipes, bends and more leads to leakage of waters. Then, the
leakages of water resulting in the formation of dampness.

ii. REMEDIAL WORKS

The suitable remedial works for all the possible causes for dampness to be occurred above
can be explained as below:

1. Installation of Damp Proof Material

A physical damp proof course made from plastic can be installed into an existing building by
cutting into short sections of the mortar course, and installing short sections of the damp
proof course material. This method can provide an extremely effective barrier to rising
damp, but is not widely used as it requires experienced contractors to carry out if structural
movement is to be avoided and takes considerably longer to install than other types of rising
damp treatment. The cost is also several times higher than for other types of rising damp
treatment. The damped area also can be removed in stages, the lower course cleaned and
dressed, then new mortar, DPC and bricks replaced in situ.

2. Application of Cement Wash

In this method, a solution of cement in water of thin consistency is prepared with adhesive
gum. This solution is applied after cleaning the surface.

3. Injection of Liquid Damp Proof Products

The effectiveness of liquid injection damp proofing products is dependent on the type of
formulation and the skill of the installer. In practice injection times tend to be lower than
those required to provide a damp proof course of optimum effectiveness.

Step 1:

Approximately 75mm -150mm above the external ground level drill 12mm holes in the
mortar joint at 120mm spacings. The holes should be drilled to within 10mm - 20mm of the
oposite face. Clear dust and debris from the holes.

Step 2:

Using a low pressure injection unit or cartridge applicator gun put the injection lance or
nozzle into the back of the bore hole and start to fill with the Damp Proofing Cream. As the
hole starts to fill up pull back the lance/ nozzle ensuring the hole is full. Once the hole has
been filled move on to the next bore hole and repeat the injection process. Over the next 7-
10 days the Damp Proofing Cream should revert back to its liquid phase and penetrate deep
into the masonry substrate creating the new damp proof course. Once the cream has fully
dissipated from the hole the bore hole can either be filled with waterproof sand and cement
or a plastic DPC Plug.
Step 3:

Following the insertion of the new Damp Proof Course it is important that the re-plastering
specification is strictly adhered to and that the plasterer carrying out the work is made aware
of the importance of the re-plastering being carried out to specification in conjunction with
the insertion of the Chemical DPC.