PAVEMENTMATERI

ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

PART-A
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALS

UNI
T-1

AGGREGATES:Or
igi
n,cl
assi
fi
cat
ion,
requi
rement
s,pr
oper
ti
esandt
est
sonr
oadaggr
egat
es,
concept
s ofsi
ze and gr
adat
ion-desi
gn gr
adat
ion,max
imum aggr
egat
esi
ze,aggr
egat
e
bl
endi
ng by di
ff
erent met
hods t
o meet speci
fi
cat
ion.
[
6Hour
s]

I
ntr
oduct
ion

Aggr
egat
esf
ormt
hemaj
orpor
ti
onofpav
ementst
ruct
ureandt
heyf
ormt
hepr
ime
mat
eri
al
susedi
npav
ementconst
ruct
ion.Aggr
egat
eshav
etobearst
ressesoccur
ri
ngduet
o
t
hewheell
oadsont
hepav
ementandont
hesur
facecour
set
heyal
sohav
etor
esi
stweardue
t
oabr
asi
veact
ionoft
raf
fi
c.Thesear
eusedi
npav
ementconst
ruct
ioni
ncementconcr
ete,
bi
tumi
nousconcr
eteandot
herbi
tumi
nousconst
ruct
ionsandal
soasgr
anul
arbasecour
se
under
lyi
ngt
hesuper
iorpav
ementl
ayer
s.Ther
efor
ethepr
oper
ti
esoft
heaggr
egat
esar
eof
consi
der
abl
esi
gni
fi
cancet
othehi
ghwayengi
neer
s.

Or
igi
n

Mostoft
her
oadaggr
egat
esar
epr
epar
edf
rom:

1)Nat
ural
rock.
2)Sl
agsder
ivedf
rom met
all
urgi
cal
process(
steel
plant
s)

Gr
avelaggr
egat
esar
esmal
lroundedst
onesofdi
ff
erentsi
zeswhi
char
egener
all
yobt
ained
assuchf
rom somer
iverbeds.Sandi
sfi
neaggr
egat
efr
om weat
her
ingofr
ock.Thepr
oper
ti
es
oft
her
ock,f
rom whi
cht
heaggr
egat
esar
efor
med,dependont
hepr
oper
ti
esofconst
it
uent
mat
eri
al
sandt
henat
ureofbondbet
weent
hem.

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PAVEMENTMATERI
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Basedont
heor
igi
n,nat
uralr
ocksar
ecl
assi
fi
edasi
gneous,sedi
ment
aryandmet
amor
phi
c
r
ocks.

I
gneousr
ocks

Pr
edomi
nant
lycr
yst
all
i
neandar
efor
medbyt
hecool
i
ngofmol
tenr
ockmagma.

Fur
theri
gneousr
ocksar
ecl
assi
fi
edasbel
ow:

Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionbasedongr
ainsi
ze:
a)Cour
se(
>2mm)
b)Medi
um (
2mm t
o0.
2mm)
c)Fi
ne(
<0.
2mm)

Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionbasedoncomposi
ti
on:
a)Aci
drocks(
>66%si
l
ica,
li
ghti
ncol
our&speci
fi
cgr
avi
ty<2.
75)
b)I
nter
medi
ater
ocks(
55t
o66%si
l
ica)
c)Basi
crocks(
<55%si
l
ica,
dar
kincol
our&speci
fi
cgr
avi
ty>2.
75)

Sedi
ment
aryr
ocks

For
medei
therf
rom t
hedeposi
ti
onofi
nsol
ubl
egr
anul
armat
eri
alr
esul
ti
ngf
rom t
he
di
si
ntegr
ati
onofpr
e-ex
ist
ingr
ocks,
orf
ormt
hei
nor
gani
cremai
nsofmar
ineandani
mal
swhi
ch
ar
edeposi
tedi
ngr
eatquant
it
iesont
heseaf
loor
.Sedi
ment
aryr
ocksar
edeposi
tedi
nlay
ers,
t
heyhav
est
rat
if
iedorl
ami
nat
edst
ruct
ure.

Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionbasedonpr
edomi
nat
ingmi
ner
al:

a)Cal
car
eousr
ock(
chal
k,l
i
mest
one&dol
omi
te)
b)Si
l
iceousr
ock(
sandst
one,
fli
nt&cher
t)
c)Ar
gil
l
aceous(
clay&shal
e)

Met
amor
phi
crock

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PAVEMENTMATERI
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Thesear
esedi
ment
aryori
gneousr
ockst
hathav
ebeensubj
ect
edt
ogr
eatheatort
o
gr
eatpr
essur
eorbot
h,t
hathasr
esul
tedi
nthef
ormat
ionofmi
ner
alsandi
ntex
tur
esdi
ff
erent
f
rom t
hoseoft
heor
igi
nal
rock.

Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionbasedongr
ainsi
ze:

a)Fi
negr
ainsi
ze(
hor
nfel
s&schi
st)
b)Coar
segr
ainsi
ze(
gnei
ss&Gr
anul
i
te)

Basedont
hest
rengt
hpr
oper
ty,
thecoar
seaggr
egat
esmaybedi
vi
dedashar
daggr
egat
esand
sof
taggr
egat
es.Gener
all
yfort
hebear
ingcour
seofsuper
iorpav
ementt
ypes,
har
daggr
egat
es
ar
epr
efer
redt
oresi
stt
heabr
adi
ngandcr
ushi
ngef
fect
sofheav
ytr
aff
icl
oadsandt
oresi
st
adv
erseweat
hercondi
ti
ons.I
nthecaseofl
ow-
costr
oadconst
ruct
ionf
orusei
nlowerl
ayer
sof
pav
ementst
ruct
ures,sof
taggr
egat
escanal
sobeused.Thesof
taggr
egat
esi
ncl
udemoor
um,
kankar
,lat
eri
te,
bri
ckaggr
egat
esandsl
ag.Adi
ff
erentsetoft
estspeci
fi
cat
ionsar
eadopt
edf
or
sof
taggr
egat
es.

Cl
assi
fi
cat
ion:
 Theaggr
egat
esar
especi
fi
edbasedont
hei
rgr
ainsi
ze,
shape,
text
ureandi
tsgr
adat
ion
andi
tisspeci
fi
edbyv
ari
ousagenci
esl
i
keASTM,
BSI
,I
SIandI
RC.

 Basedonst
rengt
hpr
oper
ty,
thecoar
seaggr
egat
esar
edi
vi
dedi
ntohar
daggr
egat
esand
Sof
taggr
egat
es.

Requi
rement
s:
 Theymustbecr
ushedaggr
egat
e.
 Theyshal
lbecl
ean,
har
d,dur
abl
eandcubi
cal
inshape.
 Theymustbef
reef
rom t
hedust
,or
gani
cmat
terandot
herdel
eter
iousmat
ter
.

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PAVEMENTMATERI
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 Theynotbef
lakeyorel
ongat
ed.
 Theymustnotconsi
stofi
njur
iousorhar
mfulmat
eri
alssucht
hatt
heyr
educet
hest
rengt
h
ofst
ruct
ure.
 Theyshoul
dresi
stwearduet
oabr
asi
veact
ionoft
raf
fi
cont
hesur
facecour
se.
Pr
oper
ti
esofaggr
egat
es:
Theaggr
egat
ehav
ethr
eepr
oper
ti
es
1.Phy
sical
proper
ti
es.
2.Mechani
cal
proper
ti
es.
3.Chemi
cal
proper
ti
es.
Mai
ndesi
rabl
epr
oper
ti
esofaggr
egat
ear
e.

1)St
rengt
h
 
1.Theaggr
egat
est
obeusedi
nroadconst
ruct
ionshoul
dbesuf
fi
cient
lyst
rongt
owi
thst
and
t
hest
ressesduet
otr
aff
icwheel
loads.
2.Theaggr
egat
eswhi
char
etobeusedi
ntopl
ayeroft
hepav
ement
s,par
ti
cul
arl
yint
he
wear
ingcour
sehav
etobecapabl
eofwi
thst
andi
nghi
ghst
ressesi
naddi
ti
ont
owearand
t
ear
;hencet
heyshoul
dpossesssuf
fi
cientst
rengt
handr
esi
stancet
ocr
ushi
ng.

2)Har
dness
 
1.Theaggr
egat
esusedi
nthesur
facecour
sear
esubj
ect
edt
oconst
antr
ubbi
ngorabr
asi
on
duet
omov
ingt
raf
fi
c.
2.Theyshoul
dbehar
denought
oresi
stt
hewearduet
o abr
asi
veact
ionoft
raf
fi
c.
3.Abr
asi
veact
ionmaybei
ncr
easedduet
othepr
esenceofabr
asi
vemat
eri
all
i
kesand
bet
weent
het
yresofmov
ingv
ehi
clesandt
heaggr
egat
esexposedatt
het
opsur
face.
4.Thi
sact
ionmaybesev
erei
nthecaseofst
eel
tyr
edv
ehi
cles.
5.Heav
ywheell
oadscanal
socausedef
ormat
ionsonsomet
ypesofpav
ementr
esul
ti
ngi
n
r
elat
ivemov
ementofaggr
egat
esandr
ubbi
ngofaggr
egat
eswi
theachot
herwi
thi
nthe

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PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

pav
ementl
ayer
.
6.Themut
ualr
ubbi
ngofst
onesi
scal
l
edat
tri
ti
on,whi
chal
somaycauseal
i
ttl
eweari
nthe
aggr
egat
es;
howev
erat
tri
ti
onwi
l
lbenegl
i
gibl
eorabsenti
nmostoft
hepav
ementl
ayer
s.

3)Toughness
1.Aggr
egat
esi
nthepav
ement
sar
eal
sosubj
ect
edt
oimpactduet
omov
ingwheel
loads.
2.Sev
erei
mpactl
i
kehammer
ingi
squi
tecommonwhenheav
il
yloadedst
eelt
yredv
ehi
cles
mov
eonwat
erboundmacadam r
oadswher
est
onespr
otr
udeoutespeci
all
yaf
tert
he
monsoons.
3.Jumpi
ngoft
hest
eelt
yredwheel
sfr
om onest
onet
oanot
heratdi
ff
erentl
evel
scauses
sev
erei
mpactont
hest
ones.
4.Themagni
tudeofi
mpactwoul
dincr
easewi
tht
her
oughnessoft
her
oadsur
face,
thespeed
oft
hev
ehi
cleandot
herv
ehi
cul
archar
act
eri
sti
cs.
5.Ther
esi
stancet
oimpactort
oughnessi
shenceanot
herdesi
rabl
epr
oper
tyofaggr
egat
es.

4)Dur
abi
li
ty
1.Thest
oneused i
nthe pav
ementconst
ruct
ion shoul
d bedur
abl
eand shoul
dresi
st
di
sint
egr
ati
onduet
otheact
ionofweat
her
.
2.Thepr
oper
tyoft
hest
onest
owi
thst
andt
headv
erseact
ionofweat
hermaybecal
l
ed
soundness.
3.Theaggr
egat
esar
esubj
ect
edt
othephy
sicalandchemi
calact
ionofr
ainandgr
ound
wat
er,
thei
mpur
it
iest
her
e-i
nandt
hatofat
mospher
e.
4.Hencei
tisdesi
rabl
ethatt
her
oadst
onesusedi
ntheconst
ruct
ionshoul
dbesound
enought
owi
thst
andt
heweat
her
ingact
ion.

5) Shapeofaggr
egat
es
1)Thesi
zeoft
heaggr
egat
esi
sfi
rstqual
i
fiedbyt
hesi
zeofsquar
esi
eveopeni
ngt
hrough
whi
chanaggr
egat
emaypass,
andnotbyshape.
2)Aggr
egat
eswhi
chhappent
ofal
linapar
ti
cul
arsi
zer
angemayhav
erounded,cubi
cal
,

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PAVEMENTMATERI
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angul
arf
lakyorel
ongat
edshapeofpar
ti
cles.
3)I
tisev
identt
hatt
hef
lakyandel
ongat
edpar
ti
cleswi
l
lhav
elessst
rengt
handdur
abi
l
ity
whencompar
edwi
thcubi
cal
,angul
arorr
oundedpar
ti
clesoft
hesamest
one.
4)Hencet
oof
lakyandt
oomuchel
ongat
edaggr
egat
esshoul
dbeav
oidedasf
araspossi
ble.
5)Thev
oidspr
esenti
nacompact
edmi
xofcoar
seaggr
egat
esdependont
heshapef
act
ors.
6)Hi
ghl
yangul
ar,f
lakyandel
ongat
edaggr
egat
eshav
emor
evoi
dsi
ncompar
isonwi
th
r
oundedaggr
egat
es.
7)Basedont
heshapeoft
heaggr
egat
epar
ti
cle,st
onesmaybecl
assi
fi
edasr
ounded,
angul
ar,
flakyandel
ongat
ed.
8)Angul
arpar
ti
clespossesswel
l
-def
inededgesf
ormedatt
hei
nter
sect
ionofr
oughl
ypl
ane
f
acesandar
ecommonl
yfoundi
naggr
egat
espr
epar
edbycr
ushi
ngofr
ocks.
9)Fl
akyaggr
egat
eshav
elessert
hicknesswhencompar
edt
othel
engt
handwi
dth.
10)
Elongat
edaggr
egat
eshav
eoneoft
hedi
mensi
onsort
hel
engt
hhi
ghert
hant
hewi
dthand
t
hickness.
11)
Theshapef
act
orsofaggr
egat
esdependont
hesour
ce,pr
oper
ti
esoft
her
ockandt
he
t
ypeandcondi
ti
onoft
hecr
usher
s.
12)
Theshapeofaggr
egat
esi
sgener
all
ydescr
ibedi
nter
msofi
tsshapef
act
orssuchas
f
laki
nessi
ndex,
elongat
ioni
ndexandangul
ari
tynumber
.
13)
Sev
eralr
esear
cher
shav
eindi
cat
edt
hati
npav
ementconst
ruct
ionf
lakyandel
ongat
ed
aggr
egat
esar
etobeav
oided,
par
ti
cul
arl
yinsur
facecour
se.
14)
Iff
lakyandel
ongat
edaggr
egat
esar
epr
esenti
nappr
eci
abl
epr
opor
ti
ons,t
hest
rengt
hof
t
hepav
ementl
ayerwoul
dbeadv
ersel
yaf
fect
edduet
opossi
bil
i
tyofbr
eaki
ngdown
dur
ingcompact
ionandunderl
oads.

6)Adhesi
onwi
thBi
tumen
Theaggr
egat
esusedi
nbi
tumi
nouspav
ement
sshoul
dhav
elessaf
fi
nit
ywi
thwat
erwhen
compar
edwi
thbi
tumi
nousmat
eri
al;ot
her
wiset
hebi
tumi
nouscoat
ingont
heaggr
egat
eswi
l
l
best
ri
ppedof
finpr
esenceofwat
er.

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PAVEMENTMATERI
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Test
sonRoadAggr
egatesandProper
ti
esEv
aluat
ed
SLNo. Ty
peoftest Requi
redpr
oper
ty
1 Aggr
egat
eimpactt
est Toughnessorr
esi
stancet
oimpact
2 LosAngel
esAbr
asi
onTest Har
dnessorr
esi
stancet
oabr
asi
on
3 Aggr
egat
eCr
ushi
ngTest St
rengt
horr
esi
stancet
ocr
ushi
ng
Soundness/
Dur
abi
l
ity
/Accel
erat
ed
4 Dur
abi
l
ityorr
esi
stancet
oweat
her
ing
weat
her
ingt
est
Shapet
est
:Fl
aki
nessI
ndex,
Assessmentofsui
tabl
eshapeorshape
5 El
ongat
ionI
ndexandAngul
ari
ty
f
act
orsofcoar
seaggr
egat
es
Number
Tomeasur
ethequal
i
tyorst
rengt
hof
6 Speci
fi
cgr
avi
tyTest
mat
eri
al
7 Wat
erabsor
pti
onTest Tomeasur
ethepor
osi
ty

8 Bi
tumenadhesi
on/
Str
ippi
ngTest Adhesi
onofbi
tumen

Pol
i
shedst
onev
aluet
estor Resi
stancet
oget
ti
ngsmoot
hor
9
accel
erat
edpol
i
shi
ngt
est pol
i
shed

Aggr
egat
eImpactTest

Ai
m:Todet
ermi
net
hei
mpactv
alueoft
hegi
venaggr
egat
e
Appar
atus:
Aggr
egat
eimpactappar
atus
I
Ssi
eves(
12.
5mm,
10.
0mm and2.
36mm)
Cy
li
ndr
ical
measur
eandcy
li
ndr
ical
cup
Wei
ghi
ngbal
ance.
Tampi
ngr
od.
Theor
y:
Toughnessi
sthepr
oper
tyofamat
eri
alt
oresi
sti
mpact
.Duet
otr
aff
icl
oadst
her
oadst
ones
ar
esubj
ect
edt
othepoundi
ngact
ionori
mpactandt
her
eispossi
bil
i
tyofst
onesbr
eaki
ngi
nto
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PAVEMENTMATERI
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smal
l
erpi
eces.Ther
oadst
onesshoul
dther
efor
ebet
oughenought
oresi
stf
ract
ureunder
i
mpact
.At
estdesi
gnedt
oev
aluat
ethet
oughnessofst
onesi
.e.t
her
esi
stanceoft
hest
ones
t
ofr
act
ureunderr
epeat
edi
mpact
smaybeani
mpactt
estf
orr
oadaggr
egat
e.
Theaggr
egat
eimpactv
aluei
ndi
cat
esar
elat
ivemeasur
eoft
her
esi
stanceofan
aggr
egat
eto a sudden shockoran i
mpact
,whi
ch i
n someaggr
egat
edi
ff
ersf
rom i
ts
r
esi
stancet
oasl
ow compr
essi
vel
oad. Themet
hodoft
est
sspeci
fi
est
hepr
ocedur
efor
det
ermi
ningt
heaggr
egat
eimpactv
alueofcoar
seaggr
egat
e.

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PAVEMENTMATERI
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Pr
ocedur
e
1.Takecl
eananddr
yaggr
egat
eandsi
eveonI
S12.
5mm and10.
00mm si
eve.
2.Col
l
ectt
heaggr
egat
epassi
ngI
S12.
5mm si
eveandr
etai
nedonI
S10.
0mm Si
eve.
3.Fi
ndt
hewei
ghtofempt
ycy
li
ndr
ical
measur
e.Lett
hewei
ghtbe‘
a’g.
4.Fi
l
ltheaggr
egat
eint
hecy
li
ndr
icalmeasur
eint
hreel
ayer
s,t
ampi
ngeachl
ayer25t
imes
wi
tht
her
oundedendoft
het
ampi
ngr
od.
5.Rol
lthet
ampi
ngr
odov
eraggr
egat
esur
faceandr
emov
eexcessaggr
egat
e,i
fany
.
6.Fi
ndt
hewei
ghtoft
hecy
li
ndr
icalmeasur
ewi
thaggr
egat
e.Lett
hewei
ghtbe‘
b’g.Thust
he
wei
ghtofaggr
egat
e=W1=(b-
a)
7.Tr
ansf
eral
ltheaggr
egat
efr
om t
hecy
li
ndr
icalmeasur
etot
het
estcy
li
nderi
nonel
ayerand
t
ampt
hel
ayer25t
imeswi
tht
her
oundedendoft
het
ampi
ngr
od.
8.Fi
xthet
estcy
li
nderf
ir
mlyt
othebaseoft
hei
mpactt
est
er.
9.Adj
ustt
hehei
ghtoff
all
oft
hepl
ungert
o380+5mm andsett
hebl
owcount
ert
ozer
o.
10. Li
ftt
hepl
ungergent
lyandal
l
owi
ttodr
op.Thi
sisonebl
ow.Gi
ve15suchbl
ows.
11. Takeoutt
het
estcy
li
nderandsi
evet
hecr
ushedmat
eri
alonI
S2.
36mm si
eve.Fi
ndt
he
wei
ghtofmat
eri
alpassi
ngt
hesi
eve.Letwei
ghtbeW2g.
12. Fi
ndt
hewei
ghtofaggr
egat
eret
ainedont
hissi
eve.Lett
hewei
ghtbeW3g.Then,
Aggr
egat
eimpactv
alue=W2/W1*100%
Andper
cent
ageofdust=W3/W1*100%

Tabul
arCol
umn
Wei
ghtofempt
ycy
li
ndr
ical
measur
e=‘
a’g.
Wei
ghtofcy
li
ndr
ical
measur
e+Aggr
egat
e=‘
b’g
I
nit
ial
wei
ghtofaggr
egat
e=(
b-a)
=W1g
Wei
ghtofaggr
egat
epassi
ngI
S2.
3mm si
eveaf
tert
est=W2g
Wei
ghtofaggr
egat
eret
ainedonI
S2.
36mm si
eveaf
tert
est=W3g
Aggr
egat
eimpactv
alue=W2/W1*100%
Per
cent
ageofdust =W3/W1*100%

BI
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PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

Resul
t
TheI
mpactv
alueofgi
venaggr
egat
esampl
eis=………….
.%
Desi
rabl
eval
ue
Var
iousagenci
eshav
especi
fi
edt
hemaxi
mum per
missi
bleaggr
egat
eimpactv
alues
f
ort
hedi
ff
erentt
ypesofpav
ement
s,t
hoser
ecommendedbyt
heI
ndi
anRoadsCongr
essar
e
gi
venbel
ow:

Aggr
egat
eimpact
Ser
ial
Ty
pesofpav
ementmat
eri
al/
lay
er v
alue,
maxi
mum,
No.
%
1 Wat
erboundmacadam (
WBM)
,sub-
basecour
se 50
2 Cementconcr
ete,
basecour
se(
asperI
SI) 45
(
i)WBM basecour
sewi
thbi
tumensur
faci
ng
3 40
(
ii
)Bui
l
t-upspr
aygr
out
,basecour
se
4 Bi
tumi
nousmacadam,
basecour
se 35
(
i)WBM,
sur
faci
ngcour
se
(
ii
)Bui
l
t-upspr
aygr
out
,sur
faci
ngcour
se
(
ii
i)Bi
tumi
nouspenet
rat
ionmacadam
(
iv)Bi
tumi
nousmacadam,
bindercour
se
5 30
(
v)Bi
tumi
noussur
facedr
essi
ng
(
vi)Bi
tumi
nouscar
pet
(
vii
)Bi
tumi
nous/
Asphal
tconcr
ete
(
vii
i
)Cementconcr
ete,
sur
facecour
se

Fordeci
dingt
hesui
tabi
l
ityofsof
taggr
egat
esi
nbasecour
seconst
ruct
ion,
thi
stesthas
beencommonl
yused.Amodi
fi
edi
mpactt
esti
sal
soof
tencar
ri
edouti
nthecaseofsof
t
BI
T,Depar
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ore Page10
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

aggr
egat
es t
o f
ind t
he wet i
mpact v
alue af
ter soaki
ng t
he t
est sampl
es. The
r
ecommendat
ionsi
sgi
veni
nthebel
owt
abl
e.

Maxi
mum aggr
egat
eimpactv
alue,
Condi
ti
onof per
cent
sampl
e Sub-
baseand
Sur
facecour
se
base
Dr
y 50 32
Wet 60 39

Aggr
egat
eimpactv
aluei
susedt
ocl
assi
fyt
hest
onesi
nrespectoft
hei
rtoughness
pr
oper
tyasi
ndi
cat
edbel
ow:
<10%Except
ional
l
yst
rong
10-
20%St
rong
20-
30%Sat
isf
act
oryf
orr
oadsur
faci
ng
>35%Weakf
orr
oadsur
faci
ng
Theaggr
egat
eimpactv
alueshoul
dnotnor
mal
l
yexceed30%f
oraggr
egat
etobeused
i
nwear
ingcour
seofpav
ement
s.Themaxi
mum per
missi
blev
aluei
s35% f
orbi
tumi
nous
macadam and40%f
orwat
erboundmacadam basecour
ses.

Aggr
egat
eCr
ushi
ngVal
ue

Ai
m:Todet
ermi
net
hecr
ushi
ngv
alueoft
hegi
vensampl
eofaggr
egat
e.
Appar
atus
a)St
eel
cyl
i
nderwi
thopenendsandasquar
epl
ate
b)Pl
ungerwi
thpi
ston

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PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

c)Cy
li
ndr
ical
measur
e
d)Wei
ghi
ngbal
ance
e)I
Ssi
eves(
12.
5mm,
10.
0mm &2.
36mm)
f
) Compr
essi
ont
est
ingmachi
ne
g)St
eel
Tampi
ngRod.

Theor
y
The Pr
inci
palmechani
calpr
oper
ti
esr
equi
red i
nroad st
onesar
e(i
) Sat
isf
act
ory
r
esi
stancet
o cr
ushi
ngundert
her
oll
erdur
ingconst
ruct
ionand (
ii
)adequat
eresi
stancet
o
sur
faceabr
asi
onundert
raf
fi
c.Al
sost
ressesunderr
igi
dty
rer
imsofheav
il
yloadedani
mal
dr
awnv
ehi
clesar
ehi
ghenought
oconsi
dert
hecr
ushi
ngst
rengt
hofr
oadaggr
egat
easan
essent
ial
requi
rementi
nIndi
a.
Cr
ushi
ngst
rengt
hofr
oadaggr
egat
emaybedet
ermi
nedei
theronaggr
egat
eoroncy
li
ndr
ical
speci
menscutoutofr
ocks.Theset
wot
est
sar
equi
tedi
ff
erenti
snotonl
ytheappr
oachbut
al
soi
stheexpr
essi
onoft
her
esul
ts.
Aggr
egat
eusedi
nroadconst
ruct
ion,
shoul
dbest
rongenought
oresi
stcr
ushi
ngundert
raf
fi
c
wheell
oads.I
ftheaggr
egat
ear
eweak,t
hest
abi
l
ityoft
hepav
ementst
ret
chesi
sli
kel
ytobe
adv
ersel
yaf
fect
ed,t
hest
rengt
hofcoar
seaggr
egat
eisassessedbyaggr
egat
ecr
ushi
ngt
est
.
Theaggr
egat
ecr
ushi
ngv
aluepr
ovi
desar
elat
ivemeasur
eofr
esi
stancet
ocr
ushi
ngunder
gr
adual
l
yappl
i
ed compr
essi
vel
oad.To achi
eve a hi
gh qual
i
tyofpav
ement
,aggr
egat
e
possessi
ngl
owaggr
egat
eval
ueshoul
dbepr
efer
red.

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PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

Pr
ocedur
e

1.Sel
ectcl
eananddr
yaggr
egat
epassi
ngt
hroughI
S12.
5mm andr
etai
nedonI
S10.
0mm
si
eve.
2.Wei
ghtt
heempt
ycy
li
ndr
ical
measur
e.Lett
hewei
ghtbe‘
a’g
3.Fi
l
ltheaggr
egat
eint
hecy
li
ndr
icalmeasur
eint
hreel
ayer
s,t
ampi
ngeachl
ayer25t
imes
wi
tht
her
oundedendoft
het
ampi
ngr
od.Wei
ght
hecy
li
ndr
icalmeasur
ewi
thaggr
egat
e.
Lett
hewei
ghtbe‘
b’gr
ams.Thust
hewei
ghtofaggr
egat
e=W1g
4.Tr
ansf
ert
heaggr
egat
eint
othest
eelcy
li
nderagai
nint
hreel
ayer
stampi
ngeachl
ayer25
t
imes
5.Pl
acet
hepl
ungeri
nthest
eelcy
li
ndersucht
hatt
hepi
stonr
est
shor
izont
all
yov
ert
he
aggr
egat
esur
face.
6.Keept
heassembl
yofst
eel
cyl
i
nderwi
thpl
ungeri
nthecompr
essi
ont
est
ingmachi
ne.

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ore Page13
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

7.Sett
hepoi
ntert
oreadzer
oandappl
ythecompr
essi
vel
oadof40t
onnes.
8.St
opt
hemachi
ne.Takeoutt
heassembl
y.
9.Si
evet
hecr
ushedmat
eri
alonI
S2.
36mm si
eveandf
indhewei
ghtofmat
eri
alpassi
ngt
his
si
eve.Lett
hewei
ghtbeW2g.
10.
ThenAggr
egat
ecr
ushi
ngv
alue=W2/W1*
100%

Tabul
arCol
umn

Wei
ghtofempt
ycy
li
ndr
ical
measur
e=‘
a’g

Wei
ghtofcy
li
ndr
ical
measur
ewi
thaggr
egat
e=‘
b’g

Wei
ghtofaggr
egat
etakeni
nthecy
li
nderbef
oret
est=(
b-a)=
W1g

Wei
ghtofcr
ushedmat
eri
alPassi
ngI
S2.
36mm si
eve=W2g

Aggr
egat
ecr
ushi
ngv
alue=W2/W1*100%

Resul
t
Theaggr
egat
ecr
ushi
ngv
alueoft
hegi
venaggr
egat
eSampl
eis_
___
__
Desi
rabl
eval
ue
St
rongaggr
egat
esgi
vel
owaggr
egat
ecr
ushi
ngv
alue.I
RCandI
SIhav
especi
fi
edt
hat
t
heaggr
egat
ecr
ushi
ngv
alueoft
hecoar
seaggr
egat
eusedf
orcementconcr
etepav
ementat
sur
faceshoul
dnotexceed30per
cent
.Foraggr
egat
esusedf
orconcr
eteot
hert
hanf
or
wear
ingsur
faces,
theaggr
egat
escr
ushi
ngv
alueshal
lnotexceed45per
cent
,accor
dingt
othe
I
SS.Howev
eraggr
egat
ecr
ushi
ngv
alueshav
enotbeenspeci
fi
edbyt
heI
RC f
orcoar
se
aggr
egat
est
obeusedi
nbi
tumi
nouspav
ementconst
ruct
ionmet
hods.

LosAngel
esAbr
asi
onTest
Ai
m:Todet
ermi
net
heabr
asi
onoft
hegi
venaggr
egat
esampl
e.
Appar
atus:
BI
T,Depar
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ore Page14
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

LosAngl
esAbr
asi
onMachi
ne
St
eel
bal
l
s-11no.
Wei
ghi
ngbal
ance
I
SSi
eves:
20,
12.
5,10,
1.7mm.

Theor
y
Duet
othemov
ementoft
raf
fi
c,t
her
oadst
onesusedi
nthesur
faci
ngcour
sear
e
subj
ect
edt
owear
ingact
ionatt
het
op.Resi
stancet
owearorhar
dnessi
shenceanessent
ial
pr
oper
tyf
orr
oadaggr
egat
esespeci
all
ywhenusedi
nwear
ingcour
se.Thusr
oadst
ones
shoul
dbehar
denought
oresi
stt
heabr
asi
onduet
othet
raf
fi
c.

Pr
ocedur
e

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ore Page15
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

1)Taket
hecl
eananddr
iedaggr
egat
esi
nanov
enat105-
110°C.
2)Si
evet
hegi
venaggr
egat
esi
nsi
evesi
ze20-
12.
5mm andwei
ght
hataggr
egat
ein2.
5kg.
3)Agai
nsi
evet
heaggr
egat
einsi
evesi
zei
s12.
5-10mm andt
aket
hataggr
egat
esi
n2.
5k.i
.e.
,
W1gm (
2.5+2.
5=5kg)
4)Pourt
hegi
vent
aki
ngaggr
egat
esi
ntot
hel
osangl
esabr
asi
onmachi
ne.
5)Putt
hest
eel
bal
l
sint
otheabr
asi
onmachi
neaf
terpour
ingt
heaggr
egat
es.
6)St
artt
hemachi
neandr
otat
ingt
hedr
um f
or100r
evol
uti
onsandst
opt
hemachi
ne.
7)Af
terst
oppi
ngt
hemachi
ne,t
akeoutt
heaggr
egat
esandsi
evet
heaggr
egat
esi
n1.
7mm
si
evesi
zeandt
aket
her
etai
nedaggr
egat
esandnot
edowni
tswei
ghti
.e,
W2gm.
8)Then,
LosAngl
esAbr
asi
onv
alue=(
W1-
W2/
W1)
X100%

Tabul
arCol
umn
Or
igi
nal
wei
ghtofaggr
egat
e=W1g
Wei
ghtofaggr
egat
esr
etai
nedon1.
7mm I
Ssi
eve=
W2g
Lossi
nwei
ghtduet
owear
=(W1-
W2)g
LosAngl
esAbr
asi
onv
alue=(
W1-
W2/
W1)
*100%

Resul
t
TheLosAngl
esAbr
asi
onVal
ueofgi
venaggr
egat
esi
s__
___
_%at_
___
__r
evol
uti
on.
Desi
rabl
eval
ue
Themax
imum al
l
owabl
eLosAngel
esabr
asi
onv
aluesofaggr
egat
esasspeci
fi
edbyI
RC
f
ordi
ff
erentmet
hodsofconst
ruct
ionar
egi
veni
nbel
owt
abl
e.
LosAngel
es
Sl
.
Ty
pesofpav
ementl
ayer abr
asi
onv
alue,
No.
Maxi
mum %
1 Wat
erboundmacadam (
WBM)
,sub-
basecour
se 60
2 (
i)WBM basecour
sewi
thbi
tumi
noussur
faci
ng 50
(
ii
)Bi
tumi
nousMacadam basecour
se

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ore Page16
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

(
ii
i)Bui
l
t-upspr
aygr
outbasecour
se
(
i)WBM sur
faci
ngcour
se
(
ii
)Bi
tumi
nousMacadam bi
ndercour
se
3 40
(
ii
i)Bi
tumi
nouspenet
rat
ionMacadam
(
iv)Bui
l
t-upspr
aygr
outbi
ndercour
se
(
i)Bi
tumi
nouscar
petsur
facecour
se
(
ii
)Bi
tumi
noussur
facedr
essi
ng,
singl
eort
wocoat
s
4 (
ii
i)Bi
tumi
noussur
facedr
essi
ng,
usi
ngpr
ecoat
ed 35
aggr
egat
es
(
iv)Cementconcr
etesur
facecour
se(
asperI
RC)
(
i)Bi
tumi
nous/
Asphal
ti
cconcr
etesur
facecour
se
5 (
ii
)Cementconcr
etepav
ementsur
facecour
se(
asper 30
I
SI)

TheLosAngel
esabr
asi
onv
alueofgoodaggr
egat
esaccept
abl
eforcementconcr
ete,
bi
tumi
nousconcr
eteandot
herhi
ghqual
i
typav
ementmat
eri
alsshoul
dbel
esst
han30%.
Val
uesupt
o50%ar
eal
l
owedi
nbasecour
sesl
i
kewat
erboundandbi
tumi
nousmacadam.

