La 4 PDF

Applications System of Linear Algebraic
Equations
Lecture 4
Dr. Quanita Kiran
SEECS-NUST
February 10, 2020
Dr. Quanita Kiran (SEECS-NUST) Applications System of Linear Algebraic Equations

February 10, 2020 1 / 22
Summary of Consistency criteria:

February 10, 2020 2 / 22
Note:
A system is inconsistent if any row of the matrix has zeroes left of the bar and a
non-zero number right of the bar.
 
1 0 3 | 8
 0 0 0 | 7 
0 0 0 | 1

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Summary of Consistency criteria in terms of rank of a
matirx:

February 10, 2020 4 / 22
Exercises:
Classify the following systems as either consistent or inconsistent. If the system is

consistent, further categorize it as underdetermined or uniquely determined. Explain
what this graphically means for each system.
1 Ax = b where    
2 3 4 5
A= 5 2 −1  , b =  7 
0 −11 18 11
2 Ax = b where    
4 2 6 9
1
A= 1 2
1 12  , b =  6 
6 3 9 13

February 10, 2020 5 / 22
r (Ab ) = r (A) =⇒ Existence of solution
1
x + 2y + 3z =9
2x − 2z = −2
3x + 2y + z =7

February 10, 2020 6 / 22
1
 
x + 2y + 3z =9 1 2 3 9
2x − 2z = −2 0 1 2 5 r (Ab ) = 2 = r (A)
3x + 2y + z =7 0 0 0 0

February 10, 2020 6 / 22
1
 
x + 2y + 3z =9 1 2 3 9
2x − 2z = −2 0 1 2 5 r (Ab ) = 2 = r (A)
3x + 2y + z =7 0 0 0 0
3x − 2y + z = −6
4x − 3y + 3z =7
2x + y − z = −9

February 10, 2020 6 / 22
1
 
x + 2y + 3z =9 1 2 3 9
2x − 2z = −2 0 1 2 5 r (Ab ) = 2 = r (A)
3x + 2y + z =7 0 0 0 0
 
3x − 2y + z = −6 1 0 0 −2
4x − 3y + 3z =7 0 1 0 5  r (Ab ) = 3 = r (A)
2x + y − z = −9 0 0 1 10

February 10, 2020 6 / 22
1
 
x + 2y + 3z =9 1 2 3 9
2x − 2z = −2 0 1 2 5 r (Ab ) = 2 = r (A)
3x + 2y + z =7 0 0 0 0
 
3x − 2y + z = −6 1 0 0 −2
4x − 3y + 3z =7 0 1 0 5  r (Ab ) = 3 = r (A)
2x + y − z = −9 0 0 1 10
3x − 2y + z =4
x + 3y − z = −3
4x − 10y + 4z = 10

February 10, 2020 6 / 22
1
 
x + 2y + 3z =9 1 2 3 9
2x − 2z = −2 0 1 2 5 r (Ab ) = 2 = r (A)
3x + 2y + z =7 0 0 0 0
 
3x − 2y + z = −6 1 0 0 −2
4x − 3y + 3z =7 0 1 0 5  r (Ab ) = 3 = r (A)
2x + y − z = −9 0 0 1 10
 
3x − 2y + z =4 1 3 −1 −3
x + 3y − z = −3 0 −11 4 13  r (Ab ) = 3, r (A) = 2
4x − 10y + 4z = 10 0 0 0 −4

February 10, 2020 6 / 22
Gauss Elimination Method and Gauss-Jordan
Elimination Method
Gauss Elimination Method =Echelon Form

+
Backward Substitution
Gauss-Jordan Elimination Method = Reduced Echelon Form

+
Backward Substitution

February 10, 2020 7 / 22
Find the solution to the  
  x1  
1 3 2 4 −3 −7
 2 6 0 −1 −2  
 x2 
  0 
 0 0 6 2 −1  .  x3
   = 
  12 
 x4 
1 3 −1 4 2 −6
x5

February 10, 2020 8 / 22
  x1  
1 3 2 4 −3 −7
 2 6 0 −1 −2  
 x2 
  0 
 0 0 6 2 −1  .  x3
   = 
  12 
 x4 
1 3 −1 4 2 −6
x5
R2 → R2 − 2R1 and R4 → R4 − R1
R3 → 4 × R3 and R4 → 4 × R4
R3 → R3 + 6.R2 and R4 → R4 − R2
R3 → R3 /2
R4 → 23R4 + 27R3
R4 → R4 /454
R1 → R1 + 3R4 , R2 → R2 − 4R4 and
R3 → R3 + 10R4

