----- ETHICS REVIEWER -----

 AXIOLOGY 2. Concern dapat siya sa iba dahil as a human,

- kung mahalaga ba your duty is to help others. Mali.
3. Neutral. Hindi tama o mali dahil may
negative and positive effect.
 EPISTEMOLOGY
- Knowledge of how to know
Question: What happens or where do we go when we
- Knowing what is right and
died without the concept of religion – heaven or hell.
wrong in terms of how you
Do we just go on the emptiness?
acquired it.
Answer: METAPHYSICS
Example: Totoo ba ang isang bagay, paano mo
In other religions, sabi nila meron. What is the
nalaman? Narinig ko. So lahat ng naririnig ay
evidence? If there is no evidence, what are your
totoo? Hindi. Paano masasabi kung totoo?
arguments. If there is no argument, what are the
assumptions? How logical is the assumptions?
Example: Boboto
Question: Paano mo nalaman ang knowledge na
Example: In terms of all religions, kahit hindi sikat.
yun if totoo o hindi?
Buddhism is quite logical and scientific in nature.
Nakasulat. So lahat ba ng nakasulat ay totoo?
Sila ang nagsabi ng reincarnation – one of the most
logical and scientific in nature.
Ay dinaya ‘yan, dilawan naman ‘yan. So lahat ng
sinabing dilawan ay tama o mali?
Paano naging scientific in nature ang Buddhism?
Imagine, reincarnation is based on the Theory of
Fake news. Lahat ba ng fake news ay mali?
Thermodynamics – First law is ‘you cannot create
nor destroy energy’ but technically all of the atoms
Question: Bakit pinapabayaan ang global
are energy.
warming?
When you die, hindi siya maaaring gumawa ng bago,
Answer ni Sir: Baka kasi lahat hindi naniniwala
mata-transfer lang.
dahil sa concept ng epistemology. Dahil baka
may idea sila na baka hindi totoo. They’re
Example: Umiinom ng tubig, coke, or tea. May
questioning the knowledge you acquired.
dalawang lalagyanan ka – baso. Baso represents your
Mahalaga na nakikita and epekto niya sa tao.
body and the liquid represents your soul which is the
Pwede kang hindi maniwala, pwede kang
energy what Buddhism said. Kapag bumagsak ang
maniwala, depende sa epistemology, sa paga-
baso sa floor, makikita na nabasag ang baso which is
acquire ng knowledge.
the body. Ang tubig kapag pinunasan, nalipat lang
ang tubig, Nag-evaporate or nalipat sa basahan pero
Question: Considered ba na masama ang space
nandun pa rin. This is logical when in terms of
exploration dahil inuuna ang paggastos sa space
science.
exploration kaysa gamitin sa mga nagugutom?
Example Questions:
Answer: Papasok sa tanong ng ethics. More or
1. Crush ba ako ng crush ko?
less, axiology pa rin. Kung mahalaga pa. There
2. May love ba talaga?
are 3 ideologies to answer this.
3. Totoo ba talaga yung love? -
Metaphysics
1. Yung pera ay personal money ng nag-
4. Paano mo malalaman ang love? –
donate. Kung ayaw niya gamitin sa kapwa
Epistemology
niya, wala tayong magagawa dahil sa kanya
5. Mahalaga ba na malaman ko ang love?
naman yun. Pwedeng tama dahil ito ang
– Axiology
duty niya sa sarili niya.
o Philosophy – lover of wisdom
o Metaphysics – nage-exist ba ‘yan?
 ----- ETHICS REVIEWER -----
o Epistemology – malalaman ko ba talaga
‘yan? Paano ko ba nalaman ‘yan?
Through senses if natikman mong
masarap ang pagkain.
o Axiology – mahalaga bang malaman
ang isang bagay?
Question: Paano naging Philosophy ang Ethics?
Answer:
SUMMARY OF PHILOSOPHY/GENERAL
CONCEPT OF PHILOSOPHY
Example ay EJK. May EJK ba talaga? Baka hindi
totoo ang EJK, baka wala talagang nalabag na batas. -
METAPHYSICS
Paano mo malalaman kung totoo ba talaga ‘yan? –
EPISTEMOLOGY
Mahalaga bang malaman natin ‘yan eh student naman
tayo, hindi naman tayo gumagamit ng drugs
halimbawa. – AXIOLOGY
Question: Bakit dumarami ang mga philosophers?
Answer: Because they have their own questions, they
have their own quests and techniques in order to ask
the question and answer it. Pero iikot lang sa tatlong
question ang lahat.
Example: Computer Science Student
Hindi lang computer science na computer lang talaga.
May part na aaralin ang history of computers para
hindi agawin ang work ng IT.
Difference of IT and CS – para masagot, need mong
malaman ang metaphysics, epistemology and
axiology of computer science.
Philosophy of Computer Science
In the ancient times, magkahalo ang science at magic
– Alchemist
Walang pagkakaiba ang magic and science,
magkahalo. Kaya dati, kapag sinabing scientist ka,
ikaw ay alchemist. Because they have the same quest.
Quest of magic – to turn metal into gold
Ito rin ang quest ng science – to understand how to
transform specific substance, to observe the world. –
Empirical
Pero nang dumating ang philosophy at inaral, ano ba
ang pagkakaiba nila sa metaphysics, epistemology
and axiology nila?
Nagkaroon ng Philosophy of Science. Tanggalin ang
panghuhula. – History of Science
MGA NAPAG-ARALAN
1. Metaphysics
2. Epistemology
3. Axiology
4. Philosophy
5. Application of Ethics in Different Fields
Question: Free Will vs. Determinism
• Free will – nagagawa ang gusto mo
• Determinism – destiny, you are programmed to act
like that
In Islam, naniniwala sila sa destiny which is Qadar.
In Roman Catholic, they believe in freedom and
destiny.
Others, freedom.
Answer in Philosophy: May freedom dahil napipili
mo ang gusto mong gawin but they said freedom is
not true because society already defined what or how
you think. You are programmed and conditioned by
the society.
Pinili mo ang course na ‘yan, akala mo gusto mo but
hindi dahil inuto ka lang ng society.
Yung ayaw mo, hindi mo talaga ayaw yun dahil inuto
ka lang ng society.
In the Christian perspective or Catholic Church, they
believed that there is a destiny. According to St. Paul,
we are destined to be saved.
For example, the prophecy, it is already foretold by
the prophets. But at the same time, you have the
freedom to not respond to God’s call.
In Islam, the concept of Qadar which is everything
that you do is already defined by their Allah.
 ----- ETHICS REVIEWER -----