ShapeTest
Ai
m
Todet
ermi
net
heFl
aki
nessI
ndex,
Elongat
ionI
ndexandAngul
ari
tyNumberoft
hegi
ven
sampl
eofaggr
egat
e.
Theor
y
Thepar
ti
cleshapeofaggr
egat
eisdet
ermi
nedbyper
cent
agesoff
lakyandel
ongat
ed
par
ti
clescont
ainedi
nit
.Incaseofgr
aveli
tisdet
ermi
nedbyi
tsangul
ari
tynumber
.Forbase
cour
seandconst
ruct
ionofbi
tumi
nousandcementconcr
etet
ypes,
thepr
esenceoff
lakyand
el
ongat
ed par
ti
clesar
econsi
der
edundesi
rabl
east
heymaycausei
nher
entweaknesswi
th
possi
bil
i
tiesofbr
eaki
ngdownunderheav
yloads.Roundedaggr
egat
ear
epr
efer
redi
ncement
concr
eter
oad const
ruct
ion ast
hewor
kabi
l
ityofconcr
etei
mpr
oves. Angul
arshapeof

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ore Page17
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

par
ti
clesi
sdesi
rabl
eforgr
anul
arbasecour
seduet
oincr
easedst
abi
l
ityder
ivedf
rom t
he
bet
teri
nter
locki
ng.Thusev
aluat
ionofshapeoft
hepar
ti
cles,par
ti
cul
arl
ywi
thr
efer
encet
o
f
laki
ness,
elongat
ionandangul
ari
tyi
snecessar
y.
1.Fl
aki
nessI
ndex
TheFl
aki
nessi
ndexofaggr
egat
eist
heper
cent
agebywei
ghtofpar
ti
cleswhosel
east
di
mensi
on[
thi
ckness]i
slesst
hant
hree-f
if
ths[
0.6]t
imesoft
hei
rmeandi
mensi
on.Thet
est
i
snotappl
i
cabl
etoaggr
egat
esi
zesmal
l
ert
han6.
3mm
Appar
atus
a)Thi
cknessgauge
b)Wei
ghi
ngbal
ance
c)I
SSi
evesofsi
zes
63mm,
50mm,
40mm,
31.
5mm,
25mm,
20mm,
16mm,
12.
5mm,
10mm and6.
3mm

Pr
ocedur
e
1.Thesi
evesar
ear
rangedsucht
hatt
hel
argestsi
zesi
eve(
63mm)i
satt
het
opandt
he
smal
l
estsi
zesi
eve(
6.3mm)i
satt
hebot
tom.

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PAVEMENTMATERI
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2.Thegi
venaggr
egat
ear
esi
eved.Ami
nimum of200pi
ecesofeachf
ract
iont
obet
est
ed
ar
etakenandwei
ghed=W1g.
3.I
nor
dert
osepar
atef
lakyaggr
egat
e,eachf
ract
ioni
sthengaugedf
ort
hicknesst
hrough
t
her
espect
iveopeni
ngont
het
hicknessgauge.Forexampl
e,i
ftheaggr
egat
eisf
rom 50–
40f
ract
ion,
iti
sgaugedt
hrought
heopeni
ngof27.
00mm ont
het
hicknessgauge.
4.Thef
lakyaggr
egat
epassi
ngt
her
espect
iveopeni
ngsar
ecol
l
ect
edandaccur
atel
ywei
ghed
=w1g.
5.Thepr
ocedur
eisr
epeat
edf
orot
herf
ract
ionshav
ingwei
ght
sW2,W3,et
c.andt
hef
laky
aggr
egat
eint
hem hav
ingwei
ght
sw2,
w3r
espect
ivel
yar
ewei
ghed.
6.Then
(
w1+w2+w3+-
--
--
-)
Fl
aki
nessI
ndex= -
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-x100
(
W1+W2+W3+-
--
--
--
)

=…………….
.%
Resul
t
Thef
laki
nessI
ndexoft
hegi
vensampl
eofaggr
egat
eis_
___
___
___
2.El
ongat
ionI
ndex
Theel
ongat
ioni
ndexofanaggr
egat
eist
heper
cent
agebywei
ghtofpar
ti
cleswhose
gr
eat
estdi
mensi
on(
lengt
h)i
sgr
eat
ert
hanoneandf
ourf
if
tht
imes[
1.8]t
imest
hei
rmean
di
mensi
on.Theel
ongat
iont
esti
snotappl
i
cabl
etosi
zesmal
l
ert
han6.
3mm.
Appar
atus
a)Lengt
hgauge
b)Wei
ghi
ngbal
ance
c) I
SSi
eveofsi
zeasi
nfl
aki
nessI
ndext
est
.

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Pr
ocedur
e
1.Thesampl
eissi
evedt
hrought
heI
Ssi
evesspeci
fi
edandami
nimum of200pi
ecesofeach
f
ract
ionar
etakenandwei
ghed=W1g.
2.I
nor
dert
osepar
ateel
ongat
edaggr
egat
e,eachf
ract
ioni
sthengaugedi
ndi
vi
dual
l
yfor
l
engt
hthr
ought
her
espect
iveopeni
ngont
hel
engt
hgauge
3.I
neachf
ract
ion,t
heaggr
egat
eret
ainedont
her
espect
iveopeni
ngont
hel
engt
hgaugei
s
col
l
ect
edandwei
ghed=X1g.
4.Thepr
ocedur
eisr
epeat
edf
orot
herf
ract
ionshav
ingwei
ght
sW2,W3,et
c,andt
hewei
ght
s
ofel
ongat
edaggr
egat
eint
hem X2,
X3et
c,ar
efound.
5.Then
(
X1+X2+X3+-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-)
El
ongat
ionI
ndex= x100%
(
W1+W2+W3+-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
)

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PAVEMENTMATERI
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X
x100=……………%
W
Resul
t
Theel
ongat
ionI
ndexoft
hegi
vensampl
eofaggr
egat
e=_
___
___
___%
3.Angul
ari
tyNumber

Theangul
ari
tynumberofanaggr
egat
eist
heamountbywhi
cht
heper
cent
agev
oids
exceeds33,af
terbei
ngcompact
edi
napr
escr
ibedmanner
.Theangul
ari
tynumberi
sfound
f
rom t
heex
pressi
on (
67 -100 *W /CG,per
cent
). Her
ethev
alue67 r
epr
esent
sthe
per
cent
agev
olumeofsol
i
dsofmostr
oundedgr
avel
,whi
chwoul
dhav
e33per
centv
oids
Appar
atus
a)A met
alcy
li
ndercl
osed atone end hav
ing 3 l
i
tre capaci
ty, di
amet
erand hei
ght
appr
oxi
mat
elyequal
b)Amet
alt
ampi
ngr
od,
16mm i
ndi
amet
erand600mm l
ong.
c)Wei
ghi
ngbal
ance
d)I
Ssi
eves25,
20,
16,
12.
5,10,
6.3and4.
75mm

Pr
ocedur
e
1)Thesi
evesf
oreachf
ract
ion(
asspeci
fi
ed)ar
ear
rangedsuchas25-20mm,
etc.
2)Thegi
vensampl
eofaggr
egat
eissi
evedsot
hatsuf
fi
cientpi
ecesar
eobt
ainedi
neach
f
ract
ion.
3)Theempt
ycy
li
nderi
saccur
atel
ywei
ghed=‘
a’g
4)Eachaggr
egat
efr
act
ioni
ssepar
atel
yfi
l
ledi
nthecy
li
nderi
n3(
thr
ee)l
ayer
stampi
ngeach
l
ayer100(
hundr
ed)t
imeswi
tht
her
oundedendoft
ampi
ngr
od.Theexcessaggr
egat
ear
e
r
emov
ed.
5)Thecy
li
nderal
ongwi
thaggr
egat
eiswei
ght
s=‘
b’g

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 PAVEMENTMATERI
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6)Theaggr
egat
ear
eremov
edf
rom t
hecy
li
nder
.Thecy
li
nderi
scompl
etel
yfi
l
ledwi
thwat
er
andaf
terwi
pingi
tsout
ersi
desi
tiswei
ghedwi
thwat
er=‘
d’g
7)ThenAngul
ari
tynumbermaybecal
cul
atedf
rom t
heexpr
essi
on,
Angul
ari
tynumber=67 -100W /CG
Wher
e,W=Meanwei
ghtofaggr
egat
eint
hecy
li
nder
C=Wei
ghtofwat
err
equi
redt
ofi
l
lthecy
li
nder
G=Av
erageSpeci
fi
cgr
avi
tyofaggr
egat
e
Resul
t
Theangul
ari
tynumberoft
hegi
vensampl
eofaggr
egat
e=………….%
Obser
vat
ions
Wei
ghtofempt
ycy
li
nder=ag
Wei
ghtofcy
li
nder+aggr
egat
e=bg
Wei
ghtofaggr
egat
eint
hecy
li
nder=(
b-a)=W g
Wei
ghtofcy
li
nder+wat
er=dg
Wei
ghtofwat
eri
nthecy
li
nder=(
d-a)=Cg

Fl
aki
nessI
ndexandEl
ongat
ionI
ndexObser
vat
ions

Si
zeofaggr
egat
e Wei
ghtof
Wei
ghtoft
he Lengt
h Wei
ghtof
Thi
ckness aggr
egat
ein
Ret
ainedon f
ract
ion gauge aggr
egat
ein
Passi
ngt
hrough gaugesi
ze eachf
ract
ion
I
Ssi
eve consi
sti
ngof si
ze‘
mm’ eachf
ract
ion
Sl
. I
Ssi
eve‘
mm’ ‘
mm’ passi
ng
‘
mm’ at
least200 r
etai
nedon
No t
hickness
pi
eces, l
engt
h‘g’
gauge
‘
g’
[
1] [
4] ‘
g’
[
2] [
3] [
6] [
7]
[
5]
1 63 50 W1= 33.
90 w1= -
--
- -
--
-
2 50 40 W2= 27.
00 w2= 81.
0 X1=
3 40 31.
5 W3= 19.
50 w3= 58.
0 X2=
4 31.
5 25 W4= 16.
95 w4= -
--
- -
--
-
5 25 20 W5= 13.
50 w5= 40.
5 X3=

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6 20 16 W6= 10.
80 w6= 32.
4 X4=
7 16 12.
5 W7= 8.
55 w7= 25.
6 X5=
8 12.
5 10 W8= 6.
75 w8= 20.
25 X6=
9 10 6.
3 W9= 4.
89 w9= 14.
7 X7=
Tot
al -
--
- W= -
--
- w= -
--
- X=

(
w1+w2+w3+-
--
--
--
--
)
Fl
aki
nessI
ndex= x 100per
cent
(
W1+W2+W3+-
--
--
--
--
)

[
X1+X2+X3-
--
--
--
-]
El
ongat
ionI
ndex= x 100per
cent
(
W1+W2+W3+-
--
--
--
--
)

Angul
ari
tyNumber=67–100W/CG

Tabul
arCol
umn

Wei
ghtofaggr
egat
eint
hecy
li
nder=W g

Wei
ghtofwat
eri
nthecy
li
nder =Cg

Angul
ari
tyNumber=67–100W/CG [
TakeG=2.
68]

Desi
rabl
eval
ue

I
RC hasr
ecommendedt
hemaxi
mum al
l
owabl
eli
mit
soff
laki
nessi
ndexv
aluesf
or
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PAVEMENTMATERI
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v
ari
oust
ypesofconst
ruct
ionar
egi
venbel
ow:

Maxi
mum l
i
mitof
Sl
.No. Ty
peofpav
ementconst
ruct
ion
Fl
aki
nessI
ndex,
%
1 Bi
tumi
nouscar
pet 30
(
i)Bi
tumi
nous/
Asphal
ti
cconcr
ete
(
ii
)Bi
tumi
noussur
facedr
essi
ng(
singl
ecoat
,two
2 coat
sandpr
e-coat
ed) 25
(
ii
i)Bi
tumi
nouspenet
rat
ionmacadam
(
iv)Bui
l
t-upspr
aygr
out
(
i)Bi
tumi
nousmacadam
3 (
ii
)Wat
erboundmacadam,
baseandsur
faci
ng 15
cour
ses

Though el
ongat
ed shapeoft
heaggr
egat
esal
so af
fect
sthecompact
ionand t
he
const
ruct
ionofpav
ement
s,t
her
ear
enospeci
fi
edl
i
mit
sofel
ongat
ioni
ndexv
aluesasi
nthe
caseoff
laki
nessi
ndexf
ordi
ff
erentmet
hodsofpav
ementconst
ruct
ion.

Theangul
ari
tynumbermeasur
est
heper
centv
oidsi
nexcessof33per
centwhi
chi
s
obt
ained i
nthe case oft
he mostr
ounded gr
avelpar
ti
cles.The angul
ari
tynumberof
aggr
egat
esgener
all
yrangesf
rom z
erof
orhi
ghl
yroundedgr
avelt
oabout11f
orf
reshl
y
cr
ushedangul
araggr
egat
es.Sl
i
ght
lyhi
gherv
aluesofangul
ari
tynumberal
somaybeobt
ained
i
nthecaseofhi
ghl
yangul
arandf
lakyaggr
egat
es.Thushi
ghert
heangul
ari
tynumber
,mor
e
angul
arandl
esswor
kabl
eist
heaggr
egat
emi
x.

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PAVEMENTMATERI
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ON 10CV763

I
tisdesi
rabl
ethatt
hef
laki
nessi
ndexofaggr
egat
esusedi
nroadconst
ruct
ioni
sless
t
han15%andnor
mal
l
ydoesnotexceed25%.

El
ongat
ioni
ndexv
aluei
nexcessof15%per
centi
sconsi
der
edundesi
rabl
e,howev
erno
r
ecogni
zedl
i
mit
shav
ebeenl
aiddownf
orel
ongat
ioni
ndex.

Speci
fi
cGr
avi
tyandWat
erAbsor
pti
onTestonAggr
egat
es
Ai
m
Todet
ermi
net
hespeci
fi
cgr
avi
tyandwat
erabsor
pti
onofgi
vensampl
eofaggr
egat
es.

Appar
atus

a)Densi
tybasket
b)Wei
ghi
ngbal
ance
c)Wat
ert
ank
d)Tr
ay
e)I
Ssi
eves-10mm and20mm.
Theor
y

Thespeci
fi
cgr
avi
tyofanaggr
egat
eisconsi
der
edt
obeameasur
eofst
rengt
hor
qual
i
tyoft
hemat
eri
al.St
oneshav
ingl
ow speci
fi
cgr
avi
tyar
egener
all
yweakert
hant
hose
wi
thhi
gherspeci
fi
cgr
avi
tyv
alues.Thespeci
fi
cgr
avi
tyt
esthel
psi
nthei
dent
if
icat
ionofst
one.

Wat
erabsor
pti
on gi
ves an i
dea ofst
rengt
h ofr
ock st
ones hav
ing mor
e wat
er
absor
pti
onar
emor
epor
ousi
nnat
ureandar
egener
all
yconsi
der
edunsui
tabl
eunl
esst
heyar
e
f
oundt
obeaccept
abl
ebasedonst
rengt
h,i
mpactandhar
dness.

Pr
ocedur
e

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PAVEMENTMATERI
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1) Takeabout2kgofgi
venaggr
egat
espassi
ngI
S20mm si
eveandr
etai
nedon10mm si
eve.
2) Keept
heaggr
egat
eindensi
tybasketandt
henkeept
hebasketi
nwat
er.
3) Al
l
owt
heaggr
egat
eandbaskett
obei
nwat
erf
or24hour
s.
4) Af
ter24hour
sfi
ndt
hesuspendedwei
ghtofbasketwi
thaggr
egat
e.
5) Remov
ethebasketoutofwat
erandr
emov
etheaggr
egat
e.
6) Keept
heempt
ybasketbacki
nwat
erandf
indt
hesuspendedwei
ght
.
7) Wi
pet
hesur
faceofaggr
egat
eusi
ngacot
toncl
otht
omaket
hem sur
facedr
y.
8) Fi
ndt
hewei
ghtofsur
facedr
yaggr
egat
einai
r.
9) Keept
heaggr
egat
einov
enat110°Cf
or24hour
s.
10)Nowf
indt
hewei
ghtofdr
iedaggr
egat
einai
r.
11)Thenspeci
fi
cgr
avi
tyandWat
erabsor
pti
oni
scal
cul
atedf
rom t
her
elat
ion:
W4
Speci
fi
cgr
avi
ty=
W3-
(W1-
W2)

Wat
erabsor
pti
on= W3-
W4 *100%
W4

Obser
vat
ion
Wei
ghtofaggr
egat
etaken=2000gm
I
.S.si
eveused20mm and10mm

Wei
ghtofsat
urat
edaggr
egat
esuspendedi
nwat
er+basket
'
W1'
gm  
Wei
ghtofempt
ybasketi
nwat
er'
W2'
gm  
Wei
ghtofsat
urat
edaggr
egat
einwat
er'
Ws'
=(W1-
W2)gm  
Wei
ghtofsur
facedr
yaggr
egat
e'W3'
gm  
Wei
ghtofequal
vol
umeofwat
ert
otheaggr
egat
e=W3-
Wsgm
Wei
ghtofov
endr
yaggr
egat
e'W4'
gm

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PAVEMENTMATERI
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Speci
fi
cgr
avi
ty= W4
W3-
(W1-
W2)

Wat
erabsor
pti
on= W3-
W4 *100%
W4  

Resul
t
Thespeci
fi
cgr
avi
tyofgi
venaggr
egat
esampl
e=………………….
Thewat
erabsor
pti
onofgi
venaggr
egat
esampl
e=……………….
..
%

Desi
rabl
eval
ue

Thespeci
fi
cgr
avi
tyofaggr
egat
esnor
mal
l
yusedi
nroadconst
ruct
ionr
angesf
rom about2.
5
t
o3.
0wi
thanav
eragev
alueofabout2.
68.t
houghhi
ghspeci
fi
cgr
avi
tyofanaggr
egat
eis
consi
der
edasani
ndi
cat
ionofhi
ghst
rengt
h,i
tisnotpossi
blet
ojudget
hesui
tabi
l
ityofa
sampl
eofr
oadaggr
egat
ewi
thoutf
indi
ngt
hemechani
calpr
oper
ti
essuchasaggr
egat
e
cr
ushi
ng,
impactandabr
asi
onv
alues.
Wat
erabsor
pti
onofanaggr
egat
eisaccept
edasmeasur
eofi
tspor
osi
ty.Somet
imest
his
v
aluei
sev
enconsi
der
edasameasur
eofi
tsr
esi
stancet
ofr
ostact
ion.Wat
erabsor
pti
on
v
aluer
angesf
rom 0.
1toabout2.
0per
centf
oraggr
egat
enor
mal
l
yusedi
nroadsur
faci
ng.
St
oneswi
thwat
erabsor
pti
onupt
o4.
0per
centhav
ebeenusedi
nbasecour
ses.Gener
all
ya
v
alueofl
esst
han0.
6per
centi
sconsi
der
eddesi
rabl
eforsur
facecour
se,t
houghsl
i
ght
ly
hi
gherv
aluesar
eal
l
owedi
nbi
tumi
nousconst
ruct
ions.I
RChasspeci
fi
edt
hemaxi
mum wat
er
absor
pti
onv
alueas1.
0per
centf
oraggr
egat
esusedi
nbi
tumi
noussur
facedr
essi
ngandbui
l
t-
upspr
aygr
out
.

SoundnessTest

Ai
m
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PAVEMENTMATERI
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ON 10CV763

Tost
udyt
her
esi
stanceofaggr
egat
est
oweat
her
ingact
ion,
byconduct
ingaccel
erat
ed
weat
her
ingt
estcy
cle

Appar
atus

a)Sodi
um sul
phat
eormagnesi
um sul
phat
e
b)Ov
en
c)Wei
ghi
ngbal
ance
d)I
Ssi
eves.

Pr
ocedur
e
1)I
nor
der
,toqui
ckent
heef
fect
sofweat
her
ingduet
oal
ter
nat
ewet
-dr
yorf
reeze-
thawcy
cles
i
nthel
abor
ator
y,t
her
esi
stancet
odi
sint
egr
ati
onofaggr
egat
eisdet
ermi
nedbyusi
ng
sat
urat
edsol
uti
onofsodi
um sul
phat
eormagnesi
um sul
phat
e.
2)Cl
ean,dr
yaggr
egat
esofspeci
fi
edsi
zei
swei
ghedandcount
ed.Theni
mmer
sedi
nthe
sat
urat
edsol
uti
onofsodi
um sul
phat
eormagnesi
um sul
phat
efor16t
o18hour
s.
3)Thent
heaggr
egat
esar
edr
iedi
nanov
enat105-
110°
Ctoaconst
antwei
ght
,thusmaki
ng
onecy
cleofi
mmer
sionanddr
ying.
4)Thenumberofsuchcy
clesi
sdeci
dedbypr
ioragr
eementandt
hent
hespeci
mensar
etest
ed.
Af
tercompl
eti
ngt
hef
inalcy
cle,t
hesampl
eisdr
iedandeachf
ract
ionofaggr
egat
eis
ex
ami
ned v
isual
l
yto seei
fther
eisanyev
idenceofex
cessi
vespl
i
tti
ng,cr
umbl
i
ng or
di
si
ntegr
ati
onoft
hegr
ains.
5)Si
eveanal
ysi
siscar
ri
edoutt
onot
ethev
ari
ati
oni
ngr
adat
ionf
rom or
igi
nal
.Thecoar
se
aggr
egat
efr
act
ionofeachsi
zer
angei
ssi
evedonspeci
fi
edsi
evesi
zes.

Desi
rabl
eval
ue

I
RChasspeci
fi
ed12per
centast
hemax
imum per
missi
blel
ossi
nsoundnesst
estaf
ter5

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PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

cy
cleswi
thsodi
um sul
phat
e,f
ort
heaggr
egat
etobeusedi
nbi
tumi
noussur
facedr
essi
ng,
penet
rat
ionmacadam andbi
tumi
nousmacadam const
ruct
ions.

Bi
tumenAdhesi
on/
Str
ippi
ngTest

Sev
erall
abor
ator
ytest
shav
ebeendev
elopedt
odet
ermi
net
headhesi
onofbi
tumi
nous
bi
ndert
oanaggr
egat
einpr
esenceofwat
er.Theset
est
smaybecl
assi
fi
edi
ntosi
xty
pes:
a)St
ati
cimmer
siont
est
b)Dy
nami
cimmer
siont
est
c)Chemi
cal
immer
siont
est
d)I
mmer
sionmechani
cal
test
e)I
mmer
siont
raf
fi
cki
ngt
estand
f
) Coat
ingt
est

Thest
ati
cimmer
siont
esti
sver
ycommonl
yusedasi
tisqui
teeasyandsi
mpl
e.The
pr
inci
pleoft
hist
ypeoft
esti
sbyi
mmer
singaggr
egat
eful
l
ycoat
edwi
tht
hebi
nderi
nwat
er
mai
ntai
nedatspeci
fi
edt
emper
atur
eandbyest
imat
ingt
hedegr
eeofst
ri
ppi
ng.Ther
esul
tis
r
epor
tedast
heper
cent
ageofst
onesur
facet
hati
sst
ri
ppedof
faf
tert
hespeci
fi
edt
ime
per
iods.

Desi
rabl
eval
ue

I
RChasspeci
fi
edt
hemax
imum st
ri
ppi
ngv
alueas25per
centf
oraggr
egat
etobeused
i
nbi
tumi
nousconst
ruct
ionl
i
kesur
facedr
essi
ng,penet
rat
ionmacadam,bi
tumi
nousmacadam
andcar
pet
.

I
RChasspeci
fi
edt
hatst
ri
ppi
ngv
alueofaggr
egat
esshoul
dnotexceed25per
centf
or
usei
nbi
tumi
noussur
facedr
essi
ng,penet
rat
ionmacadam,bi
tumi
nousmacadam andcar
pet
const
ruct
ions,
whenaggr
egat
ecoat
edwi
thbi
tumeni
simmer
sedi
nwat
erbat
hat40°
Cfor24
hour
s.

Pol
ishedSt
oneVal
ueTestorAccel
erat
edPol
ishi
ngTest

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Ai
m:Todet
ermi
nepol
i
shedst
onev
alueoft
hegi
venaggr
egat
esampl
e.

Appar
atus

Accel
erat
edpol
i
shi
ngmachi
ne

Pendul
um t
ypef
ri
cti
ont
est
er

Abr
adi
ngmat
eri
al(
sandandemer
ypowder
)

I
Ssi
eves:
10.
8,0.
425,
0.3,
0.212and15mm

Moul
dofsi
ze90.
5mm x44.
5mm

Theor
y

Theaggr
egat
esusedi
nthesur
facecour
seofpav
ement
sar
esubj
ect
edt
oabr
asi
on
andr
ubbi
ngact
ionduet
otr
aff
icmov
ement
sandpar
ti
cul
arydur
ingappl
i
cat
ionofbr
akes.The
pr
esenceoff
inepar
ti
clesofsandanddustbet
weent
hepav
ementsur
faceandt
yresof
v
ehi
clesaccel
erat
est
hepr
ocessoft
hepav
ementsur
faceget
ti
ngsmoot
henedal
ongt
he
wheelpat
hs.Thesmoot
henedpav
ementsur
facebecomessl
i
pper
yunderwetcondi
ti
ons,
r
esul
ti
ngi
nski
ddi
ngofhi
ghspeedv
ehi
cleswhenbr
akesar
eappl
i
edsuddenl
yandt
hewheel
s
ar
elocked.Ther
efor
ethe aggr
egat
es used i
n pav
ementsur
face cour
se shoul
d hav
e
r
esi
stancef
rom get
ti
ngpol
i
shedorsmoot
hrapi
dlyundert
raf
fi
cmov
ementi
nor
dert
opr
event
t
hepav
ementsur
facebecomi
ngt
oosl
i
pper
yresul
ti
ngi
nacci
dent
sduet
oski
ddi
ngofhi
gh
speedv
ehi
clesunderwetweat
hercondi
ti
on.

Thet
esti
sconduct
edi
ntwost
ages:

I
nthef
ir
stst
age,t
hesampl
eofaggr
egat
esar
epl
acedi
namoul
dandsubj
ect
edt
o
accel
erat
edpol
i
shi
ngact
ioni
nmachi
ne,
underst
andar
dtestcondi
ti
ons.

I
nthesecondst
age,
thepol
i
shedsampl
eissubj
ect
edt
ofr
ict
iont
estusi
ngapendul
um
t
ypeski
dresi
stancet
est
ert
odet
ermi
net
hecoef
fi
cientoff
ri
cti
onexpr
essedasper
cent
ageor

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pol
i
shedst
onev
alue.

ACCELERATEDPOLI
SHI
NGMACHI
NE

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MOULDANDTESTSPECI
MENFORACCELERATEDPOLI
SHI
NG

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PENDULUM TYPEFRI
CTI
ONTESTER

Pr
ocedur
e

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Pr
epar
ati
onofTestSpeci
men

About3kgofcl
eanst
oneaggr
egat
esampl
epassi
ngt
hrough10mm andr
etai
nedon8
mm I
Stestsi
eves(
notf
lakyorel
ongat
ed)ar
ecol
l
ect
edf
ort
hepr
epar
ati
onoft
estspeci
men.
Ast
if
fpast
eofcementmor
tari
spr
epar
edusi
ngequalpr
opor
ti
onsofcementandsand,wi
th
r
equi
redquant
it
yofwat
er.At
hinl
ayeroft
hismor
tari
spl
acedi
nthemoul
dandeachpar
ti
cle
ofaggr
egat
esampl
eisseti
nthemor
tari
nsi
ngl
elay
erbyhandascl
osel
yaspossi
ble.The
mor
tari
sal
l
owedt
osetsot
hatt
hest
oneaggr
egat
ear
ehel
dfi
rml
yinposi
ti
on.

Accel
erat
edpol
ishi
ngTestPr
ocedur
e

Thet
estspeci
mensar
ecl
ampedar
oundt
her
im oft
hewheelwi
tht
hehel
pofst
ri
psof
pol
ythenesheetbeneat
handi
nbet
weent
headj
oini
ngt
estspeci
mens.

Ther
ubbert
yredt
estwheeli
slower
edunt
ili
trest
sont
hesur
faceoft
het
estspeci
mensf
ixed
ar
oundt
her
oadwheel
.Ther
equi
redwei
ghti
saddedatendofl
eversucht
hatt
otalef
fect
ive
l
oadof40kgi
sappl
i
edont
estwheel
thr
ought
hel
eversy
stem.

Themot
ori
sswi
tchedonandt
her
oadwheelr
otat
esataspeedof320t
o325r
pm.Abr
adi
ng
sandandwat
erar
erel
easedatt
hespeci
fi
edr
ateandt
hesear
euni
for
mlyspr
eadov
ert
he
sur
faceoft
estspeci
menandt
yreoft
het
estwheel
wher
etheyar
eincont
act
.

Ther
oadwheeli
scont
inuedt
ober
otat
edandt
het
estspeci
mensar
esubj
ect
edt
oabr
adi
ng
act
ionorpol
i
shi
ngf
oraper
iodof3hour
s.Themachi
nei
sst
oppedandt
het
estspeci
mens
ar
ethor
oughl
ycl
eanedbywashi
ngwi
thwat
ert
oremov
esandandot
herf
inepar
ti
clesof
st
one.

Themachi
nei
soper
atedf
oraf
urt
herper
iodof3hour
saf
terr
eleasi
ngemer
ypowderand
wat
eratt
hespeci
fi
edr
ates(
inst
eadofsand)
.Af
ter3hour
s,t
hemachi
nei
sst
oppedandt
est
speci
mensandmachi
near
ecl
eaned.

Measur
ementofFr
ict
ionofPol
ishedSpeci
mens
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PAVEMENTMATERI
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Machi
neusedt
odet
ermi
net
hecoef
fi
cientoff
ri
cti
onort
heski
dresi
stancev
aluei
spendul
um
t
ypef
ri
cti
ont
est
er.

Thef
ri
cti
ont
est
eri
spl
acedonaf
ir
mlev
elsur
faceandl
evel
l
ingscr
ewsar
eadj
ust
edsucht
hat
t
hecol
umni
sver
ti
cal
.Thepoi
nteri
ssett
ozer
o.

Oneoft
hespeci
mensofaggr
egat
ewhi
chwassubj
ect
edt
oaccel
erat
edpol
i
shi
ngi
spr
oper
ly
f
ixedi
nthesl
otpr
ovi
ded,
wit
hit
slongersi
dei
nthet
rackoft
hependul
um swi
ng.

Thesur
facesofspeci
menandr
ubbershoear
ewet
tedwi
thcl
eanwat
er.Thependul
um and
poi
nterar
erel
easedf
rom hor
izont
alposi
ti
onbypr
essi
ngt
hebut
ton.Thepoi
nterr
eadi
ngi
s
not
edast
heski
dnumberorpol
i
shedst
onev
aluef
rom t
hegr
aduat
edscal
e.Si
mil
arl
ythe
pr
ocedur
eisr
epeat
edusi
ngnewspeci
mensunt
ilt
wov
aluesar
ewi
thi
nthi
sli
mit
.

Obser
vat
ions

Accel
erat
edPol
ishi
ngofTestSpeci
mens

Sampl
eNo.ofst
oneaggr
egat
e:

Nameoft
hequar
ry:

Numberoft
estsampl
espr
epar
ed:

Ty
peofabr
adi
ngsandused:

Fr
ict
ionMeasur
ementofPol
ishedSpeci
mens

Ty
peoff
ri
cti
ont
est
er:

Ty
peofr
ubbersl
i
derused:

Speci
men Poi
nterr
eadi
ng:
pol
i
shedst
onev
alueorski
d Mean
No. numberorf
ri
cti
oncoef
fi
cienti
nper
cent v
alue
1
2
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Resul
t
Thepol
i
shedst
onev
alueoft
hegi
venaggr
egat
esampl
eis_
___%

Desi
rabl
eval
ue

Aspert
heMORTHspeci
fi
cat
ionsf
orr
oadandbr
idgewor
ks,t
hepol
i
shedst
onev
alue
ofcoar
seaggr
egat
esusedi
nbi
tumi
nousconcr
ete,semidensebi
tumi
nousconcr
ete,open
gr
adedpr
e-mi
xcar
petandcl
osegr
adedpr
emi
xsur
faci
ngofr
oads,
shoul
dbenotl
esst
han55
andf
ort
heaggr
egat
eusedi
nsur
facedr
essi
ngshoul
dbenotl
esst
han60.

Hy
drophi
l
icandHy
drophobi
cAggr
egat
es

Mostoft
he r
oad st
ones hav
e sur
faces t
hatar
e el
ect
ri
cal
l
ychar
ged.Si
l
ica,a common
const
it
uentofi
gneousr
ockspossesaweaknegat
ivechar
geandhencet
hesehav
egr
eat
er
at
tr
act
ionwi
tht
hepol
arl
i
qui
dwat
ert
hanwi
thbi
tumi
nousbi
nder
shav
ingl
i
ttl
epol
aract
ivi
ty.
Theseaggr
egat
eswhi
char
eel
ect
ronegat
ivear
ewat
er-
li
nki
ngandar
ehy
drophi
l
ic.

Basi
caggr
egat
esl
i
kel
i
me-
stoneshav
eadi
sl
ikef
orwat
erandgr
eat
erat
tr
act
iont
obi
tumen,
as
t
heyhav
eposi
ti
vesur
facechar
ge.Theseaggr
egat
esar
ecal
l
edhy
drophobi
c.

Ty
peofchar
geofaggr
egat
esusedi
nroadpl
aysav
italr
olei
nbi
tumi
nousconst
ruct
ion.
Bi
tumeni
sal
soav
ail
abl
eascat
ioni
corposi
ti
veandani
oni
cornegat
iveandhenceasui
tabl
e
sel
ect
ionmaybemadedependi
ngonaggr
egat
esav
ail
abl
e.Cat
ioni
c(+)bi
tumenmaybe
sel
ect
edf
orel
ect
ronegat
iveaggr
egat
eandani
oni
c(-
)bi
tumenf
orel
ect
roposi
ti
veaggr
egat
es.

Concept
sofSi
zeandGr
adat
ion

Thegr
adat
ionanal
ysi
sorsi
eveanal
ysi
sofwei
ghtt
hecoar
seandt
hef
ineaggr
egat
esav
ail
abl
e

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i
scar
ri
edoutbysi
evi
ngt
hrought
hest
andar
dISsi
eves.

Dr
ysi
eveanal
ysi
sisgener
all
yusedwhenaggr
egat
escont
ainf
inesl
i
torcl
ayst
icki
ngt
oa
coar
serpar
ti
cl
eusedsi
eveanal
ysi
siscar
ri
edout
.

Desi
gnGr
adat
ion

I
tist
hegr
adat
ionordi
str
ibut
ionofpar
ti
cl
esoraggr
egat
esspeci
fi
edbyt
hedesi
gner
.The
desi
gngr
adat
ioni
sobt
ainedusi
nganumberoft
ri
al
sbymi
xi
ngdi
ff
erentsi
zeaggr
egat
eto
sat
isf
yther
equi
rementofdensi
tyandCBRv
alue.

Whent
heav
ail
abl
eaggr
egat
esampl
edoesnotsat
isf
ythedesi
gngr
adat
ion,
theaggr
egat
esof
di
ff
erentgr
adat
ionar
ebl
ended(
mix
ed)usi
ngdi
ff
erentt
ri
al
sorst
andar
dpr
ocedur
esuggest
ed
byRot
hfuch’
sMet
hod.

Maxi
mum Aggr
egat
eSi
ze

Max
imum aggr
egat
esi
zei
sthesi
evesi
zeormeansi
zeoft
hesmal
l
estsi
evet
hroughwhi
ch
100%ofmat
eri
alwi
l
lpass.Themax
imum si
zeandt
hegr
adi
ngoft
heaggr
egat
ear
econt
rol
l
ed
byt
hespeci
fi
cat
ionwhi
chdescr
ibest
hedi
str
ibut
ionofpar
ti
cl
esi
zest
obeusedofapar
ti
cul
ar
wor
k.Theaggr
egat
escont
ainf
inerf
ract
ion(
75µ)l
i
qui
dli
mitandpl
ast
icl
i
mitoft
hepar
ti
cl
es
f
inert
han425µar
etobedet
ermi
ned.Theaggr
egat
escont
aini
ngmor
ethan2% f
inesand
gr
eat
ert
han5%f
inescanbeusedonl
yforbi
tumi
nouscour
ses.

Aggr
egat
eBl
endi
ng

Aggr
egat
ebl
endi
ngi
samet
hodofmi
xi
ngt
heaggr
egat
esofdi
ff
erentsi
zest
oobt
ainort
o
sat
isf
ythedesi
gngr
adat
ion.Ther
ear
esev
eralt
echni
quesusedt
obl
endt
heaggr
egat
es.The
t
ri
almet
hodi
stheonei
nwhi
cht
heaggr
egat
esar
ebl
endedbysev
eralt
ri
al
stogett
hedesi
gn
gr
adat
ionandt
omeett
her
equi
redspeci
fi
cat
ion.

