CAST IRON /STEEL – (ALLOY OF Fe & C)

If C%
Increases
Hardness Decreases

Brittleness
PROPERTIES OF CAST IRON

Ductility  High Compressive strength .

 High Damping capacity . ( generally
Castability with Gray C.I from which lathe bed
are made .)
Formability  High Casting capability.
 High Machinability .( even it is hard
and brittle ) , so its exception .
Weldability
 Poor Weldability because of high %
of carbon .
Machinability  Poor Formability .
 IRON

STEEL CAST IRON

.008% to 2% 2% to 6.67% C
Carbon

PLAIN STEEL ALLOY STEEL

Low Carbon Medium Carbon High Carbon

HIGH Speed
Stainless Steel Steel
Steel Steel Steel

18 : 8
Upto .35% C .35% to .83% C .83% to 2% C TUNGSTEN MOLEYBEDNUM
Cr : Ni BASED BASED

Parts , Syringes,knifes,
Components Screw drivers,
Knife, Shafts, Cutting tools,Single Shaving Blades. W : Cr : V
Chiesels 10 % TO 12%
point , Chiesel, Dril (Diificult to 18 : 4 : 1 Moleybednum
bits, Hacksaw Blade machine , difficult
to weld ) . More
tougher and
harder. Cutting tool
materials Used in industries
nowdays, Cheaper
 TUNGSTEN Has Hot hardness Property
( improved hardness even at
( W) high temperatures)

TUNGSTEN based
H.S.S Improves Corrosion
CHROMIUM
W : Cr : V Resistance as well as
(Cr) Strength of material.
(18 : 4 : 1)

VANADIUM Improves Impact Strength ,

Fatigue Strength of the
(V) Material
 IRON

STEEL CAST IRON

.008% to 2%
Carbon 2% to 6.67% C

Through Hardening Through Annealing

(Quenching)

GRAY C.I WHITE MALLEABLE DUCTILE

C.I ALLOY C.I
(soft) C.I(hard) C.I
(spheroidical
C.I)

1. Self Lubricating 1.mostly 1.By small addition

Property. water of magnesium or 1. By small
quenching. 1. As cerium .
2. when cut , Gray addition of
compared to
colour appears on (rapid cooling 2.Has more fluidity alloying
other C.I ,
cutting portion. in water) and castibility. elements like
Malleable C.I
3. Carbon content is in has more Nickel ,
2.Railway 3.In general it is Chromium ,
the form of Graphite Tracks, malleability used for intricated Moleybednu
4.In Lathe Stock , where Railway castings as well as m,
tailstock move ( wheels. big sized castings Vanadium.
sideways) , made up of due to excellent
Gray C.I casting property.
 Improves machinability
NICKEL and corrosion resistance .

Improves corrosion
CHROMIUM resistance and prevents
formation of graphite .

ALLOY C.I
Improves strength and
wear reasistance property
MOLEYBEDNUM , but decrease the
machinability.

Improves carbide
VANADIUM formation and this
improves the impact
strength and hardness .
 1.For softening , improving the
ductility of metals through
ANNEALING very slow cooling in furnace .
(furnace cooling) 2.internal stresses can be
relieved.
3.Remove surface defects.

1.Similar to annealing, but

NORMALIZING cooling rate is higher than
HEATING ABOVE CRITICAL
annealing.
TEMPERATURES.
(air cooling) 2.So, softness is less
compared to annealing.

1.Rapid cooling in the form of

HARDENING water quenching or oil
quenching .
(rapid cooling)or 2. More internal stresses
HEAT TREATMENT (Quenching) produced .
PROCESSES 3.Surface cracks produced .
ALWAYS DONE BELOW
LOWER CRITICAL
1. Always done after TEMPERATURE. (Heat
hardening process to remove around 200 deg - 300 deg
celsius , maintain temp.
internal stresses and surface
for long period of time
defects
TEMPERING and furnace cooling is
2.Improves toughness done .)
3. But loss in surface hardness
occurs .

1. Used to generate outer
CASE HARDENING
surface hardening .
Carburizing , Nitriding ,
Cyaniding , Flame
Hardening , Induction
Hardening .
 AUSTENITE (727
deg celsius)

Water Quenching Oil Quenching Furnace cooling

Air cooling
will form /cooling
will form will form
( Martensite Structure ) will form
( Very fine Pearlite ) ( Fine Pearlite ) ( Coarse Pearlite )
( More hard and brittle)

Lower critical
temp.
( after this phase
change ,
properties change
occurs)
Critical temp. Working on metal
upper critical below rec. temp. is
temp. called Cold Working
( after this no and above this temp. is
change occurs) called hot working
Temperatures processes.
It is approxi.
equal to 40% of
melting point of
Recrystallization
the metal , but it
temp. depend upon
prior working of
the metal
 1539

BCC delta -Iron

1403

TEMP
FCC Non-magnetic gamma - Iron

908

768
BCC magnetic alpha - Iron

IRON