Political parties in the United States - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.

org/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States

Political parties in the United States

American electoral politics has been dominated by two major political parties since shortly after
the founding of the republic. Since the 1850s, they have been the Democratic Party and the
Republican Party. Since the last major party realignment in the mid-20th century, the Democratic
Party has been the center-left and liberal party, and the Republican Party has been the center-right
and conservative party. Since the 1990s both the Republican and Democratic parties have shifted
further apart. This two-party system is based on laws, party rules and custom, not specifically
outlined in the US Constitution. Several third parties also operate in the U.S., and from time to
time elect someone to local office.[1] The largest third party since the 1980s has been the
Libertarian Party. Besides the Constitution, Green, and Libertarian parties, there are many other
political parties that receive only minimal support and only appear on the ballot in one or a few
states.

The need to win popular support in a republic led to the American invention of voter-based
political parties in the 1790s.[2] Americans were especially innovative in devising new campaign
techniques that linked public opinion with public policy through the party.[3] Political scientists
and historians have divided the development of America's two-party system into five eras.[4] The
first two-party system consisted of the Federalist Party, which supported the ratification of the
Constitution, and the Democratic-Republican Party or the Anti-Administration party (Anti-
Federalists), which opposed the powerful central government that the Constitution established
when it took effect in 1789.[5] Party realignments have recurred periodically in response to social
and cultural movements and economic development. The modern two-party system consists of the
"Democratic" Party and the "Republican" Party. However these names, while they have been in
existence since before the Civil War, have not always represented the same ideology or electorate.
These two parties have won every United States presidential election since 1852 and have
controlled the United States Congress since at least 1856.[6]

Some political candidates, and many voters, choose not to identify with a particular political party.
In some states, independents are not allowed to vote in primary elections, but in others, they can
vote in any primary election of their choice. Although the term "independent" often is used as a
synonym for "moderate," "centrist," or "swing voter," to refer to a politician or voter who holds
views that incorporate facets of both liberal and conservative ideologies, most self-described
independents consistently support one of the two major parties when it comes time to vote,
according to Vox Media.[7]

Contents
History and early political parties
Second Party System: 1828–1854
Third Party System: 1854–1890s
Fourth Party System: 1896–1932
Fifth Party System 1933–1968
Sixth Party System, 1968–2020
Minor parties and independents
Major parties

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Democratic Party
Republican Party
Minor parties
Libertarian Party
Green Party
Constitution Party
References
Further reading

History and early political parties

The United States Constitution is
silent on the subject of political
parties. The Founding Fathers did
not originally intend for American
politics to be partisan. In Federalist
Papers No. 9 and No. 10, Alexander
Hamilton and James Madison,
respectively, wrote specifically about
the dangers of domestic political
factions. In addition, the first
Popular votes to political parties during presidential elections.
President of the United States,
George Washington, was not a
member of any political party at the
time of his election or throughout his
tenure as president. Furthermore, he
hoped that political parties would
not be formed, fearing conflict and
stagnation, as outlined in his
Farewell Address.[8]

Nevertheless, the beginnings of the

American two-party system emerged
from his immediate circle of
advisers. Hamilton and Madison, Political parties derivation. Dotted line means unofficially.
who wrote the aforementioned
Federalist Papers against political
factions, ended up being the core leaders in this emerging party system. It was the split camps of
Federalists, given rise with Hamilton as a leader, and Democratic-Republicans, with Madison and
Thomas Jefferson at the helm of this political faction, that created the environment in which
partisanship, once distasteful, came to being.[9][10]

The First Party System of the United States featured the Federalist Party and the Democratic-
Republican Party (also called "Jeffersonian Republican"). The Federalist Party grew from the
national network of Washington's Secretary of the Treasury, Alexander Hamilton, who favored a
strong united central government, close ties to Britain, a centralized banking system, and close
links between the government and men of wealth.

The Democratic-Republican Party was founded by Madison and Thomas Jefferson, who strongly
opposed Hamilton's agenda.[11] The Jeffersonians came to power in 1800 and the Federalists were

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too elitist to compete effectively. The Federalists survived in the Northeast, but their refusal to
support the War of 1812 verged on secession and was a devastating blow when the war ended well.
The Era of Good Feelings under President James Monroe (1816–1824) marked the end of the First
Party System and a brief period in which partisanship was minimal.[12]

Second Party System: 1828–1854

The Second Party System operated from the late 1820s to the mid-1850s following the splintering
of the Democratic-Republican Party. Two major parties dominated the political landscape: the
Whig Party, led by Henry Clay, that grew from the National Republican Party; and the Democratic
Party, led by Andrew Jackson. The Democrats supported the primacy of the Presidency over the
other branches of government, and opposed both the Bank of the United States as well as
modernizing programs that they felt would build up industry at the expense of the famers.[13]

The Whigs, on the other hand, advocated the primacy of Congress over the executive branch as
well as policies of modernization and economic protectionism. Central political battles of this era
were the Bank War and the Spoils system of federal patronage.[14] The early 1850s saw the collapse
of the Whig party, largely as a result of decline in its leadership and a major intra-party split over
slavery as a result of the Kansas–Nebraska Act. In addition, the fading of old economic issues
removed many of the unifying forces holding the party together.