Twogr
aphi
cal
met
hodsi
ncommonusef
orpr
opor
ti
oni
ng/
blendi
ngar
e:

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1)Tr
iangul
arChar
t
2)Rot
hfut
ch’
sMet
hod
Tr
iangul
arChar
t

Thi
smet
hodi
sappl
i
cabl
ewhent
hreemat
eri
al
sar
etobemi
xedt
oget
hert
oachi
eveadesi
red
gr
adat
ion(
formax
imum densi
ty)
.Themat
eri
al
smaybeconv
eni
ent
lydi
vi
dedonat
ri
angul
ar
char
tasshowni
nfi
gur
e.

Supposet
hreemat
eri
al
sA,BandCar
eav
ail
abl
ewhi
char
erespect
ivel
ycoar
se,medi
um and
f
inegr
ainedmat
eri
al
s.Poi
ntsA,BandCar
epl
ott
edont
het
ri
angul
archar
tknowi
ngt
hegr
ain
si
zedi
str
ibut
ion(
orpr
opor
ti
onofcoar
seaggr
egat
e,sandandf
ines)oft
het
hreemat
eri
al
s.Nex
t
st
epi
stoobt
aint
hedesi
redgr
adat
ionD basedonsomegr
adat
ioncr
it
eri
aorbyusi
nga

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ore Page38
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

gr
adat
ion f
ormul
a(Ful
l
erequat
ion)
.The poi
ntD i
s al
so pl
ott
ed i
nthe t
ri
angul
archar
t
r
epr
esent
ing t
he desi
red gr
adat
ion.Now t
he gr
aphi
calconst
ruct
ion f
orobt
aini
ng t
he
pr
opor
ti
onsA,BandC i
smade,bypr
oduci
ngt
hel
i
neCD t
omeett
hel
i
neABatE.The
pr
opor
ti
onsofcoar
seaggr
egat
e,sandandf
inesar
egi
venby
:

%coar
seaggr
egat
e= EBxDC x100
ABxEC

%Sand= AExDC x100

ABxEC

%Fi
nes= ED x100
EC

Rot
hfuch’
sMet
hod

Thi
smet
hodi
susedwhenanumberofmat
eri
al
shav
etobemi
xedt
oget
herf
orobt
aini
nga
desi
red ordesi
gn gr
adat
ion.The desi
red gr
adat
ion may be deci
ded ei
therbased on
r
ecommendedgr
ainsi
zedi
str
ibut
ionchar
tsort
abl
esorusi
ngt
hebel
owFul
l
er’
sequat
ion.

P=100(
d/D)n

Wher
e,

D=di
amet
erofl
argestpar
ti
cl
e,mm

P=per
centf
inert
handi
amet
er‘
d’(
mm)i
nthemat
eri
al

n=gr
adat
ioni
ndex
,whi
chhav
eval
uesr
angi
ngf
rom 0.
5to0.
3dependi
ngupont
heshape.

Onagr
aphpaper
,wi
thY-
axi
srepr
esent
ingper
centpassi
ngandX-
axi
srepr
esent
ingpar
ti
cl
esi
ze,

BI
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ore Page39
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

asshowni
nfi
gur
e.Adi
agonall
i
nei
sdr
awnf
rom poi
ntcor
respondi
ngt
o(100per
centpassi
ng,
max
imum par
ti
cl
esi
zeoft
hemat
eri
al
)toapoi
ntcor
respondi
ngt
o(z
eroper
centpassi
ng,
smal
l
estpar
ti
cl
esi
zeoft
hemat
eri
al
s).
Thedi
ff
erentpar
ti
cl
esi
zesar
emar
ked onX-
axi
s
cor
respondi
ngt
othemeanv
aluesofper
cent
agef
inert
akenont
heY-
axi
s.

Fordi
ff
erentmat
eri
al
ssayA,BandC,si
eveanal
ysi
shast
obedoneandper
cent
agef
inerhas
t
obecal
cul
atedf
oreachr
angeofpar
ti
cl
esi
zef
oral
lthemat
eri
al
sandgr
ainsi
zedi
str
ibut
ion
cur
vesoft
heset
hreemat
eri
al
sar
epl
ott
edasshowni
nfi
gandt
hebal
anci
ngst
rai
ghtl
i
nesofA,
BandCar
eobt
ained,
all
owi
ngonl
ymi
nimum oft
hear
easonei
thersi
desoft
hebal
anci
ngl
i
nes.

Theopposi
teendsoft
hebal
anci
ngst
rai
ghtl
i
nesofAandBar
ejoi
ned(
i.
e.,z
eroper
cent
passi
ngofmat
eri
al
sAi
sjoi
nedwi
th100per
centpassi
ngofB)
.Si
mil
arl
ytheopposi
teendsof
bal
anci
ngl
i
nesofBandCar
ejoi
ned.

Thepoi
ntswher
ethesel
i
nesmeett
hedesi
redgr
adat
ionl
i
ner
epr
esentt
hepr
opor
ti
oni
nwhi
ch
t
hemat
eri
al
sA,BandC ar
etobemi
xed.Thesev
aluesmayber
eadf
rom t
heY-
axi
sby
pr
oject
ingt
hepoi
ntsofi
nter
sect
ionasshowni
nfi
g.

BI
T,Depar
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vi
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ore Page40
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

1.Li
stt
hev
ari
oust
est
sconduct
edonr
oadaggr
egat
esi
nor
dert
oascer
tai
nit
ssui
tabi
l
ityand
i
ndi
cat
ethedesi
rabl
eval
uesoft
het
estr
esul
ts.
2.Wr
it
eanot
eonaggr
egat
ebl
endi
ngt
omeett
hespeci
fi
edgr
adat
ion.
3.Wr
it
eshor
tnot
esonHy
drophobi
candHy
drophi
l
icAggr
egat
es
4.
Indi
cat
ethesui
tabi
l
ityoft
hef
oll
owi
ngt
est
sont
hesel
ect
ionofpr
operaggr
egat
esf
or
v
ari
ousbi
tumi
noussur
faci
ng:
i
)Losangel
esabr
asi
ont
esti
i
)Aggr
egat
eimpactt
est
.
i
i
i)Aggr
egat
eshapet
est
5.
Expl
ainbr
ief
lyt
hedesi
rabl
epr
oper
ti
esofaggr
egat
esusedi
nroadconst
ruct
ion.
6.
Expl
aint
hedesi
rabl
epr
oper
ti
esofr
oadaggr
egat
esusedi
npav
ementconst
ruct
ion.
7.
Expl
aint
heAbr
asi
ont
est
sandsoundnesst
estonaggr
egat
es.I
ndi
cat
ether
equi
rement
sas
perI
RC.
8.Expl
aint
hedesi
rabl
epr
oper
ti
esofaggr
egat
est
obeusedi
npav
ementconst
ruct
ion.
9.Li
stv
ari
oust
est
stobecar
ri
edoutonaggr
egat
esusedi
nroadconst
ruct
ion.
10.Di
sti
ngui
shbet
weenaggr
egat
ecr
ushi
ngv
alueandaggr
egat
eimpactv
alue.I
ndi
cat
ethe
per
missi
blev
aluesf
ort
heaggr
egat
est
obeusedi
npav
ementconst
ruct
ion.
Cl
assi
fyt
her
oadaggr
egat
esbasedonpet
rol
ogyandor
igi
n.
11.
Listt
hedi
ff
erentmet
hodsf
oraggr
egat
ebl
endi
ngt
omeetspeci
fi
edgr
adat
ion.
expl
ainany
onei
nbr
ief
.
12.
Classi
fyt
hedi
ff
erentt
ypesofaggr
egat
es.
13.
Wri
teanot
eonaggr
egat
ebl
endi
ngt
omeett
hespeci
fi
edgr
adat
ion.
14.
Ment
iont
hedesi
rabl
epr
oper
ti
esofl
oadaggr
egat
es.Expl
ainanyonedesi
rabl
epr
oper
ty.
15.
Classi
fydi
ff
erentt
ypesofaggr
egat
esusedi
nroadconst
ruct
ion.Ment
ionatl
eastone
exampl
eofeachl
ocal
l
yav
ail
abl
emat
eri
al.
16.
Indi
cat
ethesui
tabi
l
ityoft
hef
oll
owi
ngt
estont
hesel
ect
ionofpr
operaggr
egat
eforv
ari
ous
pav
ementsur
faci
ng:
i
)aggr
egat
ecr
ushi
ngt
esti
i
)aggr
egat
eimpactt
esti
i
i)aggr
egat
eshape
t
esti
v)l
ossangl
esabr
asi
ont
estv
)wat
erabsor
pti
ont
est
.Conf
ir
mtheabov
etestsui
tabi
l
ity
wi
thI
S/I
RCst
andar
dsv
alueorl
i
mit
ati
on.

BI
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tmentofCi
vi
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ing,
Bangal
ore Page41
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

UNI
T-2

BI
TUMENANDTAR:Or
igi
n,pr
epar
ati
on,
proper
ti
esandchemi
cal
const
it
uti
onofbi
tumi
nous
r
oad bi
nder
s; r
equi
rement
s.
[
4Hour
s]

*
***
***
***
***
***
***
***
***
***
***
***
***
***
***
***
***
***
***
***
***
***
***
***
***
***
I
ntr
oduct
ion

Bi
tumi
nousbi
nder
susedi
npav
ementconst
ruct
ionwor
ksi
ncl
udebot
hbi
tumenandt
ar.
Bot
hbi
tumenandt
arhav
esi
mil
arappear
ance,bl
acki
ncol
ourt
hought
heyhav
edi
ff
erent
char
act
eri
sti
cs.

Or
igi
n

BI
T,Depar
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vi
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ore Page42
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

Nat
ural
l
yoccur
ri
ngdeposi
tsofbi
tumenar
efor
medf
rom t
her
emai
nsofanci
ent
,mi
croscopi
c
al
gaeandot
heronce-
li
vi
ngt
hings.Whent
heseor
gani
smsdi
ed,
thei
rremai
nswer
edeposi
ted
i
nthemudont
hebot
tom oft
heoceanorl
akewher
etheyl
i
ved.Undert
heheatandpr
essur
e
ofbur
ialdeepi
ntheear
th,t
her
emai
nswer
etr
ansf
ormedi
ntomat
eri
alssuchasbi
tumen,
ker
ogen,orpet
rol
eum.Deposi
tsatt
heLaBr
eaTarPi
tsar
eanexampl
e.Ther
ear
est
ruct
ural
si
mil
ari
ti
esbet
weenbi
tumensandt
heor
gani
cmat
teri
ncar
bonaceousmet
eor
it
es.Howev
er,
det
ail
edst
udi
eshav
eshownt
hesemat
eri
alst
obedi
sti
nct
.
Asphal
torbi
tumen can somet
imes be conf
used wi
th"
tar
",whi
ch i
s a si
mil
arbl
ack,
t
her
mopl
ast
icmat
eri
alpr
oducedbyt
hedest
ruct
ivedi
sti
l
lat
ionofcoal
.Dur
ingt
heear
lyand
mi
d20t
hcent
urywhent
owngaswaspr
oduced,t
arwasar
eadi
l
yav
ail
abl
epr
oductand
ext
ensi
vel
yusedast
hebi
nderf
orr
oadaggr
egat
es.Theaddi
ti
onoft
art
omacadam r
oadsl
ed
t
othewor
dtar
mac,
whi
chi
snowusedi
ncommonpar
lancet
oref
ert
oroad-
maki
ngmat
eri
als.
Howev
er,si
ncet
he1970s,whennat
uralgassucceededt
owngas,asphal
t(bi
tumen)has
compl
etel
yov
ert
akent
heuseoft
ari
ntheseappl
i
cat
ions.
BI
TUMENi
sapet
rol
eum pr
oductobt
ainedbyt
hedi
sti
l
lat
ionofpet
rol
eum cr
ude.
TARi
sat
her
mopl
ast
icmat
eri
alobt
ainedf
rom t
hedest
ruct
ivedi
sti
l
lat
ion.
Thegr
adeofbi
tumenusedf
orpav
ementconst
ruct
ionwor
kofr
oadsandai
rf
iel
dsar
ecal
l
ed
pav
inggr
adesandusedf
orwat
erpr
oof
ingofst
ruct
uresandi
ndust
ri
alf
loor
set
c.ar
ecal
l
ed
i
ndust
ri
algr
ades.Thepav
ingbi
tumenav
ail
abl
einI
ndi
aiscl
assi
fi
edi
ntot
wocat
egor
ies
1)Pav
ingbi
tumenf
rom Assam pet
rol
eum denot
edasA-
typeanddesi
gnat
edasgr
ades
A35,
A90.
etc.
2)Pav
ingbi
tumenf
rom ot
hersour
cesdenot
edasS-
typeanddesi
gnat
edasgr
adesS35,
S90et
c.
Thev
iscosi
tyofbi
tumeni
sreducedsomet
imesbyav
olat
il
edi
l
uent
sthi
smat
eri
ali
scal
l
ed
Cut
back.
Thebi
tumeni
ssuspendedi
naf
inel
ydi
vi
dedcondi
ti
oni
nanaqueousmedi
um andst
abi
l
ized
wi
thanemul
sif
ier
;themat
eri
ali
sknownasEmul
sion.

Di
ff
erencebet
weenBi
tumenandTar

BI
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vi
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ore Page43
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

Sl
.No. Bi
tumen Tar
Bitumeni sfoundi nbl ackt obrown
1 Tari
susual
l
yfoundi
nbr
owncol
our
i
ncol our
Bitumeni sobtainedf rom fr
actional Tari
sobtai
nedbydest
ruct
ive
2
disti
llati
onofcr udeoi l di
sti
l
lat
ionofcoal
orwood
Bitumeni ssolublei ncar bon
3 Tari
ssol
ubl
eint
oluene
disulphideandcar bont etr
achloride
Mol ecularwei ghtr angef orroad Molecul
arweightrangeforroadtari
s
4
bitumeni s400t o5000 150to3000
Bitumenconsi stsofl argeamount Tarconsi
stoflar
geamountofoi l
y
5
ofar omat ichydrocar bon matterwi
thlowermol ecul
arweight
Bitumenshowr esi stancet o
coat i
ngr oadaggr egat eandalso Tarcoatsmoreeasi
l
yandret
aini
t
6
doesnotr etai
ni npr esenceof bet
terinpr
esenceofwat
er
wat er
7 Freecar boncont enti sless Freecar
boncontentismore
Itshowsmor eresi stancet o I
tshowslessresi
stancet
oweat
her
ing
8
weat heringact i
on acti
on
9 Lesst
emper
atur
esuscept
ibi
l
ity Mor
etemper
atur
esuscept
ibi
l
ity
Bi
tumen
Thesourceofroadbit
umeni
sei
therf
ormedf
rom pet
rol
eum orbynat
ural
processes
asar
esul
tofgeologi
calf
orces.

Di
ff
erentf
ormsofbi
tumen
Cut
backbi
tumen

Nor
malpr
act
icei
stoheatBi
tument
oreducei
tsv
iscosi
ty.I
nsomesi
tuat
ionspr
efer
encei
s
gi
vent
ousel
i
qui
dbi
nder
ssuchascut
backbi
tumen.I
ncut
backbi
tumenSui
tabl
esol
venti
s
usedt
olowert
hev
iscosi
tyoft
hebi
tumen.Fr
om t
heenv
ironment
alpoi
ntofv
iew al
so
cut
backbi
tumeni
spr
efer
red.Thesol
ventf
rom t
hebi
tumi
nousmat
eri
alwi
l
lev
apor
ateand
t
hebi
tumenwi
l
lbi
ndt
heaggr
egat
e.Cut
backbi
tumeni
susedf
orcol
dweat
herBi
tumi
nous
r
oad const
ruct
ion and Mai
ntenance.The di
sti
l
lat
es used Forpr
epar
ati
on ofcut
back
bi
tumenar
enapht
ha,ker
osene,di
esel
,oi
landf
urnaceoi
l
.Ther
ear
edi
ff
erentt
ypesof
cut
backbi
tumenLi
ker
api
dcur
ing(
RC)
,medi
um cur
ing(
MC)
,Andsl
ow cur
ing(
SC)
.RC i
s
r
ecommendedf
orSur
facedr
essi
ngandpat
chwor
k.MCi
srecommendedForpr
emi
xWi
th
l
essquant
it
yoff
ineaggr
egat
es.
SCi
susedForpr
emi
xwi
thappr
eci
abl
equant
it
yoff
ine
BI
T,Depar
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ore Page44
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

aggr
egat
es.

Bi
tumenEmul
sion

Bi
tumenemul
si
oni
sal
i
qui
dpr
oducti
nwhi
chbi
tumeni
ssuspendedi
naf
inel
ydi
vi
ded
condi
ti
oni
nanaqueousmedi
um andst
abi
l
izedbysui
tabl
emat
eri
al.Nor
mal
l
ycat
ioni
cty
pe
emul
si
onsar
eusedi
nIndi
a.Thebi
tumencont
enti
ntheemul
si
oni
sar
ound60%andt
he
r
emai
ningi
swat
er.Whent
heemul
si
oni
sappl
i
edont
her
oadi
tbr
eaksdownr
esul
ti
ngi
n
r
eleaseofwat
erandt
hemi
xst
art
stoset
.Thet
imeofset
ti
ngdependsupont
hegr
adeof
bi
tumen.The v
iscosi
ty ofbi
tumi
nous emul
si
ons can be measur
ed as perI
S:8887-
1995.
Thr
eet
ypes of bi
tumi
nous emul
si
ons ar
e av
ail
abl
e, whi
ch ar
e Rapi
d
set
ti
ng(
RS)
,Medi
um set
ti
ng (
MS)
,And Sl
ow set
ti
ng (
SC)
.Bi
tumen Emul
si
ons ar
eideal
bi
nder
sforhi
l
lroadconst
ruct
ion.Wher
eHeat
ingofbi
tumenoraggr
egat
esar
edi
ff
icul
t.
Rapi
dSet
ti
ngemul
si
onsar
eusedf
orsur
facedr
essi
ngwor
k.Medi
um Set
ti
ngemul
sions
ar
epr
efer
redf
orpr
emi
xjobsandpat
chr
epai
rswor
k.Sl
owset
ti
ngEmul
sionsar
epr
efer
red
i
nrai
nyseason.

Bi
tumi
nouspr
imer
s

I
nbi
tumi
nouspr
imert
hedi
sti
l
lat
eisabsor
bedbyt
her
oadsur
faceonwhi
chi
tisspr
ead.
Theabsor
pti
ont
her
efordependsont
hepor
osi
tyoft
hesur
face.Bi
tumenpr
imer
sar
euse
f
ullont
hest
abi
l
ized sur
facesand wat
erbound macadam basecour
ses.Bi
tumi
nous
pr
imer
s ar
e gener
all
y pr
epar
ed on r
oad si
tes by mi
xi
ng penet
rat
ion bi
tumen wi
th
pet
rol
eum di
sti
l
lat
e.

Modi
fi
edBi
tumen

Cer
tai
naddi
ti
vesorbl
endofaddi
ti
vescal
l
edasbi
tumenmodi
fi
erscani
mpr
ovepr
oper
ti
es
ofBi
tumenandbi
tumi
nousmi
xes.Bi
tument
reat
edwi
tht
hesemodi
fi
ersi
sknownas

BI
T,Depar
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PAVEMENTMATERI
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modi
fi
ed bi
tumen.Pol
ymermodi
fi
ed bi
tumen(
PMB)
/cr
umb r
ubbermodi
fi
ed Bi
tumen
(
CRMB)shoul
dbeused onl
yinwear
ing cour
sedependi
ngupont
her
equi
rement
sof
ext
remecl
i
mat
icv
ari
ati
ons.Thedet
ail
edspeci
fi
cat
ionsf
ormodi
fi
edbi
tumenhav
ebeen
i
ssuedbyI
RC:SP:53-
1999.I
tmustbenot
edt
hatt
heper
for
manceofPMBandCRMBi
s
dependentonst
ri
ctCont
rol
onTemper
atur
edur
ingconst
ruct
ion.

Theadv
ant
agesofusi
ngmodi
fi
edbi
tumenar
easf
oll
ows:

1.Lowersuscept
ibi
l
ityt
odai
l
yandseasonal
temper
atur
evar
iat
ions

2.Hi
gherr
esi
stancet
odef
ormat
ionathi
ghpav
ementt
emper
atur
e

3.Bet
terager
esi
stancepr
oper
ti
es

4.Hi
gherf
ati
guel
i
fef
ormi
xes

5.Bet
teradhesi
onbet
weenaggr
egat
esandbi
nder

6.Pr
event
ionofcr
acki
ngandr
efl
ect
ivecr
acki
ng.

Ty
pes

1)RockAsphal
t

a) I
tconsi
stsofl
i
mest
one,
sandst
onenat
ural
l
yimpr
egnat
edwi
thbi
tumen.
b) Themi
ner
almat
terwi
l
lbeabout90%andbi
tumencont
entof10%.

2)LakeAsphal
t
a) Mi ner
almat
terwi
l
lbef
inel
ydi
vi
dedanddi
sper
sedt
hrought
hebi
tumen
b) Thewhol
emassi
scapabl
eoff
low
c) Ty
peofl
akeasphal
tusedi
nroadmaki
ngi
nUni
tedKi
ngdom i
sTr
ini
dadl
akeasphal
t.
d) I
tisusedi
nfl
exi
bler
oadconst
ruct
ionandal
soi
nrol
l
edasphal
twear
ingcour
ses.

Pr
epar
ati
onofRoadBi
tumenf
rom Pet
rol
eum

BI
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vi
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PAVEMENTMATERI
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Therefini
ngofpetr
oleum ismostcompl exprocedureproduci
ngatremendousrangeof
productsfrom t
hesi mplesthydrocar
bongasmet hanet othehar destbi
tumenwith
consti
tuentsofmol
ecularweightoftheorderofseveral
thousands.

Theprepar
ati
onofdiff
erentfor
msofbi
tumenf
orr
oadpur
posesf
rom pet
rol
eum i
s
i
ll
ust
ratedi
ntheabov
efigure.

PREPARATI
ONOFROADBI
TUMEN

BI
T,Depar
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vi
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ore Page47
PAVEMENTMATERI
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a)Di
sti
ll
ati
onofPet
rol
eum

Bi
tumeni spr
oducedf
rom sel
ect
edcr
udeoi
l
sbyapr
ocessofconcent
rat
ionby
di
sti
l
lat
ion.

Thedisti
l
latei
sobt
ainedi
nthedesi
redboi
l
ingpoi
ntr
angesbycondensat
ioni
na
fr
act
ionati
ngcol
umn.

I
tisfi
rstt
oheatt
hecrudeoilt
oatemperat
urelowerthan350°Cunderatmospher
ic
pr
essuret
odri
veoffl
i
ghtfr
acti
onssuchasgasoli
ne,
keroseneandgasoil
.

Fur
therheat
ingabov
e400°
Cisnecessar
ytodr
iveof
fheav
ieroi
l
s.

Refi
ningofthet
oppedcrudeiscarr
iedoutbyuseofr
educedpr
essur
esandst
eam
i
nject
ionint
hefr
acti
onat
ingcolumn.

Theincomingcr
udeispumpedt
hroughacont
inuouspi
pe-sti
l
lsimi
lartothatusedi
n
tar
-di
sti
ll
ati
onpl
ants,wher
eiti
sraisedt
odesiredtemperatur
e(between200and
400°C)

Iti
stheninj
ect
edint
oaf r
act
ionat
ingcol
umnwher
eatt
her
educedpr
essur
evol
ati
l
e
componentsfl
ashi
ntov
apours.

The vapours are condensed int

o fract
ions of decreasing boi
l
ing poi
nt by
condensat
ionatpoi
ntsathigherl
evel
sinthefract
ionat
ingcolumn.

Aflow di
agr
am r
epr
esent
ingt
hedi
sti
l
lat
ionoft
oppedoi
linamoder
nref
iner
yis
gi
veninfi
gur
ebel
ow:

BI
TUMENPRODUCTI
ON

b)Ai
r-
Rect
if
icat
ionofRef
iner
yBi
tumen

Bi
tumenpr
oducedbyst
rai
ghtst
eam-
ref
ini
ngf
rom cr
udeoi
l
smaybedef
ici
enti
nthe

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
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vi
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ore Page48
PAVEMENTMATERI
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componentsofhi
ghmol
ecul
arwei
ghtwhi
char
einsol
ubl
einhept
anes,asphal
tenes
fr
act
ions.

Iti
scommonpr acti
cet
oi ncreasetheasphalt
enecontentbyoxi
dat
ionoft
hehot
str
aight
-r
unbi
tumenbyacurrentofairbl
ownthroughi
t.

Thesear
ebi
tumenofhi
ghsof
teni
ngpoi
ntpr
oducedbyanoxi
dat
ionbyai
r-
blowi
ngat
hi
ghtemper
atur
es.

Theoxidati
onismor eextensiv
eandt heblownbitumenshaverubber
yquali
ti
es
requi
redf
orcer
tai
nindust
ri
al pur
posesandnotusedasbinder
sforr
oadaggr
egat
es.

Chemi
calConst
it
uti
onofBi
tumen

Bi
tumenalt
houghfor
medf rom di
sti
l
lat
ionpr
ocesscausessomechangeswhichis
cl
osel
yrel
atedi
nchemical
natur
etoitspri
mar
ysourcei.
e.,
thecr
udepet
rol
eum oi
l.

Bi
tumeniscomplet
elysolubl
eincar
bon-
di-
sul
phidebutmostoft
hem di
vi
det
he
bi
tumensol
ubl
eincarbon-
di-
sul
phi
dei
nto3fr
act
ions:

a)Carbenes:fract
ioninsolubleincarbont et
rachlori
de.
b)Asphaltenes:fract
ioni nsolubleinl i
ghtaliphatichydr
ocarbonsol
ventsuchas
pet
roleum ether.
c)Maltenes:fract
ionsolubleinlightal
iphati
chy drocar
bonsolv
ent

The mol
ecul
arweightofasphal
tene fr
act
ion i
s est
imat
ed bet
ween 1800 and
1,
40,
000andmal
teneshav
emolecularwei
ghtbet
ween370and710.

Thehy
drocar
bonsi
npet
rol
eum ar
eoff
ourbasi
cfor
ms:

a)Sat
urat
edal
i
phat
icgr
oupsorpar
aff
ins
b)Napht
heni
cgr
oupsorcy
clopar
aff
ins
c)Ar
omat
icr
ingcompounds
d)Al
i
phat
icgr
oupswi
thol
efi
ndoubl
ebonds

Al
i
phat
ic gr
oup nor
mal
l
y does notpr
esenti
nroad bi
tumen.The appr
oxi
mat
e
pr
opor
ti
onsoft
heot
hert
hreegr
oupsi
nthemol
tengr
oupscanbeobt
ainedf
rom
modi
fi
edWat
ermananal
ysi
s.

Manypr
oper
ti
esofbi
tumen,par
ti
cul
arl
ythenon-
Newt
oni
anf
lowpr
oper
ti
essuggest
t
hatbi
tumeni
sacol
l
oidalsy
stem.Thecol
l
oidalnat
ureofbi
tumeni
sduet
othe
pr
esenceofasphal
tenesi
nassoci
ati
onwi
thhi
ghmol
ecul
arwei
ghtmat
eri
alf
rom t
he
mal
tenesf
ract
ion,f
orm adi
sper
sephase.Thi
scompl
exi
snor
mal
l
yref
err
edas

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
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vi
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PAVEMENTMATERI
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‘
micel
l
arphase’
.

Ont
hebasi
soff
lowpr
oper
ti
es,bi
tumencanbedi
vi
dedi
ntot
wot
ypes,‘
sol
’ty
pe,i
n
whi
cht
her
eisl
i
ttl
eint
eract
ionbet
weenmi
cel
l
esora‘
gel
’ty
pei
nwhi
chi
nter
act
ionof
mi
cel
l
esar
egr
eatenought
ocauseal
oosest
ruct
uref
ormat
ion.Mostoft
hedi
sti
l
led
r
oadbi
tumensar
esol
type,
blowi
ngl
eadst
ogel
typest
ruct
ures.

Requi
rement
sofBi
tumen

Thedesi
rabl
epr
oper
ti
esofbi
tumendependont
hemi
xty
peandconst
ruct
ion.

a)Mi
xi
ng:t
ypeofmat
eri
alsused,
const
ruct
ionmet
hod,
temper
atur
edur
ingmi
xi
ng,
et
c.
b)At
tai
nmentofdesi
redst
abi
l
ityoft
hemi
x
c)Tomai
ntai
nthest
abi
l
ityunderadv
erseweat
hercondi
ti
ons
d)Tomai
ntai
nsuf
fi
cientf
lexi
bil
i
tyandt
husav
oidcr
acki
ngofbi
tumi
noussur
face
and
e)Tohav
esuf
fi
cientadhesi
onwi
tht
heaggr
egat
esi
nthemi
xinpr
esenceofwat
er

Desi
rabl
ePr
oper
ti
esofBi
tumen

1)Vi
scosity
Theviscosi
tyoft
hebi
tumenatt
het
imeofmi
xi
ngandcompact
ionshoul
dbe
adequat
e.Thi
sisachi
evedbyheat
ingt
hebi
tumenandaggr
egat
epr
iort
omi
xi
ngor
byuseofcut
backsoremul
sionsofsui
tabl
egr
ade.

2)Temper
atureSuscepti
bil
it
y
Thebit
uminousmat er
ialshoul
dnotbehi
ghl
ytemper
atur
esuscept
ibl
e.Dur
ingt
he
hot
testweat
heroft
her
egi
ont
hebi
tumi
nousmi
xshoul
dnotbecomet
oosof
tor
unst
abl
e.Dur
ingcol
dweat
hert
hemi
xshoul
dnotbecomet
oohar
dandbr
it
tl
e,
causi
ngcr
acki
ng.Themat
eri
alshoul
dbedur
abl
e.

3)Adhesi
onPropert
y
I
npresenceofwaterthebi
tumenshoul
dnotst
ri
pof
ffr
om t
heaggr
egat
e.Ther
ehas
t
obeadequat
eaf
fi
nit
yandadhesi
onbet
weent
hebi
tumenandaggr
egat
eusedi
nthe
mi
x.

Test
sonbi
tumen
Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
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vi
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PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
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Ther
ear
eanumberoft
est
stoassesst
hepr
oper
ti
esofbi
tumi
nousmat
eri
als.The
f
oll
owi
ngt
est
sar
eusual
l
yconduct
edt
oev
aluat
edi
ff
erentpr
oper
ti
esofbi
tumi
nous
mat
eri
als.
1.Penet
rat
iont
est
2.Sof
teni
ngpoi
ntt
est
3.Duct
il
it
ytest
4.Vi
scosi
tyt
est
5.Speci
fi
cgr
avi
tyt
est
6.Heatst
abi
l
ityt
est
a.Fl
ashpoi
ntt
est
b.Fi
repoi
ntt
est
c.Lossonheat
ingt
est
7.Sol
ubi
l
ityt
est
8.Thi
nfi
l
m ov
ent
est
9.Fl
oatt
est
10.Wat
ercont
entt
est

1. Penet
rat
iont
est
:

An i
ndi
rectmet
hod ofmeasur
ing v
iscosi
tyi
sthemeasur
eofpenet
rat
ion ofa
st
andar
dneedl
eunderst
andar
dcondi
ti
onsofl
oad,t
ime&t
emper
atur
e.Thet
est
measur
est
hehar
dnessorsof
tnessofbi
tumeni
nter
msofpenet
rat
ionexpr
essedi
n
10thofst
mm/ dneedl
e.

Temper
at e=250C[
ur testt
obeper
for
medaf
tersampl
eiskeptf
or1hri
nH2Obat
hat
t
hist
emper
atur
e]

Loadonneedl
e=100g

Ti
mei
nwhi
chpenet
rat
ioni
srecor
ded=5s

Thepenet
rat
ioni
smeasur
edbyagr
aduat
eddi
al.

Bi
tumeni
ssof
tenst
oapor
ingconsi
stencyadept
hmor
ethan15mm i
nthecont
ainer
i
spour
ed.Theexpect
edpenet
rat
ionsampl
eiscool
edi
n60mi
ninai
rand60mi
nin
wat
erbef
oret
est
ing.Thest
andar
dneedl
eisposi
ti
onedt
ogetapenet
rat
ionv
aluef
or
Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
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5secandi
snot
ed.

Thepenet
rat
ionv
alueobt
ainedi
srepr
esent
edi
n80-
100or80/
100gr
adebi
tumenat
st
andar
dconsi
stenceandi
trangef
rom 20-
225mm.

I
ncol
dregi
onbi
tumenwi
thHi
ghpenet
rat
ionv
aluei
sused.

I
nwar
mregi
onl
owpenet
rat
ionv
aluei
susedex
.30/
40gr
ade.

Thef
act
orswhi
chaf
fectt
hePenet
rat
iont
esti
stestt
emper
atur
e,needl
esi
zeand
wei
ghtandper
iodofcool
i
ng.

1. Sof
teni
ngpoi
nt:

Thesof
teni
ngpoi
nti
sthet
emper
atur
eatwhi
cht
hesubst
anceat
tai
nsapar
ti
cul
ar
degr
eeofsof
teni
ng underspeci
fi
ed condi
ti
on oft
est
.A v
iscosi
tymat
eri
all
i
ke
bi
tumenort
ardoesn’
thav
eawel
ldef
inedsof
teni
ngpoi
nt.Howev
erast
dtest
det
ermi
nest
het
emper
atur
eatwhi
chast
dbal
lwi
l
lpasst
hroughadi
scofbi
tumen
cont
ainedi
nri
ng.Thet
esti
sknownasr
ing&bal
ltest
.

Abr
assr
ingofi
nter
naldi
a17.
5mm att
opand15.
9mm atbot
tom andofdept
h
6.
4mm.
Thest
eelbal
lof9.
5mm di
aand2.
5g.Suppor
tdi
stancei
s25mm bet
weent
he
bot
tom oft
her
ingandt
opsur
faceoft
hebot
tom pl
ateofsuppor
tispr
ovi
ded.Gl
ass
cont
ainerof85mm di
aand120mm dept
hisused.Thebi
tumeni
sheat
edt
opor
ing
consi
stencyandpour
edi
ntor
ingandcool
edf
orhal
fanhourbef
oret
est
ing.Abr
ass
r
ing cont
aini
ng t
he bi
tumen sampl
eis suspended i
n H2O orgl
ycer
in atgi
ven
t
emper
atur
east
eelbal
lispl
acedont
hedi
scofbi
tumen.Thel
i
qui
dmedi
um i
sthen
heat
edatar
ateof50C i
ncr
easepermi
nut
e.Met
alpl
atepl
acedataspeci
fi
ed
bi
tumi
nousmat
eri
alt
ouchest
hebot
tom att
hesof
teni
ngpoi
nt.Wi
thi
ncr
easei
n
t
emper
atur
ebi
tumenmel
tsandcomedownwi
tht
hewei
ghtofbal
latpar
ti
cul
ar

Vi
nod.
B.R,
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vi
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t
emper
atur
eitt
ouchest
hebot
tom pl
atet
hatpoi
ntt
emper
atur
eisnot
ed.

Thesof
teni
ngpoi
nti
srangebet o750C.
ween35t

Thel
i
qui
dwat
eri
susedf
orbi
tumenhav
ingsof
teni
ngpoi
ntl han800C and
esst
Gl
ycer
inei
sforsof
teni
ngpoi
ntmor
ethan800C.

