Coventry University

Assignment Submission & Declaration Form

PLEASE COMPLETE ALL RELEVANT SECTIONS

Module Code Faculty Student Name

INT5049CEM SOEAT
Student ID Student Signature

Due Date Date

24 January 2022

Approved by
Category Coursework

Submit Type Standard

Assessment Type Individual

LATE WORK
If work is being submitted AFTER the dateline a short/long deferral application MUST also have been submitted for your coursework. Failure to have
completed and submitted an application or to supply authorized evidence to support an approved short/long deferral will result in being awarded a
mark of 0%.

Course Title Cohort

Electrical & Electronic Engineering January 2022

Module Title
Engineering Mathematics 2

Assessment Title
INT5049CEM Coursework 1

Module Leader
Dr Nurulanati Othman

I have read the Coventry University rules and regulations on the submission of academic work and in particular the sections concerning
misconduct in assessment, including plagiarism and collusion. This assessment is all my (or my group’s) own work and has not been copied in part
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following hand in.
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Marks Awarded Feedback Summary

Signature
 COURSEWORK 1
Probability Theory

This is an INDIVIDUAL coursework

Estimated time: 30 hours

Weightage of this coursework: 15% of Module

Intended Learning Outcomes

1. Apply mathematical techniques and modern mathematical software to engineering problems.

2. Apply probability distributions and linear regression to engineering problems.

Hand out: 10 January 2022

Hand in: 24 January 2022

Important Reminders

1. Make sure you hand in your Coursework (CW) in time. Be late, get zero. Plan to hand in at least a
day early. Better still, a week.
2. All CWs must be submitted as softcopies - as PDF files.
3. If Matlab programs are involved, attach snapshots of the programs and results in your word file.
Typed Matlab programs in the PDF file will not be accepted.
4. All workings must be shown, but they must be clear, systematic and concise. Writing a lot does not
necessarily mean that you will get good marks. It is the quality and accuracy of your work that
counts.

Converted
Question 1 2 3 4 Total
Total

Score
/10 /20 /35 /35 /100 /15
Instruction: This coursework consists of FOUR (4) QUESTIONS. Attempt ALL questions.

Question 1
A police station in a town receives criminal reports at random at an average rate of 480 reports every four
months. Use a suitable distribution to calculate the probability that fewer than 120 reports, but not fewer
than 90 reports, are received in 1-month period.
[10 marks]

Question 2

The time, T seconds, taken for the intercity buses to move from city A to city B can be assumed to be
normally distributed. 10% of the buses took less than 160 minutes and 20% took less than 165 minutes.
Find the mean and standard deviation of T in three decimal places.

[20 marks]

(see next page)

Question 3
The dispersion data of a highly nonlinear dispersion-shifted fiber is given below:

Wavelength, λ Dispersion, D
(nm) (ps/nm.km)

1510 - 0.800
1515 - 0.700
1520 - 0.600
1525 - 0.500
1530 - 0.425
1535 - 0.350
1540 - 0.250
1545 - 0.175
1550 - 0.100
1555 - 0.025
1560 0.050
1565 0.125
1570 0.175
1575 0.275
1580 0.325
1585 0.375
1590 0.450
1595 0.525
1600 0.575
1605 0.625
1610 0.675
1615 0.725
1620 0.775

The data can be represented by quadratic function of

D( λ)=a λ2 +bλ+ c .
Use Matlab to determine the values of a , b and c such that the function best fit the data. Hence, estimate
the dispersion in ps/nm.km at λ=1561.5 nm and plot, in the same figure, the function D( λ) and the data
points. Describe briefly the statistic behind best fit function (in general).
[35 marks]

