UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

FACULTY OF MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING

Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka.
Tel: +606-3316419 Fax: +606 331 6411

INTERACTIVE ASSIGNMENT
Subject Code BMFG 1213
Subject Name ENGINEERING MATERIALS
Session/Semester 2021/2022 – SEMESTER 1
Consultant Group Name
Name Matrix Number
1.
Members & Matrix 2.
Number 3.
4.
5.
Learning Outcomes Program Outcomes
Able to identify, formulate, research literature, and
Analyze the properties of
CLO PLO analyze complex engineering problems reaching
engineering materials
2 2 substantiated conclusions using first principles of
based on its structure.
mathematics, natural sciences and engineering sciences.

Assessment Details
This assignment is to assess students' critical minds in analyzing the mechanical properties of a
material based on its structure for a specific application.

PETRONAS TWIN TOWERS

World's tallest twin building
An interactive assignment on:
Stainless Steel Mechanical Properties and Its Structure
 Brief Introduction to the PETRONAS Twin Tower

Figure 1: PETRONAS Twin Towers, Kuala Lumpur

Soaring to a height of 451.9 meters, the 88-story twin structure is Kuala Lumpur's crown jewel.
Majestic by day and dazzling at night, the PETRONAS Twin Towers is inspired by Tun Mahathir
Mohamad's vision of Malaysia as a global player. Together with master architect Cesar Pelli,
the international icon powerfully captures the nation's ambitions and aspirations. As an
internationally recognized landmark, the PETRONAS Twin Towers symbolize the courage,
ingenuity, initiative, determination, energy, confidence, optimism, advancement, and zest of a
nation.

The construction of the superstructure commenced in April 1994 after passing multiple rigorous
tests and simulations of wind and structural loads on the design. Finally, in June 1996,
PETRONAS Twin Towers was completed with its encasing in steel and glass.

Both towers are intelligent structures built with a system that seamlessly and simultaneously
coordinates telecommunications, environment control, power supply, lighting, fire and smoke
control, and building security. Each tower weighs 300,000 tons which is equivalent to about
42,857 adult elephants.

The construction of PETRONAS Twin Towers cost the country a fortune of RM 6 billion (USD
1.6 billion) to complete. They were built with 83,519.833 m2 of extruded stainless-steel
components. The building is surprisingly avoiding heat and UV rays through the addition of
54,812.794 m2 of lamination glass over the surface of the skyscraper.
 1.0: STATEMENT OF PURPOSE

The developer and architect-designer of the PETRONAS Twin Tower project have eagerly
interested to understand the properties of the selected 316L stainless steel grade for the
encase stainless-steel extrusion part and pinnacle tops of each tower. As a design team, the
aesthetic value in twin tower design will be their top priority while maintaining the overall
development cost and durability.

The 316L SS was selected due to important design criteria like aesthetic appearance and
corrosion resistance. The tower design must be strong while having a lustrous shine reflective
effect. The selected 316L SS is believed to comply with the entire stated requirements while
reasonably considering its overall costs.

For this project, there are two options of supplied 316L SS to be considered; (a) normal 316L
SS; and (b) cold-rolled 316L SS. One of the main options to enhance the stainless-steel
products' mechanical properties, particularly the tensile properties, by the cold-rolling process
on the metal plates. As an appointed technical consultant, you are assigned to report the
performance of both 316L SS raw materials based on the tensile test experimentation using
available standard test methods. In addition, by utilizing the understanding of the stainless steel
phase diagram, your team may propose a possible strategy to enhance or modify the
mechanical properties of the 316L SS material.

Your team must prepare a short technical report and a YouTube presentation to explain the
selection of 316L SS raw material for the abovesaid purpose. As a trained young engineer, you
will establish the relationship between the structural characteristics and tensile behavior of the
original as-received 316L SS and engineered cold-rolled 316L SS utilized for the structural
components of the PETRONAS Twin Tower project. Together, also report the possibility of
further tailoring these materials to achieve improved mechanical properties based on the
understanding of the phase diagram of metal alloys.