Hi
ghersof
teni
ngpoi
nti
ndi
cat
esl
owert
emp.suscept
ibi
l
ityandi
nwar
m cl
i
met
.

Thef
act
orswhi
chaf
fectt
hesof
teni
ngpoi
ntsar
equal
i
tyandt
ypeofl
i
qui
dused,
wei
ghtofbal
l
,di
stancebet
weenbot
tom oft
her
ingandbot
tom basepl
ateandr
ate
oft
emper
atur
e.

2. Duct
il
it
ytest
:

I
nfl
exi
blepav
ementconst
ruct
ioni
tisi
mpor
tantt
hatt
hebi
nder
sfor
m duct
il
ethi
n
f
il
m ar
oundt
heaggr
egat
e.Thi
sser
vesasasat
isf
act
orybi
nderi
nimpr
ovi
ngt
he
phy
sicali
nter
locki
ng oft
he aggr
egat
e bi
tumen mi
xes.Undert
raf
fi
cloads t
he
bi
tumen l
ayeri
ssubj
ect
ed t
orepeat
ed def
ormat
ion and r
ecov
eri
es.Thebi
nder
mat
eri
alwhi
chdoesnotpossesssuf
fi
cientduct
il
it
ywoul
dcr
ackandt
huspr
ovi
de
per
viouspav
ementsur
face.Thet
esti
sbel
i
evedt
omeasur
etheadhesi
vepr
oper
tyof
bi
tumenandi
tsabi
l
ityt
ost
ret
ch.Theduct
il
it
yofabi
nderi
sani
ndi
cat
ionofi
ts

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
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ore Page53
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

el
ast
ici
ty&abi
l
ityt
odef
orm underl
oad&r
etur
ntoor
igi
nal
condi
ti
onuponr
emov
alof
t
hel
oad.Amat
eri
alwhi
chdoesn’
tpossessadequat
educt
il
it
ywoul
dcr
ackundera
l
oad.

Thi
sisunsat
isf
act
orysi
ncewat
ercanpenet
rat
eint
othesur
faci
ngt
hrought
her
e
cr
acks.Thepr
oper
tyi
sdet
ermi
nedbymeasur
ingt
hedi
stancet
hatast
dbr
iquet
teof
bi
tumen,neckedt
oacr
osssect
ionof1sq-
cm wi
l
lst
ret
chwi
thoutbr
eaki
ngwhen
el
ongat
edatar
ateof5cm/
minat270C.Theduct
il
it
yval
uesshoul
dbeami
nimum of
50asperI
S.

Thebr
iquet
temoul
disf
il
ledwi
thbi
tumenandcoolf
or30mi
ninai
rand30mi
nin
wat
erbef
oret
est
ing.Then i
tisf
ixed t
o ex
pandi
ng machi
ne assembl
y whi
ch
st
ret
chest
hebi
tumenatar
ateof5cm/
minandexpandst
il
ltobr
eakandt
hepoi
nti
s
not
edbyscal
e.

Thef
act
orswhi
chaf
fectt
heduct
il
it
yispour
ingandt
estt
emper
atur
e,di
mensi
onof
br
iquet
temoul
d,r
ateofpul
l
ingandper
iodofcool
i
ng.

3. Vi
scosi
tyTest
:

Vi
scosi
tyi
sthepr
oper
tyofaf
lui
dthatdet
ermi
nest
her
esi
stanceof
fer
edbyt
hef
lui
d
Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
ore Page54
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

t
oa
shear
ingf
orceunderl
ami
narf
lowcondi
ti
ons,
iti
sthust
heopposi
teoff
lui
dit
y.

Thedet
ermi
nat
ionofv
iscosi
tyi
sgener
all
ydonebyef
fl
uxv
iscomet
ers.Theywor
kon
commonpr
inci
ples,t
hought
heydi
ff
eri
ndet
ail
.Thel
i
qui
dundert
esti
spour
edt
oa
speci
fi
edl
eveli
ntoacont
ainersur
roundbywat
eroroi
lbat
hpr
ovi
dingt
emper
atur
e
cont
rolatt
hebaseoft
hecont
aineri
sasmal
lor
if
icewi
thasi
mpl
eval
vecont
rolon
openi
ngv
alv
e,t
het
imei
nsecondsi
srecor
dedf
orast
atedquant
it
yofl
i
qui
dto
di
schar
gei
ntoameasur
ingl
i
qui
dbel
ow.

Thedi
ff
erentt
ypeofv
iscosi
tyt
est
ingoper
atori
sther
etheyar
eEf
fl
uxv
iscomet
er,
St
andar
dtarv
iscomet
er(
10mm di
aor
if
iceand50ml
flui
dtodi
schar
ge)
,Say
bol
tfur
ol
v
iscomet
er(
3mm di
aor
if
iceand60ml
flui
dtodi
schar
ge)
.

Thebi
tumeni
spl
acedi
ntoast
andar
dtarv
iscomet
eroref
fl
uxv
iscomet
erandi
ts
t
emper
atur
eisr
aisedt
otestt
emper
atur
especi
fi
ed(
35,
40, 55&600C)
45, .Whent
he
t
emper
atur
ereachesr
espect
ivet
estt
emper
atur
eor
if
icev
alv
eisopent
imeel
apsei
s
not
edt
ocol
l
ectt
hebi
tumenof50ml
.Thet
imer
equi
redt
ocol
l
ectabot
tom cont
ainer
of50mli
sfi
vei
ndi
rect
lyt
hev
iscosi
tyofbi
tumen.Theni
sspeci
fi
edi
nVG10,VG20,
VG30andVG40.

4. Speci
fi
cgr
avi
tyt
est
:

I
nmostappl
i
cat
ionsbi
tumeni
swei
ghed,butf
inal
l
yinusewi
thaggr
egat
ethe
bi
tumencont
enti
sconv
ert
edonv
olumebasi
s.Hencedet
ermi
neofspeci
fi
cgr
avi
ty
v
aluei
srequi
redf
orconv
ersi
onofwei
ghtt
ovol
ume.Speci
fi
cgr
avi
tyofabi
nder

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
ore Page55
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

doesn’
tinf
luencei
tsbehav
iorbutal
lthesame,
itsv
aluei
sneededf
ormi
xdesi
gn.

Speci
fi
cgr
avi
tyofbi
tumenv
ari
esf
rom 0.
97t
o1.
02.

Speci
fi
cgr
avi
tyoft
arv
ari
esf
rom 1.
16t
o1.
28.

Ther
ear
etwomet
hodst
otestt
hespeci
fi
cgr
avi
tyofbi
tumen

a. Py
cnomet
ermet
hod

b. Bal
ancemet
hod

Gener
all
ybal
ancemet
hodi
susedi
nthatacupof50mlcapaci
tyi
susedandi
tis
oi
l
edbef
oreusi
ng.Thebi
tumeni
spour
edi
ntocupandcool
edandi
tswei
ghtei
s
not
edandwei
ghtofcupwi
thbi
tumenwheni
mmer
sedi
ndi
sti
l
ledwat
eri
swei
ghedf
.
Speci
fi
cgr
avi
tyofbi
tumeni
sther
ati
oofet
othedi
ff
erencebet
ween(
eandf
).

I
tisusedt
oconv
ertt
hewei
ghti
ntov
olume.Det
ermi
nesPur
it
yofbi
tumeni
fthe
i
mpur
it
ypr
esenti
nthebi
tumenbyshowi
nghi
ghv
alueofspeci
fi
cgr
avi
ty.

5. Heatst
abi
li
tyt
est
:

Whenabi
tumi
nousbi
nderi
sheat
edcont
inuousl
yitst
art
semi
tt
ingv
olat
il
evapor
s
abov
eacer
tai
ntemper
atur
eandt
hesev
olat
il
evapor
scanmoment
ari
l
ycat
chf
ir
ein
f
orm off
lashandcont
inuedheat
inggetf
ir
ed.

a. Fl
ashpoi
nt:

Thef
lashpoi
ntofbi
tumeni
sthatt
emper
atur
eatwhi
chi
tgi
vesof
fvapor
s,whi
ch
i
gni
tesi
nthepr
essur
eofaf
lame,butdon’
tcont
inuet
obur
n.Thef
lamepoi
nti
san
i
nduct
ionofcr
it
icalt
emper
atur
eat&abov
ewhi
chsui
tabl
epr
ecaut
ionsshoul
dbe
t
akent
oel
i
minat
efi
rehazar
ds.TheI
SIt
estdescr
ibest
hePenske-
Mar
ti
nmet
hod.
Themet
hodi
nvol
vesacupi
ntowhi
cht
hebi
tumeni
sfi
l
led.Thebi
tumensampl
eis
t
henheat
edatar
at 60C/
eof5- minst
ir
ri
ngt
hemat
eri
alcont
inuousl
y.

Thet
estf
lamei
sappl
i
edati
nter
val
s.Thef
lashpoi
nti
stakenatt
het
emper
atur
e
r
eadont
het
her
momet
erwhenf
lamecausesabr
ightf
lashi
nthei
nter
iorofcupi
na
cl
osedsy
stem &att
hesur
faceofmat
eri
ali
nopensy
stem.I
tis2200c.

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
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T&M,
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ore Page56
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

b. Fi
repoi
ntt
est
:

I
fheat
ingi
scont
inuedbey
ondt
hef
lashpoi
nt,t
hev
apor
signi
tei
nthepr
essur
eofa
f
lame&cont
inuet
obur
nindi
cat
ingt
hef
ir
epoi
ntt
emper
atur
e.Ther
eisnost
andar
d
met
hodt
odet
ermi
net
hespont
aneousi
gni
ti
ont
emper
atur
e,whi
chcanonl
ybr
oadl
y
i
ndi
cat
e.

c. Lossonheat
ingt
est
:

Theef
fectofheatonabi
tumi
nousbi
nderi
sthel
ossofv
olat
il
econst
it
uent
s.Thi
s
l
osscausest
hebi
ndert
ohar
den.Thusonemet
hodoft
est
ingt
hedesi
rabl
epr
oper
ty
ofabi
nderi
stof
indoutt
hel
ossonheat
ing.Thi
sisachi
evedbyanaccel
erat
ed
heat
ingt
esta50gm sampl
eiswei
ghti
stakenandmai
ntai
nedatat
emper
atur
eof
1600c f
or5hour
s.Theni
texpr
essedasaper
cent
ageofl
ossi
nor
igi
nalwei
ghti
s
det
ermi
ned.

6. Sol
ubi
li
tyt
est
:

I
thasal
readybeeni
ndi
cat
edt
hatal
lbi
tumenar
esubst
ant
ial
l
ysol
ubl
einCS2.Thi
sis
oneoft
hepoi
ntst
hatdef
inebi
tumen.Henceanyi
mpur
it
yinbi
tumeni
nthef
orm of
i
ner
tmi
ner
als,car
bon,sal
tset
c.coul
dbequant
it
ati
vel
yanal
yzedbydi
ssol
vi
ngt
he
sampl
esofbi
tumeni
nanyoft
het
wosol
vent
s.

Asampl
eof2gofbi
tumeni
sdi
ssol
vedi
n100mlofsol
ventandf
il
ter
edi
nsol
ubl
e
mat
eri
ali
swashed,dr
iedandwei
ghedt
heni
tisexpr
essedi
nper
centofor
igi
nal
sampl
e.TheI
ndi
anspeci
fi
cat
ionsr
equi
re99%sol
ubi
l
ity
.

7. Thi
nfi
lm ov
ent
est
:

I
nthi
stest
,asampl
eofbi
tumeni
ssubj
ect
edt
ohar
deni
ngcondi
ti
onsaswoul
dbe
expect
eddur
inghotmi
xi
ngoper
ati
ons.A50mlsampl
eofbi
tumeni
spl
acedi
naf
lat
bot
tomedsampl
epan140mm i
nsi
dedi
amet
er&10mm deep,
thewei
ghedsampl
e&
cont
ainerar
epl
acedi
nashel
fwhi
chr
otat
esat5t
o6r
pm f
or5hr
sinav
ent
il
ated
ov
enmai
nt nedat1630C.Thel
ai ossi
nwei
ghtoft
hesampl
eisexpr
essedas%oft
he
Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
ore Page57
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

or
igi
nalwei
ght
.Thi
smet
hodi
sthenusedf
ori
dent
if
yshor
tter
m agi
ngorhar
deni
ng
ofbi
tumen.

Tar

Tari
sthev
iscousl
i
qui
dobt
ainedwhennat
uralor
gani
cmat
eri
al
ssuchaswoodand
coalcar
boni
zedordest
ruct
ivel
ydi
sti
l
ledi
ntheabsenceofai
r.Basedont
hemat
eri
al
s
f
rom whi
cht
ari
sder
ived,i
tisr
efer
redt
oaswoodt
arorcoalt
ar.I
tismor
ewi
del
y
usedf
orr
oadwor
kbecausei
tissuper
ior
.

Ther
ear
efi
vegr
adesofr
oadst
ar:RT-
1,RT-
2,RT-
3,RT-
4andRT-
5,basedont
hei
r
v
iscosi
tyandot
herpr
oper
ti
es.

RT-
1hast
hel
owestv
iscosi
tyandi
susedf
orsur
facepai
nti
ngunderex
cept
ional
l
ycol
d
weat
herast
hishasv
eryl
owv
iscosi
ty.

RT-
2isr
ecommendedf
orst
andar
dsur
facepai
nti
ngundernor
malI
ndi
ancl
i
mat
ic
condi
ti
ons.

RT-
3maybeusedf
orsur
facepai
nti
ng,r
enewalcoat
sandpr
emi
xi
ngchi
psf
ort
op
cour
seandl
i
ghtcar
pet
s.

RT-
4isgener
all
yusedf
orpr
emi
xi
ngt
armacadam i
nbasecour
se.

RT-
5isadopt
edf
orgr
out
ingpur
poses,whi
chhashi
ghestv
iscosi
tyamongt
her
oad
t
ars.

Thev
ari
oust
est
scar
ri
edoutonr
oadt
arsar
e:

a)Speci
fi
cgr
avi
tyt
est
h)Phenol
s,per
centbyv
olume
b)Vi
scosi
ty test on st
andar
d t
ar
vi
scometer i
)Napht
hal
ene,
per
centbywei
ght

c)Equi
vi
scoust
emper
atur
e(EVT) j
)Mat t
erinsol
ubl
eint
oluene,per
cent
byweight
d)Sof
teni
ngpoi
nt
k)Dist
il
lat
ion fr
act
ion on di
sti
l
lat
ion
e)Sof
teni
ngpoi
ntofr
esi
due upto 200°C,200°Cto 270°
C and
270°Cto330°C
f
)Fl
oatt
est
g)Wat
ercont
ent

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
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T&M,
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ore Page58
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

Thepr
oper
ti
esandr
equi
rement
sforf
ivegr
adesofr
oadt
arsbasedont
heabov
etest
r
esul
tsar
egi
venbyt
heI
SIar
egi
veni
nbel
owt
abl
e.
RoadTarGrades
Sl
.No. Pr
oper
ty RT-
2 RT-3 RT-
4 RT-
5
RT-
1

Vi
scosi
tybystandar
dtar
vi
scometer(
10mm)
1 (
a)att
emper
atur
e,°
C 35 40 45 55 -
(b)vi
scosi
tyr
ange,
33-
55 30-
55 35-
60 40-
60 -
seconds
Equiv
iscoustemper
atur
e
2 32-
36 37-
41 43-
46 53-
57 63-
67
(EVT)range,
°C
3 Sof
teni
ngpoi
nt,
°C - - - - 45-
50
Speci
fi
cgr
avi
tyr
angeat 1.
16- 1.
16- 1.
18- 1.
18- 1.
18-
4
27°C 1.
26 1.
26 1.
28 1.
28 1.
28
Sof
teni
ngpoi
ntofr
esi
due,
5 48 50 52 54 56
°CMax .
Wat
ercont
ent
,per
centby
6 0.
5 0.
5 0.
5 0.
5 0.
5
wei
ght
,Max.
Phenol
s,per
centby
7 2 2 2 2 1
vol
ume,Max.
Napht
halene,
per
centby
8 4 3.
5 3 2.
5 2
wei
ght,Max.
Matteri
nsol
ublein
9 t
oluene,per
centby 22 22 24 24 24
weight,
Max.
Disti
ll
ati
onfracti
ons,
percentbywei ght(
gper
100g)di st
il
li
ng:
(
a)upt
o200°
C,Max
. 0.
5 0.
5 0.
5 0.
5 0.
5
10
(
b)f
rom 200°t
o270°
C 5-
12 2-
9 1-
6 0.
5-4 0-
4
(
c)f
rom 270°t
o300°
C 4-
10 4-
8 3-
6 2-
7 1-
5
Tot
aldi
sti
l
lat
ion(
b+c)
,
16 14 12 10 7
Max.

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
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vi
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orePage59
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

Pr
epar
ati
onofTar
Ther
ear
ethr
eest
agesi
nthepr
oduct
ionofr
oadt
ar:
1) Car
boni
zat
ionofcoal
topr
oducecr
udet
ar
2) Ref
ini
ngordi
sti
l
lat
ionofcr
udet
ar
3) Bl
endi
ngofdi
sti
l
lat
ionr
esi
duewi
thdi
sti
l
lat
eoi
lfr
act
ionst
ogi
vet
hedesi
redr
oad
t
ar.

a)Hi
gh-
Temper
atur
eCar
boni
zat
ionofCoal

The car
boni
zat
ion ordest
ruct
ive di
sti
l
lat
ion ofcoalconsi
sts essent
ial
l
yof
heat
ingat
hinl
ayerofcoalencl
osedi
nachamberofr
efr
act
orybr
ick-
wor
kforsev
eral
hour
satt
emper
atur
eabout1000°C. Maj
ori
tyt
her
ear
etwo maj
ormet
hodsf
or
car
boni
zat
ion,
theyar
e:
a) Car
boni
zat
ioni
nCoke-
ovens
b) Car
boni
zat
ioni
ngas-
wor
ksr
etor
ts
Car
boni
zat
ioni
nCoke-
Ovens

Abat
chofabout16t
onsofcoal
isl
oadedi
ntoacoke-
oven.

Cokeovenconsi
stsofl
arget
hinboxl
i
nedwi
thbr
ick,
40f
eetl
ong,
14f
eethi
ghand1½
feetwi
de.

Thechar
geofcoal
isheat
edf
or18hour
satat
emper
atur
eof1200°C.

Eacht
onofcoal
yiel
ds8gal
l
onsofcr
udet
ar.

Vi
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.Pr
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PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

b)Di
sti
ll
ati
onofCr
udeTar

Thecrudetarobtai
nedbythecondensati
onoft hev apour
semi
tt
edf
rom coali
nthe
cour
seofcarboni
zati
oni
ssubj
ectedtodist
il
lat
ionprocess.

Thedi
sti
l
lat
ionorr
efi
ningoft
ari
scar
ri
edoutbyt
ardi
sti
l
ler
s.

Thepr ocessconsi
sts,f
ir
stheati
ngthecrudetart
oremovewaterandsomelightoil
s
(Benzole)
,thenheati
ngf ur
therandcondensi
ngtheheav
ierv
apourinafract
ionat
ing
column.

Theoper
ati
oni
scar
ri
edouti
ntwost
ages:

I
nthef
ir
ststage,
thet
arpassest
hrought
het
ubesi
nthecool
erpar
toft
hef
urnaceata
t
emper
atur
eof140°C.

Iti
sthenpassedtoadehy
drat
ionchamberwher
ethepr
essur
eisr
eleasedandwat
er
andl
ightoi
li
srel
eased.

Theremai
ningt
ari
sthenpassedt
othesecondst
ageoft
hepi
pe-
sti
l
latat
emper
atur
e
of300°
C.

Vi
nod.
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.Pr
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vi
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orePage61
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

Fr
om pipe-
sti
l
l,t
arpassest
oachamberatal
owerpr
essur
ewher
evapor
izat
iont
akes
pl
ace.

Thevapoursarecondensedi
naf
ract
ionat
ingcol
umnwhi
chf
ormsf
ract
ionsofdi
ff
erent
boi
li
ngpointranges.

Ther
esi
duewhi
chi
snotdi
sti
l
ledi
sbase-
tarorpi
tch.

I
nor derofincreasi
ngboi
li
ngpoint
stheymaybecl
assi
fi
edasl
i
ghtoi
l
,car
bol
i
coi
l
,
naphthal
eneoil
,washoi
l,
anthr
aceneoi
l
.

c)Bl
endi
ngofTar
-Di
sti
ll
ati
onFr
act
ionst
oPr
oduceRoadTar

I
tisev
identf
rom t
heabov
ethatat
arofasui
tabl
evi
scosi
tyf
oruseont
her
oadscoul
d
bel
eftasr
esi
duesi
mpl
ybyst
oppi
ngt
hedi
sti
l
lat
ionatt
heappr
opr
iat
epoi
nt.

Roadt
ar1and2,
ont
hebasi
sofv
iscosi
ty,
hav
ingv
iscosi
ti
esof10t
o40and40t
o125
secondsatSt
andar
dTarVi
scosi
ty(
STV)at30°
C.

Ty
pe-
Ahav
inghi
ghsof
teni
ngpoi
nti
susedf
orsur
facedr
essi
ngsandbasecour
ses.
Ty
pe-
Bisusedf
orwear
ingcour
sesandcar
pet
s.

PREPARATI
ONOFROADTAR

Ty
peA=Baset
ar+Napht
hal
eneoil
Ty
peB=Baset
ar+Washoil
+Anthraceneoi
l
Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
orePage62
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

Chemi
calConsti
tuti
onofTar
Iti
sestimatedthatt
her
ear
eov
er10,
000compoundsi
ntar
.Outoft
his300hav
e
beensepar
ated.Thedi
sti
l
lat
eoi
l
sconsi
stl
argel
yofar
omat
ichy
drocar
bons,
wit
honeor
mor
emet
hylgr
oupsat
tached t
othenucl
eus,wi
th smal
l
erquant
it
iesofar
omat
ic
hy
droxycompounds,
par
aff
ini
chy
drocar
bonsandhet
erocy
cli
ccompoundswi
thoxy
gen,
ni
tr
ogenorsul
phuri
nther
ing.

Di
cki
nsondev
elopedamet
hodcal
l
ed‘
sol
ventf
ract
ionat
ion’
whi
chusesn-
hexane,
benzeneandpy
ridi
neassol
vent
stogi
vef
ivef
ract
ions.Hedi
vi
dedupi
nthi
swayt
ars
pr
oduced f
rom v
ert
ical
-r
etor
t, hor
izont
al-
ret
ort and coke-
oven cr
udes and by
measur
ementofmeanmol
ecul
arwei
ght
s.Ty
picalst
ruct
uresf
ort
hesol
ventf
ract
ions
hav
enbeensuggest
edbyspect
roscopi
cex
ami
nat
ionont
hebasi
sofmol
ecul
arwei
ght
andC/
Hrat
io.

The di
ff
erences i
n chemi
calst
ruct
ure bet
ween t
arsf
rom di
ff
erentcar
boni
zat
ion
pr
ocessesar
eref
lect
edi
ndi
ff
erenti
nthei
rpr
oper
ti
es.Tar
spr
oducedbycar
boni
zat
ion
i
ncoke-
ovensorhor
izont
alr
etor
tshav
emor
epur
elyar
omat
ichy
drocar
bonscompar
ed
t
over
ti
calr
etor
ts.Thus,wher
easi
ncoke-
ovent
ardi
sti
l
lat
eoi
l
sov
er90per
centmay
consi
st of ar
omat
ic hy
drocar
don of benzene, napht
hal
ene, ant
hracene and
phenant
hreneser
ies,si
mil
aroi
l
sfr
om v
ert
icalr
etor
ttar
scont
ainupt
o25%ofphenol
i
c
mat
eri
alandt
hesameamountofpar
aff
ins,t
hisi
sbecauset
emper
atur
ereachedi
n
coke-
ovensandhor
izont
alr
etor
tswi
l
lbehi
ghert
hancont
inuousv
ert
icalr
etor
tsandt
he
v
apour
sev
olv
eddur
ingcar
boni
zat
ionar
eincont
actwi
thhotcokef
oral
ongerper
iod.

Ver
ti
cal
-r
etor
ttar
s ar
e of
ten r
efer
red as l
ow-
aromat
ict
ars whi
l
e coke-
oven and
hor
izont
al-
ret
ortt
ars as hi
gh-
aromat
ict
ars.I
n gener
al,t
he hi
gh-
aromat
ic cl
ass i
s
di
sti
ngui
shedbywi
dermol
ecul
arwei
ghtr
ange,hi
gherspeci
fi
cgr
avi
ty,hi
gherpi
tch
cont
entandl
owphenol
i
ccont
ent
.

1.Whatar
ethedi
ff
erencesbet
weenbi
tumenandt
ar?Howi
sasphal
tpr
oduced?
2.Whatar
ethet
est
sconduct
edonbi
tumen?Ment
iont
hei
mpor
tanceofeach.
3.Enumer
atet
hepr
oper
ti
esofBi
tumenandTar
4.Wr
it
eanot
eonBi
tumenandTar
.Ex
plai
nthechemi
cal
const
it
uent
sofbi
tumi
nous
r
oad

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
orePage63
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

bi
nder
s.

5.Expl
aint
hephy
sical
requi
rement
sofaggr
egat
esandbi
tumen.

6.Whatar
ethet
est
sconduct
edonbi
tumen?Ment
iont
hei
mpor
tanceofeach.

7.Br
ief
lyexpl
aint
hepr
epar
ati
onofbi
tumenwi
thneatf
igur
e.

8.Descr
ibepenet
rat
iont
estt
obecar
ri
edoutonbi
tumenwi
thst
andar
dval
ues
r
ecommendedf
orconst
ruct
ion.

9.Ment
iont
hev
ari
oust
est
sconduct
edonBi
tumen.Expl
ainanyt
hreet
est
swi
thneat
sket
ches.
10.
Dif
fer
ent
iat
ebet
weenBi
tumenandTar
.Howi
sasphal
tpr
oduces?

11.
Whatar
ethei
mpor
tantr
equi
rement
soft
estt
obecar
ri
edoutonbi
tumenf
orr
oad
wor
k?expl
aini
mpor
tantaspect
sorI
Sst
andar
dofeach.

12.
Expl
ainbr
ief
lyt
hepr
ocedur
eadopt
edi
nthel
abor
ator
yal
ongwi
thneatsket
chand
l
i
mit
ati
onst
obeconsi
der
edasperI
S/I
RCst
andar
dsf
orbi
tumen.

13.
Expl
aini
nbr
ieft
hepr
epar
ati
onofbi
tumenwi
thaf
lowchar
t.
14.
Expl
aint
hedesi
rabl
epr
oper
ti
esofbi
tumen.
15.
Descr
ibet
hesof
teni
ngpoi
ntt
estandt
hinf
il
m ov
ent
estandt
hei
rsi
gni
fi
cance.

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
orePage64
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

UNI
T-3

BI
TUMI
NOUSEMULSI
ONSANDCUTBACKS: Pr
epar
ati
on,
char
act
eri
sti
cs,
usesand
t
est
s. Adhesi
onofBi
tumi
nousBi
nder
stoRoadAggr
egat
es:Adhesi
onf
ail
ure,
mechani
sm of st
ri
ppi
ng, t
est
s and met
hods of i
mpr
ovi
ng adhesi
on.
[
8Hour
s]

**
***
* *
***
***
***
***
***
***
***
***
***
***
***
***
***
***
***
***
***
***
***
***
***
***
***
*
Emulsi
ons

Anemul
sioni
sat
wo-
phasesy
stem consi
sti
ngoft
woi
mmi
sci
blel
i
qui
ds(
un
mi
xabl
eorunbl
endabl
e).Thedi
sper
sedori
nter
nalphasei
sthel
i
qui
dthati
sbr
okenup
i
ntogl
obul
esandt
hesur
roundi
ngl
i
qui
disknownast
hecont
inuousorext
ernalphase.
Oi
l
-in-
wat
eremul
sionshav
etheoi
last
hedi
sper
sedphaseandwat
erast
hecont
inuous
phase.The r
ever
se occur
s when t
he emul
sion i
s ofwat
er-
in-
oilt
ype.Oi
lphase
consi
sti
ngofbi
tumenort
ar.

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
orePage65
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

I
nthepr
epar
ati
onofemul
sionofasphal
ti
cbi
tumenort
ar,
emul
sif
ier
shav
etobe
addedi
nsmal
lpr
opor
ti
onsbot
htof
aci
l
itat
ethef
ormat
ionofdi
sper
sionandt
okeept
he
gl
obul
esofdi
sper
sedbi
nderi
nper
manentsuspensi
on.

I
fnoemul
sif
ieri
spr
esent
,adi
sper
sionofoi
ldr
opl
etsi
nwat
erbr
oughtaboutby
st
ir
ri
ngwi
l
lrapi
dlysepar
atei
nto2l
ayer
s.Wi
themul
sif
ierpr
esent
,anadsor
bedf
il
m of
t
heemul
sif
ieri
sfor
medr
oundeachgl
obul
eint
heemul
sion.

Emul
sionar
ecl
assi
fi
edi
nto3t
ypesbasedonset
ti
ngt
ime
1.Rapi
dset
ti
ng:I
fthebi
tumenemul
sioni
sint
endedt
obr
eakr
api
dly
,theemul
sion
i
ssai
dtopossessr
api
d-setqual
i
tyandt
hist
ypei
susedi
nsur
facedr
essi
ng&
penet
rat
ionmacadam.
2.Medi
um set
ti
ng:Emul
sionwhi
chdoesnotbr
eakspont
aneousl
yoncont
actwi
th
st
onebutbr
eakdur
ingmi
xi
ngorbyf
inemi
ner
aldustar
eMC.Usedi
npr
emi
xi
ng
wi
thcoar
seaggr
egat
e.
3.Sl
ow set
ti
ng:Whenspeci
fi
edt
ypeofemul
sif
yingagenti
susedt
omaket
he
emul
sionr
elat
ivel
yst
abl
e,t
heyar
ecal
l
edsl
ow set
ti
nggr
ade.Usedi
nsur
face
cour
seal
ongwi
tht
hecoar
seaggr
egat
e.
Emul
sif
ier
sforr
oademul
sionsmaybedi
vi
dedi
ntof
ourmai
ngr
oups:

a)Ani
oni
cemul
sif
ier
s
b)Cat
ioni
cemul
sif
ier
s
c)Non-
ioni
cemul
sif
ier
s
d)Col
l
oidal
emul
sif
ier
s
Ani
oni
cEmul
sif
ier
s
I
tischar
act
eri
sedbyhav
ingal
argeor
gani
cani
onf
ormi
ngasal
twi
thanal
kal
i
.A
t
ypi
calexampl
eofsodi
um st
ear
ateCH3 (
CH2)
16COONa.Whendi
ssol
vedi
nwat
er,t
his
di
ssoci
atesi
ntot
he (
negat
ive)st
ear
ate ani
on CH3(
CH2)
16COO – and t
he (
posi
ti
ve)
sodi
um cat
ionNa+.Thel
ong-
chai
nfat
ty-
aci
dst
ear
ateani
oni
ssol
ubl
einbi
tumen,t
he
car
boxy
li
cgr COO-)whi
oup( chcar
ri
est
henegat
ivechar
gebei
ngt
hel
eastsol
ubl
epar
t.
Eachbi
tumengl
obul
eissur
roundedbyst
ear
atei
onswi
thnegat
ivechar
geont
he
sur
faceandi
tbecomesmuchmor
edi
ff
icul
tfort
hegl
obul
est
ocoal
escebecauseal
l
hav
esur
facenegat
ivechar
gesandsot
endt
orepel
eachot
her
.

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
orePage66
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

ANI
ONI
CEMULSI
FIERS

Cat
ioni
cEmul
sif
ier
s
Thesear
ecompoundsi
nwhi
chi
tist
hecat
ionwhi
chi
sthel
argeor
gani
cfr
act
ion
sol
ubl
e i
n bi
tumen. Ty
pical exampl
e i
s cet
ylt
ri
met
hyl
-ammoni
um br
omi
de
C16H33(
CH3)
3NBrdi
ssoci
atesi
n wat
eri
ntot
he (
posi
ti
ve)cet
ylt
ri
met
hyl
-ammoni
um
-
cat
ionandt
he(
negat
ive)br
omi
neani
onBr.Thecat
ioni
ssol
ubl
einbi
tumenandwhen
t
hiscompoundi
spr
esenti
nasy
stem ofgl
obul
esofbi
tumeni
nwat
eri
sest
abl
i
shed,
so
t
hateachgl
obul
eofbi
tumeni
ssur
roundedbyaposi
ti
vel
ychar
gedl
ayer
.

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
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T&M,
Bangal
orePage67
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

CATI
ONI
CEMULSI
FIERS

Non-
Ioni
cEmul
sif
ier
s
Thenon-
ioni
cemul
sif
ier
sdonoti
oni
sei
naqueoussol
uti
on,
arel
i
mit
edi
nuse.
Theycompr
iseest
ersandet
her
soff
att
yaci
dsandal
cohol
s.

Col
loi
dalEmul
sif
ier
s
I
tincl
udesnat
ural
l
yoccur
ri
ngf
inepowder
swhi
char
eusedf
ori
ndust
ri
alpur
pose
t
hanf
orr
oademul
sions.Exampl
esoft
hesear
ecasei
nandgel
ati
neandf
inepowder
s
suchascl
aysandbent
oni
tes.

Pr
epar
ati
onofEmul
sion

Mat
eri
als

Al
mostal
lgr
adesofbi
tumencanbeemul
sif
ied,
from har
dpenet
rat
iongr
adest
o
sof
tergr
ades.Har
dergr
adesofbi
tumenar
eusedf
ori
ndust
ri
alpur
poses.

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
orePage68
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

Met
hodsofMaki
ngRoadEmul
sion

a)Col
l
oidmi
l
lmet
hod
b)Hi
gh-
speedmi
xermet
hod

Themai
ndi
ff
erencebet
weent
hemet
hodsi
sthatwi
tht
hecol
l
oidmi
l
ltheemul
sion
i
spr
oducedcont
inuousl
ywher
easwi
tht
hehi
gh-
speedmi
xeranumberofsepar
ate
bat
chesar
epr
oduced.
a)Col
loi
dMi
llMet
hod

Thecol
l
oidmi
l
lconsi
stofahi
gh-
speedr
otorwhi
chr
evol
vesi
nast
ator
,the
cl
ear
ancebet
weent
her
otorandt
hest
atorbei
ngappr
oxi
mat
ely15t
o20t
housandsof
ani
nch.
A hotsol
uti
onoft
heemul
sif
ier
sinwat
erand t
heheat
ed bi
tumenar
efed
separ
atel
yataconst
antr
atei
ntot
hemachi
nei
ntheappr
opr
iat
econst
antpr
opor
ti
ons
sot
hatanemul
sionofuni
for
m bi
ndercont
enti
scont
inuousl
ypr
oduced.I
thasbeen
shownt
hatt
hedegr
eeofhar
dnessoft
hewat
erusedhasani
nfl
uenceont
hedegr
eeof
di
sper
sionandwat
er-
sof
teni
ngpl
ant
smayneedt
obei
nst
all
edi
nar
easofv
eryhar
d
wat
er.Roademul
sionscanbecont
inuousl
ypr
oducedi
ncol
l
oidmi
l
lsatr
atesofupt
o
2500gal
l
onsperhour
.

b)Hi
gh-
SpeedMi
xerMet
hod

Thi
smet
hodi
snotwi
del
yusedbecausei
tisabat
chpr
ocessandt
her
efor
emor
e
l
abouri
srequi
red.
Thepr
ocedur
eist
orunappr
opr
iat
eamountofwat
erathustbel
owboi
l
ingpoi
nt
i
ntoa200or300gal
l
onmi
xer
,thedi
amet
erofwhi
chi
sequalt
odept
hofl
i
qui
diti
s
pr
oposedt
omi
x.Themi
xeri
sfi
tt
edwi
thahi
ghspeedpr
opel
l
ert
ype.St
ir
rermount
ed
of
f-
cent
ret
oav
oidt
hepr
oduct
ionofav
ort
ex.Al
kal
iisaddedt
othewat
eri
nthemi
xer
andbi
tumenatabout100°
Cissl
owl
yruni
nwi
thcont
inousst
ir
ri
ng.
Di
sper
sionsobt
ainedbyt
hismet
hodar
enotsouni
for
m ast
hoseobt
ainedi
na
col
l
oidalmi
l
l.Af
teremul
sif
icat
ionbyei
thermet
hod,
themat
eri
ali
spumpedi
ntost
orage
t
ankswher
eiti
sal
l
owedt
ocool
.

