MOTION

MOTION – continuous change of position with respect to a reference point.

Types:
A. Rectilinear or Translation – motion in a straight line.

B. Curvilinear – motion along a curved path.

Types of Rectilinear Motion:

A. Uniform ` B. Variable

KINEMATICS refers to the study of how bodies move without regards to the causes of motion.

Types of motion in the study of Kinematics:

A. Uniform Motion (UM) B. Uniform Accelerated Motion (UAM)

Differences between UM and UAM:

Uniform Motion moves in equal distances for equal intervals of time while UAM, a body moves with
unvarying increase in velocity in equal time interval.

Example: Free-falling body (FFB), Pendulum Clock, a car travelling down the slope of a
mountain.

QUANTITIES SYMBOLS SI UNIT

1. Displacement s meter (m)

2. Distance s meter (m)
3. Speed v meter per second (m/s)
4. Velocity v meter per second (m/s)
5. Time t second (s)
6. Acceleration a meter per second
squared(m/s²)

Difference between Speed and Velocity:

SPEEED – rate of change in distance travelled with respect to time.

VELOCITY – rate of change in displacement travelled with respect to time.

 INSTANTANEOUS SPEED – speed at any given instant time.

Average Speed, v or v ave = distance travelled, s / Total time elapsed

In equation, v = s/t — eqn 1

Where: v = vf + vo / 2 — eqn 2

Substitute eqn 1 to eqn 2,

S= (vo + vf) t / 2 — eqn 3

Ex. 1. A man walks at 100m to the east and then 50m to the west. Find a. Average velocity b. Average
speed if it travels in 10s

Given: sf = 100m, so = 50m, t = 10s

Req'd:
a. Ave. Velocity, v
V = displacement travelled / total time elapsed
Sol'n: v= sf-so/t = 100m-50m/10s = 5m/s

b. Ave. Speed, v
V= sf-so/t = 100m+50m/10s = 15m/s

Kinematics Equations:
v

vf
v
T
h
e

s
l
o
p
e

o
f

t
h
 e

g
r
a
p
h
,
a = v/ t
vo = vf - vo / t2 - t1
a = vf - vo / t
t
Then, vf = vo + at

t
0
t1 t2

For UAM:

Vf = vo + at

S = vot + 1/2 at²

S = vf² + vo² / 2a

Where:
a = uniform accelerated motion of object, m/s²
t = time interval, s
vf = final velocity, m/s
vo = initial velocity, m/s

Note: Acceleration a maybe positive (+), negative (-), or equal to zero. Negative acceleration is called
deceleration. It is defined as the rate of change of velocity with respect to time. It is used for the
speeding up objects. Deceleration is used for slowing down of objects.

Problem 2. A student walks from downtown to school with a distance of 2km for 1 hr. How fast does he
walk in meter per second?

Given: s = 2km = 2000m Req'd:

t = 1hr = 3600s v - speed in m/s

Solution:
 s = vt
v = s/t = 2000m/3600s = 0.5555 or 0.56 m/s

Problem 3. A car travels at a velocity of 50 kpm for 5 minutes then 65kpm for 7 minutes, and finally 25
kpm for 2 minutes, compute the total displacement travelled by the car.

Given: v1 = 50 kpm, t1 = 5 mins Req'd:

v2 = 65 kpm, t2 = 7 mins S T – be the total displacement
v3 = 25 kpm, t3 = 2 mins

Solution:

ST = S1 + S2 + S3
= (v1t1) + (v2t2) + (v3t3)
= (50kpm) (5mins) + (65kpm) (7mins) + (25kpm) (2mins)
= 755 km

Problem 4. A bus that accelerates from rest travels a distance of 500m in 12s. Compute the final velocity
and its acceleration.

Given: At rest, vo = 0, s = 500m, t = 12 seconds

Required: a. a in m/s² b. Vf in m/s

Solution:

a. For a:
s = vot + 1/2 at²

∴ a = [s - vot] / t²

a = [500 - (0)(12) / (12)²]

a = 6.94 m/s²

b. For vf:

Vf = vo + at
= 0 + (6.94)(12)
Vf = 83.28 m/s
Assignment No. 1: UAM

1. The speed of a car is 40 miles per hr, when the brakes are applied, it stops in 8 seconds. Find a.
acceleration b. and the distance travelled in 8 seconds.

Given: Required:

vo = 40 mi/hr → 17.88 m/s a. acceleration, a

t = 8s b. travelled distance, s

Solution:

a. For a:
Vf = vo + at

∴ a = [vf – vo] / t

a = [0 mi/hr – 40 mi/hr] / 8s

In Metric System,

a = [0 m/s – 17.88 m/s] / 8s

a = 2.24 m/s2

b. For s:
s = vot + 1/2 at²

s = (17.88 m/s)(8s) + 1/2 [(2.24 m/s2)(8s)2]

s = 143.04 m + 1/2 [143.36 m]

s = 143.04 m + 71.68 m

s = 214.72 m

2. The bullet train speed increases from 36kph to 108kph while travelling a distance of 400m. Find
a. the acceleration and b. travel time.

Given: Required:

vo = 36 kph → 10 m/s a. acceleration, a

vf = 108 kph → 30 m/s b. travelled time, t

s = 400m
Solution:

a. For a:
S = vf² + vo² / 2a

∴ a = vf² + vo² / 2s

a = (108 kph)² + (36 kph)² / 2(400m)

In Metric System,

a = (30 m/s)² + (10 m/s)² / 2(400m)

a = (900 m2/s2) + (100 m2/s2) / 800m

a = (1000 m2/s2) / 800m

a = 1.25 m/s2

b. For t:
Vf = vo + at

∴ t = [vf – vo] / a

t = [30 m/s – 10 m/s] / 1.25 m/s2

t = 20 m/s / 1.25 m/s2

t = 16s