Third Party System: 1854–1890s Presidential election victories by

party system[15]
The Third Party System stretched from 1854 to the mid-1890s, Party System Party A Party B
and was characterized by the emergence of the anti-slavery
First 7 1
Republican Party, which adopted many of the economic policies
of the Whigs, such as national banks, railroads, high tariffs, Second 5 2
homesteads and aid to land grant colleges. The Democratic Third 3 7
Party was in large part the opposition party during this period,
although it often controlled the Senate or the House of Fourth 2 7
Representatives, or both.[16] Fifth 7 2

Civil war and Reconstruction issues polarized the parties until Sixth 5 7
the Compromise of 1877, which ended the latter. Thus both
parties became broad-based voting coalitions and the race issue pulled newly enfranchised African
Americans (Freedmen) into the Republican Party while white southerners (Redeemers) joined the
Democratic Party. The Democratic coalition also had conservative pro-business Bourbon
Democrats, traditional Democrats in the North (many of them former Copperheads), and Catholic
immigrants, among others. The Republican coalition also consisted of businessmen, shop owners,
skilled craftsmen, clerks, and professionals who were attracted to the party's modernization
policies.[17]

Fourth Party System: 1896–1932

The Fourth Party System, 1896 to 1932, consisted of the same interest groups as the Third Party
System, but saw major shifts in the central issues of debate. This period also corresponded to the
Progressive Era, and was dominated by the Republican Party. It began after the Republicans
blamed the Democrats for the Panic of 1893, which later resulted in William McKinley's victory
over William Jennings Bryan in the 1896 presidential election.[18]

The central domestic issues changed to government regulation of railroads and large corporations

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("trusts"), the protective tariff, the role of labor unions, child labor, the need for a new banking
system, corruption in party politics, primary elections, direct election of senators, racial
segregation, efficiency in government, women's suffrage, and control of immigration. Most voting
blocs continued unchanged, but some realignment took place, giving Republicans dominance in
the industrial Northeast and new strength in the border states. Historians have long debated why
no Labor Party emerged in the United States, in contrast to Western Europe.[19]

Fifth Party System 1933–1968

The Fifth Party System emerged with the New Deal coalition beginning in 1933.[20] The
Republicans began losing support after the Great Depression, giving rise to Democratic President
Franklin D. Roosevelt and the activist New Deal. Democrats promoted American liberalism,
anchored in a coalition of specific liberal groups, especially ethno-religious constituencies
(Catholics, Jews, African Americans), white Southerners, well-organized labor unions, urban
machines, progressive intellectuals, and populist farm groups.[21]

Opposition Republicans were split between a conservative wing, led by Ohio Senator Robert A.
Taft, and a more successful moderate wing exemplified by the politics of Northeastern leaders such
as Nelson Rockefeller, Jacob Javits, and Henry Cabot Lodge. The latter steadily lost influence
inside the GOP after 1964.[22]

Since the 1930s, the Democrats positioned themselves more towards liberalism while
conservatives increasingly dominated the GOP.[23]

Sixth Party System, 1968–2020

New voter coalitions emerged gradually during the latter half of the 20th century starting with
Nixon's racially-based "southern strategy" which he used successfully to attain the presidency in
1968. Conservatives and the Republican Party became dominant in the South, rural areas, and
suburbs, while liberals and the Democratic Party built a coalition of African-Americans, Hispanics
and white urban progressives in the northeast and coastal areas.

Minor parties and independents

Although American politics have been dominated by the two-party system, several other political
parties have also emerged throughout the country's history. The oldest third party was the Anti-
Masonic Party, which was formed in upstate New York in 1828. The party's creators feared the
Freemasons, believing they were a powerful secret society that was attempting to rule the country
in defiance of republican principles.[24]

Major parties

Democratic Party

The Democratic Party is one of two major political parties in the U.S. Founded as the Democratic
Party in 1828 by Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren,[25] it is the oldest extant voter-based
political party in the world.[26][27]

The Democratic Party at its founding supported a different set of issues than it presently supports.

