English I, Fall 2017

Citation Guide Handout

Chicago Author-Date Citation Guide
Jindal Global Law School
English I & II

FORMATTING AN ESSAY IN CHICAGO STYLE

Title Page or Cover Page:

 Your essays/assignments should always have a cover page. This page is the first page and contains
necessary identification information. You assignment should begin on the second page.
 On the cover page, center the title about one-third of the way down the page. Do not underline or bold
the title. If it is more than one line, it should be double spaced.
 About halfway down the page, add your name.
 About two-thirds of the way down the page, write the course number, your instructor’s name, your
section on separate double-spaced lines.

Titles of Books, TV shows, Films, Essays etc:

Titles are either italicized. In a handwritten assignment they are underlined.

Page Numbers:
Number all pages except the title page in the upper right corner of the page (the header) preceded by your last
name.

Margins:
Use 1-inch margins and left align your text.

Line Spacing:
Double-space the entire document. There should no extra spaces in the document. Single-spaced lines appear
only in notes and the bibliography.

Indenting:
Indent the first line of each paragraph 1/2" by pressing the Tab key once.

Footnotes:

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Citation Guide Handout
Include footnotes when you want to append some additional information from your main point. But please use
footnotes sparingly.

Using Quotation Marks:

Students often find it difficult to understand how to use quotation marks in their essays. Some common
mistakes are covered in the following points.
 Do NOT put a sentence in quotes because you think it is important. Quotation marks are to be used
ONLY when you are quoting someone else’s words with attribution.
 Avoid the use of proverbs. If you are quoting one then you should use quotation marks.
 If you are citing someone else’s words they have to be properly cited. The instructions for in-text
citations are given in the next section.
The primary function of quotation marks is to set off and represent exact language (either spoken or written)
that has come from somebody else. The quotation mark is also used to designate speech acts in fiction and
sometimes poetry. Since you will most often use them when working with outside sources, successful use of
quotation marks is a practical defense against accidental plagiarism and an excellent practice in academic
honesty.

Direct Quotations
Direct quotations involve incorporating another person's exact words into your own writing.
 Quotation marks always come in pairs. Do not open a quotation and fail to close it at the end of the
quoted material.
 Capitalise the first letter of a direct quote when the quoted material is a complete sentence.
Example: Mr. Johnson, who was working in his field that morning, said, "The alien spaceship appeared
right before my own two eyes."
 Do not use a capital letter when the quoted material is a fragment or only a piece of the original
material's complete sentence.
Example: Although Mr. Johnson has seen odd happenings on the farm, he stated that the spaceship
"certainly takes the cake" when it comes to unexplainable activity.
 If a direct quotation is interrupted mid-sentence, do not capitalize the second part of the quotation.
Example: "I didn't see an actual alien being," Mr. Johnson said, "but I sure wish I had."
 In all the examples above, note how the period or comma punctuation always comes before the final
quotation mark.
 When quoting text with a spelling or grammar error, you should transcribe the error exactly in your own
text. However, also insert the term sic in italics directly after the mistake, and enclose it in brackets. Sic
is from the Latin, and translates to "thus," "so," or "just as that." The word tells the reader that your
quote is an exact reproduction of what you found, and the error is not your own.
Example: Mr. Johnson says of the experience, "It's made me reconsider the existence of extraterestials
[sic]."
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Citation Guide Handout
 Quotations are most effective if you use them sparingly and keep them relatively short. Too many
quotations in a research paper will get you accused of not producing original thought or material (they
may also bore a reader who wants to know primarily what YOU have to say on the subject).

Indirect Quotations
Indirect quotations are not exact wordings but rather rephrasings or summaries of another person's words. In
this case, it is not necessary to use quotation marks. However, indirect quotations still require proper citations,
and you will be commiting plagiarism if you fail to do so.
Example: Mr. Johnson, a local farmer, reported last night that he saw an alien spaceship on his own
property.
Many writers struggle with when to use direct quotations versus indirect quotations. Use the following tips to
guide you in your choice.
 Use direct quotations when the source material uses language that is particularly striking or notable. Do
not rob such language of its power by altering it.
Example: Martin Luther King Jr. believed that the end of slavery was important and of great hope to
millions of slaves done horribly wrong.
The above should never stand in for:
Martin Luther King Jr. said of the Emancipation Proclamation, "This momentous decree came as a great
beacon light of hope to millions of Negro slaves who had been seared in the flames of withering
injustice."
 Use an indirect quotation (or paraphrase) when you merely need to summarize key incidents or details of
the text.
 Use direct quotations when the author you are quoting has coined a term unique to her or his research
and relevant within your own paper.
When to use direct quotes versus indirect quotes is ultimately a choice you'll learn a feeling for with experience.
However, always try to have a sense for why you've chosen your quote. In other words, never put quotes in your
paper simply because your teacher says, "You must use quotes."

