Giovanni Robles

Government Final Study Guide

Republican Party

A. There are multiple eras which proved significant according to the Republican Party during this
political party's time and values as society advances...
a. 1860-1900: The Republican Party is created in order to stop slavery from expanding.

b. 1900-1932: Post Civil-War and the Great Depression, a major platform of the party
included big businesses as far as expanding wealth.

c. 1950-1968: Cold-War and Civil Rights Movement, the major platform of the party
includes conservational and individual values along with state rights.

B. The President associated with the creation of this party included Abraham Lincoln, as he
supported the plan to stop slavery from expanding.

C. Within the era's stated above, there are Presidents who partook in the likeminded ideals of the
Republican Party such as …
a. 1860-1900: President Abraham Lincoln.

b. 1900-1932: Presidents McKinley and Harding.

c. 1950-1968: Presidents Eisenhower and Nixon.

Democratic Party

A. There are multiple eras which proved significant according to the Democratic Party during this
political party's time and values as society advances...
a. 1820-1869: The Republican Party is created which advocates for white supremacy.
 b. 1900-1932: Post Civil-War and the Great Depression, a major platform of the party
includes Government Activism.

c. 1932-1968: Cold-War and Civil Rights Movement, the major platform of the party
includes Pro-Civil Rights.

B. The President associated with the creation of this party included Andrew Jackson, as he looked
to expand white supremacy across the nation.

C. Within the era's stated above, there are Presidents who partook in the likeminded ideals of the
Democratic Party such as …
a. 1860-1900: President Andrew Jackson.

b. 1900-1932: President FDR.

c. 1950-1968: Presidents JFK and Johnson.

IDEOLOGICAL PARTIES

One of the four types of political parties which is based on a set of beliefs.

a) SOCIALIST PARTY: Radical Democracy

b) COMMUNIST PARTY: Socialism and Economics

c) LABOR PARTY: Social Democracy

d) LIBERTARIAN PARTY: Civil Liberty

SINGLE ISSUE-PARTIES

One of the four types of political parties which focuses on one public policy matter.
 a) FREE SOIL PARTY: Against Slavery

b) KNOW NOTHINGS: Against immigration

c) RIGHT TO LIFE: Anti-abortion

d) GREEN PARTY: Environment

ECONOMIC-PROTEST PARTIES

One of the four types of political parties which emerge during times of economic discontent.

a) GREENBACK PARTY: Supported farmers who were angry about bad farming conditions.

b) POPULIST PARTY: Called for public ownership of industries.

c) TEA PARTY: Based on lower taxes/less government regulation.

SPLINTER PARTIES

One of the four types of political parties which have split away from a major party.

a) BULL MOOSE PROGRESSIVE PARTY: Splinter from Republican.

b) LA FOLLETTE'S PROGRESSIVE PARTY: Splinter from Republican.

c) WALLACE’S PROGRESSIVE PARTY: Splinter from Democrats.

d) STATES RIGHTS’ PARTY: Splinter from Democrats

 e) AMERICAN INDEPENDENT PARTY: Splinter from Democrats

Federalists

A. The Federalist Party was one of the two first political parties in the US, in which the major
policies of this party stood for included...
a) Supporting a strong central government.

b) Supporting the Ratification of the Constitution.

c) Deeming the US Bill of Rights Unnecessary.

B. The President associated with the creation of the Federalist Party was George Wahington.

C. According to the creation of the Bill of Rights, the Federalist party believed that the US bill of
Rights was unnecessary because there was a belief held that a strong central government would
give the power necessary for the government to succeed.

Anti-Federalists

A. The Anti-Federalist Party was one of the two first political parties in the US, in which the major
policies of this party stood for included...
a. The opposition of a strong central government.

b. Supporting the individual/state rights of the citizens of the US.

c. Deeming the US Bill of Rights Necessary.

