1.6.

14 Digital Measuring Instruments

Digital measuring instruments displays its output as discrete numbers, in BCD

form. It mainly consist of analog to digital converter.

Digital voltmeter (DVM) is used for the measurement of analog dc voltages

we can measure AC voltages, ohms, DC & AC current, temperature and pressure
using this digital instrument with proper signal conditioners.

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Introduction .121
Advantages of DVM

1. Input ranges from +1.000 V to + 1000 V

2. It has automatic range selection capability and overload indication.
3 It rednree human errar and aliminatao narallav error

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Introduction
.121
Advantages of DVM

1. Input ranges from +1.000 V to +1000 v

2. It has automatic range selection capability and overload indication.
3. It reduces human error and eliminates parallax error.
4. Output is in electrical form, so easy for further processing and recording.
5. It Provides No loading effect.
6. It provides accuracy of t0.005% of the reading.
7. High Resolution.
1.6.14.1 Digital Voltmeter for Dc Voltage Measurement
The DC voltage to be measured is given to attenuator, sample and hold cireult
and analog to digital converter, at last digital word is displayed by using seven segment
display or LCD display.
Latch
Sample Analog Seven segment
to display
DC Hola digital (or)
input circuit
Voltage
converter LCDdisplay
Attenuato

Start

Figure 1.60 DC digital voltmeter Recording

Latch line is used to hold the digital infomation for a particular period in the
display. start bit indicates the completion of analog to digital conversion to the display.
Recording can also be done using recording devices. Most commonly used A/D
converters are

1. Dual slope converter and

2. Successive approximation converter.
The main features of DVM are

1. Auto ranging
2. Auto zeroing and
3. Polarity detection.
 Introduction

Vi
H
R
S wW

Figure 1.62 Auto zeroing

1.6.14.2 Digital Voltmeter for AC Voltage Measurement

Phase Rectifier Sample Analog Seven

compensated and to
AC- with segment
input atenuator Filter hold digital display
circuit converler
voltage

Recorder

Figure 1.63 AC digital voltmeter

Ac input voltage is applied to the phase compensated attenuator eircuit. The

output of that circuit is rectified and filtered.

A/D converter with sample and Hold circuit is used to convert the filtered
analog output into a digital signal. Finally it is displayed on the seven segment display.

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L128 Measurements and Instrumentation

1.6.15 DVM

The various types of digital voltmeters (DVM) are

1. Ramp type DVM
2. Dual slope Integrating type DVM
3. Successive approximation type DVM
4. Integrating type (Voltage to frequency conversion) DVM
5. Servo Balancing potentiometer type DVM.
1.6.15.1 Ramp Type DVM
It consist of a Ramp generator, sampled rate multivibrator, two comparators,
Gate circuit with oscillator and a counter sampled rate multivibrator gives a pulse to
ramp generator to start the process, at the same time it also gives a pulse to the
counter for reset its value to zero. Now the ramp signal is given to both the
comparators. First comparator compares the ramp signal with the attenuated input
signal.
When the ramp signal is equal to the input signal, start pulse is given to the
gate. when the ramp signal is equal to the Ground level (zero value) Lower
comparator gives stop pulse to the Gate. Ramp may be positive or negative. Here
negative ramp signal is used. The time duration of the gate onening is nrnnortinnal
 SlUd

1.6.15 DVM
are
voltmeters (DVM)
The types of digital
various
Ramp type DVM
1.
type DVM
2. Dual slope Integrating DVM
Successive
type
approximation
DVM
3. conversion)
Integrating type
(Voltage to frequency
4. DVM.
potentiometer type
5. Servo Balancing
DVM
1.6.15.1 Ramp Type two comparators,
sampled rate multivibrator,
generator, to
It consist of a Ramp multivibrator gives a pulse
rate
oscillator and a counter sampled to the
Gate circuit with s a m e time it
also gives a pulse
the process, at the
is given to both the
to start
ramp generator Now the ramp signal
value to zero.
counter for reset its attenuated input
compares the ramp signal with the
comparators. First comparator
signal. start pulse is given to
the
When the ramp signal equal the
is input signal,
to
Lower
is equal to the Ground level (zero value)
gate. when the ramp signal be positive or negative. Here
to the Gate. Ramp may
comparator gives stop pulse is proportional
signal is used. The time duration of the gate opening
negative ramp
oscillator frequency is
to amplitude. during this gate opening period
the input signal
value is taken as Readout.
counted with the help of a counter. The counted
Input
comparator
Test Ranging Start
and
dc Pulse
Attenuator

Oscilator Gate E Counter

Read
Stop Lout
Ramp pulse
Generator
GND
comparator

Sampled
Rate
Multivibrator
Figure 1.71 Ramp type DVM
 LAUenuator
Pulse

Oscillator
GatoACounter
Ramp Stop Read
Generator pulse Out
GND
comparator
Sampled
Rate
Multivibrator
Figure 1.71 Ramp type DVM
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Introduction

Start of Ramp L.129

+12
Start pulse

Input voltage
oV
Stop
puise
12 ********

*******************

Gate opening time

interval

JULL Clock pulses

Figure 1.72 Voltage to time conversion by
Ramp type DVM
Ramp type DVM is easy to design, low cost and
superimposed on the input signal cause large errors. provides high linearity. Noise
1.6.15.2 Dual Slope
Integrating Type DVM
ww
R

input
vollage High input 3
Impedance
buffer integrator
Comparator

Start Control
End o f Logic
converslon

OscilalorRGate Counter&
display
Figure 1.73 Dual slope type DVM

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