February 10, 2020 8 / 22
  x1  
1 3 2 4 −3 −7
 2 6 0 −1 −2  
 x2 
  0 
 0 0 6 2 −1  .  x3
   = 
  12 
 x4 
1 3 −1 4 2 −6
x5
R2 → R2 − 2R1 and R4 → R4 − R1 R3 → R3
23
R3 → 4 × R3 and R4 → 4 × R4 R1 → R1 − 4R3 and R2 → R2 + 9R3
R3 → R3 + 6.R2 and R4 → R4 − R2 R2 → R2
−4
R3 → R3 /2 R1 → R1 − 2R2
R4 → 23R4 + 27R3
R4 → R4 /454
R1 → R1 + 3R4 , R2 → R2 − 4R4 and
R3 → R3 + 10R4

February 10, 2020 8 / 22
  x1 
1 3 2 4 −3 −7
 2 6 0 −1 −2  
 x2 
  0 
 0 0 6 2 −1  .  x3
   = 
  12 
 x4 
1 3 −1 4 2 −6
x5
R2 → R2 − 2R1 and R4 → R4 − R1 R3 → R3
23
R3 → 4 × R3 and R4 → 4 × R4 R1 → R1 − 4R3 and R2 → R2 + 9R3
R3 → R3 + 6.R2 and R4 → R4 − R2 R2 → R2
−4
R3 → R3 /2 R1 → R1 − 2R2
R4 → 23R4 + 27R3 1

3 0 0 0 | 1

R4 → R4 /454  0
 0 1 0 0 | 3 
R1 → R1 + 3R4 , R2 → R2 − 4R4 and
 0 0 0 1 0 | −2 
R3 → R3 + 10R4 0 0 0 0 1 | 2

February 10, 2020 8 / 22
Network Flow Problems

February 10, 2020 9 / 22
The network flow system

 can be written as:
  x1  
1 0 0 0 0  x2  800
0
 1 −1 1 0   .  x3  =  300 
   
0 0 0 1 1    500 
 x4 
1 0 0 0 1 600
x5

February 10, 2020 10 / 22

  x1  
1 0 0 0 0  x2  800
0
 1 −1 1 0   .  x3  =  300 
   
0 0 0 1 1    500 
 x4 
1 0 0 0 1 600
x5
R4 → R4 − R1
R4 → R4 + R2
R3 → R4
R1 → R1 − R2
R2 → R2 + R3
R3 → R3 + R4
R1 → R1 − R3

February 10, 2020 10 / 22

  x1  
1 0 0 0 0  x2  800
0
 1 −1 1 0   .  x3  =  300 
   
0 0 0 1 1    500 
 x4 
1 0 0 0 1 600
x5
R4 → R4 − R1
R4 → R4 + R2 R1 → R1 + R4
R3 → R4
R1 → R1 − R2
R2 → R2 + R3
R3 → R3 + R4
R1 → R1 − R3

February 10, 2020 10 / 22

  x1  
1 0 0 0 0  x2  800
0
 1 −1 1 0   .  x3  =  300 
   
0 0 0 1 1    500 
 x4 
1 0 0 0 1 600
x5
R4 → R4 − R1
R4 → R4 + R2 R1 → R1 + R4
R3 → R4  
1 0 0 0 1 | 600
R1 → R1 − R2  0 1 0 0 −1 | 200 
 
R2 → R2 + R3  0 0 1 0 0 | 400 
0 0 0 1 1 | 500
R3 → R3 + R4
R1 → R1 − R3

February 10, 2020 10 / 22

February 10, 2020 11 / 22
Electrical Networks
Electrical Networks:
The simplest electrical circuits consist of two basic components. Electrical sources
denoted by

February 10, 2020 12 / 22
Electrical Networks
denoted by
Resistors denoted by

February 10, 2020 12 / 22
Electrical Networks
denoted by
Electrical sources such as batteries, create current in an electrical circuit.

February 10, 2020 12 / 22
Electrical Networks
denoted by
Electrical sources such as batteries, create current in an electrical circuit. Resistors such
as light bulbs, limit the magnitude of the current.

February 10, 2020 12 / 22
Electrical Networks
denoted by
as light bulbs, limit the magnitude of the current. There are three basic quantities
associated with electrical circuits:

February 10, 2020 12 / 22
Electrical Networks
denoted by
Electrical potential V measured in volts (v ).

February 10, 2020 12 / 22
Electrical Networks
denoted by
Resistance R measured in ohms (Ω).