B. The President associated with the creation of the Anti-Federalist Party was Thomas Jefferson.

C. According to the creation of the Bill of Rights, the Anti-Federalist party believed that the US bill
of Rights was necessary because the Bill of Rights would state the limitations of the government,
therefore claiming the individual freedoms of citizens within the US.
*Fun Fact on Presidents Trump and Reagan*

Both Donald Trump and Ronald Reagan were able to win their elections without the popular vote of
either political parties.

Political Parties

A. Political Parties are organizations which seek to achieve power by electing its members to public
office.

B. The five purposes of Political Parties include:

a. Recruiting candidates and supporting campaigns.
b. Help organize elections and inform voters.
c. Organize the government.
d. Unite diverse Interests and make collective action possible.
e. Serve as a loyal opposition to the party in power.

C. The platforms among Democrats include the support of higher taxes, Free Healthcare, and
reform for immigration, while the platforms for Republicans include the support of lower taxes,
less government restrictions, and prevention of immigration.

BIPARTISAN

When the two major parties find common ground and work together.

PLURALISM

Idea that political power should be distributed and shared among various groups in a society.

Public Office
 Public Office can be achieved within a political party, in which members elected to public office
can guide the public within the government.

Incumbent

Current Officeholder

Articles of Confederation of 1781

A. The Articles of Confederation is a series of documents which set up a unicameral government,

where Congress had all the power and each state had one vote. The Leader of Congress would
then be associated with as the Presiding Officer.

B. Three major issues with the Articles of Confederation included the fact that Congress had a
weak central government thus not being capable of making the states follow the articles of
confederation, there was no regulation of trade between the states, and there were no
amendments because every state had to agree in order to make action.

C. According to 1786, poor farmers in Western Massachusetts went on strike to protest poor
economic conditions which led to "Shay's Rebellion" which almost toppled the government.

European Union

A. The European Union

a. Created in 1993]
b. Political and Economic Union
c. Contains 28 European Countries
d. Parliament of European Union=Strasbourg, France
e. Contains a Central Bank (produces the Euro) =Frankfurt, Germany
f. Turkey has been trying for years to join but will not be accepted
g. Great Britain will be leaving in 2019

B. The EU meant to keep good relations between itself and other foreign countries, in which the
EU Thus tries to maintain its own economy.
 C. BREXIT – Great Britain Exit, which they left in 2019 due to the economy bailing Greece and
several other countries.

D. Turkey is not allowed in the European Union because of its history in the Armenian Genocide,
and religious customs including punishments. This means the controversy between Muslims and
Christians.

E. Due to Immigration, countries such as Syria, Italy, and France all have trouble withstanding
without support from all other countries. This is reasoning behind the European Nations which
wouldn't rely solely on the EU.

Marie Le Pen

A. Marie Le Pen
a. Right Wing Conservative.
b. Anti-Immigration, especially against Muslims.
c. Wants to move away from the NATO Alliance and improve relations with Russia.
d. Withdrawn France from the EU.
e. Good Friends with Trump.
f. Popular among rural and uneducated voters in France.

US Bill of Rights

A. The US Bill of Rights is a part of the Constitution made by the US which focuses on the first 10
articles out of the entire Constitution. These articles base on individual protections for US
citizens thus allowing limited government, and privileges for citizens of the nation.

B. Created in 1787, according to the need of greater constitutional protection for individual
liberties, by listing certain prohibitions on the powers of the Federal Government. Gives limits to
the US Government's power following the articles of the Constitution.

C. Amendments of the Bill of Rights were then established according to ratification, which
proposes an official change made to the law.

1. Freedom of speech, press, and religion.

 2. The Right to Bear Arms.

3. No quartering of soldiers.

4. Freedom from unreasonable search and seizure.

5. Right to due process of law, freedom from self-incrimination, double jeopardy.

6. Right to a speedy and public trial.

7. Right of trial by jury in civil cases.

8. Freedom from excessive bail, cruel and unusual punishments.

9. Rights of the people are not construed or denied

10. Powers reserved to the states.

Popular Sovereignty

One of the six principles of the constitution, where political power is in the hands of the people.