Question 4
Discuss critically how statistics can be applied in engineering. Support your discussion with at least two
specific examples and related statistical functions of the engineering application. Limit your discussion up
to four (4) pages only. Please cite and list your references. Any form of plagiarism will not be tolerated.
The field of statistics deal with collection, analysis, presentation and use of data to make decisions, solve
problem and design products. The importance of statistic is it helps to simplify mass of data. It helps to
get concrete information about any problem and helps for reliable and objective decision making.
Engineering is a field that solves problem of interest for the society. Engineers will plan experiments,
conduct experiments, collect and analyze data, and understand how the data collected is related to the
problem under study. Therefore, the field of statistics is interrelated with engineering field.
Statistics can be applied in engineering field. Engineers are always tasked with solving production
problems. Therefore, engineers are required to conduct experiment, data analysis, and testing to ensure
quality control. They need to know how to collect data and knowing sampling theory to collect the most
appropriate and useful data sets.
Statistics are commonly used by engineers for example in testing materials, designing of experiments,
quality and process control and probabilistic design. Statistics can help engineers to determine the
probability of events that is possible to happen so the risk could be determined and solved professionally.
With the help of statistics, engineers able to calculate and reduce the probability of failure in product
design.
The application areas of statistics in engineering field are very large. Statistics help engineers to improve
product design, testing product performance, determining reliability and maintainability. Statistics can
help engineers to create a safer system for rocket ship and flight, electronic devices, buildings, bridge and
so on to prevent any engineering disaster to happen.
The first specific example is design of experiments also known as DOE. Design of experiments is one of
the most important statistics applications in engineering field. Changes will be made in the controlled
variables of the process by engineer. Engineer will then observe the resulting system output data and
make decision about which variables are responsible for the observed changes in output performance in a
designed experiment.
Another specific example is hypotheses testing. Engineer uses statistical hypotheses testing to make
decision regarding which factor to change or which variables that need to be experimented.
One specific example of statistics in engineering field is monitoring the outcomes of a certain process and
trying to achieve the desired result through tampering. Tampering is defined as adjust the process on the
basis of outcomes which are within the expected range of variability.
The following specific example of statistics in engineering field is the Monte Carlo Analysis that
commonly used by the engineers. Monte Carlo Analysis is an analysis method used by design engineer to
conduct the probability of different outcomes due to random variables. This analysis help engineers to
increase the robustness and reliability of their products. For the example below shows the Monte Carlo
Analysis of the resistors’ tolerance of a comparator circuit.
With the help of this analysis, engineers able to design a comparator with a suitable value range of
resistors’ tolerance. This will reduce the probability of failure in the product and increase the quality of
the designed comparator. Need to specific which engineer is using!!!!

Statistics is a critical tool for robustness analysis, measurement system error analysis, test data
analysis, probabilistic risk assessment, and many other fields in the engineering world. Traditionally,
however, statistics is not extensively used in undergraduate engineering technology (ET) programs,
resulting in a major disconnect from industry expectations. The research question: How to
effectively integrate statistics into the curricula of ET programs, is in the foundation of this paper.
Based on the best practices identified in the literature, a unique "learning-by-using" approach was
deployed for the Electronics Engineering Technology Program at Texas A&M University. Simple
statistical concepts such as standard deviation of measurements, signal to noise ratio, and Six
Sigma were introduced to students in different courses. Design of experiments (DOE), regression,
and the Monte Carlo method were illustrated with practical examples before the students applied the
newly understood tools to specific problems faced in their engineering projects. Industry standard
software was used to conduct statistical analysis on real results from lab exercises. The result from
a pilot project at Texas A&M University indicates a significant increase in using statistics tools in
course projects by students. Data from student surveys in selected classes indicate that students
gained more confidence in statistics. These preliminary results show that the new approach is very
effective in applying statistics to engineering technology programs.

Introduction

Statistics is an important tool for robustness analysis, measurement system error analysis, test data
analysis and it is extremely important in our daily life. In this article we will discuss some examples of the
importance of statistics in engineering and food industry as these are the two main programs available
in UiTM Permatang Pauh.

Statistics in Engineering

An engineer is someone who solves problems of interest in society by either refining an existing product
or design a new product that meets customers’ needs. The steps to accomplish this are as shown in
figure 1. Figure 1: The engineering method Articles of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education Vol. 1
(2020) 153 Knowledge of statistics is important to engineers because some statistical techniques can be
a powerful aid in designing new products and systems, improving existing designs, developing new
design and improving production processes. Some of the most important statistics applications in the
field of engineering are Probability Application, Experimental Design, Hypothesis Testing, Quality Control
and Regression Analysis

Probability Application

The study of probability is very important to engineers as it can helps them to examine how likely events
could happen so the risk could be determined and solve professionally. Another significant application
of probability theory in everyday life is reliability. Many consumer products such as automobiles and
consumer electronics use reliability theory to reduce the probability of failure in product design.

[35 marks]
(end)