STATISTICS

Definition:
“The term statistics refer to the set of mathematical procedure for organizing, summarizing
and interpreting any information is called statistics.”
“Collection of data, presentation of data, analysis of data and interpreting of data set.”
Types Of Data Collection
Primary Data Collection Secondary Data Collection
1st hand data collection Already Collected Data
Source: Source:
1. Service 1. Newspaper
2. Question Method 2. Internet
3. Through Email 3. Research Paper
4. Direct Interview 4. Findings

POPULATION & SAMPLE

Population:
“A population is the set of all individual of interest in a particular study.”
“In statical terminology the entire group that a researcher wishes to study is called
population.”
Denoted By ‘N’

Sample:
“A set of individuals selected from a population usually intended to represent a population
in a research study.”
“Through representative part is called sample.”
Denoted By ‘n’.

PARAMETER & STATICS

“A parameter is the value usually a numerical value that describe the population where as
a static is a value usually a numerical value that describe a sample.”
Types Of Statics
I. Descriptive
Descriptive statistics are the procedure used to summarize, organize and simplify
the data.
Descriptive statistics are technique that take a raw and summarize them in a form
that is more manageable often the scores / data are organized in a table or graph so
that it is possible to see active set of scores.
II. Inferential
It consists of technique that allow us to study sample and then make results /
generalization about the population from which they are selected.

VARIABLE & CONSTANT

Variable:
A variable is a characteristic on condition that changes on has different values for different
individuals.

Constant:
A constant is a characteristics or condition that does not vary individual.

PROBABILITY
Definition:
“Numerical measurements of uncertainty are called probability.”

Random Experiment:
The term experiment means a planned activities or process who’s results yield a set of
data.
A single performance of an experiment is called trial.
The result obtains from experiment or a trial is called outcome.
While an experiment which produce different result and it is repeated a large number of time is
called random experiments.

Sample Space:
A set consisting of all possible outcomes that can results from a random experiment is
defined to be a sample space for that experiment and it is denoted by “S” and “OMEGA”.
Classical Definition Of Probability:
If random experiment can produce “n” mutually explosive event and “m” out of these
outcomes all consider favorable then outcomes than any event “A” has the probability denoted
by “P(A)” is defined as:
𝑚 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
P(A)= =
𝑛 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠

Properties / Axioms Of Probabilities:

The definition introduces in 1933 by Russian mathematician Kolmogorov is based on a
set of axioms.
1. Range of probabilities is zero to one.
0≤P(A) ≤1
2. Probability of S is equal to 1
P(S) = 1
3. If A and B are mutually exclusive events than
P(A∪B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A∩B)