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
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T&M,
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orePage69
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

Pr
oper
ti
esofEmul
sion

Thef
oll
owi
ngar
ethepr
oper
ti
esper
tai
ningl
argel
ytot
heconst
it
uti
onofemul
sion
bef
oreuse.

a)Resi
dueonsi
evi
ng
b)St
abi
l
ityt
omi
xi
ngwi
thcoar
se-
gradedaggr
egat
e
c)St
abi
l
ityt
omi
xi
ngwi
thcement
d)Wat
ercont
ent
e)Vi
scosi
ty
f
)Coagul
ati
onatl
owt
emper
atur
e
g)Sedi
ment
ati
on
h)St
abi
l
ityonl
ong-
per
iodst
orage

Resi
dueonSi
evi
ng
Pr
act
ical
l
yal
lroadbi
tumenandt
arsar
esl
i
ght
lyheav
iert
hanwat
erandt
he
gl
obul
esofbi
nderwi
l
ltendt
osedi
menti
nemul
sion;t
her
ateatwhi
chi
tsedi
ment
s
dependsont
hesi
zeoft
hepar
ti
cle.Henceper
cent
ageofl
argepar
ti
clesshoul
dbe
cont
rol
l
edandhencei
stoensur
ethatnotmor
ethan0.
25% bywei
ghtofemul
sion
consi
stsofpar
ti
clesgr
eat
ert
han0.
006i
nchi
ndi
amet
er.

St
abi
li
tyt
oMi
xingWi
thCoar
se-
GradedAggr
egat
e
Whenmi
xi
ngbi
tumenemul
sionswi
thcoar
seaggr
egat
es,br
eakdownoft
he
emul
sionandcoat
ingof
ftheaggr
egat
eswi
thbi
tumenshoul
dnott
akepl
acet
ooear
lyi
n
t
hemi
xi
ngcy
cle.St
abl
eemul
sionsshoul
dhav
esuf
fi
cientmechani
calandchemi
cal
st
abi
l
ityf
oral
lpur
posesi
nvol
vi
ngmi
xi
ngwi
thf
inesandcement
.

St
abi
li
tyt
oMi
xingWi
thCement
St
abl
eemul
sionsshoul
dhav
esuf
fi
cientmechani
calandchemi
calst
abi
l
ityf
oral
l
pur
posesi
nvol
vi
ngmi
xi
ngwi
thaggr
egat
esi
ncl
udi
ngt
hosecont
aini
ngl
argepr
opor
ti
ons
off
ines.Cementi
susedasast
andar
dfi
neaggr
egat
e.

Wat
erCont
ent
Roademul
sionsmaycont
ainupt
o65% ofwat
er.I
tisessent
ialt
oknow t
his
per
cent
agei
fthequant
it
yofbi
tumi
nousbi
nderact
ual
l
yusedi
nthesur
faci
ngi
stobe
Vi
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PAVEMENTMATERI
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ON 10CV763

measur
edaccur
atel
y.Thewat
ercont
entofanemul
sioni
sof
tenv
ari
edt
osui
tpar
ti
cul
ar
f
ormsofappl
i
cat
ion.

Vi
scosi
ty
I
tisdet
ermi
nedbyt
hepr
opor
ti
onofbi
tumenort
ari
ntheemul
sionandbyt
he
par
ti
cle-
sizedi
str
ibut
ion.Thev
iscosi
tyoft
heemul
sionshoul
dbel
owenought
ospr
ay
t
hroughconv
ent
ional
jet
sort
ocoatst
one.I
tismeasur
edbyEngl
eroutf
lowv
iscomet
er.

Coagul
ati
onatLowTemper
atur
e
Al
lemul
sionscont
ainwat
ert
heyar
eaf
fect
edbyext
remesofheatandcol
d.
Exposur
etot
emper
atur
esbel
ow0°
Cwi
l
lresul
tinf
reezi
ngandt
hedegr
eeofr
ecov
ery
ont
hawi
ngdependsont
ypeofemul
sion.

Sedi
ment
ati
on
Somesedi
ment
ati
onmayoccurwhenadr
um ofemul
sioni
slef
tst
andi
ngbef
ore
use;
prov
idedhowev
ert
hesedi
mentr
edi
sper
sesonagi
tat
ion,
theemul
sioncanbeused
sat
isf
act
ory
.

St
abi
li
tyonLong-
Per
iodSt
orage
When st
ored i
n dr
ums undernor
malat
mospher
ic condi
ti
ons,t
he emul
sion
shoul
dnotsepar
atei
naf
orm whi
chcannotber
edi
sper
sedbyagi
tat
ion.

Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionofEmul
sions
Bi
tumenemul
sionsar
edi
vi
dedi
nto3mai
ncl
assesdependi
ngont
her
atesat
whi
cht
heybr
eak.Thecl
assesar
esub-
div
ided,
dependi
ngont
hebi
tumencont
ent
sand
v
iscosi
tyr
angesoft
heemul
sions.
Cl
ass-
1:Labi
leorQui
ck-
Breaki
ng
Thi
scl
assembr
acesemul
sionschar
act
eri
zedbyr
api
dbr
eakdownonappl
i
cat
ion
andsui
tabl
eforsur
face-
dressi
ngandgr
out
ingwor
k.Theyar
enor
mal
l
yunsui
tabl
efor
mi
xi
ngwi
thaggr
egat
eandsubdi
vi
dedi
ntof
oll
owi
ngcl
asses:
1A,
1B,
1C.
Cl
ass-
2:Semi
-St
abl
e
Thesear
eemul
sionsofsuf
fi
cientst
abi
l
ityt
oper
mitmi
xi
ngwi
thcer
tai
ngr
ades

Vi
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PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

ofaggr
egat
ebef
orebr
eakdownoccur
s.Theycont
ainmor
est
abi
l
izert
hant
hel
abi
l
e
emul
sionsandar
esub-
div
idedascl
ass2A,
2B.
Cl
ass-
3:St
abl
e
Thesear
eemul
sionswi
thsuf
fi
cientmechani
calandchemi
calst
abi
l
ityf
oral
l
pur
posesi
nvol
vi
ngmi
xi
ngwi
thaggr
egat
esi
ncl
udi
ngf
inesl
i
kecement
,hy
drat
edl
i
me,
et
c.

UsesofEmul
sions:
*
Theyar
emor
etol
erantt
hanpenet
rat
iongr
adebi
tumen,
oft
hepr
esenceofdampness,
al
thought
heyshoul
dnotbeusedi
nthepr
esenceoff
reewat
eront
her
oadsur
faceor
onaggr
egat
e.
*Becauseemul
sioni
sofr
elat
ivel
ylowv
iscosi
tyatnor
malt
emper
atur
e,t
heyel
i
minat
e
t
heneedt
oheatt
heaggr
egat
eandbi
nderandt
hust
heyconser
veener
gy.
*Theycanbeusedwhent
heweat
heri
srel
ati
vel
ycol
d
*
Theyar
eidealf
orpat
chi
ngandr
epai
ri
ngwor
k,par
ti
cul
arl
ytheydonotr
equi
reheat
ing
bef
oreuse.
*
Theyar
eusedf
orsur
facedr
essi
ng,gr
out
ing,pr
e-mi
xi
ng,seal
i
ng,andsoi
lst
abi
l
izat
ion
wi
thcement
.
Di
sadv
ant
ages
*
Emul
sionsar
ehowev
er,
cost
ly.
*Si
ncet
heycont
ainasubst
ant
ial
quant
it
yofwat
er,
thet
ranspor
tat
ioncoati
shi
gher
.
Test
sforRoadEmul
sions
a)Det
ermi
nat
ionofWat
erCont
ent
Roademul
sionsmaycont
ainup whi
tespi
ri
torsol
ventnapht
hai
sadded
t
o65% ofwat
erandi
tisessent
ialt
o and t
he f
lask i
s heat
ed.The or
gani
c
know t
his per
cent
age. The l
i
qui
d di
sti
l
sint
othe r
eci
ver
,car
ryi
ng
det
ermi
nat
ion i
s made by Dean and wi
thi
t,wat
erwhi
cht
hensepar
atesi
nto
St
arkmet
hod. l
owerl
ayer
.The excess car
ri
erl
i
qui
d
Thesampl
eispl
aced i
n ar
ound- ov
erf
lowsi
ntot
hef
lask.
bot
tomedf
laskf
it
tedwi
thagr
aduat
ed
r
ecei
ver(
Dean and St
arkt
ube)and a
condenser
.Anor
gani
cli
qui
dimmi
sci
ble
wi
th wat
er.Ex:Benzene and xy
lene,

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PAVEMENTMATERI
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APPARATUSFORDETERMI
NATI
ONNOF
WATERCONTENT
(
Dean-
and-
Star
kMet
hod)

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PAVEMENTMATERI
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b)Measur
ementofVi
scosi
ty
Thev
iscosi
tyofanemul
sioni
sameasur
eoff
lowpr
oper
ti
esofemul
sioni
tsel
fand
hasnor
elat
iont
othev
iscosi
tyoft
hebi
tumenort
arandi
tisdet
ermi
nedbymeansof
Engl
erv
iscomet
er.
Emul
sionsar
eav
ail
abl
ehav
ingv
iscosi
ti
esi
nther
ange5t
o20°
Engl
er.Thev
iscosi
ty
mustbechosensot
hatt
heemul
sionsi
ssuf
fi
cient
lyf
lui
dtof
lowandcoatt
hest
onebut
att
hesomet
imei
svi
scousenoughnott
odr
ainf
rom t
hest
one.
I
tisf
ir
stcal
i
brat
edbyf
il
li
ngt
othel
evelwi
thdi
sti
l
ledwat
erwhi
chi
sadj
ust
edt
o
20°
C byt
hesur
roundi
ngwat
erbat
h.Thet
imei
nsecondsf
or200mlt
orunouti
s
r
ecor
ded.Thev
iscomet
eri
sdr
iedandt
het
esti
srepeat
edusi
ngemul
sion.Thev
iscosi
ty
i
nEngl
erdegr
eesi
sther
ati
ooft
het
imesoff
lowf
oremul
sionandwat
er.

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PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

ENGLERVI
SCOMETER

c)Det
ermi
nat
ionofResi
dueonSi
evi
ng
Thi
stestdet
ermi
nest
heamountofbi
nderpr
esenti
nabi
tumi
nousr
oademul
sion
i
npar
ti
clesl
argeenought
ober
etai
nedonagaugeofspeci
fi
edmesh.Emul
sionsmust
Vi
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ore Page75
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

notgi
vemor
ethan0.
25gofr
esi
dueper100mlofemul
sionwhenpassedt
hrough
appr
opr
iat
esi
eve.
Theappr
opr
iat
esi
evei
swashed,dr
ied,wei
ghed and moi
stened.100 mlof
emul
sionar
epour
edt
hroughandt
hesi
evei
swashedwi
thdi
sti
l
ledwat
er,
aft
erdr
yingi
n
av
acuum desi
ccat
or,
ther
esi
duei
swei
ghed.
d)Coagul
ati
ononSt
orage(
Shor
t-
Per
iodTest
)
Thi
stesti
ndi
cat
est
het
endencyoft
hepar
ti
clesofbi
nderi
nanemul
siont
o
aggl
omer
ate when t
he emul
sion i
s st
ored ort
ranspor
ted i
n or
dinar
ycommer
cial
cont
ainer
s.Notmor
ethan0.
1 g ofcoagul
ainper100 mlofemul
sionshoul
d be
pr
oducedundert
hecondi
ti
onsoft
est
.
100mlofsi
evedemul
sionar
eal
l
owedt
ost
andf
or7day
sinast
opper
ed
measur
ingcy
li
nder
.Att
heendoft
hisper
iodt
heemul
sioni
sagai
nsi
evedandt
he
r
esi
due wei
ghed af
terwashi
ng and dr
ying.The wei
ghtofr
esi
due i
srepor
ted as
coagul
atedbi
nderper100ml
ofemul
sion.

e)Long-
per
iodst
oragest
abi
li
ty
Thi
smet
hodi
ndi
cat
est
het
endencyoft
hebi
nderi
nabi
tumi
nousr
oademul
sion
st
oredi
ndr
umst
osepar
atei
naf
orm whi
chcannotber
edi
sper
sedbyagi
tat
ion.An
emul
sionshoul
dnotposssessmor
ethan2% ofwat
ercont
entdi
ff
erencebet
ween
bef
oreandaf
terst
orage.
Adr
um ofemul
sioni
ssel
ect
edandt
hewat
ercont
enti
sdet
ermi
nedbyDeanand
St
arkmet
hod.Theemul
sioni
str
ansf
err
edt
oacl
eandr
um l
eav
ing5% ai
rspace.The
dr
um i
sseal
edandl
eftf
or3mont
hsatt
emper
atur
erange5t
o30°
C.Att
heendof
st
orageper
iod,t
he t
estpor
ti
on i
ssi
eved and t
he wat
ercont
entdet
ermi
ned.The
di
ff
erencebet
weent
hewat
ercont
entoft
heemul
sionbef
oreandaf
terst
oragei
s
r
epor
tedasst
oragest
abi
l
ity
.

f
)Coagul
ati
onatLowTemper
atur
e

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PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

Thi
stesti
sint
endedt
oshowi
fanycoagul
ati
onoft
hebi
nderoccur
sonexposur
e
t
olowt
emper
atur
es.Thi
semul
sioni
sfi
rstsi
evedandpr
eheat
edt
o60°
Candi
tist
hen
cool
edi
naser
iesofbat
hst
oat
emper
atur
eof-
3°t
o-4°
C.Af
terr
emai
ningqui
escentf
or
30mi
nut
es.Thet
emper
atur
eoft
heemul
sioni
sal
l
owedt
oregai
nai
r-
temper
atur
e,when
t
heemul
sioni
ssi
eved.Anycoagul
atedbi
nderwi
l
lber
etai
ned,t
heemul
sionf
ail
sthe
t
esti
fanycoagul
ati
onoccur
s.

g)Sedi
ment
ati
on
Somesedi
ment
ati
onmayoccurwhenadr
um ofemul
sioni
slef
tst
andi
ngbef
ore
use.
10gofbi
tumenemul
sioni
swei
ghedi
ntoagl
asst
ubewhi
chi
sthencent
ri
fugedf
orf
ive
mi
nut
est
osedi
mentt
heemul
sion.30mlof1% sof
tsoapi
saddedandt
ubei
s
st
opper
ed.Thet
ubei
sthenr
otat
edend-
over
-endatonecompl
etei
nver
sionpersecond,
af
tereachf
ivet
urnst
het
abl
eisal
l
owedt
odr
aint
owar
dst
hest
opperf
ort
ensecondst
o
obser
vei
fany sedi
mentr
emai
ns.The numberofi
nver
sions unt
ilt
he sedi
ment
di
sper
sesi
snot
edandshoul
dnotbel
esst
han50f
ort
heemul
sion.

Cut
backBi
tumen
Cut
backbi
tumeni
sdef
inedast
hebi
tumen,t
hev
iscosi
tyofwhi
chhasbeen
r
educedbyav
olat
il
edi
l
uent
s.Forusei
nsur
facedr
essi
ngs,somet
ypeofbi
tumen
macadam andsoi
l
-bi
tumenst
abi
l
izat
ion,
iti
snecessar
ytohav
eaf
lui
dbi
nderwhi
chcan
bemi
xedr
elat
ivel
yatl
owt
emper
atur
es.Hencet
oincr
easet
hef
lui
dit
yoft
hebi
tumi
nous
bi
nderatl
owt
emper
atur
est
hebi
nderi
sbl
endedwi
thv
olat
il
esol
vent
.Af
tert
hecut
back
mi
xisusedi
nconst
ruct
ionwor
k,t
hev
olat
il
eget
sev
apor
atedandt
hecut
backdev
elops
t
hebi
ndi
ngpr
oper
ti
es.Thev
iscosi
tyofcut
backandr
ateofwhi
chi
thar
densont
her
oad
dependont
hechar
act
eri
sti
csandquant
it
yofbot
hbi
tumenandv
olat
il
eoi
lusedast
he
di
l
uent
s.

Ty
pesofCut
backBi
tumenandUses
Cut
backbi
tumeni
sav
ail
abl
eint
hreet
ypes,
namel
y:

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PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
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a)Rapi
dCur
ing(
RC)
b)Medi
um Cur
ing(
MC)
c)Sl
owCur
ing(
SC)
Thi
scl
assi
fi
cat
ioni
sbasedont
her
ateofcur
ingorhar
deni
ngaf
tert
heappl
i
cat
ion.

Rapi
dCur
ingCut
backs(
RC)
Thesear
ebi
tumens,f
luxedorcut
backswi
thapet
rol
eum di
sti
l
lat
esuchas
napht
haorgasol
i
ne,
whi
chwi
l
lrapi
dlyev
apor
ateaf
terusi
ngi
nconst
ruct
ion,
leav
ingt
he
bi
tumenbi
nder
.Thegr
adeoft
heRC cut
backi
sgov
ernedbyt
hepr
opor
ti
onoft
he
sol
ventused.Thepenet
rat
ionv
alueofr
esi
duef
rom di
sti
l
lat
ionupt
o 360°
C ofRC
cut
backbi
tumen80t
o120.

Medi
um Cur
ingCut
backs(
MC)
Thi
sbi
tumenf
luxedt
ogr
eat
erf
lui
dit
ybybl
endi
ngwi
thai
nter
medi
ateboi
l
ing-
poi
ntsol
ventl
i
keker
oseneorl
i
ghtdi
eseloi
l
.MCcut
backsev
apor
ater
elat
ivel
yatsl
ow
r
atebecauset
heker
osene-
rangesol
vent
swi
l
lnotev
apor
ater
api
dlyast
hegasol
i
ne-
r
angesol
vent
susedi
nthemanuf
act
ureofRCcut
backs.
MCpr
oduct
shav
egoodwet
ti
ngpr
oper
ti
esandsosat
isf
act
orycoat
ingoff
ine
gr
ainaggr
egat
eandsandysoi
l
sispossi
ble.
Sl
owCur
ingCut
backs(
SC)
Thesear
eobt
ainedei
therbybl
endi
ngbi
tumenwi
thhi
gh-
boi
l
ing-
poi
ntgas,oi
lor
bycont
rol
l
ingt
her
ateoff
low andt
emper
atur
eoft
hecr
udedur
ingt
hef
ir
stcy
cleof
r
efi
ning.SCcut
backsorwoodsoi
l
shar
densorsetwaysl
owl
yasi
tisasemiv
olat
il
e
mat
eri
al.

Test
sonCut
backBi
tumen
Var
ioust
est
scar
ri
edoutoncut
backbi
tumenar
e:
a) Vi
scosi
tyt
est
:Sameasbi
tumenatspeci
fi
edt
emper
atur
eusi
ngspeci
fi
edsi
ze
or
if
ice.
b) Penet
rat
iont
est
,duct
il
it
ytestandt
estf
ormat
tersol
ubl
eincar
bon-
disul
phi
deon

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
ore Page78
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

r
esi
duef
rom di
sti
l
lat
ionupt
o360°
C.
c) Fl
ashpoi
ntt
estoncut
backusi
ngPenskyMar
tens’
scl
osedt
ypeappar
atus.
d) Di
sti
l
lat
iont
estt
ofi
nddi
sti
l
lat
ionf
ract
ions,upt
ospeci
fi
edt
emper
atur
eandt
ofi
nd
t
her
esi
duef
rom di
sti
l
lat
ionupt
o360°C.

CUT-
BACKBI
TUMENDI
STI
LLATI
ONAPPARATUS
Theappar
atusi
sasshowni
nfi
gur
e.22mlofcut
backbi
tumeni
sint
roducedi
nto
f
laskandt
heappar
atusi
sassembl
ed,
not
ethatt
het
her
momet
err
eachesal
mostt
othe
bot
tom off
lask.Heati
sappl
i
edsot
hatt
hedi
sti
l
lat
ioncommencesi
n5t
o15mi
nut
es
andt
hedi
sti
l
lat
ioni
scont
inuedatar
ateof50t
o70dr
opspermi
nut
e.Thev
olumeof
di
sti
l
lat
eisobser
vedat175°
Candat25°
Cint
erv
alst
her
eaf
terupt
o325°
C,t
heheat
Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
ore Page79
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

sour
cei
sremov
edwhent
het
emper
atur
ereaches360°
C.Thet
otalv
olumeofoi
lis
obser
vedaf
terdr
aini
ngt
hecondenser
.Thebi
tumenr
esi
duei
spour
edi
mmedi
atel
yint
o
anopent
inandal
l
owedt
ocool
bel
owi
tsf
umi
ngpoi
nt.

Adhesi
onofBi
tumi
nousBi
nder
stoRoadAggr
egat
es
I
ntr
oduct
ion
Oneoft
hepr
inci
palf
unct
ionsofabi
tumi
nousbi
nderi
s,asi
tsnamesuggest
s,
act
ingasanadhesi
veei
therbet
weenr
oadst
onesorbet
weenr
oadst
oneandt
he
under
lyi
ngr
oadsur
face.Nei
therbi
tumennort
arcanber
egar
dedasani
dealadhesi
ve
buti
ngener
alwhenpr
operpr
ecaut
ionsar
eexer
cised,
bot
har
eadequat
e.
Roadst
onesar
ewet
tedcanl
eadt
odi
ff
icul
ti
es,ei
theri
nthei
nit
ialcoat
ingof
dampr
oadst
onei
nmai
ntai
ninganadequat
ebondbet
weent
hebi
nderandst
one.
Fai
l
ureofabondal
readyf
ormedi
scommonl
yref
err
edt
oas‘
str
ippi
ng’
whi
chi
sbr
ought
aboutbyt
hedi
spl
acementoft
hebi
tumi
nousbi
nderf
rom t
hest
onesur
facebywat
er.
Thegr
eat
ert
hev
iscosi
ty,t
hel
essr
eadi
l
yandt
hemor
esl
owl
ydoest
hebi
nderwett
he
st
one.Thepr
obl
emswi
thwat
ermi
xi
ngi
ntwoway
s,f
ir
stl
yduet
oaggr
egat
esbei
ngwet
bef
orel
ayi
ng,
secondl
yduet
oef
fectofr
ainaf
teri
thasbeenl
aid.

Ty
pesofAdhesi
onFai
lur
e
a)Wet
-Weat
herDamaget
oSur
faceDr
essi
ngs
Wetchi
ppi
ngsar
efr
equent
lyusedf
orsur
facedr
essi
ng.Wi
thunt
reat
edst
oneand
bi
nder
,adhesi
onwi
l
lnott
akepl
aceunt
ilt
hest
onedr
iesout
.Ingoodweat
her
,thi
s
pr
ocessi
srapi
dbutwi
thhi
ghat
mospher
ichumi
dit
ythechi
ppi
ngsmayr
emai
nwetf
or
sev
eralhour
sorev
enday
s.Rai
nmaycausedi
spl
acementoft
hebi
nderf
rom st
one.
Oncet
hechi
ppi
ngshav
ebeenr
emov
ed,t
hebi
nderi
scar
ri
edbyv
ehi
clet
yresand
ext
ensi
vedamagemaybeexpect
ed.
I
not
herwor
ds,undert
hehi
gherat
mospher
ichumi
dit
ycondi
ti
on,t
hesur
face
dr
essi
ngmat
eri
alswi
l
lbegener
all
yinwetcondi
ti
on.Thesechi
pswi
l
lbel
oosenedunder
t
hewheel
loads,
resul
ti
ngi
next
ensi
vedamages.

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
ore Page80
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

b)St
ri
ppi
ngi
nPr
e-Mi
xedBi
tumi
nousMat
eri
als
Thepr
obl
em ofst
ri
ppi
ngi
sexper
iencedonl
ywi
thbi
tumi
nousmi
xtur
eswhi
char
e
per
meabl
einwat
er.I
fthemat
eri
ali
sreal
l
yimper
meabl
esuchaswi
thr
oll
edasphal
t,
t
henst
ri
ppi
ngi
smosti
mpr
obabl
e.
Per
meabl
ebi
tumi
noussur
faci
ngmat
eri
alsar
ewi
del
yusedandanav
eragel
i
feof
f
iveorsi
xyear
siscommonl
yobt
ainedf
rom bi
tumen-
macadam wear
ingcour
sesbef
ore
sur
facet
reat
mentofsomeki
nd i
srequi
red.Thebi
nderdi
spl
aced f
rom t
hest
one
sur
facegener
all
ymov
esupwar
dsundert
heact
ionoft
raf
fi
candcol
l
ect
sint
hesur
face
f
ormi
ng‘
fatpat
ches’
.I
fthest
ri
ppi
ngbecomesext
ensi
ve,
thest
rengt
hoft
hebi
tumi
nous
mi
xtur
eisi
mpai
redanddef
ormat
iont
akespl
aceundert
raf
fi
c.
I
tischar
act
eri
sti
cofst
ri
ppi
ngf
ail
uresofpr
e-mi
xedsur
faci
ngt
hatt
hest
ri
ppi
ngi
s
f
oundonl
yint
hosepar
tsoft
her
oadsubj
ect
edt
omedi
um orheav
ytr
aff
ic.
I
not
herwor
ds;
iti
sthest
ri
ppi
ngoft
hebi
tumi
nousmi
xtur
eswhi
char
eper
meabl
e
t
oowat
er.I
tist
hedi
spl
acementoft
hebi
nderf
rom aggr
egat
e.Thepr
ocessi
spopul
arl
y
expl
ainedbyt
het
heor
yormechani
sm ofst
ri
ppi
ng.

Mechani
sm ofSt
ri
ppi
ng
St
ri
ppi
ngi
sthedi
spl
acementoft
hebi
nderf
rom t
hesur
faceofaggr
egat
esby
wat
er.Thepr
ocessofdi
spl
acementdependsont
hev
iscosi
tyoft
hebi
nder
.Thebi
nder
s
ofhi
ghv
iscosi
tyr
esi
stdi
spl
acementbywat
ert
hant
hoseofl
owv
iscosi
ty.
I
thasbeenshownpr
act
ical
l
ythatwat
ermaypenet
rat
ethr
oughaf
il
m ofbi
nder
andr
eacht
hest
onesur
face.Thet
ransf
erofwat
ert
othest
onesur
facemayoccurwi
th
wat
eri
nli
qui
dorv
apourf
orm.
Thespeedwi
thwhi
chwat
ercanpenet
rat
eanddet
acht
hebi
nderdependson:
a) Ty
peandv
iscosi
tyoft
hebi
nder
b) Thi
cknessofbi
nderf
il
m
c) Nat
ureofr
oadst
one
St
ri
ppi
ng was f
ound t
hroughoutt
he l
engt
h oft
he sur
face butf
ail
ure was
obser
vedonl
yont
hepar
tsoft
hef
lexi
blebase.I
fthef
ail
ureoccur
sitmaybeduet
othe
f
oll
owi
ngway
s:

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
ore Page81
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

a) Thebi
nderi
sundet
achedandhenceunst
ri
pped
b) Thebi
nderi
spar
ti
all
ydet
achedbutunst
rapped
c) Thebi
nderi
sat
tachedbutunst
ri
pped
d) Thebi
nderi
sdet
achedandst
ri
ppedl
eadi
ngt
othedi
sint
egr
ati
onand
f
ail
ure.

Fundament
alPr
oper
ti
esofBi
nder
/St
one/
Wat
erSy
stem
Thedi
spl
acementofonel
i
qui
dbyanot
heronasol
i
dsur
facear
isesf
rom t
he
phy
sic-
chemi
calf
orcesact
ing i
nthesy
stem.Road st
oneshav
esur
facest
hatar
e
el
ect
ri
cal
l
ychar
ged.Forexampl
e,si
l
ica possessesweaknegat
ivesur
facechar
ge.
Const
it
uent
s ofbi
tumi
nous bi
nder
s hav
eli
tt
le pol
aract
ivi
ty.The bond bet
ween
bi
tumi
nousbi
nderandst
onei
sther
efor
epr
imar
il
yduet
orel
ati
vel
yweak‘
disper
sion’
f
orces.Thepol
arl
i
qui
dwat
eri
sst
rongl
yat
tract
edt
ochar
gedr
oadst
onesur
facesby
‘
ori
ent
ati
on’
for
ces.
Bot
hwat
erandhy
drocar
bonsuchasbi
tumenort
arwi
l
ladher
etoast
onesur
face,t
he
f
orcesofat
tract
ionar
eappr
eci
abl
ygr
eat
eri
nthewat
er.Thest
onesur
facepossesses
hy
drophi
l
icpr
oper
ti
es.Twoi
mpor
tantconcl
usi
onsf
oll
owf
rom t
hisatonce:
a) I
fast
onei
sal
readycoat
edwi
thwat
er,i
tisi
mpossi
blef
oranor
malbi
tumi
nous
bi
ndert
odi
spl
acet
hewat
erandadher
etot
hest
one.
b) I
sast
onei
sal
readycoat
edwi
thabi
nder
;iti
spossi
blef
orwat
ert
o‘st
ri
p’t
hebi
nder
f
rom t
hest
one.
Thei
ndi
cat
ionofst
rengt
hofbondf
orheatofwet
ti
ngbet
weensi
l
icasur
facebywat
er
andbybenzenewhi
chwhi
chgi
ves600and150er
gs/
sg.
cm r
espect
ivel
y.Showst
hat
wat
eri
smor
eat
tract
edt
oaggr
egat
est
hanabi
tumenpr
oduct
.Agai
nheatofwet
ti
ngi
s
anexpr
essi
onoft
endencyofal
i
qui
dtowetasol
i
dsur
face.Gr
eat
eri
stheheatof
wet
ti
ng,
great
eri
stheener
gyr
eleasedandst
rongeri
sthebondbet
weensol
i
dandl
i
qui
d.
Hencei
faaggr
egat
eisal
readycoat
edbywat
eri
tisi
mpossi
blef
oranor
malbi
ndert
o
di
spl
acet
hewat
erwher
easi
faaggr
egat
eisal
readycoat
edbybi
tumeni
spossi
blef
or
wat
ert
ost
ri
pbi
nderf
rom r
oadst
one.
I
fthe angl
e ofcont
actbet
ween t
he 3 phases i
s‘θ’and t
he ener
gies of

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
ore Page82
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

sol
i
d/bi
nder
,sol
i
d/wat
erandbi
nder
/wat
eri
nter
facesar
eγsb,γsw,γbw r
espect
ivel
y,
t
hent
hewor
kdi
spl
aci
ngwat
erf
rom uni
tar
eaofst
onei
sgi
venby
:
W =γsb+γbw–γ
sw-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
(i
)
Forequi
l
ibr
ium,
YoungandDupr
e’sequat
ion
γsb=γsw+γbwcosθ-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
(i
i)
W =γbw(
1+cosθ)

DI
AGRAMMATI
CILLUSTRATI
ONOFFADROPOFBI
TUMI
NOUSBI
NDERPLACEDONASOLI
DSURFACE
UNDERWATER

Hencet
hewor
krequi
redt
odi
spl
acewat
erbybi
nderi
sdi
rect
lypr
opor
ti
onalt
o
i
nter
faci
alener
gybet
weenbi
nderandwat
erandi
tisal
sor
elat
edt
otheangl
eofcont
act
.

Adhesi
onTest
Numer
oust
est
shav
ebeendescr
ibed,mostofwhi
chf
alli
nto6basi
cty
pes.A
sampl
eofaggr
egat
esi
scoat
edwi
thabi
tumi
nousbi
nderandt
heni
mmer
sedi
nwat
er
undercont
rol
l
edcondi
ti
ons.Thedegr
eeofst
ri
ppi
ngofbi
nderf
rom t
heaggr
egat
eaf
ter
aknownper
iodoft
imei
smeasur
ed.Si
xty
pesoft
est
sar
e:
a)St
ati
cImmer
sionTest
b)Dy
nami
cImmer
sionTest
c)Chemi
cal
Immer
sionTest
d)I
mmer
sionMechani
cal
Test
e)Coat
ingTest

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
ore Page83
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

a) St
ati
cImmer
sionTest
i
.Int
hist
ypeoft
est
,aggr
egat
ecoat
edwi
thbi
nderi
simmer
sedi
nwat
erandt
he
degr
eeofst
ri
ppi
ngi
sest
imat
ed.
i
i
.Si
ngl
e-si
zed chi
ppi
ngs ar
e coat
ed wi
th a const
antquant
it
y ofbi
nderunder
cont
rol
l
edcondi
ti
ons.
i
i
i.Coat
edst
onei
simmer
sedi
ndi
sti
l
ledwat
erf
or48hour
s.
i
v.Theper
cent
ageofst
ri
ppedsur
facei
sest
imat
edv
isual
l
y.
v
.Onemor
eappr
oachi
stomeasur
ethequant
it
yofl
i
ghtr
efl
ect
edbysampl
eof
coat
edaggr
egat
ebef
oreandaf
teri
mmer
sioni
nwat
er.

b) Dy
nami
cImmer
sionTest
i
.Iti
ssi
mil
art
ost
ati
cimmer
siont
estbutt
hesampl
eisagi
tat
edmechani
cal
l
yby
shaki
ngorkneadi
ng.
i
i
.Coat
edaggr
egat
esar
eshakeni
nwat
erf
oraknownt
imeandt
hent
heamountof
st
ri
ppi
ngi
sest
imat
edv
isual
l
y.

c) Chemi
calI
mmer
sionTest
i
.St
onecoat
edwi
thbi
nderi
sboi
l
edi
ndi
sti
l
ledwat
erandi
fnecessar
y,sol
uti
onsof
sodi
um car
bonat
eisadded.
i
i
.Thest
rengt
hoft
hesol
uti
onofsodi
um car
bonat
einwhi
chst
ri
ppi
ngi
sfi
rstobser
ved
i
susedasameasur
eoft
headhesi
vi
ty.
i
i
i.At
tempt
shav
e been made t
oimpr
ovet
hist
est
,forexampl
e byr
educi
ng t
he
t
emper
atur
eandusi
ngl
argerst
oneorbymeasur
ingt
heamountof
funcoat
ed
aggr
egat
ewhi
chsepar
atesf
rom coat
edmass.

d) I
mmer
sionMechani
calTest
i
.Degr
ee ofst
ri
ppi
ng oft
he bi
nderf
rom aggr
egat
eis obser
ved i
ndi
rect
ly by
measur
ingt
hechangei
naspeci
fi
edmechani
calpr
oper
tyofabi
tumi
nousmat
eri
al
af
teri
thasbeeni
mmer
sedi
nwat
er.
i
i
.Int
hist
est
,anumberofi
dent
icalcy
li
ndr
ical
speci
mensoft
hebi
tumi
nousmi
xtur
eto

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
ore Page84
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

bet
est
edar
epr
epar
ed.
i
i
i.Af
terf
ew hour
s‘cur
ing’somear
eusedt
odet
ermi
net
hecompr
essi
vest
rengt
h
underconst
antr
ateofst
rai
n.
i
v.Ther
emai
nderar
eimmer
sedi
nwat
erf
orsomeday
sandt
hent
est
edsi
mil
arl
y.
v
.Ther
educt
ioni
nst
rengt
hgi
vesani
ndi
cat
ionoft
heext
entofanydamagebywat
er
t
hathasoccur
red.

e) Coat
ingTest
i
.Int
hist
estanat
tempti
smadet
oobt
ainadhesi
onbet
weenanaggr
egat
eandbi
nder
whenwat
eri
sal
sopr
esent
.
i
i
.Testi
nvol
vesi
mmer
sionoft
rayofbi
nderi
nwat
erandt
hent
heappl
i
cat
ionof
chi
ppi
ngst
othesur
faceoft
hebi
nder
.Iti
sknownasI
mmer
siont
rayt
est
.
i
i
i.No adhesi
oni
sobt
ained undert
hesecondi
ti
onswi
thnor
malr
oad st
onesand
bi
nder
sbutt
het
esti
shel
pfulf
orexami
ninghow sur
face-
act
iveagent
simpr
ove
adhesi
onbet
weenbi
nder
sandaggr
egat
esi
nsur
facedr
essi
ngunderwetcondi
ti
ons.