Ex.
Kansas-Nebraska Act

Limited Government

One of the six principles of the constitution, where government may only do things which the
people have given it the power to do.

Ex.
The Patriot Act

Rule of the Law

One of the six principles of the constitution, where no one is above the law.

Ex.
US v. Nixon
Checks and Balances

One of the six principles of the constitution, where each branch of government can be
restrained by another branch.

Ex.
Clinton Impeachment

Judicial Review

One of the six principles of the constitution, where the power of the courts determines whether
the action of a government is constitutional.

Ex.
Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Federalism

A. One of the six principles of the constitution, with a system of government in which power is
divided between central, state and local governments.

Ex. Gun Control and the NRA (2017)

B. The three delegated power include Expressed Powers, Implied Powers, and Inherent Powers.

C. I. Expressed Powers:
One of three delegated powers which the government has according to the constitution.

Ex:
Congress has the power to collect taxes, make money, raise military powers, regulate interstate
commerce and declare wars/treaties.

II. Implied Powers:

One of three delegated powers which the government has according to the constitution.

Ex:
Congress has the power to collect taxes, make money, raise military powers, regulate interstate
commerce and declare wars/treaties.

III. Inherent Powers:

One of three delegated powers which the government has but is not stated in the Constitution.

Ex.
 Within the national governments of the world, people such as Donald Trump who used
persuasion among his peers as President.

5 Steps for a Territory to become a State.

1. Area / Territory asks for admission from Congress to become a State.

2. Congress passes an Enabling Act to allow an area territory to become a state.

a. Enabling Act - Directs the people of a Territory to frame a proposed state Constitution.

3. State Constitution is written, and popular vote is used to approve the Constitution.

4. Congress views the new constitution and passes an Act of Admission.

a. Act of Admission – Act which creates a new state.

5. The President Signs the act and the state enters the Union.

Delegated Powers

The powers of the national government that are granted to it by the Constitution,

Which includes Expressed Powers, Implied Powers and Inherent Powers.

Expressed Powers

One of three delegated powers which the government has according to the constitution.

Ex:
Congress has the power to collect taxes, make money, raise military powers, regulate interstate
commerce and declare wars/treaties.

Implied Powers
 One of three delegated powers which the government has, being suggested instead of stated in
the Constitution.

Ex.
The Necessary and Proper Clause gives Congress powers according to the Constitution including
actions that support the Constitution's guidelines.

Inherent Powers

One of three delegated powers which the government has but is not stated in the Constitution.

Ex.
Regulation of Immigrants, acquiring new territory, or protecting the nation against rebellion or
other attempts to overthrow the government by force or violence

The Sedition Act

A. It was created during 1787 in order to combat the opinion on marketplace of ideas, in which the
final ruling applied to urging reduction in producing essential war material. It is Illegal to criticize
the government in speech or writing, which even being addressed doesn't follow the First
Amendment.

B. Material from this unit pertaining to the Court Case may include the speech of Democratic-
Republican parties within the press as criticism is not entirely free among the parties.

Schneck v. US

A. It was declared unlawful to send any unwritten material to men eligible for the draft, that it
would make them want to resist being drafted. During 1919, Schneck believed his rights of the
first amendment were being violated as though speech may have been prohibited when
addressing a clear and present danger.

B. Vocabulary from this unit pertaining to the Court Case may include The Clear and Present
Danger Clause as there would be restricted words being spoken or printed among society,
unless a Clear and Present danger is present.
Tinker v. Des Moines School District

A. The Constitution protects students wearing armbands to protest the Vietnam war. The final
ruling states that neither students nor teachers shed constitutional rights to freedom of speech
at the schoolhouse gate. During 1969, freedom of speech was questioned for schools for its
problem in disrupting learning, according to First Amendment.

B. Vocabulary from this unit pertaining to the Court Case may include the First Amendment, as the
freedom of speech should be available within public schools including press and religion.