In your group, go through the following basic information given in the following sections. The
information will guide you through the key points needed to meet the purpose of the given
TASK 1 and TASK 2. You may equip your group with detailed knowledge on the provided key
points by self-research via various reliable sources (internet, library, textbook, etc.). Compile
your investigation in a short report write-up by answering questions given in TASK 1 and
prepare a relevant Youtube presentation video as described in TASK 2.
 2.0: BASIC INFORMATION (MATERIALS TETRAHEDRON)

2.1. The 316L Stainless Steel

The 316L SS is the standard molybdenum grade and a substantial austenitic stainless steel.
The molybdenum alloying element gives this steel better overall corrosion resistance with
excellent toughness. Compared to chromium-nickel austenitic stainless steels, 316L SS offers
higher creep, stress to rupture, and tensile strength at elevated temperatures. The standard
316L SS possessed a minimum tensile strength of about 485 MPa and maximum Rockwell B
about 95 HRB. The typical application for this steel includes architectural applications, medical
implants, marine applications, and many more.

2.2. The Rolling Process

Rolling is the most widely used deformation process, which consists of passing a piece of metal
between two rolls. Here, a reduction in thickness results from compressive stresses exerted by
the rolls. In addition, cold rolling is described as a practical metal-working applied to reduce the
thickness of metal sheets: several kinds of rolling mills are used, according to the production
requirements (hardness of the materials, rolling speed, minimum thickness, etc. In terms of the
applications, cold rolling may be used to produce sheet, strip, and foil with a high-quality surface
finish.

2.3. The Tensile Properties

Several important mechanical properties of metals may be determined from a plot of stress-
strain curve following a tensile test, including yield strength, tensile strength, and ductility.
These properties are sensitive to any defects and structural characteristics of the materials,
such as pore, crack, impurities, grain size, etc. It forms during the metal-making process, heat
treatment, and service deformation to which the metal has been subjected.

From a typical engineering stress-strain diagram, the tensile strength can be determined. It is
the stress at the maximum point of the engineering stress-strain curve, corresponding to the
maximum stress that a structure in tension can sustain. If this stress is applied and maintained,
a fracture will result. All deformation up to this point is uniform throughout the narrow region of
the tensile specimen. At maximum stress, a small constriction or neck begins to form at some
point, and all subsequent deformation is confined at this neck.

2.4. The Stainless-Steel Phase Diagram

The stainless steels imply little more than a 12% Cr content. Most stainless steels are based
on the Fe-Cr-C and Fe-Cr-Ni-C systems, but other alloying elements are also essential. The
importance of phase transformation in the metallurgy of steels cannot be overestimated. The
transformation allows a wide range of microstructures to be achieved by controlled heat
treatment. Mechanical properties are essentially related to microstructure. Stainless steels are
routinely produced with strengths from 100 MPa to more than 1 GPa. The following phase
diagram (Figure 2) shows that an excessive amount of chromium can eliminate austenite at all
temperatures, making it impossible to achieve ɣ to α transition. This is the domain of ferritic
stainless steel. Without carbon, the limit beyond which austenite no longer forms is about
13.5% chromium. The addition of carbon help stabilize the austenite and therefore increase
this limit.

Figure 2: Vertical section of Fe-Cr-C diagram for 0.10 wt.% of C

3.0: TECHNICAL INFORMATION

The original thickness of steel is 2.00 mm, and it was plastically deformed to 1.00 mm using a
cold rolling process. The process is used to modify the tensile properties and structure of the
materials. The chemical composition of the steel is given in Table 1.

Table 1: Chemical Composition of Stainless-Steel Plate

Elements Carbon Chromium Nickel Molybdenum Manganese Iron (Fe)
(in wt.%) (C) (Cr) (Ni) (Mo) (Mn)
316L SS 0.02 17.00 14.50 2.25 2.00 Balance

Your team has already performed the tensile test of the provided plates by referring to an
appropriate testing standard. Load versus displacement data (Table 2) is auto-generated from
the test equipment after the testing (refer to the separate XLS spreadsheet file attachment).
The specification of the test specimen is 2.00 mm, 1.00 mm thick, 12.50 mm width, and the
gauge length is 25.0 mm.

Morphological observation of the test plates revealed traces of structural modification via the
cold-rolling process, as evident in Table 3. The microstructure and fracture surface morphology
of original and cold-rolled steel are captured. Table 3 also includes the final length of each steel
after the fracture.