IN TEXT CITATIONS:
This is how you cite sources within your essay. This is also called “In text” citation. In the Chicago Author-
Date system this is parenthetical or in brackets.
The general format for in-text references is author's last name and date, followed by the specific page number.
Punctuation follows the in-text citation. Editors and translators are treated as authors in in-text references.
Single author Note
Include the author's last name, publication
(Rigger 1999, 55-56) date, and the page number referenced. In
Chicago Author-Date, you put a ","
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2 or 3 authors
(Hess and Ross 1993, 34)
(Foley, Smith, and Ross 2000, 44)
4+ authors
(Martin et al. 2000, 44)
Editor
(Ortmayer 1975, 45)
Corporate author
(United Nations 2010, 16)
Anonymous/no known author
(Anonymous Work 1641, 151)
("Genre and Gender" 1981, 12)
Multiple sources, same author
(Weinstein 2001a, 123)
(Weinstein 2001b, 324)
Multiple text references
(Johnston 2010, 23; Smith 2009, 254) in a parenthetical reference. List the
Indirect references
(quoted in Nelson 2010, 45)
English I, Fall 2017
Citation Guide Handout
between the date and page numbers
referenced.
Note
Use only the first author and "et al.", but
list all authors in the bibliography.
Note
If you're citing an editor, you do not need
to put the "ed." in the text citation. Treat
the editor just as you would an author in
text. You will provide the full details in the
list of references.
Note
Books: Include a shortened form of the
title in italics, followed by the page
reference.
Articles: Include a shortened form of the
article title in quotes, followed by the page
reference.
Note
Differentiate works by the same author in
the same year by adding 'a', 'b', 'c', etc. Use
'a' for the first entry in the References list,
'b' for the second, etc.
Note
Use a ";" to separate more than one source
authors alphabetically.
Note
It is best practice to consult the original
source for references, but use this
formatting for situations when you cannot
track down original source.
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REFERENCE LIST:
A reference list contains the full details of all the sources you have cited in-text in your essay.
Core elements you must include: Author/s, date, Title of Source (in italics), publication information (publisher
name, location), and URL or doi (digital object identifier), if online.
HOW TO REFERENCE A BOOK:
Book with a single author

Online
Rigger, Shelley. 1999. Politics in Taiwan: Voting for Democracy. London:
Routledge. http://site.ebrary.com/id/10054562.

Print
Ortmayer, Louis L. 1975. Conflict, Compromise, and Conciliation: West German-
Polish Normalization, 1966-1976. Denver, CO: University of Denver, Graduate
School of International Studies.

Book with 2+ authors

Online
Appleyard, Dennis R., Alfred J. Field, and Steven L. Cobb. 2008. International
Economics. Boston: McGraw-Hill Irwin.
http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/148732161.html.

Print
Hess, Peter N., and Clark G. Ross. 1993. Principles of Economics: An Analytical
Approach. Minneapolis: West.

Edited book

Online
Plummer, Marjorie Elizabeth, Robin Barnes, and H. C. Erik Midelfort, eds.
2009. Ideas and Cultural Margins in Early Modern Germany: Essays in Honor
of H.C. Erik Midelfort. Farnham, England: Ashgate. doi:123/23456789.0101.

Print
Crandall, Russell, Guadalupe Paz, and Riordan Roett, eds. 2005. Mexico's
Democracy at Work: Political and Economic Dynamics. Boulder, CO: Lynne
Rienner Publishers.

Book chapter

Online
Martin, David. 2007. "The Preanalytic Visions of Environmental Economics in
Investigating Biodiversity Preservation." In Essays in Ecocriticism, edited by
Nirmal Selvamony, Nirmaldassan, and Rayson K. Alex, 67-81. New Delhi:
Sarup & Sons. http://books.google.com/books?id=z-tEW8gU-wsC.
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Citation Guide Handout

Print
Schousen, Matthew M., David T. Canon, and Patrick J. Sellers. 1998.
"Representation and Ambition in the New African-American Congressional
Districts: The Supply-Side Effects." In Race and Redistricting in the
1990s, edited by Bernard Grofman, 39-50. New York: Agathon Press.

HOW TO REFERENCE ARTICLES:

Core elements: Author/s, date, "Article Title", Source/Journal Title (in italics), Volume, Issue, and URL or doi
(digital object identifier), if online.
Journal article with a single author

Online
Perry, David L. 2010. "Some Unsettling Ethical Reflections on
Interrogation." International Journal of Intelligence Ethics 1 (1): 47-75. doi:1234567-89029.
Print
Shaw, Brian J. 2005. "Rawls, Kant's Doctrine of Right, and Global Distributive
Justice." Journal of Politics 67: 220-249.

Journal article with 2+ authors

Online
Foley, Mark, and Fred Smith. 2007. "Consumer Discrimination in Professional
Sports: New Evidence from Major League Baseball." Applied Economics Letters 14 (13): 951-955.
doi:10.1080/13504850600705935.
Print
Foley, Mark, and Will Pyle. 2003. "Formal Socialist Economies and the
Undergraduate Curriculum." Comparative Economic Studies 45 (4): 537-553.

