DESCRIPTIVE INFERENTIAL

Consists of generalizing
Consists of procedures from samples to population,
of data collection, performing estimations and
classification, hypothesis tests, determining
summarization, and relationships among
presentation variables, and making
predictions
NOMINAL Identity or attributes

ORDINAL Expresses rank or order

Expresses equal intervals. Zero is

INTERVAL arbitrary and not absolute

Zero is absolute/ Zero is the minimum

RATIO value in this scale
 Levels of Measurement

Identify the level of measurement for each of the variables.

Ordinal Highest educational attainment

__________1.
Interval Body Temperature
__________2.
Nominal Civil Status
__________3.
Ratio
__________4. Number of family members who are working
Ordinal Socio-economic Status
__________5.
Nominal Brand of laundry soap being used
__________6.
Ratio
__________7. Total family Income
Interval IQ of Grade 12 students
__________8.
 PARAMETRIC NON-PARAMETRIC

Makes assumptions about

parameters (defining
Makes no assumption
properties) of the
population distribution
Distribution- free test
from which one’s data are
drawn
 QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE
Variables that have distinct
Variables that can be counted
categories according to
(discrete) or measured
some characteristics or
(continuous)
attributes
Ex: Gender, Blood Type, Ex: Height, Weight, Monthly
Ethnicity, Civil Status Income, Temperature
 Quantitative Data vs Qualitative Data

Classify the following as either quantitative or qualitative data. If

quantitative, classify as either discrete or continuous.

Qualitative
________________1. Educational attainment
Quantitative /Discrete
________________2. Number of children in a household
________________3.
Quantitative /Discrete Scores in basketball
Qualitative
________________4. Hair color
________________5.
Quantitative /Continuous Boiling Point
q A descriptive statistic that describes the
average, or typical value of a set of
scores.
q Refers to the value which indicates the
average performance of a group
q It gives a single number that summarizes
a set of data.
 ! 𝒙 𝒃𝒂𝒓 : Average of a set
𝒙
MEAN of scores

MEDIAN ' 𝒙 𝒘𝒂𝒗𝒆 : value that lies in the

𝒙
middle after ranking all the scores

MODE + 𝒙 𝒉𝒂𝒕 : highest number of

𝒙
frequency in a set of data
 𝜮𝒙 Where: 𝒙 = 𝒔𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒆
MEAN !=
𝒙 𝑵 = 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇
𝑵 𝒔𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒔/𝒄𝒂𝒔𝒆

(𝑵#𝟏)𝒕𝒉
MEDIAN &=
𝒙 score
𝟐

Just count the score

MODE with the highest
number of frequency
The number of building permits issued last
month to 9 construction firm in a small city
were 4, 7, 2, 7, 11, 4, 3, 4, 3 . Treating the data as
a population, determine the mean, the median,
and mode.
DATA: 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 7, 7, 11

𝜮𝒙
MEAN !=
𝒙
𝑵

𝟐 + 𝟑 + 𝟑 + 𝟒 + 𝟒 + 𝟒 + 𝟕 + 𝟕 + 𝟏𝟏
!=
𝒙
𝟗

𝟒𝟓
!=
𝒙 !=𝟓
𝒙
𝟗
DATA: 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 7, 7, 11

(𝑵 + 𝟏)𝒕𝒉
MEDIAN '=
𝒙
𝟐
score !=𝟒
𝒙
(𝟗 + 𝟏)𝒕𝒉
'=
𝒙 score
𝟐

𝟏𝟎𝒕𝒉
'=
𝒙 score
𝟐

& = 𝟓𝒕𝒉 score

𝒙
DATA: 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 7, 7, 11

+= the score with the highest

𝒙
MODE number of frequency

Scores Frequency
2 1
3 2
4 3 !=𝟒
𝒙
7 2
11 1
The scores of 15 students in a Science quiz
consists of 25 items are 25, 20, 18, 18, 17, 15, 15,
14, 14, 15, 14, 13, 14, 12, and 10. Determine the
mean, the median, and the mode.
1. Given the dataset, 3, 7, 2, 5, 3, 7, 7, 5, 1, 8, 8, 9, 5, 1,
calculate the mean, median, and the mode.

2. When the class was surveyed about their favorite color, the
following data were gathered: red, green, white, black, red,
black, white, green, white, and white.