Pwedeng part ng philosophy and religion. Mahirap Curiosity ang bumubuhay sa tao.
idebunk.
Hindi healthy na idebate ang religion because walang
Question: What about the judgment? Sinasabi na points. Example, in Christianity, Jesus is God but in
freedom is an illusion because of the judgment. Islam, Jesus is Man.
Judgment in the society.
Kahit nanalo ka sa debate, ang tanong diyan ay may
The concept of judgment isn’t freedom because it has napakain ka bang taong nagugutom.
been dictated by the society. Bakit ka iju-judge sa
part na ‘yan because you are defined by the society.
Kaya walang freedom kase we are defined by the
society. Who defines the society? The society itself.

Societal Consciousness – conscious of the whole

society

Pro-freedom
Socrates said that freedom is in the intellect, kapag
lumagpas ka sa conditioning nila, at nalagpasan mo
talino nila, kaya mong lumaban. Kaya ibig sabihin,
may freedom talaga.

In Sociology – they defined it as signify – individual,

and signifier - society.

May debate pa rin ang freedom and determinism

hanggang ngayon bakit? Sino ba ang totoong nagdi-
dictate, individual ba o society? Ang sagot ng isa,
individual because ang bumubuo ng society ay
individual. Pero ang totoo ay ang nagdi-dictate ng
society ay tayo.

However, there’s a concept na lahat ng naiisip mo na

i-dictate sa society, bago ka pa lang ipanganak. Lahat
ng natutunan mo ay from the society. Akala mo
dinidiktahan mo ang society but the society dictates
you.

Walang sagot sa tanong, it’s cycle in Freewill and

Determinism.

Philosophy is very important because minsan mag-

isip ka lang ng ganyan, magiging cause of living mo
na ‘yan. May tinatawag tayong

Existential Void – mayaman ka, kumikita ka na, may

asawa ka na, sobrang masaya ka na sa buhay but after
that, mabobored ka na. Philosophy saves them
sometimes or Religion. Yun ang mahirap kapag
walang philosophy.