Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Theory of Architecture
Authorship + Disclaimer
This work is the property of
Pedro Santos Jr. and Dianne Ancheta.
For questions, contact the authors at arch.
pedrosantosjr@gmail.com and arch.
dianneancheta@gmail.com.
Creative Commons
This presentation is licensed under the Creative
Commons Attribution NonCommercial ShareAlike 4.0
International License and is not licensed for commercial
use. To view a copy of this license, visit http:
//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
MODULE 2
Elements of Architecture and
Principles of Design
OVERVIEW OF THE MODULE
▪ Module 2: Elements of Architecture and Principles of
Design
▪ Part 2.1: Primary Elements of Design
▪ Part 2.2: Form Articulation
▪ Part 2.3: Circulation
▪ Part 2.4: Principles of Design
PART 2.1
Primary Elements of Design
Each element is first considered as a
conceptual element, then as a visual
element in the vocabulary of
architectural design.
When made visible to the eye or paper or
in three dimensional space, these
elements become form with
characteristics of substance, shape, size,
color, and texture.
▪ Point
▪ Line
▪ Plane
▪ Volume
Point
It marks a position in space. Conceptually, it has no
length, width, or depth, and is therefore static,
centralized, and directionless.
Point
As the prime element in the vocabulary
of form, a point can serve to mark:
▪ flush;
▪ projected; and
▪ recessed.
FLUSH
Maintains the continuity of the surface
of a wall and can be deliberately
obscured.
Morris Gift Shop
California. Frank Lloyd Wright.
▪ Pass by Spaces
▪ Pass through Spaces
▪ Terminate in a Space
Pass by Spaces
▪ The integrity of each space is
maintained;
▪ The configuration of the path is
flexible;
▪ The mediating spaces can be used
to link the path with the spaces.
Bolssonas House
France. Philip Johnson.
Pass through
Spaces
▪ The path may pass through a space
axially, obliquely, or along its edge;
▪ In cutting through a space, the path
creates patterns of rest and
movement within it.
Mortuary Temple
of Rameses III
Medinet-Habu.
Terminate in a
Space
▪ The location of the space
establishes the path;
▪ This path-space relationhip is used
to approach and enter functionally or
symbolically important spaces.
Neur Vahr
Apartment
Germany. Alvar Aalto.
Form of the circulation space
Corridors, halls, galleries, stairways, and rooms.
▪ Enclosed;
▪ Open on One Side; or
▪ Open on Both Sides.
Enclosed
Forming a public galleria or private
corridor that relates to the spaces it links
through entrances in a wall plane.
Open on one side
Forming a balcony or gallery that
provides visual and spatial continuity
with the spaces it links.
Open on both
sides
Forming a colonnaded passageway that
becomes a physical extension of the
space it passes through.
Part 2.4
Principles of Design
Design is the creation and organization
of formal elements in a work of art.
▪ Static;
▪ Dynamic; or
▪ Based on social distances and
personal space.
Scale
The size of something compared to a reference
standard or to the size of something else.
Scale
Scale refers to how we perceive or judge
the size of something in relation to
something else. In dealing with the issue
of scale, therefore, we are always
comparing one thing to another.
Two types:
▪ Bilateral
▪ Radial
Bilateral Symmetry
Refers to the balanced arrangement of similar or
equivalent elements on opposite sides of a median axis
so that only one plane can divide the whole into
essentially identical halves.
Monticello
Virginia. Thomas Jefferson.
Monticello
Virginia. Thomas Jefferson.
Unity Temple
Oak Park, Illinois. Frank Lloyd Wright.
▪ exceptional size;
▪ a unique shape; or
▪ a strategic location.
by Size
A form or space may dominate an
architectural composition by being
significantly different in size from all the
other elements in the composition.
Normally, this dominance is made visible
by the sheer size of an element.
Savannah
Georgia. James Oglethorpe.
by Shape
A form or space can be made visually
dominant and thus important by clearly
differentiating its shape from that of the
other elements in the composition. A
discernible contrast in shape is critical,
whether the differentiation is based on a
change in geometry or regularity
Plan of
Montfazier
France.
▪ size;
▪ shape; or
▪ detail characteristics.
Classification of
Temples
From Vitruvius’ Ten Books of
Architecture.