NY Times v. US Supreme Court

A. During 1971, one of the authors of the Pentagon Papers distributed its contents to the New York
Times, which when published, the 1st amendment was questioned since it held details about
the US government's lies. The final ruling states that publishing of the papers is allowed.
Supreme Court upholds the right of the paper to publicize the "Pentagon Papers" due to the
government's action in trying to prevent publishing. The contents of the documents included
lies of the government, which freedom of speech was denied from the First Amendment.

B. Vocabulary from this unit pertaining to the Court Case may include "The Clear and Present
Danger Clause", in which any unconstitutional actions made by the government cannot be made
unless its expression proves a clear and present danger about a substantial evil.

Texas v. Johnson

A. The final ruling based on the burning of a US. Flag. This was declared legal due to being a
protected form of speech under the first amendment. Being a form of protest, this seemingly
violated the 1st amendment according to the figurative meaning, however being dictated that it
was still a form of speech.

B. Vocabulary from this unit pertaining to the Court Case may include the First Amendment, as a
critique against the government was held, where freedom of speech was put into question.

Puerto Rico v. Branstad

A. The final ruling of this case was determined by the supreme court as Puerto Rico was favored in
its authority arresting a murderer named Calder, who killed in Puerto Rico and then bailed to
Iowa. This case was strange as it would have to overrule the law of Dennison in order to be
accomplished. This Court Case related to the Extradition Clause citing that fugitive escaping from
 a state they committed a murder, would have to be brought back. This Court case thus bases on
Federalism on opposed to the other court cases.

B. Vocabulary from this unit pertaining to the Court Case may include "Extradite" as the law
requires that a fugitive from justice in one state can be returned to that State according to the
Puerto Rico V. Branstad Court Case.

Williams v. North Carolina

A. The final ruling from the Supreme Court declared that Williams and Hendrix would be favored
because they were living in Nevada when they got divorced. The Court Case is related to
material such as The Privileges and Immunities Clause, as the distinctions between a state's
residents and those persons who happen to live in other states should be drawn as
unreasonable. This Court case thus bases on Federalism on opposed to the other court cases.

B. Vocabulary from this unit pertaining to the Court Case may include Extradition, as the law of
Nevada declared a couple breaking a law by marriage with multiple spouses in one house, as
Extradition wouldn't be necessary when the Supreme Court ruled the court case.

The Supremacy Clause

The federal law is the supreme law of the land, and so the judges within every state must abide
the constitution within its laws, treaties, and matters.

Ex.
Article VI of the US constitution make the power clear, that federal law overrules state laws
even in state constitutions.

The Necessary and Proper Clause

When carrying laws into execution, Congress must first deem laws necessary and proper as
suitable to the powers vested by the Constitution for the government of the United States, or in
any department or officer thereof.

Ex.
 Congress represents the necessary and proper clause in which all other powers are to abide the
laws created by Congress which are to be necessary and proper.

The Clear and Present Danger Clause

Any unconstitutional actions made by the government cannot be made unless its expression
proves a clear and present danger about a substantial evil.

Ex.
The Espionage Act was an act of the US Congress to cover offenses cast into the government
and war efforts about interference with government bonds. The speech behind the act ruled the
"Clear and Present danger" active, however not being protected by the first amendment.

Full Faith & Credit Clause

“Full Faith and Credit shall be given in each state to the Public Acts, Records, and judicial
Proceedings of every other State”

Ex.

1. Only applies to civil, not criminal matters-One State cannot enforce another State’s criminal
law

2. If people get divorced in a state that they are not the residents of, then that divorce does not
need to be recognized by the state that they are residents of.

Privileges and Immunities Clause

No state can draw unreasonable distinctions between its own residents and those persons who
happen to live in other States.

Ex.