I
mmer
sionTr
aff
icki
ngTest
Tr
aff
icmaypl
anani
mpor
tantr
olei
nst
ri
ppi
ng.Anumberoft
est
shav
ebeen
descr
ibedi
nwhi
cht
hebi
tumi
noussampl
eissubj
ect
ednotonl
ytot
heact
ionofwat
er
butal
sot
ost
ressespr
oducedbysomef
orm oft
raf
fi
c.
Theset
est
smaybecar
ri
edoutonci
rcul
art
rackmachi
nesoronmachi
neswher
e
t
raf
fi
csi
mul
atedbyr
eci
procat
ingwheel
swhi
chpassesov
ert
hespeci
menswhi
l
eiti
s
i
mmer
sedi
nwat
er.
WheelTr
acki
ngTest
:Thi
sconsi
stoft
hreesol
i
dty
redwheel
seach8i
nchi
n
di
amet
erand2i
nchwi
dewhi
cht
rav
erset
hreespeci
mensofr
oadmat
eri
al.
Thewheel
str
avelwi
thar
eci
procat
ingmot
ionoff
requency25cy
cles/
minut
eandst
roke
ofabout11i
nch.Eachwheeli
scoat
edt
ogi
veat
otalwei
ghtof30l
bpersq.i
nch
bear
ingont
hespeci
men.
TheSpeci
mensar
econt
ainedi
nPer
for
atedmet
almoul
ds1½ i
nchdeep,12i
nchl
ong
and4i
nchwi
de,mai
ntai
nedhor
izont
all
yinwat
erl
eveli
swel
labov
ethet
opoft
he

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
ore Page85
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

speci
mens.Ther
oadmat
eri
ali
scompact
edi
nmoul
dsunderst
andar
dizedcondi
ti
ons
andcur
edf
orshor
tti
mebef
orei
mmer
sion.Thet
emper
atur
eoft
hewat
erbat
his40°C.
Thet
estmachi
nei
sshowni
ndi
agr
am bel
ow.

TESTMACHI
NEFORI
MMERSI
ONWHEEL-
TRACKI
NGTEST
Thecr
it
eri
onwhi
chi
sadopt
edt
omeasur
est
ri
ppi
ngi
sthatoft
het
imenecessar
y
t
opr
oducef
ail
ure,i
fthedept
hofpenet
rat
ionoft
hewheel
s,i
nthespeci
menofr
oad
mat
eri
ali
srecor
dedwi
tht
ime,i
tisf
oundt
hat
,atf
ir
stt
her
eisasmal
landst
eady
compact
ionoft
hespeci
menundert
hel
oadedwheel
sandt
hensuddenl
yther
eisa
Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
ore Page86
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

shar
pbr
eaki
nthecur
vewher
ethewheel
spenet
rat
eint
otheSpeci
menatagr
eat
err
ate.

FAI
LURERECORDSOBTAI
NEDFROM I
MMERSI
ONWHEEL-
TRACKI
NGTEST

Met
hodsofI
mpr
ovi
ngAdhesi
on

1) Bi
nderofhi
ghv
iscosi
tyr
esi
stsst
ri
ppi
ngmor
ereadi
l
ythant
hoseofl
owv
iscosi
ty&
hencet
her
eisanadv
ant
aget
hatt
hev
iscosi
tyoft
hebi
ndershoul
dbeashi
ghas
possi
ble.

2) I
tisusual
l
ynecessar
ytocompr
omi
sebet
weent
hel
owerv
iscosi
tyneededt
ogi
ve
t
hebesti
nit
ialcoat
ingont
heaggr
egat
e&t
hehi
gherv
iscosi
tydesi
rabl
etogi
ve
bet
terpr
otect
ionagai
nstst
ri
ppi
ng.

3) Addi
ti
onoff
il
lert
oami
xtur
eincr
easest
hev
iscosi
tyoft
hebi
nder&hencei
twi
l
l
Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
ore Page87
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

cont
rol
ther
ateofst
ri
ppi
ng.

4) Ther
ear
ecer
tai
nfi
l
ler
s,hy
drat
edl
i
me&por
tl
andcementwhi
chwhenaddedt
o
bi
tumi
nousmi
xtur
ein1t
o2% wei
ghtoft
otalmi
xwi
l
lreduceorev
encompl
etel
y
pr
eventst
ri
ppi
ng.

5) Chemi
cal
l
yact
ivef
il
ler
sar
eal
sousedi
nthemi
xi
ngofcol
d&wetaggr
egat
ewi
th
bi
tumi
nousbi
nder
s.

6) Or
gani
caci
dspr
esenti
nbi
nder
sreactwi
thf
il
lert
ofor
m cal
cium napht
hanet
eor
cal
cium phenat
etoi
mpr
oveadhesi
on.

7) Addi
ti
onofupt
o10% ofr
oadt
art
obi
tumeni
mpr
ovesadhesi
oni
nsomecoat
ed
macadam wear
ingcour
ses.

8) Byaddi
ngsur
face-
act
ivechemi
cal
stot
hebi
nder
,ithasbeencl
aimedt
hatsome
soapsofmet
als(
Ca,
Pb,
Fe)mayi
mpr
oveadhesi
on.

9) Addi
ti
veswhi
chshow cat
ioni
csur
faceact
ivi
tysuchascet
ylpy
ridi
nium br
omi
de&
cet
ylt
ri
met
hyl
ammoni
um br
omi
dei
ncr
easest
headhesi
vebond.

10)Power
fulagent
sli
ke or
gani
c ami
nes whi
ch hav
e hi
gh mol
ecul
arwei
ghtar
e
spr
inkl
edont
hesur
facedr
essi
ngt
oincr
easeadhesi
on.

1.Whatar
eemul
sionsandcut
backs?Howar
etheypr
epar
ed?Ment
ionsunderwhat
condi
ti
onst
hesear
eused.
2.Expl
aint
hedi
ff
erentt
est
sconduct
edonbi
tumi
nousemul
sions.
3.Expl
aint
hecommonadhesi
onpr
obl
em i
nbi
tumi
nousconst
ruct
ion.Li
stt
hev
ari
ous
l
abt
est
stodet
ermi
net
headhesi
onofbi
tumi
nousbi
ndert
oanaggr
egat
eandexpl
ain
anyone.
4.Br
ief
lyexpl
aint
hemechani
sm ofst
ri
ppi
ngofbi
tumi
nousbi
nderandt
hemet
hodsof
i
mpr
ovi
ngadhesi
on.
5.Whatar
ecut
backs?Whatar
ethei
rchar
act
eri
sti
cs?

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
ore Page88
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

6.Expl
ainAni
oni
c,cat
ioni
candnon-
ioni
cemul
sions.

7.
Wri
teshor
tnot
esont
ypesofcut
backBi
tumen.

8.
Expl
aint
hecommonadhesi
onpr
obl
em i
nbi
tumi
nousconst
ruct
ion.
li
stt
hev
ari
ous
l
abor
ator
ytest
stodet
ermi
net
headhesi
onofbi
tumi
nousbi
ndert
oanaggr
egat
eand
expl
ainanyone.

9.
Expl
aint
heconst
it
uent
sofabi
tumi
nousmi
x.

10.
Expl
aint
hedesi
rabl
epr
oper
ti
esofabi
tumi
nousmi
x.

11.
Whatar
eemul
sions?Di
scusst
hei
rmer
it
sandl
i
stoutt
hev
ari
oust
est
sonemul
sions.
12.
Expl
aint
hemechani
sm ofst
ri
ppi
ngofbi
tumi
nousbi
nderandmet
hodt
oimpr
ove
adhesi
on.
13.
Listt
hedi
ff
erentt
ypesofmodi
fi
esbi
nder
susedi
nconst
ruct
ionandexpl
ainbr
ief
ly
t
he
r
equi
rement
sofmodi
fi
edbi
nder
s.

14.
Whatar
eadhesi
ont
est
s?Expl
ainanyonebr
ief
ly.
15.
Expl
ainmechani
sm ofi
tsadhesi
onf
ail
ure.
16.
Howdoy
oui
mpr
ovet
headhesi
on?
17.
Listdi
ff
erenceadhesi
ont
est
s.Expl
aini
mmer
siont
raf
fi
cki
ngt
estwi
thneatsket
ches.
18.
Ment
iondi
ff
erencet
ypesofemul
sionsandcutbacks.Underwhatcondi
ti
onst
hey
ar
eused.
19.
Whatar
ebi
tumi
nousemul
sions?Ment
iont
het
ypesofemul
sionsandadv
ant
agesof
emul
sions.
20.
Ment
iont
hev
ari
ousl
abor
ator
ytest
stodet
ermi
neadhesi
on.Br
ief
lyexpl
ainanyone
t
est
.
21.
Wri
teanot
eont
hesy
mpt
oms,
causesandt
het
reat
mentf
orst
ri
ppi
ngdi
str
ess.
22.
Expl
ainpr
opor
ti
oni
ngofmat
eri
alsbyr
otf
uch’
smet
hodwi
tht
hehel
pofagr
aph.
23.
Def
inef
ull
er’
scur
veequat
ion.
li
stdi
ff
erentf
act
or’
scont
ri
but
ingmechani
calst
rengt
h
i
nsoi
l
-aggr
egat
est
abi
l
izat
ionofwel
lgr
adedmat
eri
als.

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
ore Page89
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

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-

UNI
T-4
BI
TUMI
NOUSMI
XES:Mechani
calpr
oper
ti
es,denseandopent
ext
uredmi
xes,f
lex
ibi
l
ity
andbr
it
tl
eness,(
noHv
eem St
abi
l
omet
er&Hubbar-Fi
el
dTest
s)bi
tumi
nousmi
x,desi
gn
met
hodsusi
ng Rot
hfuch’
sMet
hod onl
yand speci
fi
cat
ion,Mar
shalmi
xed desi
gn
cr
it
eri
a-v
oidsi
nmi
ner
alaggr
egat
es,v
oids i
n t
otalmi
x,densi
ty,f
low,st
abi
l
ity
,
per
cent
age v
oids f
il
led wi
th bi
tumen.
[
6Hour
s]

*
***
***
***
***
***
***
***
***
***
***
***
***
***
***
***
***
***
***
***
***
***
***
***
***
**

Requi
rement
sofBi
tumi
nousMi
xes

Theai
m ofmi
xdesi
gni
stoobt
ainaneconomi
calbl
endormi
xusi
ngpr
oper
gr
adat
ion ofcoar
se aggr
egat
es,f
ine aggr
egat
es,f
il
lerand adequat
e amountof
bi
tumi
nousbi
ndert
oful
fi
lthedesi
rabl
epr
oper
ti
esofmi
x.

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
ore Page90
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

Mechani
cal
/Desi
rabl
ePr
oper
ti
es
Desi
rabl
epr
oper
ti
esofagoodbi
tumi
nousmi
xar
e:
a)St
abi
l
ity
b)Dur
abi
l
ity
c)Fl
exi
bil
i
ty
d)Ski
dresi
stance
e)Wor
kabi
l
ity

a)St
abi
li
ty
St
abi
l
ityi
sther
esi
stanceoft
hepav
ingmi
xtodef
ormat
ionundert
hel
oad.I
tis
t
hest
resst
owhi
chspeci
fi
edst
rai
nispr
oduced(
loadatwhi
chspeci
fi
eddef
ormat
ion)
.
Dependi
ngupont
hespeci
fi
cat
ionorf
iel
dcondi
ti
on,
iti
sinf
luencedbydensi
tyoft
hemi
x
orper
cent
agev
oidsi
nthecompact
edmi
xorv
iscosi
tyofbi
tumi
nousbi
nder
.Ift
hev
oids
ar
eless,st
abi
l
itywi
l
lbemor
eandst
rengt
hwi
l
lbemor
e.Butt
her
emustbemi
nimum
v
oidswhi
chwoul
dpr
ovi
despaceonnecessar
ydensi
fi
cat
ionwhi
cht
akespl
aceunder
t
het
raf
fi
cmov
ementandexpansi
onofbi
tumenathi
ght
emper
atur
eint
heat
mospher
e.
I
fther
ear
enosuf
fi
cientv
oids,t
hebi
tumi
nousbi
nderbl
eedsov
ert
hesur
faceand
causesski
ddi
ng.

b)Dur
abil
it
y
I
tisther
esi
stanceoft
hemi
xagai
nstweat
her
ingandabr
asi
veact
ions.Duet
o
weat
her
ingbi
tumi
nousmi
xget
shar
denwhi
chi
sduet
olossofv
olat
il
esandoxi
dat
ion.
Thet
ensi
l
est
rai
nisi
nducedduet
oheav
ywheell
oadsandexcessi
vest
rai
nmaybe
dev
elopedwhi
chmaycausecr
acksorpl
ast
icf
ail
ure.

c)Fl
exi
bil
i
ty
I
tist
hepr
oper
tyoft
hemi
xthatmeasur
est
hel
evel
bendi
ngst
rengt
h.

d)Ski
dResi
stance
I
tist
her
esi
stanceoft
hef
ini
shedpav
ementagai
nstski
ddi
ngwhi
chdepends
Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
ore Page91
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

upont
hesur
facet
ext
ureandbi
tumencont
entofmi
x.I
fthebi
tumencont
enti
smor
e,
t
hesur
faceoft
hepav
ementi
ssmoot
henorsl
i
pper
y.Ther
efor
ethebi
tumencont
ent
mustbeopt
imum t
ohav
ebet
terski
dresi
stance.

e)Wor
kabi
li
ty
I
tist
heeasewi
thwhi
cht
hemi
xcanbel
aidandcompact
edt
omaxi
mum densi
ty.
I
tist
hef
unct
ionofgr
adat
ionofaggr
egat
es,
thei
rshapeandt
ext
ure,
bit
umencont
ent
andi
tst
ype.

Requi
rement
sofBi
tumi
nousmi
xes

St
abi
li
ty
St
abi
l
ityi
sdef
inedast
her
esi
stanceoft
hepav
ingmi
xtodef
ormat
ionunder
t
raf
fi
cload.Twoexampl
esoff
ail
urear
e(i
)shov
ing-at
ransv
erser
igi
ddef
ormat
ion
whi
choccur
satar
eassubj
ectt
osev
ereaccel
erat
ionand(
ii
)gr
oov
ing-l
ongi
tudi
nal
r
idgi
ngduet
ochannel
i
zat
ionoft
raf
fi
c.St
abi
l
itydependsont
hei
nter
-par
ti
clef
ri
cti
on,
pr
imar
il
yoft
heaggr
egat
esandt
hecohesi
onof
fer
edbyt
hebi
tumen.Suf
fi
cientbi
nder
mustbeav
ail
abl
etocoatal
lthepar
ti
clesatt
hesamet
imeshoul
dof
ferenoughl
i
qui
d
f
ri
cti
on.Howev
er,t
hest
abi
l
itydecr
easeswhent
hebi
ndercont
enti
shi
ghandwhent
he
par
ti
clesar
ekeptapar
t.

Dur
abi
li
ty
Dur
abi
l
ityi
sdef
inedast
her
esi
stanceoft
hemi
xagai
nstweat
her
ingandabr
asi
ve
act
ions.Weat
her
ingcauseshar
deni
ngduet
olossofv
olat
il
esi
nthebi
tumen.Abr
asi
on
i
sduet
owheell
oadswhi
chcausest
ensi
l
est
rai
ns.Ty
picalexampl
esoff
ail
urear
e(i
)
pot
-hol
es,-det
eri
orat
ionofpav
ement
slocal
l
yand(
ii
)st
ri
ppi
ng,l
ostofbi
nderf
rom t
he
aggr
egat
esandaggr
egat
esar
eexposed.Di
sint
egr
ati
oni
smi
nimi
zedbyhi
ghbi
nder
cont
entsi
ncet
heycauset
hemi
xtobeai
randwat
erpr
oofandt
hebi
tumenf
il
mismor
e
r
esi
stantt
ohar
deni
ng.

Fl
exi
bil
it
y
Fl
exi
bil
i
tyi
sameasur
eoft
hel
evelofbendi
ngst
rengt
hneededt
ocount
eract

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
ore Page92
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

t
raf
fi
cloadandpr
eventcr
acki
ngofsur
face.Fr
act
urei
sthecr
acksf
ormedont
he
sur
face(
hai
rl
ine-
cracks,
all
i
gat
orcr
acks)
,mai
nreasonsar
eshr
inkageandbr
it
tl
enessof
t
hebi
nder
.Shr
inkagecr
acksar
eduet
ovol
umechangei
nthebi
nderduet
oagi
ng.
Br
it
tl
enessi
sduet
orepeat
edbendi
ngoft
hesur
faceduet
otr
aff
icl
oads.Hi
gher
bi
tumencont
entwi
l
lgi
vebet
terf
lex
ibi
l
ityandl
essf
ract
ure.

Ski
dResi
stance
I
tist
her
esi
stanceoft
hef
ini
shedpav
ementagai
nstski
ddi
ngwhi
chdependson
t
hesur
facet
ext
ureandbi
tumencont
ent
.Iti
sani
mpor
tantf
act
ori
nhi
ghspeedt
raf
fi
c.
Nor
mal
l
y,anopengr
adedcoar
sesur
facet
ext
urei
sdesi
rabl
e.

Wor
kabi
li
ty
Wor
kabi
l
ityi
stheeasewi
thwhi
cht
hemi
xcanbel
aidandcompact
ed,and
f
ormed t
othe r
equi
red condi
ti
on and shape.Thi
s depends on t
he gr
adat
ion of
aggr
egat
es,t
hei
rshapeandt
ext
ure,bi
tumencont
entandi
tst
ype.Angul
ar,f
lakyand
el
ongat
edaggr
egat
eswor
kabi
l
ity
.Ont
heot
herhand,r
ounded aggr
egat
esi
mpr
ove
wor
kabi
l
ity
.

Desi
rabl
ePr
oper
ti
es

Thedesi
rabl
epr
oper
ti
esofabi
tumi
nousmi
xcanbesummar
izedasf
oll
ows:
 St
abi
l
ityt
omeett
raf
fi
cdemand
 Bi
tumencont
entt
oensur
epr
operbi
ndi
ngandwat
erpr
oof
ing
 Voi
dst
oaccommodat
ecompact
ionduet
otr
aff
ic
 Fl
exi
bil
i
tyt
omeett
raf
fi
cloads,
especi
all
yincol
dseason
 Suf
fi
cientwor
kabi
l
ityf
orconst
ruct
ion
 Economi
cal
mix

Ai
m ofMi
xDesi
gnMet
hod
Anymi
xdesi
gnmet
hodsshoul
dai
m atdet
ermi
ningt
hepr
oper
ti
esofaggr
egat
es
andbi
tumi
nousmat
eri
alandcombi
nat
ionofbot
hwhi
chwoul
dgi
veami
xhav
ingt
he
f
oll
owi
ngpr
oper
ti
es:
Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
ore Page93
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

a)Suf
fi
cientst
abi
l
ityt
osat
isf
ytheser
vicer
equi
rement
soft
hepav
ementandt
het
raf
fi
c
condi
ti
ons,
wit
houtunduedi
spl
acement
s.
b)Suf
fi
cientbi
tument
oensur
eadur
abl
epav
ementbycoat
ingt
heaggr
egat
eand
bondi
ngt
hem t
oget
herandal
sobywat
er-
proof
ingt
hemi
x.
c)Suf
fi
cientv
oidsi
nthecompact
edmi
xast
opr
ovi
dear
eser
voi
rspacef
orasl
i
ght
amountofaddi
ti
onalcompact
ionduet
otr
aff
icandt
oav
oidf
lushi
ng,bl
eedi
ngand
l
ossofst
abi
l
ity
.
d)Suf
fi
cientf
lexi
bil
i
tyev
eni
nthecol
destseasont
opr
eventcr
acki
ngduet
orepeat
ed
appl
i
cat
ionoft
raf
fi
cloads.
e)Suf
fi
cientwor
kabi
l
itywhi
l
epl
aci
ngandcompact
ingt
hemi
x.
f
)Themi
xshoul
dbet
hemosteconomi
calonet
hatwoul
dpr
oduceast
abl
e,dur
abl
e
andski
dresi
stantpav
ement
.

Obj
ect
ivesofMi
xDesi
gn
The obj
ect
ive of t
he mi
x desi
gn i
sto pr
oduce a bi
tumi
nous mi
x by
pr
opor
ti
onat
ingv
ari
ouscomponent
ssoast
ohav
e:
 Suf
fi
cientbi
tument
oensur
eadur
abl
epav
ement
 Suf
fi
cientst
rengt
htor
esi
stsheardef
ormat
ionundert
raf
fi
cathi
ghert
emper
atur
e
 Suf
fi
cientai
rvoi
dsi
nthecompact
edbi
tument
oal
l
owf
oraddi
ti
onalcompact
ionby
t
raf
fi
c
 Suf
fi
cientwor
kabi
l
ityt
oper
miteasypl
acementwi
thoutsegr
egat
ion
 Suf
fi
cientf
lexi
bil
i
tyt
oav
oidpr
emat
urecr
acki
ngduet
orepeat
edbendi
ngbyt
raf
fi
c,
and
 Suf
fi
cientf
lexi
bil
i
tyatl
owt
emper
atur
etopr
eventshr
inkagecr
acks.

Const
it
uent
sofaMi
x

 Coar
se aggr
egat
es:of
fercompr
essi
ve and shearst
rengt
h and shows good
i
nter
locki
ngpr
oper
ti
es.E.
g.:
Grani
te

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
ore Page94
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

 Fi
neaggr
egat
es:Fi
l
lst
hev
oidsi
nthecoar
seaggr
egat
eandst
if
fenst
hebi
nder
.E.
g.
Sand,
Rockdust

 Fi
ll
er:Fi
l
lst
hev
oids,st
if
fenst
hebi
nderandof
fer
sper
meabi
l
ity
.E.
g.Rockdust
,
cement
,li
me

 Bi
nder
:Fi
l
lst
he v
oids,cause par
ti
cle adhesi
on and of
fer
simper
meabi
l
ity
.E.
g.
Bi
tumen,
Asphal
t,Tar

Ty
pesofMi
x

 Wel
l-
graded mi
x:Dense mi
x,bi
tumi
nous concr
ete has good pr
opor
ti
on ofal
l
const
it
uent
sandar
ecal
l
eddensebi
tumi
nousmacadam,of
fer
sgoodcompr
essi
ve
st
rengt
handsomet
ensi
l
est
rengt
h

 Gap-
gradedmi
x:Somel
argecoar
seaggr
egat
esar
emi
ssi
ngandhasgoodf
ati
gue
andt
ensi
l
est
rengt
h.

 Open-
gradedmi
x:Fi
neaggr
egat
eandf
il
lerar
emi
ssi
ng,i
tispor
ousandof
fer
sgood
f
ri
cti
on,
lowst
rengt
handf
orhi
ghspeed.

 Unbounded:Bi
nderi
sabsentandbehav
esunderl
oadsasi
fit
scomponent
swer
e
notl
i
nkedt
oget
her
,thoughgoodi
nter
locki
ngexi
sts.Ver
ylow t
ensi
l
est
rengt
hand
needsker
bpr
otect
ion.

Desi
gnofBi
tumi
nousMi
xes/St
epsi
nMi
xDesi
gnMet
hod
Thef
oll
owi
ngst
epsmaybef
oll
owedf
orar
ati
onal
desi
gnofabi
tumi
nousmi
x.
a)Sel
ect
ionofAggr
egat
e
Aggr
egat
es hav
ing suf
fi
cientst
rengt
h,har
dness,t
oughness,soundness ar
e
sel
ect
ed.Cr
ushed aggr
egat
es and shar
p sands pr
oduce a mi
xofhi
gherst
abi
l
ity
compar
etonat
ural
grav
elandr
oundedsands.

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
ore Page95
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

b)Sel
ect
ionofAggr
egat
eGr
adi
ng
Thedensi
tyand st
abi
l
ityoft
hemi
xdepend ont
hegr
adat
ionorgr
ainsi
ze
di
str
ibut
ion ofaggr
egat
e.Gener
all
y densel
ytext
ured aggr
egat
e(wel
lgr
aded)i
s
speci
fi
ed i
nst
ead ofopent
ext
ure(
poor
lygr
adedorgap gr
aded)
.To at
tai
nhi
gher
st
abi
l
ity
,hi
ghermaxi
mum si
ze aggr
egat
eis sel
ect
ed.Howev
ert
he max si
ze of
aggr
egat
e used depends on compact
ed t
hickness ofpar
ti
cul
arl
ayer
.Ther
efor
e
gr
adat
ionormaxsi
zei
sspeci
fi
edbyt
hedesi
gnerorusersuchasI
RC.Forapr
oposed
40mm t
hickbi
tumi
nousconcr
etel
ayerorbi
tumi
nousconcr
etecoar
se.Thespeci
fi
ed
gr
adat
ionofaggr
egat
emi
xisshowni
nfol
l
owi
ngt
abl
e:
Percentpassing,by
Si
evesi
ze,
mm wei
ght
Grade1 Gr ade2
20 - 100
12.5 100 80-100
10.0 80-100 70-90
4.
75 55-75 50-70
2.
36 35-50 35-50
0.
6 18-29 18-29
0.
3 13-23 13-23
0.
15 8-
16 8-
16
0.
075 4-
10 4-
10
Bindercont
ent
,
percentbywei
ghtof 5-
7.5 5-
7.5
mix

I
ftheav
ail
abl
egr
adat
ioni
snotsat
isf
yingt
hespeci
fi
cat
ionorspeci
fi
edgr
adat
ion
pr
operbl
endi
ngofdi
ff
erentgr
adesi
stobeadopt
edf
ort
hispur
pose,ei
therbyt
he
met
hodoft
ri
alsorRot
hfuch’
smet
hod.

c)Det
ermi
nat
ionofSpeci
fi
cGr
avi
ty
Thespeci
fi
cgr
avi
tyofaggr
egat
emi
xisr
epr
esent
edasbul
kspeci
fi
cgr
avi
tyor
appar
entspeci
fi
cgr
avi
tyoref
fect
ivespeci
fi
cgr
avi
tyofmi
x.I
ftheov
eral
lvol
umeoft
he
aggr
egat
emi
xisconsi
der
ed,t
hebul
kspeci
fi
cgr
avi
tyi
sobt
ainedi
ntheappar
entor
ef
fect
ivespeci
fi
cgr
avi
ty.Thev
olumeofcapi
l
lar
ywhi
char
efi
l
ledbyt
hewat
eron21
Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
ore Page96
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

hour
sofsoaki
ngori
mmer
sioni
sexcl
uded.Whent
hedi
ff
erentaggr
egat
ear
emi
xedt
o
obt
ainr
equi
redgr
adat
ion,t
hespeci
fi
cgr
avi
tyofcombi
nedmi
xtur
edenot
edas‘
Ga’i
s
det
ermi
nedusi
ngequat
ion:

100
Ga=-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
W1/G1+W2/ G2+W3/ G3+W4/ G4+.
..
..
Wher
e,

W1,
W2,
W3,
W4,
..
..=per
centbywei
ghtofaggr
egat
es

G1,
G2,
G3,
G4,
..
..
.=speci
fi
cgr
avi
tyofeachmat
eri
alusedi
nmi
x

I
ntheabov
eequat
ion,
thet
otalwei
ghtofaggr
egat
emi
xisconsi
der
edwhi
chwi
l
l
bei
nthenumer
atort
hent
hisequat
ionget
smodi
fi
ed.
W1+W2+W3+. ..
..
Ga=-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
W1/a1+W2/ a2+W3/ a3+..
..
.
Wher
e,
W1,
W2,
W3,
..
.=act
ual
wei
ghtofcomponentusedi
nthemi
x.

d)Pr
opor
ti
oni
ngofAggr
egat
es
Asaf
ir
stst
ept
hedesi
gngr
adi
ngi
ssel
ect
edbasedont
het
ypeofconst
ruct
ion,
t
hicknessoft
hel
ayerandi
tsspeci
fi
cat
ioni
fany
.Thent
heav
ail
abl
eaggr
egat
ear
e
anal
ysedf
orgr
adat
ion.Usi
ngt
hegr
aphi
calmet
hodsuggest
edbyRot
hfuch’
sormet
hod
oft
ri
al.Ther
equi
redmet
hodofeachcomponenti
stobedet
ermi
nedt
osat
isf
ythe
desi
gngr
adat
ion.

e)Pr
epar
ati
onofSpeci
menorSampl
e
Thepr
epar
ati
onofspeci
mendependsont
hest
abi
l
ityt
estmet
hodempl
oyed.
Hencet
hesi
zeoft
hespeci
men,
compact
ionandot
herspeci
fi
cat
ionshoul
dbef
oll
owed
asspeci
fi
ed i
nthest
abi
l
ityt
estmet
hod.Thest
abi
l
ityt
estmet
hodswhi
ch ar
ein
commonusef
ort
hedesi
gnmi
xar
eMar
shal
l
,Hubbar
d-Fi
eldandHv
eem.Henceaf
ter
deci
dingt
het
estmet
hods,
thespeci
mensar
emoul
dedasperspeci
fi
cat
ion.

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
ore Page97
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

f
)Det
ermi
nat
ionofSpeci
fi
cGr
avi
tyofCompact
edSpeci
men
Knowi
ngspeci
fi
cgr
avi
tyofaggr
egat
emi
x‘Ga’
andt
hatofbi
tumi
nousbi
nder‘
Gb’
,
t
het
heor
eti
calmaxi
mum speci
fi
cgr
avi
tyoft
hesampl
eorspeci
meni
sdet
ermi
ned
usi
ngt
heequat
ion:
100
Gt=-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
--
--
--
(
100–Wb) /Ga +Wb/ Gb

g)St
abi
li
tyTest
sonCompact
edSpeci
mens
Oneoft
hest
abi
l
ityt
est
siscar
ri
edoutbasedont
hedesi
gnmet
hodsel
ect
ed.

h)Sel
ect
ionofOpt
imum Bi
tumenCont
ent
Theopt
imum bi
tumencont
enti
ssel
ect
edbasedont
het
estmet
hodadopt
edand
t
hedesi
gnr
equi
rement
sconsi
der
ed.

Mar
shal
lSt
abi
li
tyTest
Br
uce Mar
shal
l
,for
mel
yBi
tumi
nousEngi
neerwi
th Mi
ssi
ssi
piSt
ate Hi
ghway
Depar
tmentf
ormul
atedMar
shal
lMet
hodf
ordesi
gni
ngbi
tumi
nousmi
xes.

I
ntheMar
shal
ltest
,ther
esi
stancet
opl
ast
icdef
ormat
ionofcy
li
ndr
icalspeci
men
ofbi
tumi
nousmi
xtur
eismeasur
edwhent
hespeci
meni
sloadedatt
heper
ipher
yata
r
ateof5cm permi
nut
e.Thi
stestpr
ocedur
eisused i
n desi
gni
ng and ev
aluat
ing
bi
tumi
nousmi
xes.Ther
etwomaj
orf
eat
uresoft
heMar
shal
lmet
hodofdesi
gni
ngt
he
mi
xesnamel
y,
i
.densi
ty–v
oidsanal
ysi
s
i
i
.st
abi
l
ity–f
lowt
est
s

TheMar
shal
lst
abi
l
ityoft
hemi
xisdef
inedast
hemaxi
mum l
oadcar
ri
edbya
compact
edspeci
menatast
andar
dtestt
emper
atur
eof60°C.Thef
lowi
smeasur
edas
t
hedef
ormat
ioni
nuni
tsof0.
25mm bet
weennol
oadandmaxi
mum l
oadcar
ri
edbyt
he
speci
mendur
ingst
abi
l
ityt
est
.Int
hist
estanat
tempti
smadet
oobt
ainOpt
imum
Bi
tumenCont
ent(
OBC)f
ort
het
ypeofaggr
egat
emi
xandt
raf
fi
cint
ensi
ty.

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
ore Page98
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

Ai
m

Todet
ermi
net
heMar
shal
lst
abi
l
ityandOpt
imum bi
tumencont
entoft
hegi
ven
mi
x.

Appar
atus

a)Moul
dassembl
y:cy
li
ndr
icalmoul
dof10.
16cm di
amet
erand6.
35cm hei
ght
,wi
tha
basepl
ateandcol
l
ar.
b)Sampl
eext
ract
or
c)Compact
ionpedest
alandhammer
,wei
ght4.
54kgwi
th45.
7cm hei
ghtoff
all
.
d)Pr
ovi
ngr
ing
e)Br
eaki
nghead,t
oappl
yal
oadoni
tsper
ipher
yper
pendi
cul
art
oit
saxi
sinal
oadi
ng
machi
neof5t
onnescapaci
tyatar
ateof5cm permi
nut
e.
f
) Loadi
ngmachi
ne
g)Fl
owmet
er(
dial
gauge)

Pr
ocedur
e

a)Sel
ectt
heaggr
egat
egr
adat
ionf
rom t
hespeci
fi
edr
angesi
nthet
abl
e.(I
RCorMOST
)
b)Takeappr
oxi
mat
ely1200gofaggr
egat
eandf
il
ler
,ifany
,andheatt
oat
emper
atur
e
of175t
o190°
C.
c)Heatt
hecompact
ionmoul
dassembl
yandt
her
ammert
oat
emper
atur
eof138t
o
149°C.
d)Heatt
hegi
venbi
tument
oat
emper
atur
eof121t
o145°
C.
e)Addt
her
equi
redquant
it
yoft
ri
albi
tumencont
ent(
say3.
5%bywei
ghtofmi
ner
al
aggr
egat
e)andt
hor
oughl
ymi
xusi
ngat
rowel
,mai
ntai
ningami
xi
ngt
emper
atur
eof
154t
o160°C.
f
) Keept
hepr
e-heat
edmoul
dandcol
l
aront
hecompact
ionpedest
al.
g)Tr
ansf
ert
hemi
xint
hepr
e-heat
ed moul
dand compacti
t75 t
imesusi
ng t
he
speci
fi
edr
ammer
.
h)I
nver
tthespeci
menandagai
ncompact75t
imes.
i
) Repeatt
hepr
ocedur
ewi
thspeci
menshav
ingot
hert
ri
albi
tumencont
ent
s.
Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
ore Page99
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

j
) Al
l
owt
hespeci
menst
ocool
inai
rforaf
ewhour
s.
k)Nowex
tractt
hespeci
mensf
rom t
hemoul
dsusi
ngt
hesampl
eext
ract
or.
l
) Measur
ethemeandi
amet
erandhei
ghtoft
hespeci
mens.
m)Fi
ndt
hewei
ghtofspeci
mensi
nai
randt
heni
nwat
er.
n)Keept
hespeci
mensi
nawat
erbat
hmai
ntai
nedatat
emper
atur
eof60°Cf
orabout
40mi
nut
es.
o)Keept
hespeci
meni
nthebr
eaki
ngheadassembl
yint
heMar
shal
lappar
atus.
p)Sett
hepr
ovi
ngr
ingdi
alandf
lowdi
alt
ozer
o.
q)Loadt
hespeci
menunt
ili
tfai
l
sandr
ecor
dthel
oadappl
i
edandf
low r
eadi
ngsat
f
ail
ure.
r
) Repeatt
hepr
ocessf
orot
herspeci
mens.
Resul
ts

Mar
shal
lSt
abi
l
ityofgi
venmi
xatbi
tumencont
ent-
--
--
--
-%=-
--
--
--
--
--
--
-

Opt
imum bi
tumencont
entf
ort
hegi
venmi
x=-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--%

Obser
vat
ions

TheMar
shal
lTestpr
oper
ti
esofanyspeci
mencanbecal
cul
atedusi
ngt
hef
oll
owi
ng
f
ormul
ae:

1)Bul
kDensi
tyofCompact
edSpeci
men(
Gb)

Wt
.inai
r
Gb= i
ngm/
cc
Wt
.inai
r-Wt
.inwat
er

2)Theor
eti
calDensi
tyofSpeci
men(
Gt)
100
Gt= i
ngm/
cc
W1/
G1+W2/
G2+W3/
G3+W4/
G4

3)Vol
umeofAi
rVoi
ds(
Vv)
Gt-Gb
Vv
= x100 %
Gt

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
ore Page100
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

4)Vol
umeofBi
tumen(
Vb)
Vb=Gbx W4 %
G4
Wher
e,W4=%wtofbi
tumen
G4=Sp.Gr
avi
tyofbi
tumen

5)Voi
dsi
nMi
ner
alAggr
egat
e(VMA)
VMA=Vv+Vb %

6)Voi
dsFi
ll
edwi
thBi
tumen(
VFB)
100Vb
VFB= x100%
VMA
7)Det
ermi
nat
ionofMar
shal
lSt
abi
li
ty
Mar
shal
lSt
abi
l
ity=Pr
ovi
ngr
ingdi
algauger
eadi
ngxCor
rect
ionf
act
orf
ort
hicknessof
speci
menxPr
ovi
ngr
ingdi
algaugeconst
ant
.