Newspaper article

Online
Flanagan, Brenda. 2010. "How Haiti Survives." Los Angeles Sentinel. June 17.
http://www.lasentinel.net/How-Haiti-Survives.html.

Print
Hodge, Cannon. 2004. "Finally, He is a Dog: a Day in the Life of Fred."
Davidsonian [Davidson, NC], April 7.

Magazine article

Online
Kolbert, Elizabeth. 2011. "Age of Man." National Geographic, March 2.
http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2011/03/age-of-man/kolbert-text.

Print
Same as above without the access date and URL.
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Article in a reference source

Online
Martin, David. 2007. "Balance of Trade." In International Encyclopedia of the Social
Sciences, edited by William Darity. 2nd ed. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA. doi:123456789/19.

Print
Menkhaus, Kenneth J. 1992. "Siyad Barre." In Political Leaders of Contemporary
Africa South of the Sahara: A Biographical Dictionary, edited by Harvey Glickman, 28-33. Westport, CT:
Greenwood Press.

HOW TO REFERENCE A BOOK REVIEW:

Online
Ahrensdorf, Peter. 1996. Review of Plato's Statesman: The Web of Politics, by
Stanley Rosen. Journal of Politics 58: 1241-43. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2960172.

Print
Roberts, Susan L. 1985. Review of Both Ends of the Avenue: The Presidency, the
Executive Branch, and Congress in the 1980s, by Anthony King. Journal of Politics 47: 1008-1010.

HOW TO REFERENCE ONLINE SOURCES:

Note: The Chicago Manual of Style requires that you include a doi (digital object identifier) or URL for sources
that you find online. If neither a doi or URL is available, list the database where you found the source (ex.
LexisNexis). Access dates are no longer required for online sources.
Webpage

University of Chicago Press. 2010. "Chicago Manual of Style."

Accessed February 10. http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org.

Journal Article Online

Online, with doi

Foley, Mark, and Fred Smith. 2007. "Consumer Discrimination in
Professional Sports: New Evidence from Major League Baseball." Applied
Economics Letters 14 (13): 951-955. doi:10.1080/13504850600705935.

Online, with URL

Crandall, Russell. 2001. Explicit Narcotization: U.S. Policy Toward Columbia
During the Samper Administration. Latin American Politics and Society 43 (3):
95-120. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3177145.

Online, no doi or URL

Mahony, William K. 1988. "The Artist as Yogi, the Yogi as Artist." Parabola 13,
(March 1, 1988): 68-79. ATLA Religion Database, EBSCOhost (accessed May
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Citation Guide Handout
1, 2011).

EBook
Pegelow, Thomas. 2009. The Language of Nazi Genocide: Linguistic
Violence and the Struggle of Germans of Jewish Ancestry. New York:
Cambridge University Press. http://www.ebrary.com/id/19876.
Note: For ebooks, include a doi or URL. Access dates are not required.

Magazine - News Article Online

Online, news
Menkhaus, Ken, and Karin von Hippel. 2008. "Somalia, Republic of
Blowback."New York Times, September
4. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/04/opinion/04iht-
edvonhippel.1.15898127.html.
Online, magazine
Crandall, Russell. 2011. "The Post-American Hemisphere: Power and
Politics in an Autonomous Latin America." Foreign Affairs,
May/June. http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67731/russell-crandall/the-
post-american-hemisphere.

HOW TO REFERENCE DIFFERENT KINDS OF MEDIA: VIDEO, AUDIO OR IMAGES.

Film

DVD
Yates, David, Steven Kloves, David Heyman, David Barron, J.K. Rowling, Lionel
Wigram, et al. 2010. Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 1. Widescreen
Edition. Warner Brothers, DVD.

Audio recording

CD
Bieber, Justin, and Sean Kingston. 2010. "Eenie Meenie." On My World 2.0, Island,
compact disc.

Art – Image

Online
Gormley, Antony. 2005. You (sculpture). Photograph in JPEG format from
Davidson College, Davidson, NC.
http://www.davidsoncollegeartgalleries.org/antony-gormley/.

OTHER KINDS OF REFERENCES: INTERVIEWS, LETTERS, GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS,

CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS

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Citation Guide Handout
Interviews

Online
Menkhaus, Ken. 2007. "What's Behind the U.S. Strike in Somalia." By Steve
Inskeep. NPR Morning Edition, January 9.
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6759436.

Letter

Online
Lincoln, Abraham. 1863. Letter to Joseph Hooker. Alfred Whital Stern Collection of
Lincolniana, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/collections/stern-lincoln/letters.html.

Government document

Print
U.S. Congress. Senate. 2009. Human-Animal Hybrid Prohibition Act of
2009.111th Cong., 1st sess., S. Rept. 1435.
Note: If retrieved online, include the URL.

Conference presentation

Adelman, Rachel. 2009. " 'Such Stuff as Dreams Are Made On': God's Footstool in
the Aramaic Targumim and Midrashic Tradition." Paper presented at the annual
meeting for the Society of Biblical Literature, New Orleans, Louisiana,
November 21-24.