<Table 2: Load versus displacements raw data for original and cold-rolled 316L SS>

Table 3: Structural modification and fractured length of the failed specimen

Specimen Microstructure Fracture Surface Morphology Final
Length
(mm)

316L SS –
original 30.53
sample

316L SS –
cold-rolled 25.49
sample
 4.0: TASK & INSTRUCTION

TASK 1

Prepare a short technical report by incorporating the following requirements:

1. Describe the requirements based on materials tetrahedron criteria for building up a

viable structural component using 316L SS by taking up the PETRONAS Twin Tower
situation. (Note: you may include the role of 316L SS, the desirable properties,
processability, advantages, and limitations).

2. State the existing standard that can be referred to perform tensile testing on this material
for structural application and briefly describe the standard procedure to perform the
tensile testing. (Note: you may include the testing principles, main parameters, equation
involved, and the equipment used to perform the measurement).

3. Plot the stress-strain curve by using MS Excel or any related plotting software. Analyze
the plotted stress-strain curve and report the tensile properties. (Note: need to include
details on tensile strength, yield strength, modulus of elasticity, and ductility supported
with related calculation and graph interpretation techniques).

4. Analyze and discuss the difference in the obtained tensile properties to microstructure
relation between the original and cold-rolled 316L SS samples depicted in Table 3.
(Note: You may relate with observed type of phases, phases distribution, size and
shapes of grains, and fracture surface morphology).

5. Suggest a strategy to enhance or modify the mechanical properties of 316L SS for

structural application concerning the PETRONAS Twin Tower. (Note: you may refer to
extra reading materials for a standard stainless steel phase diagram for possible
treatment, possible alloying or microstructure tailoring, etc.).

TASK 2

Due to the COVID-19 serious outbreak, a physical meet-up for a technical presentation is not
allowed by the regulatory bodies and government. As an assigned consultant team for this task,
you are requested to prepare a short, pre-recorded presentation using YouTube to deliver
the content of your findings.

Your presentation must be less than 5 minutes duration, and the content of your presentation
must relate to this assignment. You can craft your presentation with creativity by adhering to
the following guidelines:
 i) Introduction to group members and consultation company
ii) The objective of the presentation and problem statement
iii) Technical Findings
iv) Relationship between microstructure and mechanical performance
v) Conclusions

# Please ensure the content of the YouTube presentation is free from copyright infringement
and sensitive issues, violence, plagiarism. Content creation must be original and within the
scope of the assignment.

5.0: GENERAL GUIDELINES

This is a group work assignment (maximum FIVE (5) technical members per consultant
group). This assignment is worth ten marks from an overall allocated coursework mark. There
are TWO (2) important chapters that will be covered throughout this interactive assignment,
consisting of (a) Chapter 7 – Mechanical Properties of Metals and Alloys; and (b) Chapter 8 –
Characteristics, Processing and Applications of Metals and Alloys (Phase Diagram). For
guidelines and marking rubric, you may browse the information given throughout this
document, while for the data spreadsheet, you may find it in the provided excel document
(Table 2). It is an open-ended assignment that requires creativity and a higher level of thinking.

At the end of the assignment, each consultant group will submit TWO important technical
documents: (a) Short Report (60 marks) – TASK 1; and (b) YouTube Recorded Video
Presentation (40 marks) – TASK 2. Take note of the submission deadline (refer to your
section lecturer/moderator for updates). Late submission certainly will not be entertained.
Plagiarism is mandatorily not allowed. ZERO mark for any found duplicated work. Every
submission will be screened by using a standard similarity checker of Turnitin software. Enjoy
the team-works!!

WORK TIMELINE

Week Milestone / Activities

7th Week Implementation of Assignment
12th Week Completion of Assignment

Guidelines for a short report preparation and submission

Your report should contain approximately 1500 words (excluding figures and tables).
Submission of the report should be made using the ULearn platform (group submission; one
for each group).
Submission Details:

 The assignment report must be submitted by the group, latest by 28th December 2021
(Tuesday, Week 12).
 The assignment bears 10% marks of the overall evaluation.
 Three marks will be deducted for a late submission.