The State of Georgia can charge a sales tax on all groceries, but Georgia can't charge one tax
rate for its citizens and another for non-citizens.
Extradition Clause

Any person charge with a crime in one state who flees the state and is found in another state,
shall be sent back to the state in which they committed the crime

Ex.

In Kentucky v. Dennison (1860), a man committed a crime in Kentucky by helping a slave escape.
He then fled to Ohio. The Court did hold that, under the Extradition Clause, the governor of Ohio
had the constitutional responsibility to return the man to Kentucky.

Federalism

One of the six principles of the constitution, with a system of government in which power is
divided between central, state and local governments.

Reserved Powers

A. Those powers that the Constitution grants to the States and not the Federal government.

Ex.
1. Permit some forms of gambling and prohibit others.

2. Professional licenses (doctors, lawyers, hairstylists, plumbers, teachers).

3.Confiscate property used in connection with illegal activities.

4.Establish public schools

Delegated Powers

The powers of the national government that are granted to it by the Constitution, which
includes Expressed Powers, Implied Powers and Inherent Powers.
Popular Sovereignty

One of the six principles of the constitution, where political power is in the hands of the people.

Ex.
Kansas-Nebraska Act

Treaty

Formal Agreement between two or more states.

Executive Agreement

Pact made by the President directly with another leader of a country.

Cabinet

An advisory body to the president

Amendments

1. Freedom of speech, press, and religion.

2. The Right to Bear Arms.

3. No quartering of soldiers.

4. Freedom from unreasonable search and seizure.

5. Right to due process of law, freedom from self-incrimination, double jeopardy.

6. Right to a speedy and public trial.

7. Right of trial by jury in civil cases.

 8. Freedom from excessive bail, cruel and unusual punishments.

9. Rights of the people are not construed or denied

10. Powers reserved to the states.

Theocracy

Theocracy is a type of government headed by religious leaders.

Ex. Vatican City

Autocracy

Government in which a single person holds unlimited power.

Ex. Nazi Germany

Oligarchy

Government in which power is held by a small group of people.

Ex. Athens (600s BCE)

Direct Democracy

The people of the state directly make the public policy.

Ex. Switzerland

Indirect Democracy

A minority of people represent the majority in government.

 Ex. The U.S.

Checks and Balances

One of the six principles of the constitution, where the Executive, Legislative and Judicial
Branches can be restrained by one another.

Ex. Clinton Impeachment

The Executive Branch

A. The Executive Branch enforces the law.

B. Has the power to appoint and pardon power from judges in the judicial branch, while also
being able to veto laws from the Legislative Branch.

C. This branch can be most represented by the President.

The Legislative Branch

A. The Legislative Branch has a responsibility to create laws.

B. Can impeach power and overriding vetoes with 2/3 vote within the executive branch. They
can also approve the federal judges within the judicial branch.

C. This branch is most represented by The House of Representatives.

The Judicial Branch

A. The Judicial Branch has a responsibility of interpreting the laws.

B. Can declare any laws made by the Legislative Branch Unconstitutional, while also being able
to declare presidential acts unconstitutional in the executive branch.
 C. This branch is most represented by the Supreme Court.

The Constitutional Convention of 1787

The Constitutional Convention was a meeting between the Founding Fathers to create the
Constitution of the US.

Virginia Plan

Plan to give the more populated and rich states more representation in Congress

New Jersey Plan

Plan to allow for equal representation for every state in Congress, regardless of population or
money.

Connecticut Compromise

Agreement between the large and small states in which representation in the House of
Representatives was decided by population, while as every state would have equal
representation in the Senate.

3/5 Compromise

Each slave would be counted as 3/5 of a person when it comes to representation in Congress.

The Magna Carta (1215)

A. The Magna Carta included fundamental rights such as trial by jury, due process of law, and
everyone is entitled to life, liberty and property.
 B. The Magna Carta was used within England during the time of King John, as conflict during this
time was a result of the King taking advantage of his power among the people.

C. The connection between this document and the American Government is the US Constitution as
the rights within the Magna Carta dictate rights against an oppressive ruler, as limited
government later proved a quality of the US.