NOTE:Toobt
ainOBC,pl
ott
hegr
aphsasshownandf
indt
hebi
tumencont
entatwhi
ch
t
her
eismaxi
mum st
abi
l
ity
,maxi
mum bul
kdensi
tyand5% v
oids.Taket
he
av
erageoft
heset
hreebi
tumencont
ent
sasOBC.

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
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ore Page101
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

1.Expl
aint
heconst
it
uent
sofabi
tumi
nousmi
x.

2.Expl
aini
ndet
ail
flexi
bil
i
tyandbr
it
tl
eness.

3.Li
standexpl
aint
hedesi
rabl
epr
oper
ti
esofabi
tumi
nousmi
x.

4.Expl
aint
hepr
ocedur
eofdet
ermi
ningt
heopt
imum bi
tumencont
ent
,forabi
tumi
nous

mi
x,byt
heMar
shal
ltest
.

5.Li
stv
ari
oust
est
sconduct
edonbi
tumenandwr
it
eadet
ail
edexpl
anat
orynot
eont
he

f
oll
owi
ngt
est
si)Duct
il
it
ytesti
i
)Fl
ashandf
ir
epoi
ntt
esti
i
i)Speci
fi
cgr
avi
tyt
esti
v)

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
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T&M,
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ore Page102
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

Sof
teni
ngpoi
ntt
est

6.Expl
ainpr
opor
ti
oni
ngofmat
eri
alsbyRot
hfuch’
smet
hodwi
tht
hehel
pofagr
aph.

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
ore Page103
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

PART-B
PAVEMENTCONSTRUCTI
ON
UNI
T-5
EQUI
PMENT I
N HI
GHWAY CONSTRUCTI
ON: Var
ious t
ypes of equi
pment f
or
excav
ati
on,
gradi
ng and compact
ion – t
hei
r wor
king pr
inci
ple,adv
ant
ages and
l
i
mit
ati
ons.Speci
alequi
pmentf
orbi
tumi
nousand cementconcr
etepav
ementand
st
abi
l
izedsoi
lroadconst
ruct
ion.
6Hour
s

I
NTRODUCTI
ON
Hi
ghwayengi
neer
ingpr
ojecti
nvol
vesdi
ff
erentt
ypesofequi
pmentf
orEar
thExcav
ati
on,
Ear
thmov
ing,andEar
thcut
ti
ng,gr
adi
ng,andhaul
i
ngofexcav
atedear
th,aggr
egat
e
spr
eader
,rol
l
er,
binderspr
ayerandpav
erf
ini
sheret
c.,
.
1.EXCAVATI
ONEQUI
PMENT:
a.Di
pperorPowershov
el
b.Dr
agl
i
ne
c.Cl
amshel
l
d.Hoe
2.COMPACTI
ONEQUI
PMENT:

a.Smoot
hwheel
rol
l
er

b.Pneumat
ict
yper
oll
er

c.Sheepsf
ootr
oll
er

d.Vi
brat
oryr
oll
er

e.Handoper
atedv
ibr
ator
yrol
l
er

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
ore Page104
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

3.EARTHMOVI
NGEQUI
PMENT:
a.Dozer
b.Gr
adi
ng
c.Wheel
Loader
d.Hy
draul
i
cExcav
ator

e.Scr
apper

4.SPECI
ALEQUI
PMENTFORCEMENTCONCRETEANDBI
TUMENPAVEMENT:

a.Bat
chi
ngpl
ant a.Pav
erf
ini
sher
b.Mi
xer
s b.Hotmi
xpl
antorBi
tumenmi
xer
c.Concr
etePumps c.Bi
tumenspr
ayer
d.Mi
niMi
xer
s d.Bi
tumenst
orageequi
pment

TRACTORS
Tr
act
ori
samul
ti
pur
posemachi
ne.I
tincl
udesl
i
ghtmodel
susedf
oragr
icul
tur
aland
smal
lhaul
i
ng wor
ks.I
tisv
ersat
il
e equi
pmenthav
ing a v
ari
ety ofuses i
nroad
const
ruct
ion,
suchas
Topul
lri
pper
sandr
oot
ers.Topul
ltowedscr
aper
s.Topul
lsheepsf
ootr
oll
ers.Topush
l
oadscr
aper
s.Topul
ltowedpneumat
icr
oll
ers
Ther
ear
etwomai
nty
pesoft
ract
ors:
1.Cr
awl
ert
ype
2.Pneumat
icwheel
type
Cr
awl
ert
ract
orshav
eal
ow max
imum speed,ar
ound10kmphandar
eusedpr
imar
il
y
wher
ehi
ghspeedsar
esacr
if
icedi
nor
dert
oobt
aingoodt
ract
ionandhi
ghdr
aw-
barpul
l
.
Theyar
eal
sopr
efer
redwher
ethegr
oundi
snotf
ir
m.Cr
awl
ermount
eddozer
shav
ea
di
ggi
ngandt
rav
ell
i
ngwi
thl
oadspeedofabout2.
5kmph.
Pneumat
icwheel
edt
ract
orsar
eusedf
ormov
ingathi
ghspeeds(
upt
o50kmph)onf
ir
m
gr
ound.Pneumat
icwheel
eddozer
shav
eadi
ggi
ngandt
rav
ell
i
ngwi
thl
oadspeedof

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
ore Page105
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

about4t
o5kmph.
Nowaday
swheel
edt
ract
oruni
tsar
eusedcommonl
yforal
lear
thmov
ingj
obs.

TRACTORDOZERS
At
ract
ordozer
,popul
arl
ycal
l
edbul
l
-dozer
,isat
ract
orwi
tha3-
3.5m l
ong,0.
9-1.
2m
hei
ghtbl
ademount
edi
nfr
ontofi
t.I
fthebl
adeoft
heequi
pmenti
ssetatangl
e,i
tis
cal
l
edanangl
edozer
.Thebl
adeofsomedozer
scanbet
il
tedi
nthev
ert
icalpl
anet
oa
t
il
tofabout1 i
n 10.The equi
pmenti
sver
sat
il
e and can per
for
m t
he f
oll
owi
ng
oper
ati
ons:
1.Cl
ear
ingandgr
ubbi
ngl
andofv
eget
ati
onandt
reest
umps.
2.Remov
ingt
opsoi
lfr
om bor
rowar
eas.
3.Mov
ingear
thf
orshor
tdi
stances,
sayupt
o100m.
4.Box-cut
ti
ngaf
ormat
ionf
orl
ayi
ngpav
ementl
ayer
s.
5.Openi
nguppi
l
otr
oadf
ormat
ionsi
nst
eephi
l
lsi
dest
osuchawi
dtht
hatot
her
equi
pmentcanmov
einandcompl
etet
hewor
k.
6.Spr
eadi
ngear
thi
nlay
ers.

Ty
peofdozer
s:
Angl
edozer
:Meantt
opushi
tsl
oadsatanangl
eofappr
oxi
mat
ely300t
othedi
rect
ionof
t
rav
eloft
het
ract
or.
Speci
all
yusef
uli
nsi
de-
hil
lwor
kwher
ethemat
eri
ali
stobepi
l
edi
nal
ongwi
ndr
owt
o
onesi
deoft
hel
i
neoft
rav
el.
Ti
l
tdozer
:Desi
gnedsucht
hatt
hebl
adecanbet
il
tedbyr
aisi
ngonecor
nerupt
o
10i
nchesabov
etheot
hersot
hatt
hemachi
necanopenupanexcav
ati
oni
nhar
dgr
ound
orst
artexcav
ati
onf
oradi
tchorat
rench.
Tr
eedozer
:IthasaV-
bladeatt
hef
rontendat
tachmentsot
hatt
reescanbepushedby
t
heupperf
rameoft
hebl
adewhi
l
ethel
oweredgei
sfi
tt
edwi
thast
umpert
hatcandr
ive
i
ntot
her
oot
.

SCRAPERS

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
ore Page106
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

Scr
aper
sdi
gthei
rownl
oad,ast
heymov
efor
war
d.Theycombi
net
heoper
ati
onsof
di
ggi
ng,
loadi
ng,
haul
i
nganddi
schar
ging.Ther
ear
emai
nthr
eeoper
ator
sist
her
e:
BowlorBucket
-Thebowli
sthel
oadi
ngandcar
ryi
ngcomponentofascr
aper
.Ithasa
cut
ti
ngedget
hatext
endshor
izont
all
yacr
ossi
tsf
rontbot
tom edge.Thebowi
slower
ed
f
orl
oadi
ngandr
aiseddur
ingt
rav
el.
Apr
onorLi
p-t
heapr
oni
sthef
rontwal
loft
hebowl
.Iti
sindependentoft
hebowl
.Iti
s
r
aiseddur
ingt
hel
oadi
nganddumpi
ngoper
ati
onst
oenabl
ethemat
eri
alt
ofl
owi
ntoor
outoft
hebowl
.Theapr
oni
slower
eddur
inghaul
i
ngt
opr
eventmat
eri
alspi
l
lage.
Ej
ect
ororTai
lgat
e-t
heej
ect
ori
sther
earv
ert
icalwal
loft
hebowl
.Theej
ect
ori
sint
he
r
earposi
ti
ondur
ingandhaul
i
ng.Dur
ingspr
eadi
ng,t
heej
ect
ori
sact
ivat
edandmov
es
f
orwar
d,pr
ovi
dingposi
ti
vedi
schar
geoft
hemat
eri
ali
nbowl
.
Thewor
kingpr
inci
pleofscr
aperi
sacut
ti
ngbl
ade,
whi
chcanber
aisedorl
ower
edupt
o
20cm,i
spul
l
edt
hrought
heear
thcausi
ngi
ttot
rav
elupt
hef
aceoft
hebl
adei
ntot
he
bowloft
hescr
aper
.Someoft
heear
thf
all
sfor
war
dint
oacar
ryi
ngapr
on.Whent
he
bowli
sful
l
,theapr
onsar
elower
edt
opr
eventspi
l
lageandt
hecut
ti
ngedgei
srai
sed.
Af
terhaul
i
ng,
themat
eri
ali
sdumpedbyl
ower
ingt
hecut
ti
ngedget
othedesi
redhei
ght
abov
ethef
il
landopeni
ngt
hef
rontapr
on.Twot
ypeofscr
apper
sTowedandMot
ori
zed
scr
aper
s.Towedscr
aper
sar
eav
ail
abl
einsi
zeof7-
12cum andusedf
orshor
thaul
i
ng,
say150-
500m,
atamaxi
mum speedof10kmph.
Mot
ori
zedscr
aper
sofsi
zeupt
o25cum andhaul
for500-
1500m wi
th30kmphspeed.

USES
1.Bet
terl
oadi
ngabi
l
ityi
nloosef
reef
lowi
ngmat
eri
al
2.
Itcanoper
atedi
ndependent
ly.
3.
Addi
ti
onal
ofr
ippert
eet
htocut
ti
nghar
dcompact
edmat
e.

GRADERS
I
tpr
inci
pal
l
yconsi
stabl
adebel
owaf
ramewor
k.Thebl
adebel
ower
ed,
li
ft
edorr
otat
ed.
Gr
ader
sar
eusedf
oranumberofpur
poses:
1.Forspr
eadi
ngheapedear
thi
ntol
ayer
s.

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
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T&M,
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ore Page107
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

2.Forshapi
ngt
hecr
oss-
sect
iondur
ingconst
ruct
ion.
3.Formai
ntai
ningt
hecr
oss-
sect
ionofembankment
.
4.Formai
ntai
ninggr
avel
sur
face.
Gr
ader
sar
eoft
wot
ypesTowedandMot
ori
zed.Thet
owedgr
aderi
sbyat
ract
orandi
s
usual
l
ymadei
nsmal
lsi
ze.
Mot
orgr
aderhasabl
adeofabout3.
5m,buti
tsef
fect
ivel
engt
hdur
ingspr
eadi
ng
0
becomes2.
75m.
Thebl
adecanbesetatanyangl
e(360 hor
izont
al)andsomet
ime
v
ert
ical
l
yti
l
teddependuponwor
k.A100-
110HPmot
orgr
aderi
sapopul
arsi
ze.The
nor
malgr
adi
ngspeedi
s3kmph.Theout
putofagr
aderf
orspr
eadi
ngt
heear
th,
whi
chi
s
achi
evedgener
all
yin4passes,i
sabout1300sqm perhour
,assumi
ng65% oper
ati
ng
ef
fi
ciencyanda50mi
nwor
kinghour
.Assumi
nganor
malcompact
edt
hicknessofl
ayer
of15cm,
theout
puti
nter
msofcompact
edv
olumebecomesabout200cum perhour
.

APPLI
CATI
ON
1.usedf
orl
evel
i
ngorf
ini
shi
ngear
thwor
k,maki
ngandmai
ntai
ningpr
ojectr
oads,
const
ruct
ionofai
rfi
eldsandl
andr
ecl
amat
ion.
2.
ther
oll
erscanbeat
tachedt
other
ear
,tocompactt
hegr
adedsur
face.
3.
usedi
nmat
eri
almi
xi
ng,
har
dsur
facecut
ti
ngandsnowcl
ear
ance.
4.
usedpar
ti
cul
arl
ybasecour
sespr
eadi
ng,
lev
eli
ngbankcut
ti
nget
c.

EXCAVATI
ONEQUI
PMENT

1.Di
pperorPowershov
el
Thesear
eusedpr
imar
il
ytoexcav
ateear
th&l
oadi
ntot
rucksort
ract
orpul
l
edwagons.
Theyar
ecapabl
eofexcav
ati
ngal
lcl
assesofear
th,exceptsol
i
drockwi
thoutpr
ior
l
ooseni
ng.Theyar
emount
edoncr
awl
erst
racksormount
edonr
ubbert
yredwheel
cr
awl
ermount
edshov
elshav
ever
ylow speedswhi
chper
mitt
hem t
ooper
ateonsof
t
gr
ound.Si
ngl
eengi
nesel
fpr
opel
l
eduni
tsar
epower
ed&oper
atedf
rom t
heexcav
ator

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
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T&M,
Bangal
ore Page108
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

cab.

Wor
kingpr
inci
plei
sdi
ggi
ngabov
ethemachi
nebasel
evelt
oupwar
ds.I
tconsi
stsof
mount
ingcab,boom,di
pperst
ick&di
pper
.Whenshov
eli
sincor
rectposi
ti
onneart
he
ear
th,t
hedi
pperi
slower
edt
othef
looroft
hepi
t,wi
tht
het
eet
hpoi
nti
ngi
ntot
hef
ace.
Tost
artt
hemachi
neacr
owdi
ngf
orcei
sappl
i
edt
hrought
heshi
ppershaf
t&att
he
somet
imet
ensi
oni
sappl
i
edt
othehoi
sti
ngl
i
net
opul
lthedi
pperupt
hef
aceofpi
t.I
f
t
hedept
hoft
hef
acei
sdeepconsi
der
ingt
het
ypeofsoi
l&t
hesi
zeoft
hedi
ppert
he
di
pperwi
l
lbef
il
ledasi
treachest
het
opoft
hef
ace.I
fthedept
hoff
acei
sshal
l
owi
t’
ll
notbepossi
blet
ofi
l
lthedi
ppercompl
etel
ywi
thoutexcessi
vecr
owdi
ng&hoi
sti
ng
t
ensi
ons.Thi
ssubj
ect
stheequi
pmentt
oexcessi
vest
rai
ns&r
educest
heout
putoft
he
uni
t.I
fthedept
hoft
hef
acei
sgr
eat
ert
hanr
equi
redt
ofi
l
lthedi
pperwhenoper
ati
ng
underf
avor
abl
ecr
owd&hoi
st.I
t’
llbenecessar
ytor
educet
hedept
hofpenet
rat
ionof
t
hedi
pperi
ntot
hef
acei
fthef
ullf
acei
stobeexcav
ated.Thepi
twi
l
lbeexcav
atedaf
ter
t
heupperpor
ti
onoft
hef
acei
sremov
ed.

APPLI
CATI
ON
1.
Itcanef
fect
ivel
yoper
atef
rom al
owerl
evelwher
eitst
ands&dept
hoff
acet
obe
excav
atedi
snott
ooshal
l
ow.
2.
Itcar
ryl
argel
oadandl
oadi
ngef
fecti
sver
ygoodt
otr
uck.
3.
Ifbl
ast
edr
ocki
stobeexcav
atedt
hel
argesi
zedi
pperwi
l
lhandl
ebi
ggerr
ocks.I
fthe

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
ore Page109
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

mat
eri
alt
obeexcav
atedi
shar
d&t
ough,t
hedi
pperoft
hel
argeshov
elwhi
chexi
sts
hi
gherpr
essur
eswi
l
lhandl
ethemat
eri
almor
eeasi
l
y.

LI
MITATI
ONSOFPOWERSHOVEL
1.
Thecostoft
ranspor
ti
ngal
argeshov
eli
shi
ghert
hanf
orasmal
l
erone.
2.
Notpossi
blet
oexcav
atesoi
lbel
owgr
ound.
3.
dist
anceb/
wfoot&di
ggi
ngi
slessandnotwel
lsui
tabl
eforwetsoi
l
.
3.
Ifhi
ghout
putr
atei
sneededi
nthepr
ojectal
argeshov
elmustbeused.
4.
mor
eshov
elsr
otat
ionr
equi
red.
5.
mor
ewear
spar
ts.

DRAGLI
NE:
I
ndr
agl
i
ne,l
argerboomsar
epr
ovi
ded,whi
chal
l
owsdi
ggi
ng& dumpi
ngov
erl
ong
di
stancesascompar
edt
othepowershov
el.I
tinmostsui
tabl
eforexcav
ati
ngt
he
channel
s&canal
,canhandl
ewetmat
eri
al&sui
tabl
eforexcav
ati
onunderwat
er.One
adv
ant
ageofdr
agl
i
nei
smachi
necan beposi
ti
oned on a hi
gherel
evat
ion wher
e
t
renchesar
eexcav
ated.I
tcandi
gmat
eri
alsbel
owi
tst
rackl
evel&canhandl
eonl
ysof
t
mat
eri
al.Capaci
tyoft
hedr
agl
i
nei
sindi
cat
edbyt
hebucketcapaci
tymeasur
edi
ncum &
gener
all
yav
ail
abl
ein1t
o15cum capaci
ti
es.
Wor
kingpr
inci
pleofdr
agl
i
nei
sbybucketi
sthr
ownoutf
rom t
hedr
agl
i
neont
het
opof
t
heear
tht
obeexcav
atedandt
henpul
l
edbackt
owar
dst
hebaseoft
hemachi
ne.
Dr
agl
i
neconsi
stsoft
heboom,bucket
,hoi
stcabl
e,dumpcabl
e&dr
agl
i
ne.Excav
ati
ng
i
saccompl
i
shedbypul
l
ingt
hebuckett
owar
dst
hemachi
newhi
l
eregul
ati
ngt
hedi
ggi
ng
dept
hbymeansoft
het
ensi
onmai
ntai
nedi
nthehoi
stcabl
e.Whent
hebucketi
sfi
l
led,
t
heoper
atort
akesi
nont
hehoi
st.Thebucketi
ssoconst
ruct
edt
hati
t’
llnotdumpi
ts
cont
ent
suni
titi
sdesi
red.Hoi
sti
ng,swi
ngi
ng&dumpi
ngoft
hel
oadedbucketf
oll
owi
n
t
hator
dert
hent
hecy
clei
srepeat
ed.Dumpi
ngi
saccompl
i
shedbyr
eleasi
ngt
hedr
ag
cabl
e.

Dr
agl
i
neshav
efol
l
owi
ngt
ypesofbucket
s,
Li
ght
:Thesear
esui
tabl
eforl
oose,
drysoi
l
s,sand&gr
avel
.
Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
ore Page110
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

Medi
um: Thesear
eusedf
orcl
ays& compact
edgr
avel
….et
c.wher
ebuckett
eet
h
penet
rat
eswi
thdi
ff
icul
ty.
Heav
y:Thesebucket
sar
eusedf
orhandl
i
nghar
dmat
eri
als&br
okenr
ocks.
I
tisnecessar
ytoconsi
dert
hewei
ghtoft
hebucket
,si
ncewei
ghtoft
hebucketwi
th
wei
ghtoft
hemat
eri
ali
niti
sdet
ermi
nedbyt
heboom st
rengt
h.

APPLI
CATI
ON
1.Bel
owgr
oundl
evel
isexcav
atedeasi
l
y.
2.
wher
ecl
oset
ri
mmi
ngi
srequi
red.
3.
itswi
nghor
izont
all
yatanyangl
eandl
oadi
ngpr
ocessi
squi
ck.

LI
MITATI
ONS
1.
keepbuckett
eet
hshar
pandbui
l
tupt
othepr
opersi
ze.
2.
digi
nlay
ers,
noti
ndi
tches.
3.
keepdi
ggi
ngsur
facesl
opedupt
owar
dsshov
el.
4.
swi
ngbucketuni
twi
thl
oadcauset
wist
ed.

CLAM SHELL
I
tisamachi
nehav
ingmostoft
hechar
act
eri
sti
csofdr
agl
i
ne&cr
anei
ncommon.Cl
am
shel
lconsi
stsofabucketoft
wohal
vesorshel
lwhi
chi
shi
ngedt
oget
heratt
op.The
shel
l
smaybeat
tachedt
otheshov
el-
craneuni
tsoratt
heboom ofadr
agl
i
ne.Theopen
cl
am-
shel
lbucketi
sthr
ownont
het
opoft
hel
oosemat
eri
alt
obedugandast
hebucket

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
ore Page111
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

i
sli
ft
ed,
thet
wohal
vescl
oseent
rappi
ngt
hemat
eri
ali
ntot
hebucket
.Thi
sequi
pmenti
s
usef
ulf
orexcav
ati
onofsof
ttomedi
um mat
eri
alsandl
oosemat
eri
alatorbel
ow
exi
sti
nggr
oundsur
face.

APPLI
CATI
ON
1.Wher
edi
ggi
ngordumpi
ngi
nav
ert
icalpl
anei
.e.
,bel
ow atorabov
egr
oundl
eveli
s
r
equi
red.
2.
Fordi
ggi
ngt
renches.
3.
Wher
emat
eri
alsr
elat
ivel
ysof
tormedi
um har
d.
4.
Forchar
gingt
hemat
eri
alsi
nabi
norast
ockpi
l
e.
5.
Wher
eaccur
atedumpi
ngi
srequi
red.

HOE
Thi
sequi
pmental
soknownasdr
agshov
elorpul
lshov
el.Theequi
pmenthasabi
l
ityt
o
penet
rat
eev
ent
het
oughestofmat
eri
al.Duet
othi
sabi
l
ityt
hesear
ecommonl
yusedi
n
quar
ri
eswhi
chhav
etoughdi
ggi
ngcondi
ti
ons&onepr
om t
ofl
oodi
ng.Ast
hename
i
tsel
findi
cat
esdi
ggi
ngoft
heear
thi
sdonebydr
aggi
ngorpul
l
ingoft
heear
thi
sdoneby
dr
aggi
ngorpul
l
ingoft
hebuckett
owar
dsmachi
newher
easi
npowershov
elbucket
makesout
war
dst
rokeswhi
l
edi
ggi
ng.
Thi
sshov
elconsi
stsofbucket&st
ick,aj
ackboom,t
hest
icki
nhoei
shi
ngedbyapi
n
wi
thaboom asshowni
nthef
igur
e&t
husenabl
est
otakeanydesi
redt
urnbestsui
ted
f
ordi
ggi
ngordumpi
ngoper
ati
ons.Thel
owerendoft
hest
ickcar
ri
est
hebucket
,whi
l
e
t
heupperendcomesasheav
ehav
ingahoi
stcabl
esuppor
tedonaj
ackboom att
he
ot
herend&passesont
othehoi
stdr
um.Ther
efor
ewhenapul
lisappl
i
edt
oahoi
st
cabl
e,t
her
eact
ionatt
hehi
ngeenabl
esboom wi
thst
ickt
omov
eupordown.Thust
he
boom cant
akeanyposi
ti
oni
nver
ti
cal
plane.

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
ore Page112
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

APPLI
CATI
ON
1.Fordi
ggi
ngt
het
renched,
foot
ingsorbasement
s.
2.
Todi
gmat
eri
alswhi
chi
shar
d.
3.
Whenexcav
ati
oni
srequi
redbel
owt
hegr
oundl
evel
&di
ggi
ngdoneatt
heshor
tspan.
4.
Whencl
oset
ri
mmi
ngi
srequi
reddur
ingexcav
ati
on.

COMPARI SON
Poi nt of Di
ppershovel Dragli
ne Backhoe Cl
amshel l
consi der ati
on
Oper ati
oni n
hardsoi l
or good Poor Good good
rock.
Oper ati
oni n
wetsoi lor poor Fai
r Poor fair
mud.
Di stanceb/ w
footingand small Long Small long
di
ggi ng.
Loadi ng
Precisebut
eff i
ciencyi nto Verygood Fai
r Good
slow
thev ehicl
es.
Atorabov e Belowf ooti
ng Belowf ooti
ng Atorabov e
Di ggingl evel.
footi
nglev
el level l
evel foot
ingl ev
el
Cy cl
et imeas
compar edt o - Mor e Sli
ghtl
ymor e Hi gh
di ppershov el

COMPACTI
ONEQUI
PMENT

1.Thr
ee-
wheel
edr
oadr
oll
er

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
ore Page113
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

Thi
sist
hemostcommonr
oll
i
ngequi
pmentandi
sver
sat
il
einappl
i
cat
ions.I
tisdi
esel
power
ed;t
hedi
amet
eroft
hef
rontr
olli
sar
ound105cm,
itswi
dthbei
ngar
ound100cm.
Thedi
amet
eroft
her
arer
olli
sar
ound145cm,i
tswi
dthbei
ngar
ound50cm.Ther
oll
i
ng
wi
dthi
sar
ound2m.Thef
rontr
ollgi
vesal
oadofar
ound35-
40kg/
cm wi
dthandt
he
f
rontr
ollgi
vesal
oadof70-
80kg/
cm wi
dth.Thespeedofr
oll
i
ngi
sint
her
ange1.
5-
6.
0kmph.Theout
putofat
hreewheelr
oll
er,
8-10T,
forv
ari
ousj
obs.Thesmoot
hwheel
r
oll
eri
ssui
tabl
etor
ollawi
der
angeofsoi
l
,pr
efer
abl
ygr
anul
arsoi
landpav
ement
mat
eri
alsf
ort
hev
ari
ousl
ayer
s.Gener
all
y6-
12passesar
eneeded.

2.Pneumat
ict
yredr
oll
er
Pneumat
ict
yredr
oll
ersconsi
stofaboxmount
edov
ert
woaxl
e,t
her
earaxl
ehav
ingone
mor
ewheelt
hant
hef
rontandt
hewheel
soft
hef
rontaxl
essoar
rangedt
hatt
heyar
e
l
ocat
edi
npl
ani
nb/
wther
earwheel
s.Gener
all
yther
ear
efourwheeli
nfr
ontandf
iveat
r
are.Wei
ghti
sint
her
angeof12-
45t
onnes.Ther
oll
eri
ssui
tabl
eforcompact
ingnon-
pl
ast
icsoi
l
sandsi
l
tysoi
l
s.Theopt
imum speedi
s4kmph.
Pneumat
ict
yred r
oll
ers ar
e al
so used f
ori
nter
medi
ater
oll
i
ng ofdense asphal
ti
c
concr
ete.Rol
l
ing of12-
18 T i
sused.Thet
yrepr
essur
eshoul
d beami
nimum of
0. m2.Theno.ofpassesr
5MN/ equi
redi
sabout8-
12.

3.Sheepsf
ootr
oll
ers
Sheepsf
ootr
oll
ersconsi
stofhol
l
owci
rcul
ardr
umsofst
eel1.
2-1.
5m l
ongand0.
9-1.
2m
di
a,wi
thl
egsort
ampi
ngf
eetont
heci
rcumf
erent
ialar
eaatt
her
ateof12-
18persquar
e
met
erofar
ea.Thet
ampi
ngf
eetont
hedr
umsar
est
agger
edi
ntor
ows.Ther
oll
erscan
bebal
l
ast
edwi
thwat
erorwetsoi
l
.Thewei
ghtofasi
ngl
edr
um i
sint
her
ange1200-
1800kgwhenempt
yand2200-
2800kgwhenbal
l
ast
ed.At
ract
orof45HPcanpul
la
si
ngl
edr
um.Aspeedof4kmphi
scommon.
Sheepsf
ootr
oll
ersar
esui
tabl
eforcohesi
vesoi
landt
hemoi
stur
econt
entoft
hesoi
l
s
shoul
dbepr
efer
abl
yneart
hei
rpl
ast
icl
i
mit
.Theno.ofpassesofsheepsf
ootr
oll
ers
dependsupont
het
ypeofsoi
l
,moi
stur
econt
entanddensi
tydesi
red.Gener
all
y8-
16

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
ore Page114
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

passesar
eneeded.Usi
ngasheepsf
ootcompact
orhasonedef
ini
tebenef
it
.Because
t
het
opl
i
ftofsoi
li
sal
way
sbei
ngf
luf
fed,
thepr
ocesshel
psaer
ateanddr
youtwetcl
ays
andsi
l
ts.

Butt
hedi
sadv
ant
agesofsheepsf
ootcompact
orsar
enumer
ous.Thel
ooset
op-
li
ft
mat
eri
alcanactasaspongewheni
trai
nsandsl
owt
hecompact
ionpr
ocess.Thel
oose
mat
eri
alal
sosl
owshaul
i
nguni
tst
hatdeposi
tfi
l
lmat
eri
al,sohaulcy
clet
imesar
e
i
ncr
eased.

4.Vi
brat
oryr
oll
ers
Vi
brat
oryr
oll
ershav
ebecomev
erypopul
ari
n hi
ghwayengi
neer
ing appl
i
cat
ionsi
n
r
ecenty
ear
swi
tht
hegr
owi
ngneedt
ocompactpav
ementl
ayer
sandsubgr
adet
ohi
gh
densi
ty.Compact
ingt
osuchhi
ghdensi
tybyst
ati
crol
l
eri
sver
ydi
ff
icul
tandcost
ly.
Si
ncev
ibr
ator
yrol
l
ersi
nduceosci
l
lat
ions,t
heyar
eabl
eto1.Achi
evebr
eak-
downof
i
nter
nalf
ri
cti
onbet
weenpar
ti
clesofr
oadconst
ruct
ionmat
eri
alsand2.Br
ingabout
bet
teror
ient
ati
onofpar
ti
clescausedbycy
cli
cdef
ormat
ion.Bot
hcohesi
veandnon-
cohesi
vemat
eri
alscanbecompact
edbyv
ibr
ator
yrol
l
ers.
Vi
brat
oryr
oll
ersar
eusedf
orcompact
ingsoi
l
sandgr
anul
arl
ayer
s,af
requencyof1500-
2500v
ibr
ati
onspermi
nut
eandampl
i
tudeof0.
8-1.
5mm ar
erecommended.

COMPARISON
SL. Compacti
onequi
pment Appl
i
cat
ions
NO.
1 Smoothwheelr
oll
er 1.Ear
thr
oll
i
ng
2.Soi
lst
abi
l
izat
ion
3.Rol
l
inggr
anul
arbase
4.Rol
l
ingsur
facedr
essi
ng,pr
emi
xcar
pet
,mi
x
seal
,bi
tumi
nous macadam,bui
l
t-up-
spr
ay
gr
out
.
2 Sheepsf
ootr
oll
er 1.Rol
l
ingcohesi
vesoi
l
s

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
ore Page115
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

3 Pneumat
ict
yredr
oll
er 1.Rol
l
ingnon-
plast
icsi
l
tyandsi
l
tysoi
l
s
2.I
nter
medi
ater
oll
i
ngofasphal
ti
cconcr
ete
4 Vi
brat
oryr
oll
er 1.Compact
ingsandandcohesi
onl
esssoi
l
2.Compact
ingal
lty
peofsoi
l
sforobt
aini
ng
hi
ghdensi
ti
es
3.Compact
inggr
anul
arbasesandsub-
bases
t
oobt
ainhi
ghdensi
ti
es
4.Compact
ingbi
tumi
nousbasesandsur
faces
t
oobt
ainhi
ghdegr
eeofcompact
ion
5 Hand oper
ated v
ibr
ator
y 1.Compact
ingsandandcohesi
onl
esssoi
l
r
oll
ers 2.Compact
ingi
nrest
ri
ctedspace.

SPECI
ALEQUI
PMENTFORBI
TUMENANDCEMENTCONCRETEPAVEMENT

1.Bi
tumenst
orageequi
pment
:
Bi
tumeni
sst
oredi
ndr
umsori
nspeci
albul
khandl
i
ngdepot
s.Thecapaci
tyofonedr
um
i
s155-
162kgofbi
tumen.Thebi
tument
ank-
lor
ryhasacapaci
tyi
nther
angeof6-
12T.A
pumpwi
thacapaci
tyofabout200-
300l
i
ter
spermi
nut
eispr
ovi
ded.Thet
anki
s
adequat
elyi
nsul
atedandar
rangementf
orheat
ingandpumpi
ngi
spr
ovi
ded.
2.Bi
tumenboi
ler
s:
Bi
tumenboi
l
ersar
eneededf
orheat
ingbi
tumenobt
ainedi
npackedf
orm.Boi
l
ersofa
wi
der
angeofcapaci
tyar
eav
ail
abl
e.100-
10,
000l
i
ter
scapaci
tyboi
l
ersar
est
andar
dized
byI
SI.