What measure of central tendency is best to use on the

given data set?
MEAN OF THE GROUPED DATA

• MEAN is the average of the set

of scores.
• The symbol 𝑥% represents the
mean and is read as “x-bar”
• Most frequently used but is
sensitive to extreme scores
MEAN OF THE GROUPED DATA

• To find the mean for grouped data, use the following

formula:

𝑴𝑬𝑨𝑵
∑()*)
𝑥̅ = ,
where;
𝒇 =the frequency of the class interval
𝒙 = midpoint of the class interval
𝑵 = no. of scores/cases
MEAN OF THE GROUPED DATA

EXAMPLE # 1
Find the mean of the scores of XI- Newton in Business Math
Quiz
CLASS INTERVAL Frequency (f) x fx
17 – 20 5
13 – 16 4
9 – 12 11
5–8 6
1–4 3
i= N=
! 𝒇𝒙 =
MEAN OF THE GROUPED DATA

EXAMPLE # 2
Find the mean of the scores of XI- Einstein in 2nd Quarterly
Exam in General Mathematics
CLASS INTERVAL Frequency (f) x fx
26 – 30 6
21 – 25 4
16 – 20 15
11 – 15 20
6 – 10 3
1–5 2
i= N=
! 𝒇𝒙 =
MEAN OF THE GROUPED DATA

Given the midterm scores in Business Mathematics, make a

frequency distribution table with a number of class intervals
between 10 and 15.

84, 41, 65, 50, 29, 38, 55, 49, 47, 39, 77,
55, 90, 79, 40, 42, 19, 38, 69, 77, 17, 20,
70, 55, 85, 63, 58, 64, 70, 69, 29, 42, 82,
90, 24, 72, 79, 35, 43, 72, 43, 30, 35, 84,
38, 27, 64, 23, 39, 48.
MEAN OF THE GROUPED DATA

17, 19, 20, 23, 24, 27, 29, 29, 30,

35, 35, 38, 38, 38, 39, 39, 40, 41,
42, 42, 43, 43, 47, 48, 49, 50, 55,
55, 55, 58, 63, 64, 64, 65, 69, 69,
70, 70, 72, 72, 77, 77, 79, 79, 82,
44, 84, 85, 90, 90.
MEAN OF THE GROUPED DATA

CONVERTING UNORGANIZED SCORES INTO A

GROUPED FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION:

1. Find the highest and lowest score.

2. Find the range of the scores by finding the difference
between the lower limit of the lowest score and upper
limit of the highest score.
𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 = 𝑯𝑺 − 𝑳𝑺 + 𝟏
3. Determine the class size.
𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆
𝒊=
𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝟐 𝒔𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒔
MEAN OF THE GROUPED DATA

Given the midterm scores in Business Mathematics, make a

frequency distribution table with a number of class intervals
between 10 and 15.

17, 19, 20, 23, 24, 27, 29, 29, 30, 35, 35,
38, 38, 38, 39, 39, 40, 41, 42, 42, 43, 43,
47, 48, 49, 50, 55, 55, 55, 58, 63, 64, 64,
65, 69, 69, 70, 70, 72, 72, 77, 77, 79, 79,
82, 44, 84, 85, 90, 90.
MEAN OF THE GROUPED DATA

𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 = 𝑯𝑺 − 𝑳𝑺 + 𝟏
= 𝟗𝟎 − 𝟏𝟕 + 𝟏
= 𝟕𝟒

𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆
𝒊=
𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝟐 𝒔𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒔
𝟕𝟒
𝒊=
((𝟏𝟎 + 𝟏𝟓)/𝟐)
𝟕𝟒
𝒊=
𝟏𝟐. 𝟓
𝒊 = 𝟓. 𝟗𝟐 𝒐𝒓 𝟔
MEAN OF THE GROUPED DATA
Class Interval f x fx
90 - 95 2
84 - 89 3
78 – 83 3
72 – 77 4
66 – 71 4
60 - 65 4
54 - 59 4
48 - 53 3
42 - 47 5
36 - 41 7
30 – 35 3
24 - 29 4
18 - 23 3
12 - 17 1
i= 6 N= ! 𝑓𝑥 =
MEDIAN OF THE GROUPED DATA

• MEDIAN is the value that lies

in the middle after ranking all
the scores.
• The symbol 𝑥% represents the
median and is read as “x-wave”
• Divides the upper 50% and
lower 50% of the scores.
MEDIAN OF THE GROUPED DATA

• To find the median for grouped data, use the following

formula:
𝑴𝒆𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏
-
-.)/
𝑥( = 𝑙𝑙 + .
)
𝑖
where;
𝒍𝒍 = Lower limit of the median class
𝒏 = no. of scores/cases
𝒄𝒇𝒃 =cumulative frequency below the median class
𝒊 = class size
MEDIAN OF THE GROUPED DATA

EXAMPLE # 1
Find the median of the scores of XI- Einstein in Pre-Calculus
Quiz

CLASS INTERVAL Frequency (f) cf

17 – 20 5
13 – 16 4
9 – 12 11
5–8 6
1–4 3
i= N=
MEDIAN OF THE GROUPED DATA

TRY THIS:
Find the median using the frequency distribution of the
scores of 40 students in Science test.
CLASS INTERVAL Frequency (f) x fx
41 - 45 4
36 - 40 15
31 - 35 9
26 - 30 8
21 - 25 3
16 - 20 1
i= N=
! 𝒇𝒙 =
MODE OF THE GROUPED DATA

• MODE refers to the highest

number of frequency in a set of
data.