February 10, 2020 12 / 22
Electrical Networks
denoted by
Resistance R measured in ohms (Ω).
Current (i) measured in Amperes (A).
One of the most important applications of linear algebra to electronics is to analyze
electronic circuits that cannot be described using the rules for resistors in series or
parallel.
February 10, 2020 12 / 22
Electrical Networks
The goal is to calculate the current flowing in each branch of the circuit or to calculate
the voltage at each node of the circuit.There are two methods for this analysis:
Loop Current Analysis

Loop analysis finds the currents directly.
Nodal Voltage Analysis

Nodal analysis finds the voltages directly.

February 10, 2020 13 / 22
Electrical Networks
Three Basic Principles:
The flow of current in an electrical circuit is governed by three principles:
Ohm’s Law
The voltage drop across a resistor is the product of the current passing through it and
its resistance. i-e;
v = iR
.

February 10, 2020 14 / 22
Electrical Networks
Ohm’s Law
v = iR
.
Kirchhoff ’s current law

The sum of the currents flowing into any point equals the sum of the currents flowing
out from the point.

February 10, 2020 14 / 22
Electrical Networks
Ohm’s Law
v = iR
.
Kirchhoff ’s current law

The sum of the currents flowing into any point equals the sum of the currents flowing
out from the point.
Kirchhoff ’s voltage law

Around any closed loop the sum of the voltage drops is equal to the sum of the voltage
rises. (Positive direction of flow of current is clockwise.)

February 10, 2020 14 / 22
Loop current Analysis
Example:

February 10, 2020 15 / 22

February 10, 2020 16 / 22

February 10, 2020 17 / 22

February 10, 2020 18 / 22
Homogeneous Systems:
A linear system of the form

   
a11 x1 + a12 x2 + · · · + a1n xn 0
 a21 x1 + a22 x2 + · · · + a2n xn   0 
   

 : =
  : 

 :   : 
am1 x1 + am2 x2 + · · · + amn xn 0
is called homogeneous system.

February 10, 2020 19 / 22

   
a11 x1 + a12 x2 + · · · + a1n xn 0
 a21 x1 + a22 x2 + · · · + a2n xn   0 
   

 : =
  : 

 :   : 
am1 x1 + am2 x2 + · · · + amn xn 0
is called homogeneous system. In matrix form, we write
Ax = 0.

February 10, 2020 19 / 22

   
a11 x1 + a12 x2 + · · · + a1n xn 0
 a21 x1 + a22 x2 + · · · + a2n xn   0 
   

 : =
  : 

 :   : 
am1 x1 + am2 x2 + · · · + amn xn 0
Ax = 0.
Note that, x1 = x2 = · · · = xn = 0 is always a solution to the homogeneous system, we

call it trivial solution.

February 10, 2020 19 / 22

   
a11 x1 + a12 x2 + · · · + a1n xn 0
 a21 x1 + a22 x2 + · · · + a2n xn   0 
   

 : =
  : 

 :   : 
am1 x1 + am2 x2 + · · · + amn xn 0
Ax = 0.

A solution x1 , x2 , ..., xn to a homogeneous system in which not all the xi are zero is
called Non-trivial solution.

February 10, 2020 19 / 22

   
a11 x1 + a12 x2 + · · · + a1n xn 0
 a21 x1 + a22 x2 + · · · + a2n xn   0 
   

 : =
  : 

 :   : 
am1 x1 + am2 x2 + · · · + amn xn 0
Ax = 0.

A solution x1 , x2 , ..., xn to a homogeneous system in which not all the xi are zero is
called Non-trivial solution.
Homogeneous system is always consistent, since it always has the trivial solution.

February 10, 2020 19 / 22
A homogeneous system of m equations in n unknowns always has a non-trivial solution if
m < n, i-e; if number of unknowns is greater than the number of equations(Number of
equations must be seen in reduced echelon form.)

February 10, 2020 20 / 22
Chemical Equations
Balancing of Chemical Equations:
Chemical equations describe the quantities of substances consumed and produced by

chemical reactions. For example:
C3 H8 + O2 → CO2 + H2 O
To balance this chemical equation one must find whole numbers x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 such that
the total number of Hydrogen (H), Carbon (C) and Oxygen(O) atoms on left and right
sides are equal.
x1 C3 H8 + x2 O2 → x3 CO2 + x4 H2 O
This leads to the following system of equations:
3x1 − x3 =0
4x1 − x4 =0
2x2 − 2x3 − x4 =0

February 10, 2020 21 / 22
Chemical Equations
Question:

February 10, 2020 22 / 22

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Applications System of Linear Algebraic