 Format of Report:
i. Introduction
ii. Standard procedure
iii. Data analysis
iv. Discussion
v. Conclusion
vi. References (minimum: 10)
You are highly encouraged to use an appropriate search engine, such as Google
Scholar, to help write up. You may include in-text citations and list the references
(Bibliography) using APA citation style. Another helpful website in writing the citations
also includes Citethisforme.

Examples of writing the in-text citation and bibliography (list of references) are given as
follows: -
a. Journal article
In-text citation:
(Hoseini-Athar & Tolaminejad, 2019)
Reference:
Hoseini-Athar, M. M., & Tolaminejad, B. (2016). Interface morphology and mechanical
properties of Al-Cu-Al laminated composites fabricated by explosive welding and
subsequent rolling process. Metals and Materials International, 22(4), 670-680.
b. Test Standard
In-text citation:
(ASTM E8 / E8M - 16a, 2019)
 Reference:
ASTM, I. (2016). ASTM E8/E8M-16a: Standard Test Methods for Tension Testing of
Metallic Materials. West Conshohocken, PA, USA: ASTM International.
c. Reference book
In-text citation:
(Callister and Rethwisch, 2014)
Reference:
Callister, W., & Rethwisch, D. (2014). Materials science and engineering (9th ed., p.
435). Wiley.

Guidelines for a YouTube presentation preparation and submission

1. Must be within 5 minutes duration or less.

2. Must upload to the YouTube channel and provide the link in the short report.
3. Ensure uninterrupted access to avoid marking failure by the accessor.
4. All four members must contribute and participate in the making of virtual presentations.
5. Do setting the YouTube presentation into private mode only.

*Marking Rubrics for both TASK 1 and TASK 2 are available on the following pages.
 UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
FACULTY OF MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING
Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka.
Tel: +606-3316419 Fax: +606 331 6411

ASSIGNMENT
ASSESSMENT FORM
Subject Code BMFG 1213
Subject Name ENGINEERING MATERIALS
Session/Semester SEMESTER I/SESSION 2021-2022
Name of Student Matrix No.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)

BMFG BMCG BENG BEKG BEKM BMFI

Learning Outcomes Program Outcomes

Able to identify, formulate, research literature and
analyze complex engineering problems reaching
Analyze the properties of engineering
LO2 PO2 substantiated conclusions using first principles of
materials based on its structure.
mathematics, natural sciences and engineering
sciences.
TASK 1 – A SHORT TECHNICAL REPORT
1 Able to initiate the problem
Thorough consideration of assumptions on understanding the problem 5
Fair consideration of assumptions on understanding the problem 3 1
Weak consideration of assumptions on understanding the problem 1
2 Preparation of writing answers
Show enough evidence of reading and recent resources 5
Show not enough evidence of reading and recent resources 3 3
Show almost no evidence of reading and recent resources 1
3 Able to present appropriate requirements to analyze the problem
Enough information generated for analysis 5
Insufficient number of information generated for analysis 3 4
Most of the information generated are irrelevant for analysis 1
4 Evaluation and interpreting the answers
Reliable exploration of the solutions for answers 5
Limited exploration of the solutions for answers 3 2
Non reliable exploration of the solutions for answers 1
5 Show evidence of accomplishment of learning objectives.
Work is carried out and strongly fulfilled the learning objectives 5
Work is carried out and partially fulfilled the learning objectives. 3 2
Work is not carried out appropriately 1
TOTAL MARKS
60
TASK 2 – A YOUTUBE TECHNICAL PRESENTATION

1 Creativity
Creative and engaging content delivery 5
Moderate creativity and lots of possible improvement could be made 3 2
Lack of creativity 1
2 Content Creation
Informative and concise as per within the assignment scope 5
Moderate content and just enough to provide brief information on given
3 2
assignment
Limited content and not related with the task given 1
3 Professionalism
Professional presentation and very convincing 5
Towards the professional style presentation but still lack in certain part 3 2
Not ready and lack of professional value in content delivery 1
4 Communication
Clear, precise, excellent delivery 5
Moderate communication skills 3 2
Lack and unclear 1
TOTAL MARKS
40

Marking Component
TASK 1 – A Short Report / 60
TASK 2 – A Short Technical You-Tube / 40
Presentation
Total Mark / 100
Percentage (Total Marks x 10%) / 10

END OF DOCUMENT