• The symbol 𝑥! represents the

mode and is read as “x-hat”
MODE OF THE GROUPED DATA

• To find the mode for grouped data, use the following

formula:
𝑴𝒐𝒅𝒆

∆'
' = 𝑙𝑙 +
𝒙 𝑖
∆' + ∆(
where;
𝒍𝒍 = lower limit of the modal class
∆𝟏 = difference between the frequency of the modal class and
the frequency next the modal class.
∆𝟐 = difference between the frequency of the modal class and
the frequency before the modal class.
𝒊 = class size
MODE OF THE GROUPED DATA

EXAMPLE # 1
Find the mode of the scores of XII- Rizal in English Test

CLASS INTERVAL Frequency (f)

17 – 20 5
13 – 16 4
9 – 12 11
5–8 6
1–4 3
i= N=
MODE OF THE GROUPED DATA

EXAMPLE # 2
Find the modal hour allotted by the students in doing their
homework.

CLASS INTERVAL Frequency (f)

26 – 30 6
21 – 25 4
16 – 20 15
11 – 15 20
6 – 10 3
1–5 2
i= N=
 POPULATION

Sampling
Frame

Sample

1 unit or
individual
• Population: the entire group of items or individuals being
studied

• Sample: a part of the population being studied

A representative sample of the population is needed in order to make a
valid inference, or an accurate prediction based on data.

Example

Population: all coins Sample: one coin from

currently in circulation each grade 12 student
• Unbiased sample: A sample that is selected so that it is
representative of the entire population.

• Biased sample: A sample drawn in such a way that one or

more parts of the population are favored over others.
 Example 1: A 12th grade
section was surveyed to
determine how many texts
students at UST SHS send
each day.

• What is the population?

– All students in the school
• What is the sample?
– Students in that 12th grade section that was surveyed
• Biased or unbiased?
– Biased. One class of 12th graders does not accurately represent
all students in UST SHS
Biased or Unbiased?
Example 2: If you were taking a survey of
the different colors of leaves seen in
September, which of the following would be
an unbiased sample?
a. 100 fallen leaves collected from the ground
Biased: The same color of leaves might fall first.
b. 100 leaves on tree branches
Biased: The same color of leaves will come off the tree.
c. 50 fallen leaves and 50 leaves on branches
Unbiased: This gives a mix of leaves that have and have not fallen,
and it doesn’t specify a certain type of tree.
d. 50 fallen oak leaves, 50 oak leaves on branches
Biased: This only looks at oak leaves, which may not
represent all trees in the area.
 Biased or Unbiased?
Example 3: You want to estimate the number of grade
12 students that walk home right after school. Which
sample is unbiased?

a. Grade 12 students randomly selected in the hallway before homeroom

Biased: The sample is too small to make an accurate conclusion.
b. Every grade 12 walking down the sidewalk after school
Biased: they are already walking home when surveyed
c. Every fifth student from an alphabetical list of the 12th graders
Unbiased: represents the population of 12th graders, selected randomly, and
large enough sample to provide accurate data
PROBABILISTIC NON- PROBABILISTIC
Random Sampling Purposive Sampling

Systematic Sampling Convenient Sampling

Stratified Sampling

Cluster Sampling
q Based on the fact that every member of a
population has a known and equal
chance of being selected.
• A completely random
method of selecting
subjects

• Include assigning
numbers to all subjects
and then using a random
number generator to
choose random numbers.
Selecting every “nth” participant from a complete list.
• Population is
divided
into homogeneous
groups

• Then, simple
random sampling
of individuals from
each group.
• Population is
divided into
separate groups
called clusters.

• Then, a simple
random sampling of
clusters is selected
from the population.
q Samples are selected based on the
subjective judgement of the researcher,
rather than random selection
• Selected based on characteristics of a population and the
objective of the study.
• Also known as judgmental sampling.
• Subjects are selected because of their convenient
accessibility and proximity to the researcher.