Petition of Right (1628)

A. The Petition of Right limited king’s power by saying that he couldn’t imprison/punish anyone
without judgement of his peers, no martial law in times of peace, and no sheltering of troops
without consent from homeowner.

B. The Petition of Right was used within England during the time of King Charles I, where he signs
the documents except, he ignores them and rules without Parliament.

C. The connection between this document and the American Government is the First Amendment,
as the people have the right to petition the government.

English Bill of Rights (1689)

A. The Bill of Rights prevented abuse of power by monarchs through ensuring that there was no
army during peace time, all parliamentary elections are free, right to a fair trial, and freedom
from cruel and unusual punishment.

B. The English Bill of Rights was created in response to the Glorius Revolution, when James II was
condemned for his abuse of power in England. It then states that monarchy cannot rule without
consent of the Parliament.

C. The connection between this document and the American Government is the US Bill of Rights,
where the rights of liberties and individuals were created.
John Locke

A. An English Philosopher supporting the idea of Natural Rights, Necessity of Government, and the
Social Contract. He has a connection between these ideas and the American Government, as
natural rights apply to the constitution, necessity of the government being a reason for the war
during the American Revolution, and the social contract playing as a part of the declaration of
independence.

B. Three of his major ideas included "Life, Liberty and Property"

C. These ideas contributed to the creation of the US gov, as the ideals of living within a governed
nation should include natural rights such as the freedom of critiquing the government and free
speech, press and religion. Liberty is an ideal expanded on the Necessity of Government as there
should be reason among the people that benefits will come forth. Finally, Property is an ideal
which should be expressed within the Social Contract, as freedom is a price of living in the US, as
citizens are meant to comply with the laws of the government.

The 4 Ages of Federalism

Federalism

One of the six principles of the constitution, with a system of government in which power is divided between
central, state and local governments.

Dual Federalism

1. Two levels of government are part of the whole, but each has clearly defined responsibilities.

2. Taking place during 1790-1929, Thomas Jefferson was president at the time.

3. A court case called, "McCollough v. Maryland" regarding the creation of a national bank, the court
made it clear that federal laws took precedent over state laws when McCollough and Maryland came
into conflict.
Cooperative Federalism

1. Officials at different levels work together as allies.

2. Taking place during 1932-1960, Franklin D. Roosevelt was president at the time.

3. The Great Depression occurring until 1939, had shown federal funds making up less than 2 percent
of state and local government revenues.

Regulated Federalism

1. Strict Regulation by the federal government on funds given to states, localities, and cities.

2. Taking place during 1960-1972, Lyndon B. Johnson was president at the time.

3. Lyndon B. Johnson from his presidency decided to create "The Great Society" which was a program
designed to end poverty, eliminate racial injustice, and improve the environment. The big catch
however was strict regulations on money being spent whenever loans were made.

New Federalism

1. Regulating the powers of the federal government and giving more power to the states.

2. Taking place from 1923-present day, Richard Nixon was president at the time.

3. During this time, the president encouraged the states to write their own recipes for solving their
state problems, which under time the Republicans soon gained control of the powers of Congress
once again.

The Judicial Branch:

 A. The Judicial Branch has a responsibility of interpreting the laws.

B. Can declare any laws made by the Legislative Branch Unconstitutional, while also being able to
declare presidential acts unconstitutional in the executive branch.

C. This branch is most represented by the Supreme Court.

The Legislative Branch:

A. The Legislative Branch has a responsibility to create laws.

B. Can impeach power and overriding vetoes with 2/3 vote within the executive branch. They can
also approve the federal judges within the judicial branch.

C. This branch is most represented by The House of Representatives.

The Executive Branch:

A. The Executive Branch enforces the law.

B. Has the power to appoint and pardon power from judges in the judicial branch, while also being
able to veto laws from the Legislative Branch.

C. This branch can be most represented by the President.