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From its founding until the mid-20th century, the Democratic Party was the dominant party
among white southerners, and as such, was then the party most associated with the defense of
slavery. However, following the Great Society under Lyndon B. Johnson, the Democratic Party
became the more progressive party on issues of civil rights, they would slowly lose dominance in
southern states until 1996, the last time they won any southern state.

The Democratic Party since 1912 has positioned itself as the liberal party on domestic issues. The
economic philosophy of Franklin D. Roosevelt, which has strongly influenced modern American
liberalism, has shaped much of the party's agenda since 1932. Roosevelt's New Deal coalition
controlled the White House until 1968, with the exception of the two terms of President
Eisenhower from 1953–1961. Since the mid-20th century, Democrats have generally been in the
center-left and currently support social justice, social liberalism, a mixed economy, and the welfare
state, although Bill Clinton and other New Democrats have pushed for free trade and
neoliberalism, which is seen to have shifted the party rightwards. Democrats are currently
strongest in the Northeast and West Coast and in major American urban centers. African-
Americans and Latinos tend to be disproportionately Democratic, as do trade unions.

In 2004, it was the largest political party, with 72 million registered voters (42.6% of 169 million
registered) claiming affiliation.[28] Although his party lost the election for president in 2004,
Barack Obama would later go on to become president in 2009 and continue to be the president
until January 2017. Obama was the 15th Democrat to hold the office, and from the 2006 midterm
elections until the 2014 midterm elections, the Democratic Party was also the majority party in the
United States Senate.

A 2011 USA Today review of state voter rolls indicates that the number of registered Democrats
declined in 25 of 28 states (some states do not register voters by party). During this time,
Republican registration also declined, as independent or no preference voting was on the rise.
However, in 2011 Democrats numbers shrank 800,000, and from 2008 they were down by 1.7
million, or 3.9%.[29] In 2018, the Democratic party was the largest in the United States with
roughly 60 million registered members.

Republican Party

The Republican Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States of
America. Since the 1880s it has been nicknamed (by the media) the "Grand Old Party" or GOP,
although it is younger than the Democratic Party. Founded in 1854 by Northern anti-slavery
activists and modernizers, the Republican Party rose to prominence in 1860 with the election of
Abraham Lincoln, who used the party machinery to support victory in the American Civil War.[30]

The GOP dominated national politics during the Third Party System, from 1854 to 1896, and the
Fourth Party System from 1896 to 1932. Since its founding, the Republican Party has been the
more market-oriented of the two American political parties, often favoring policies that aid
American business interests. As a party whose power was once based on the voting power of Union
Army veterans, this party has traditionally supported more robust national defense measures and
improved veterans' benefits. Today, the Republican Party supports an American conservative
platform, with further foundations in economic liberalism, fiscal conservatism, and social
conservatism. The Republican Party tends to be strongest in the Southern United States and the
"flyover states", as well as suburban and rural areas in other states.[31]

Since the 2010 midterm elections, the Republicans held a majority in the United States House of
Representatives until the 2018 midterms where they lost it to the Democratic Party. Additionally,
since the 2014 elections, the Republican Party has controlled the Senate.[32] In 2018, the
Republican party had roughly 55 million registered members, making it the second largest party in

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the United States.

Minor parties
The United States also has an array of minor parties, the largest of which (on the basis of support
for their Presidential candidates in the 2016 election), are the Libertarian, Green, and Constitution
parties.

Libertarian Party

The Libertarian Party was founded on December 11, 1971.[33] It is the largest continuing third
party in the United States, claiming well over 500,000 registered voters across all 50 states.[34] As
of 2019, they have about 176 minor elected officials, including 1 state legislator.[35] Representative
Justin Amash, a Republican from Michigan, switched to the Libertarian Party in May 2020, to
become the first Libertarian Party member of Congress.

The 2012 Libertarian Party nominee for United States President was former New Mexico governor,
Gary Johnson. He achieved ballot access in every state except for Michigan (only as a write-in
candidate) and Oklahoma. He received over one million votes in the election. In 2016, Johnson ran
again, receiving over four million votes, or 3.3% of the popular vote.

The Libertarian Party's core mission is to reduce the size, influence, and expenditures in all levels
of government. To this effect, the party supports minimally regulated markets, a less powerful
federal government, strong civil liberties, drug liberalization, open immigration, non-
interventionism and neutrality in diplomatic relations, free trade and free movement to all foreign
countries, and a more representative republic.[36] As of 2016, it is the third largest organized
political party in the United States.

Green Party

The Green Party has been active as a third party since the 1980s. The party first gained widespread
public attention during Ralph Nader's second presidential run in 2000. Currently, the primary
national Green Party organization in the U.S. is the Green Party of the United States, which has
eclipsed the earlier Greens/Green Party USA.