Dr. Quanita Kiran

February 10, 2020

Dr. Quanita Kiran (SEECS-NUST) Applications System of Linear Algebraic Equations

Dr. Quanita Kiran (SEECS-NUST) Applications System of Linear Algebraic Equations

Dr. Quanita Kiran (SEECS-NUST) Applications System of Linear Algebraic Equations

Dr. Quanita Kiran (SEECS-NUST) Applications System of Linear Algebraic Equations

Classify the following systems as either consistent or inconsistent. If the system is

Dr. Quanita Kiran (SEECS-NUST) Applications System of Linear Algebraic Equations

Dr. Quanita Kiran (SEECS-NUST) Applications System of Linear Algebraic Equations

Dr. Quanita Kiran (SEECS-NUST) Applications System of Linear Algebraic Equations

Dr. Quanita Kiran (SEECS-NUST) Applications System of Linear Algebraic Equations

Dr. Quanita Kiran (SEECS-NUST) Applications System of Linear Algebraic Equations

Dr. Quanita Kiran (SEECS-NUST) Applications System of Linear Algebraic Equations

Dr. Quanita Kiran (SEECS-NUST) Applications System of Linear Algebraic Equations

Gauss Elimination Method =Echelon Form

Gauss-Jordan Elimination Method = Reduced Echelon Form

Dr. Quanita Kiran (SEECS-NUST) Applications System of Linear Algebraic Equations

Dr. Quanita Kiran (SEECS-NUST) Applications System of Linear Algebraic Equations

Dr. Quanita Kiran (SEECS-NUST) Applications System of Linear Algebraic Equations

Dr. Quanita Kiran (SEECS-NUST) Applications System of Linear Algebraic Equations

Dr. Quanita Kiran (SEECS-NUST) Applications System of Linear Algebraic Equations

Network Flow Problems

Dr. Quanita Kiran (SEECS-NUST) Applications System of Linear Algebraic Equations

The network flow system

Dr. Quanita Kiran (SEECS-NUST) Applications System of Linear Algebraic Equations

The network flow system

Dr. Quanita Kiran (SEECS-NUST) Applications System of Linear Algebraic Equations

The network flow system

Dr. Quanita Kiran (SEECS-NUST) Applications System of Linear Algebraic Equations

The network flow system

Dr. Quanita Kiran (SEECS-NUST) Applications System of Linear Algebraic Equations

Dr. Quanita Kiran (SEECS-NUST) Applications System of Linear Algebraic Equations

Dr. Quanita Kiran (SEECS-NUST) Applications System of Linear Algebraic Equations

Dr. Quanita Kiran (SEECS-NUST) Applications System of Linear Algebraic Equations

Electrical sources such as batteries, create current in an electrical circuit.

Dr. Quanita Kiran (SEECS-NUST) Applications System of Linear Algebraic Equations

Dr. Quanita Kiran (SEECS-NUST) Applications System of Linear Algebraic Equations

Dr. Quanita Kiran (SEECS-NUST) Applications System of Linear Algebraic Equations

Dr. Quanita Kiran (SEECS-NUST) Applications System of Linear Algebraic Equations

Dr. Quanita Kiran (SEECS-NUST) Applications System of Linear Algebraic Equations

Loop Current Analysis

Nodal Voltage Analysis

Dr. Quanita Kiran (SEECS-NUST) Applications System of Linear Algebraic Equations

Three Basic Principles:

The flow of current in an electrical circuit is governed by three principles:

Dr. Quanita Kiran (SEECS-NUST) Applications System of Linear Algebraic Equations

Three Basic Principles:

The flow of current in an electrical circuit is governed by three principles:

Kirchhoff ’s current law

Dr. Quanita Kiran (SEECS-NUST) Applications System of Linear Algebraic Equations

Three Basic Principles:

The flow of current in an electrical circuit is governed by three principles:

Kirchhoff ’s current law

Kirchhoff ’s voltage law

Dr. Quanita Kiran (SEECS-NUST) Applications System of Linear Algebraic Equations

Dr. Quanita Kiran (SEECS-NUST) Applications System of Linear Algebraic Equations

Dr. Quanita Kiran (SEECS-NUST) Applications System of Linear Algebraic Equations

Dr. Quanita Kiran (SEECS-NUST) Applications System of Linear Algebraic Equations

Dr. Quanita Kiran (SEECS-NUST) Applications System of Linear Algebraic Equations

A linear system of the form

is called homogeneous system.

Dr. Quanita Kiran (SEECS-NUST) Applications System of Linear Algebraic Equations