The Green Party in the United States has won elected office mostly at the local level; most winners
of public office in the United States who are considered Greens have won nonpartisan-ballot
elections (that is, elections in which the candidates' party affiliations were not printed on the
ballot).[37] In 2005, the Party had 305,000 registered members in the District of Columbia and 20
states that allow party registration.[38] During the 2006 elections the party had ballot access in 31
states.[39] In 2017, Ralph Chapman, a Representative in the Maine House of Representative
switched his association from Unaffiliated to the Green Independent Party.[40]

The United States Green Party generally holds a left-wing ideology on most important issues.
Greens emphasize environmentalism, non-hierarchical participatory democracy, social justice,
respect for diversity, peace, and nonviolence. As of 2016, it is the fourth largest organized political
party in the United States.

Constitution Party

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The Constitution Party is a small national conservative political party in the United States. It was
founded as the U.S. Taxpayers Party in 1992 by Howard Phillips. The party's official name was
changed to the "Constitution Party" in 1999; however, some state affiliate parties are known under
different names. The Constitution Party is strongly pro-life and supports gun rights, and
restrictions on immigration. It calls for protectionist trade policies.

In 2010 former Congressman Tom Tancredo was the Constitution Party candidate for governor of
Colorado, coming in second with 617,030 votes, 36.4% and ahead of the Republican candidate,
Dan Maes, with 11.1%. The Constitution Party's 2012 presidential nominee was former
Congressman Virgil Goode of Virginia. Tennessee Attorney Darrell Castle was the 2016
Constitution Party nominee for President of the United States and Scott Bradley of Utah was the
nominee for Vice President.[41]

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residential-nomination/) October 8, 2018, at the Wayback Machine

Further reading
Critchlow, Donald T. American Political History: A Very Short Introduction (https://books.googl
e.com/books?id=If91BQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false) (2015)
Dinkin, Robert J. Campaigning in America: A History of Election Practices. Greenwood (1989)
Foley, Edward B. Ballot Battles: The History of Disputed Elections in the United States (https://
books.google.com/books?id=h9XiCgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false)
(Oxford University Press, 2016). xiv, 479 pp.
Gould, Lewis. Grand Old Party: A History of the Republicans (2003) online (https://archive.org/
details/grandoldpartyhis00goul)
Graff, Henry F., ed. The Presidents: A Reference History (3rd ed. 2002) online (https://www.pre
sidentprofiles.com//), short scholarly biographies from George Washington to William Clinton.

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Political parties in the United States - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States

Kleppner, Paul, ed. The evolution of American electoral systems (1981) experts review the 1st
to 5th party systems.
Kurian, George T. ed. The encyclopedia of the Democratic Party (1996) vol 3 online (https://arc
hive.org/details/encyclopediaofr03kuri/page/n5/mode/2up)
Kurian, George T. ed. The encyclopedia of the Republican Party (4 vol 1996) vol 1-2-4 online
(https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofr01kuri)
Schlozman, Daniel. When Movements Anchor Parties: Electoral Alignments in American
History (Princeton University Press, 2015) xiv, 267 pp.
Schlesinger, Jr., Arthur Meier ed. History of American Presidential Elections, 1789–2000
(various multivolume editions, latest is 2001). For each election includes history and selection
of primary documents. Essays on some elections are reprinted in Schlesinger, The Coming to
Power: Critical presidential elections in American history (1972)
Schlesinger, Arthur Meier, Jr. ed. History of U.S. Political Parties (1973) multivolume
Shafer, Byron E. and Anthony J. Badger, eds. Contesting Democracy: Substance and
Structure in American Political History, 1775–2000 (2001), collection of new essays by
specialists on each time period:
includes: "State Development in the Early Republic: 1775–1840" by Ronald P. Formisano;
"The Nationalization and Racialization of American Politics: 1790–1840" by David
Waldstreicher; "'To One or Another of These Parties Every Man Belongs;": 1820–1865 by
Joel H. Silbey; "Change and Continuity in the Party Period: 1835–1885" by Michael F. Holt;
"The Transformation of American Politics: 1865–1910" by Peter H. Argersinger;
"Democracy, Republicanism, and Efficiency: 1885–1930" by Richard Jensen; "The Limits of
Federal Power and Social Policy: 1910–1955" by Anthony J. Badger; "The Rise of Rights
and Rights Consciousness: 1930–1980" by James T. Patterson, Brown University; and
"Economic Growth, Issue Evolution, and Divided Government: 1955–2000" by Byron E.
Shafer

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