3.Bi
tumenpr
essur
edi
str
ibut
ers:
Abi
tumenpr
essur
edi
str
ibut
eri
sat
ankofcapaci
ty5000-
20,
000l
i
ter
smount
edona
l
orr
y,hav
ingoi
l
-fi
redbur
ner
sandapump.Bi
tumencanbeappl
i
edatapr
essur
eont
o
t
he r
oad sur
face i
n connect
ion wi
th speci
fi
cat
ions l
i
ke sur
face dr
essi
ng,gr
out
ed
macadam,
bui
l
t-up-
spr
aygr
out
,sealcoat
,tackcoatet
c.Thequant
it
yofbi
tumencanbe
accur
atel
ycont
rol
l
ed bya met
eri
ng dev
ice and al
so wi
th speed atwhi
ch v
ehi
cle

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
ore Page116
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

oper
ates.
4.Bi
tumi
nousHot
-Mi
xPl
ant
s:
I
nabat
chmi
xi
ngpl
ant
,var
ioussi
zesofhotaggr
egat
esi
nst
oragebi
nsar
ewi
thdr
awni
n
pr
e-det
ermi
nedquant
it
iest
omakeone‘
bat
ch’bef
oremi
xi
ngwi
thapr
edet
ermi
ned
quant
it
yofbi
tumen.I
tcompr
isest
hef
oll
owi
ng:
a.Col
daggr
egat
est
oragebi
nsofdi
ff
erentaggr
egat
esi
zes:Theseshoul
dbeat
l
eastf
ouri
nnumber
,wi
thdi
schar
gegat
est
ocont
rolt
hef
low ofaggr
egat
esof
di
ff
erentsi
zesi
nthedesi
redamount
s.
b.Conv
eyorandcol
del
evat
or:Thecol
daggr
egat
efeedi
ngsy
stem di
schar
gesont
o
aconv
eyori
npr
e-setquant
it
iest
ogi
vet
her
equi
redgr
adi
ngandt
heni
ntot
he
col
del
evat
orwhi
chdi
schar
gesi
ntot
hedr
yer
.
c.Dr
yer
:Themai
nfunct
ionsofadr
yerar
e(i
)remov
alofmoi
stur
efr
om t
he
aggr
egat
es,
andt
hisv
apouri
sdr
awnof
fbyt
hedr
aught(
ii
)toheatt
heaggr
egat
e
sot
hatt
heyar
eoft
her
ightt
emper
atur
eformi
xi
ngwi
thbi
tumeni
nthepugmi
l
l.
d.Temper
atur
emeasur
ingdev
ice:
Iti
sessent
ial
fort
hecont
rol
ofqual
i
tyoft
hemi
x
e.Hotel
evat
ors:Theseconsi
stofasy
stem ofbucketel
evat
orshousedwi
thi
na
cov
eredchamber
.
f
. Hotscr
eeni
nguni
t:Thehotmat
eri
alscar
ri
edbyt
heel
evat
orsar
edi
schar
gedov
er
a mul
ti
-deckv
ibr
ati
ng t
abl
escr
een whi
ch separ
atest
hedi
ff
erentaggr
egat
e
f
ract
ionsi
ntot
hedi
ff
erenthotbi
ns.
g.Hotaggr
egat
ebi
ns:Thesear
ethet
empor
aryst
oragef
ort
hehotaggr
egat
esof
di
ff
erentsi
zes.Theyhav
edi
schar
gegat
esopeni
ngatt
hebot
tom.
h.Fi
l
lsi
l
o:Becauseofi
tsf
ineness,t
hef
il
lermat
eri
ali
sst
oredsepar
atel
yinaf
il
ler
si
l
oand,af
terwei
ghi
ng,t
hehopperdi
schar
gest
hef
il
lermat
eri
ali
ntot
hemi
xer
,
gener
all
yaf
terbi
tumenhasbeenadmi
tt
edi
ntot
hemi
xer
.
i
. Bi
tumensuppl
yar
rangement
:bi
tumeni
spumpedi
ntoaspeci
albucketofknown
wei
ghtandwei
ghedonascal
eori
tmaybemeasur
edi
nvol
umebyamet
er.
j
. Measur
ingandmi
xi
ngofaggr
egat
eandbi
tumen:Theaggr
egat
eisdr
awnf
rom
hotbi
nsi
npr
edet
ermi
nedquant
it
iesanddr
oppedi
ntoapugmi
l
lmi
xeri
nbat
ches;
t
her
equi
redamountofbi
tumeni
saddedandmi
xedwi
thaggr
egat
e.Thehot

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
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T&M,
Bangal
ore Page117
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

aggr
egat
esandt
hehotbi
tumenar
ethor
oughl
ymi
xedi
nthepugmi
l
lmi
xer
.
k.Di
schar
gei
ntot
ruckorhotst
oragesi
l
o:Af
tert
hemi
xi
ngoper
ati
onhasbeen
compl
eted,
thef
inalmi
xtur
eisdi
schar
gedf
rom t
hebot
tom oft
hepugmi
l
lmi
xer
di
rect
lyt
othehaul
i
ngt
ruckbel
ow ort
akent
oahotst
oragesi
l
ofort
empor
ary
st
ori
ngt
hemi
x,bef
orehaul
i
ng.

5.Pav
erf
ini
sher
:
Apav
erf
ini
sheri
sindi
spensabl
eforl
ayi
nghot
-mi
xhot
-l
aidbi
tumi
nousspeci
fi
cat
ions.
Theequi
pmenti
ssel
f-
propel
l
edandi
scapabl
eofl
ayi
ngt
hebi
tumi
nousmat
eri
alt
oany
desi
redt
hicknessandpar
ti
all
ycompacti
tbymeansofav
ibr
ati
ngscr
eed.Thepav
er
hasahopperi
ntowhi
cht
her
ear
-dumpt
ruckscandi
schar
get
hemi
x.Thepav
ermaybe
cr
awl
ermount
ed(
tracked)orequi
ppedwi
thr
ubbert
yreswhi
chper
mitagr
eat
erdegr
ee
off
reedom f
ormov
ement
.Thecr
awl
er-
mount
edmachi
nesar
emor
est
abl
eandcan
suppor
tgr
eat
erwi
dthoft
hescr
eed.Thescr
eedwi
dthcanbeadj
ust
ed,gener
all
yint
he
r
ange2t
o5m.Thebi
tumi
nousmi
xdi
schar
gedf
orat
ipperl
orr
yint
other
ecei
vi
ng
hopperi
nthef
rontpor
ti
onoft
hepav
eri
scar
ri
edal
ongt
heconv
eyort
hroughf
low
cont
rol
gat
est
otheauger
swhi
chdi
str
ibut
ethemat
eri
ali
nfr
ontoft
hescr
eed,
tot
hef
ull
wi
dthoft
hescr
eed.Ast
ri
keofbeam,whi
chal
sot
ampst
hemat
,cont
rol
sthel
ayer
t
hickness.Thepav
erf
ini
sheroper
atesatspeeds1.
5-10m/
min.Aspeedof3-
5m/
min
wi
l
lbef
oundgener
all
yaccept
abl
e.Thewi
dthoft
hematcanbeadj
ust
edi
nther
ange2-
5m.Thecr
oss-
prof
il
ecanbecont
rol
l
edbyadj
ust
ingt
hescr
ewsoft
hesr
ike-
offbeam.
Pav
erf
ini
sherofcapaci
ty45-
75T/
hrar
egener
all
yusedf
orr
oadwor
k.

1.Bat
chi
ngandmi
xingpl
ant
s:
Thei
ngr
edi
ent
sforconcr
etear
eal
way
spr
opor
ti
onedbywei
ghti
nawei
ghbat
chi
ng
equi
pment
.
Mi
xi
ngofconcr
etei
sdonebyconcr
etemi
xer
swhi
char
eav
ail
abl
einav
ari
etyofsi
zes,
mi
xi
ngi
scont
inuedf
oraper
iodofnotl
esst
hanoneandhal
fmi
nut
esaf
teral
lthe
mat
eri
alsar
eint
roduce.Ti
l
tingdr
um t
ypemi
xer
sar
eav
ail
abl
einsmal
lsi
zes,wher
eas
not
-t
il
ti
ngdr
um t
ypemi
xer
sar
eav
ail
abl
einl
argesi
zes.

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
ore Page118
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

2.Tr
anspor
tat
ion,
placi
ngandcompact
ionconcr
ete:
Gener
all
y, o10m3t
5t ipper
sar
eidealf
ort
ranspor
tat
ionandpl
aci
ngconcr
ete.Concr
ete
di
schar
gedont
hecar
ri
agewayi
sspr
eadov
ert
hewhol
ewi
dthwi
tht
hehel
pofscr
ew
spr
eader
.Concr
ete pav
erf
ini
sherconsi
sts ofspr
eadi
ng,consol
i
dat
ing,scr
eeni
ng,
f
ini
shi
ng,t
ext
uri
ngandcur
ingoper
ati
on.Sl
i
pfor
m pav
ersar
emuchheav
ierandmor
e
power
fulequi
pment
swhi
chmov
eont
rackscompar
edt
othef
ixedf
orm machi
nes.A
t
ypi
cal
sli
pfor
mtr
ainconsi
stsofpav
er,
int
endedf
orspr
eadi
ngt
hemi
xov
ert
hewi
dthof
t
hecar
ri
ageway
,af
ini
sherwhi
chv
ibr
ates,f
ormsanappr
opr
iat
emoul
dandf
ini
shest
he
sur
faceandl
ast
ly,api
eceofequi
pmentcapabl
eoft
ext
uri
ngandspr
ayi
ngt
hecur
ing
compound.Sl
i
pfor
m pav
ingi
smor
epopul
art
hanf
ixedf
orm pav
ing.

STABI
LIZEDSOI
LROADCONSTRUCTI
ON
Thesoi
lst
abi
l
izat
ionmeanst
hei
mpr
ovementofst
abi
l
ityorbear
ingpoweroft
hesoi
lby
t
he use ofcont
rol
l
ed compact
ion,pr
opor
ti
oni
ng and/
ort
he addi
ti
on ofsui
tabl
e
admi
xtur
eorst
abi
l
izer
s.

BASI
CPRI
NCI
PLESOFSOI
LSTABI
LIZATI
ON
Ev
aluat
ingt
hepr
oper
ti
esofgi
vensoi
l
Deci
dingt
hel
acki
ngpr
oper
tyofsoi
landchooseef
fect
iveandeconomi
calmet
hodof
soi
lst
abi
l
izat
ion
NEEDFORSOI
LSTABI
LIZATI
ON
1.Desi
gni
ngt
heSt
abi
l
izedsoi
lmi
xfori
ntendedst
abi
l
ityanddur
abi
l
ityv
alues
2.
Limi
tedFi
nanci
alResour
cest
opr
ovi
deacompl
etenet
wor
kRoadSy
stem t
obui
l
din
conv
ent
ional
met
hod
3.
Eff
ect
iveut
il
izat
ionofl
ocal
l
yav
ail
abl
esoi
l
sandot
hersui
tabl
est
abi
l
izi
ngagent
s.
4.
Encour
agi
ngt
heuseofI
ndust
ri
alWast
agesi
nbui
l
dingl
owcostconst
ruct
ionofr
oads.

METHODSOFSOI
LSTABI
LIZATI
ON
1.Mechani
cal
Stabi
l
izat
ion

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
ore Page119
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

2.Soi
lCementSt
abi
l
izat
ion
3.Soi
lLi
meSt
abi
l
izat
ion
4.Soi
lBi
tumenSt
abi
l
izat
ion
5.Li
meFl
yashSt
abi
l
izat
ion
6.Li
meFl
yashBoundMacadam.

1.
Mechani
calSt
abi
li
zat
ion
a.Thi
smet
hodi
ssui
tabl
eforl
owv
olumer
oadsi
.e.Vi
l
lager
oadsi
nlowr
ainf
all
areas.
b.Thi
smet
hodi
nvol
vest
hecor
rect
lypr
opor
ti
oni
ngofaggr
egat
esandsoi
l
,adequat
ely
compact
edt
ogetmechani
cal
l
yst
abl
elay
er
c.The Basi
c Pr
inci
ples ofMechani
calSt
abi
l
izat
ion ar
e Cor
rectPr
opor
ti
oni
ng and
Ef
fect
iveCompact
ion.

Fact
orsAf
fect
ingMechani
calSt
abi
li
zat
ion
1.Mechani
cal
Str
engt
hofaggr
egat
es
2.Gr
adat
ion
3.Pr
oper
ti
esoft
heSoi
l
4.Pr
esenceofSal
ts
5.Compact
ion

Mechani
cal
Str
engt
h
Whent
hesoi
lisusedi
nsmal
lpr
opor
ti
ont
ofi
l
lupt
hev
oidst
hecr
ushi
ngst
rengt
hof
aggr
egat
esi
simpor
tant
Gr
adat
ion
Awel
lgr
adedaggr
egat
esoi
lmi
xresul
tsi
nami
xwi
thhi
ghdr
ydensi
tyandst
abi
l
ity
v
alues
Pr
oper
ti
esofsoi
l
Ami
xwi
thPl
ast
ici
tyI
ndex,r
esul
tspoorst
abi
l
ityundersoaki
ngcondi
ti
ons.Hencei
tis

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B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
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vi
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ore Page120
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

desi
rabl
etol
i
mitt
hepl
ast
ici
tyi
ndexoft
hesoi
l
Pr
esenceofChemi
cal
s
Pr
esenceofSal
tsl
i
keSul
phat
esandmi
caar
eundesi
rabl
e
Pr
esenceofCal
cium Chl
ori
dei
sBenef
ici
al
Compact
ion
Ef
fect
iveCompact
ioni
sdesi
rabl
etopr
oducehi
ghdensi
tyandst
abi
l
itymi
x.

2.
Soi
lCementSt
abi
li
zat
ion
1.
Soi
lCementi
sani
nti
mat
emi
xofsoi
l
,cementandwat
er,
compact
edt
ofor
m ast
rong
basecour
se.
2.
Cementt
reat
edorcement
smodi
fi
edsoi
lref
erst
othecompact
edmi
xwhencementi
s
usedi
nsmal
lpr
opor
ti
onst
oimpar
tsomest
rengt
h.
3.
Soi
lCementcanbeusedasasub-
baseorbasecour
sef
oral
lty
pesofPav
ement
s

Fact
orsaf
fect
ingsoi
lcementst
abi
l
izat
ion
1.
Soi
l
2.
Cement
3.
Pul
ver
isat
ionandMi
xi
ng
4.
Compact
ion
5.
Cur
ing
6.
Addi
ti
ves

3.
Soi
lLi
meSt
abi
li
zat
ion
1.
Soi
l
-Li
mehasbeenwi
del
yusedasamodi
fi
erorabi
nder
2.
Soi
l
-Li
mei
susedasmodi
fi
eri
nhi
ghpl
ast
ici
tysoi
l
s
3.
Soi
lLi
meal
soi
mpar
tssomebi
ndi
ngact
ionev
eni
ngr
anul
arsoi
l
s

Fact
orsaf
fect
ingPr
oper
ti
esofSoi
l
-Li
me

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
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T&M,
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ore Page121
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

1.
Gener
all
yincr
ease i
nli
me cont
ent causes sl
i
ght change i
nli
qui
dli
mit and
consi
der
abl
eincr
easei
nPl
ast
ici
tyi
ndex
2.
Ther
ateofi
ncr
easei
sfi
rstr
api
dandt
hendecr
easesbey
ondacer
tai
nli
mit
3.
Thepoi
nti
sof
tent
ermedasl
i
mef
ixat
ionpoi
nt
4.
Thi
sisconsi
der
edasdesi
gnl
i
mecont
ent

4.
Soi
l-Bi
tumi
nousSt
abi
li
zat
ion
1.
TheBasi
cPr
inci
plesoft
hisst
abi
l
izat
ionar
eWat
erPr
oof
ingandBi
ndi
ng
2.
ByWat
erPr
oof
ingi
nher
entst
rengt
handot
herpr
oper
ti
escoul
dber
etai
ned
3.MostCommonl
yusedmat
eri
alsar
eCut
backandEmul
sion
4.
Bit
umenSt
abi
l
izedl
ayermaybeusedas
5.
Sub-
baseorbasecour
sef
oral
lther
oads

5.
Limef
lyashst
abi
li
zat
ion
1.
A mi
xtur
e off
lyash and soi
lwhen st
abi
l
ized usi
ng l
i
me i
s cal
l
ed l
i
me f
lyash
st
abi
l
izat
ion.
2.
Thi
smat
eri
alcanbeusedf
orconst
ruct
ingsubbaseorbasecour
seofr
ural
roads.
3.
Thi
swoul
dbepar
ti
cul
arl
yat
tract
ivewher
efl
yashi
seasi
l
yav
ail
abl
e.

6.
Limef
lyashboundmacadam
1.
In conv
ent
ionalWBM,l
ow pl
ast
ic mat
eri
als,wi
th scr
eeni
ngs ar
e used as f
il
ler
mat
eri
als.
2.
Fil
l
eri
smadeupofami
xtur
eofl
i
me,f
lyashandmoor
um i
nsui
tabl
epr
opor
ti
on
i
mpr
ovest
heper
for
mance.
3.
Thi
sist
ermedsLFBM
4.
Thel
oadbear
ingcapaci
tyofLFBM wi
l
lbesuper
iort
othatofWBM.

1.Expl
aint
hepr
ocedur
eoft
hecompact
ingequi
pment
’susedf
orhi
ghwayconst
ruct
ion?
Ment
ioni
tsspeci
fi
cuses.

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nod.
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Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
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ore Page122
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

2.Li
stanyf
ourt
ypesofequi
pment
’susedf
ori
)Gr
adi
ngi
i
)Compact
ionandexpl
ainany
oneequi
pmentf
oreach.
3.
Expl
aint
he wor
king pr
inci
ple ofi
)Powershov
eli
i
)Dr
ag l
i
ne wi
th neatsket
ch
i
i
i)scr
aper
siv
)pav
ers.
4.
Ment
ion t
he equi
pment
’sused f
orexcav
ati
on i
nthe const
ruct
ion ofbi
tumi
nous
pav
ement
s.Expl
ainanyt
wo,
wit
hneatsket
ches.f
orwetmi
xmacadam.
5.
Listv
ari
ousequi
pmentsusedf
ort
her
oadconst
ruct
ion.
stat
ethemer
it
sanddemer
it
s
ofanyt
hreesophi
sti
cat
edequi
pment
.
6.
Expl
ainanyonet
estpr
ocedur
eofqual
i
tycont
rolt
estusedt
oev
aluat
eadequacyof
subbasecompact
ion.
7.
Listandexpl
aint
ypesofcompact
ingequi
pmentusedf
orhi
ghwayconst
ruct
ion.
bri
ng
outadv
ant
agesanddi
sadv
ant
agesofsheepf
ootr
oll
ers.
8.
Ment
ion anyf
ourt
ypesofequi
pment
’sused f
ori
)excav
ati
on i
i
)cementconcr
ete
pav
ementconst
ruct
ionandexpl
ainanyoneequi
pmentf
oreach.
9.
Descr
ibet
hespeci
fi
cat
ionandwor
kingpr
inci
pleofapav
erf
ini
sher
.
10.
Enumer
atet
hest
epsi
nthepr
epar
ati
onofsubgr
ade.
how i
stheadequacyoft
he
compact
ioni
nthef
iel
dev
aluat
e?

Vi
nod.
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Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
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ore Page123
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

PART-B
PAVEMENTCONSTRUCTI
ON
UNI
T-6
SUBGRADE:Ear
thwor
kgr
adi
ngandconst
ruct
ionofembankment
sandcut
sforr
oads.
Pr
epar
ati
onofsubgr
ade,
qual
i
tycont
rolt
est
s. 6
Hour
s

Hi
ghway const
ruct
ion i
s gener
all
y pr
eceded by det
ail
ed sur
vey
s and subgr
ade
pr
epar
ati
on.Themet
hodsandt
echnol
ogyf
orconst
ruct
inghi
ghway
shasev
olv
edov
er
t
imeand becomei
ncr
easi
ngl
ysophi
sti
cat
ed.Thi
sadv
ancementi
ntechnol
ogyhas
r
aisedt
hel
evelofski
l
lset
srequi
redt
omanagehi
ghwayconst
ruct
ionpr
oject
s.Thi
sski
l
l
v
ari
esf
rom pr
ojectt
opr
oject
,dependi
ngonf
act
orssuchast
hepr
oject
'scompl
exi
ty
andnat
ure,
thecont
rast
sbet
weennewconst
ruct
ionandr
econst
ruct
ion,
anddi
ff
erences
bet
weenur
banr
egi
onandr
ural
regi
onpr
oject
s.

Ther
ear
eanumberofel
ement
sofhi
ghwayconst
ruct
ionwhi
chcanbebr
okenupi
nto
t
echni
calandcommer
cialel
ement
soft
hesy
stem.Someexampl
esofeachar
eli
sted
bel
ow:

Techni
cal
Element
s

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
ore Page124
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

Mat
eri
als
Mat
eri
alqual
i
ty
I
nst
all
ati
ont
echni
ques
Tr
aff
ic
Commer
cial
Element
s
Cont
ractunder
standi
ng
Env
ironment
alaspect
s
Pol
i
tical
aspect
s
Legal
aspect
s
Publ
i
cconcer
ns

Ty
pical
l
y,const
ruct
ionbegi
nsatt
hel
owestel
evat
ionoft
hesi
te,r
egar
dlessoft
he
pr
ojectt
ype,andmov
esupwar
d.Byr
evi
ewi
ngt
hegeot
echni
calspeci
fi
cat
ionsoft
he
pr
oject
,inf
ormat
ioni
sgi
venabout
:
Exi
sti
nggr
oundcondi
ti
ons
Requi
redequi
pmentf
orexcav
ati
on,
gradi
ng,
andmat
eri
alt
ranspor
tat
iont
oandf
rom t
he
si
tePr
oper
ti
esofmat
eri
alst
obeexcav
ated
Dewat
eri
ngr
equi
rement
snecessar
yforbel
ow-
gradewor
k
Shor
ingr
equi
rement
sforexcav
ati
onpr
otect
ion
Wat
erquant
it
iesf
orcompact
ionanddustcont
rol

Subbasecour
seconst
ruct
ion
Asubbasecour
sei
sal
ayerdesi
gnedofcar
eful
l
ysel
ect
edmat
eri
alst
hati
slocat
ed
bet
weent
hesubgr
adeandbasecour
seoft
hepav
ement
.Thesubbaset
hicknessi
s
gener
all
yint
her
angeof4t
o16i
nches,andi
tisdesi
gnedt
owi
thst
andt
her
equi
red
st
ruct
uralcapaci
tyoft
hepav
ementsect
ion.
Commonmat
eri
alsusedf
orahi
ghway
subbasei
ncl
udegr
avel
,cr
ushedst
one,orsubgr
adesoi
lthati
sst
abi
l
izedwi
thcement
,
f
lyash,orl
i
me.Per
meabl
esubbasecour
sesar
ebecomi
ngmor
epr
eval
entbecauseof
t
hei
rabi
l
ityt
odr
aini
nfi
l
trat
ingwat
erf
rom t
hesur
face.Theyal
sopr
eventsubsur
face
wat
erf
rom r
eachi
ngt
hepav
ementsur
face.Whenl
ocalmat
eri
alcost
sar
eexcessi
vel
y

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
ore Page125
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

expensi
vel
yort
hemat
eri
alr
equi
rement
stoi
ncr
easet
hest
ruct
uralbear
ingoft
hesub-
basear
enotr
eadi
l
yav
ail
abl
e,hi
ghwayengi
neer
scani
ncr
easet
hebear
ingcapaci
tyof
t
heunder
lyi
ngsoi
lbymi
xi
ngi
nPor
tl
andcement
,foamedasphal
t,orwi
themer
ging
t
echnol
ogi
es such as t
he cr
oss-
li
nki
ng st
yrene acr
yli
cpol
ymert
hati
ncr
eases t
he
Cal
i
for
niaBear
ingRat
ioofi
n-si
tumat
eri
alsbyaf
act
or4–6.
Basecour
seconst
ruct
ion
Thebasecour
sei
sther
egi
onoft
hepav
ementsect
iont
hati
slocat
eddi
rect
lyundert
he
sur
facecour
se.I
fther
eisasubbasecour
se,t
hebasecour
sei
sconst
ruct
eddi
rect
ly
aboutt
hisl
ayer
.Ot
her
wise,i
tisbui
l
tdi
rect
lyont
opoft
hesubgr
ade.Ty
picalbase
cour
set
hicknessr
angesf
rom 4 t
o6i
nchesand i
sgov
erned byunder
lyi
ng l
ayer
pr
oper
ti
es.Heav
yloadsar
econt
inuousl
yappl
i
edt
opav
ementsur
faces,andt
hebase
l
ayerabsor
bst
hemaj
ori
tyoft
hesest
resses.Gener
all
y,t
hebasecour
sei
sconst
ruct
ed
wi
thanunt
reat
edcr
ushedaggr
egat
esuchascr
ushedst
one,sl
ag,orgr
avel
.Thebase
cour
semat
eri
alwi
l
lhav
est
abi
l
ityundert
heconst
ruct
iont
raf
fi
candgooddr
ainage
char
act
eri
sti
cs.

Thebasecour
semat
eri
alsar
eof
tent
reat
edwi
thcement
,bi
tumen,cal
cium chl
ori
de,
sodi
um chl
ori
de,f
lyash,orl
i
me.Theset
reat
ment
spr
ovi
dei
mpr
ovedsuppor
tforheav
y
l
oads,f
rostsuscept
ibi
l
ity
,andser
vesasamoi
stur
ebar
ri
erbet
weent
hebaseand
sur
facel
ayer
s.
Sur
facecour
seconst
ruct
ion
Ther
ear
etwomostcommonl
yusedt
ypesofpav
ementsur
facesusedi
nhi
ghway
const
ruct
ion:hot
-mi
xasphal
tandPor
tl
andcementconcr
ete.Thesepav
ementsur
face
cour
sespr
ovi
deasmoot
handsaf
eri
dingsur
face,
whi
l
esi
mul
taneousl
ytr
ansf
err
ingt
he
heav
ytr
aff
icl
oadst
hrought
hev
ari
ousbasecour
sesandi
ntot
heunder
lyi
ngsubgr
ade
soi
l
s.
Road sur
faceorpav
ementi
sthedur
abl
esur
facemat
eri
all
aid downon an ar
ea
i
ntendedt
osust
ainv
ehi
cul
arorf
oott
raf
fi
c,suchasar
oadorwal
kway
.Int
hepast
,
gr
avelr
oadsur
faces,cobbl
est
oneandgr
ani
teset
tswer
eext
ensi
vel
yused,butt
hese
sur
faceshav
emost
lybeenr
epl
acedbyasphal
torconcr
etel
aidonacompact
edbase

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
ore Page126
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

cour
se.Roadsur
facesar
efr
equent
lymar
kedt
ogui
det
raf
fi
c.Today
,per
meabl
epav
ing
met
hodsar
ebegi
nni
ngt
obeusedf
orl
ow-
impactr
oadway
sandwal
kway
s.
Asphal
t(speci
fi
cal
l
y,asphal
tconcr
ete)
,somet
imescal
l
edf
lexi
blepav
ementduet
othe
nat
urei
nwhi
chi
tdi
str
ibut
esl
oads,hasbeenwi
del
yusedsi
ncet
he1920s.Thev
iscous
nat
ureoft
hebi
tumenbi
nderal
l
owsasphal
tconcr
etet
osust
ainsi
gni
fi
cantpl
ast
ic
def
ormat
ion,al
thoughf
ati
guef
rom r
epeat
edl
oadi
ngov
ert
imei
sthemostcommon
f
ail
uremechani
sm.Mostasphal
tsur
facesar
elai
donagr
avelbase,whi
chi
sgener
all
y
atl
eastast
hickast
heasphal
tlay
er,
alt
houghsome'
ful
ldept
h'asphal
tsur
facesar
elai
d
di
rect
lyont
henat
ivesubgr
ade.I
nar
easwi
thv
erysof
torexpansi
vesubgr
adessuchas
cl
ayorpeat
,thi
ckgr
avelbasesorst
abi
l
izat
ionoft
hesubgr
adewi
thPor
tl
andcementor
l
i
memayber
equi
red.Pol
ypr
opy
leneandpol
yest
ergeosy
nthet
icshav
eal
sobeenused
f
ort
hispur
poseandi
nsomenor
ther
ncount
ri
es,al
ayerofpol
yst
yreneboar
dshav
e
beenusedt
odel
ayandmi
nimi
zef
rostpenet
rat
ioni
ntot
hesubgr
ade.
Dependi
ngont
het
emper
atur
eatwhi
chi
tisappl
i
ed,asphal
tiscat
egor
izedashotmi
x,
war
m mi
x,orcol
dmi
x.Hotmi
xasphal
tisappl
i
edatt
emper
atur
esov
er300°
F(150°
C)
wi
thaf
reef
loat
ingscr
eed.War
m mi
xasphal
tisappl
i
edatt
emper
atur
esof200–250°
F
(
95–120 °
C),r
esul
ti
ng i
nreduced ener
gyusageand emi
ssi
onsofv
olat
il
eor
gani
c
compounds.
Col
dmi
xasphal
tisof
tenusedonl
owerv
olumer
uralr
oads,wher
ehotmi
x
asphal
twoul
dcoolt
oomuchont
hel
ongt
ri
pfr
om t
heasphal
tpl
antt
otheconst
ruct
ion
si
te.

Anasphal
tconcr
etesur
facewi
l
lgener
all
ybeconst
ruct
edf
orhi
gh-
vol
umepr
imar
y
hi
ghway
shav
inganav
erageannualdai
l
ytr
aff
icl
oadgr
eat
ert
han1200v
ehi
clesper
day
.[5]Adv
ant
agesofasphal
troadway
sincl
uder
elat
ivel
ylownoi
se,r
elat
ivel
ylowcost
compar
edwi
thot
herpav
ingmet
hods,andper
cei
vedeaseofr
epai
r.Di
sadv
ant
ages
i
ncl
udel
essdur
abi
l
ityt
hanot
herpav
ingmet
hods,l
esst
ensi
l
est
rengt
hthanconcr
ete,
t
he t
endencyt
o become sl
i
ckand sof
tin hotweat
herand a cer
tai
n amountof
hy
drocar
bonpol
l
uti
ont
osoi
landgr
oundwat
erorwat
erway
s.

Hot
-mi
xasphal
t(HMA)l
ayer
s

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
ore Page127
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

Hot
-mi
xasphal
tsur
facecour
sesar
eref
err
edt
oasf
lexi
blepav
ement
s.TheSuper
pav
e
Sy
stem wasdev
eloped i
nthel
ate1980sand hasof
fer
ed changest
othedesi
gn
appr
oach,
mixdesi
gn,
speci
fi
cat
ions,
andqual
i
tyt
est
ingofmat
eri
als.
Theconst
ruct
ionofanef
fect
ive,
long-
last
ingasphal
tpav
ementr
equi
resanexper
ienced
const
ruct
ioncr
ew,
commi
tt
edt
othei
rwor
kqual
i
tyandequi
pmentcont
rol
.

Const
ruct
ioni
ssues:
Asphal
tmi
xsegr
egat
ion
Lay
down
Compact
ion
Joi
nts

Apr
imecoati
sal
owv
iscosi
tyasphal
tthati
sappl
i
edt
othebasecour
sepr
iort
olay
ing
t
heHMA sur
facecour
se.Thi
scoatbondsl
oosemat
eri
al,cr
eat
ingacohesi
vel
ayer
bet
weent
hebasecour
seandasphal
tsur
face.
At
ackcoati
sal
owv
iscosi
tyasphal
temul
siont
hati
susedt
ocr
eat
eabondbet
weenan
exi
sti
ngpav
ementsur
faceandnewasphal
tov
erl
ay.Tackcoat
sar
ety
pical
l
yappl
i
edon
adj
acentpav
ement
s(cur
bs)t
oassi
stt
hebondi
ngoft
heHMAandconcr
ete.
Por
tl
andcementconcr
ete(
PCC)
Por
tl
and cementconcr
etesur
facecour
sesar
eref
err
ed t
o asr
igi
d pav
ement
s,or
concr
etepav
ement
s.Ther
ear
ethr
eegener
alcl
assi
fi
cat
ionsofconcr
etepav
ement
s-
j
oint
edpl
ain,
joi
ntedr
einf
orced,
andcont
inuousl
yrei
nfor
ced.
Tr
aff
icl
oadi
ngsar
etr
ansf
err
edbet
weensect
ionswhenl
argeraggr
egat
esi
nthePCC
mi
xint
er-
lockt
oget
her
,ort
hroughl
oadt
ransf
erdev
icesi
nthet
ransv
ersej
oint
soft
he
sur
face.Dowelbar
sar
eusedasl
oad-
tr
ansf
err
ingdev
icest
oef
fi
cient
lyt
ransf
erl
oads
acr
osst
ransv
ersej
oint
swhi
l
emai
ntai
ningt
hej
oint
'shor
izont
alandv
ert
icalal
i
gnment
.
Ti
e-bar
sar
edef
ormed st
eelbar
sthatar
epl
aced al
ong l
ongi
tudi
nalj
oint
sto hol
d
adj
acentpav
ementsect
ionsi
npl
ace.
Bui
ltupspr
aygr
out[
BSG]–i
tconsi
stsof2l
ayercomposi
teconst
ruct
ionofcompact
ed
cr
ushedaggr
egat
eswi
thappl
i
cat
ionofbi
tumi
nousbi
nderaf
tereachl
ayerwi
thkey

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
ore Page128
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

aggr
egat
esat
t
opt
opr
ovi
deat
otal
thi
ckness,
75mm.I
tisusedf
orst
rengt
hingofexi
sti
ngbi
tumi
nous
pav
ement
.Asui
tabl
ewear
ingcour
sei
sinv
ari
abl
ypr
ovi
dedov
ert
his&openedt
otr
aff
ic.
Subgr
adei
sthatpor
ti
onoft
heear
thr
oadbedwhi
chaf
terhav
ingbeenconst
ruct
edt
o
r
easonabl
ycl
oseconf
ormancewi
tht
hel
i
nes,gr
ades,andcr
oss-
sect
ionsi
ndi
cat
edon
t
hepl
ans,
recei
vest
hebaseorsur
facemat
eri
al.I
naf
il
lsect
ion,
thesubgr
adei
sthet
op
oft
heembankmentort
hef
il
l.I
nacutsect
iont
hesubgr
adei
sthebot
tom oft
hecut
(
Figur
e1)
.Thesubgr
adesuppor
tst
hesubbaseand/
ort
hepav
ementsect
ion.Toensur
e
ast
abl
e,l
ong-
last
ing,andmai
ntenancef
reer
oadway
,thesubgr
adei
srequi
redt
obe
const
ruct
edusi
ngcer
tai
npr
ovenpr
ocedur
est
hatpr
ovi
desat
isf
act
oryr
esul
ts.
Af
tert
her
oughgr
adi
ngi
scompl
eted,t
hef
inegr
adest
akesar
esetandt
hef
inal
pr
ocessi
ng oft
hesubgr
ademaybegi
n.Ther
ough gr
adei
sthet
op gr
adeoft
he
embankmentasbui
l
tusi
ngt
hei
nfor
mat
ionpr
ovi
dedont
hegr
adesheet
s.Thegr
adei
s
nor
mal
l
ywi
thi
n2i
n.att
hispoi
nt.Thef
ini
shgr
adi
ngoper
ati
onconsi
stsoft
ri
mmi
ngt
he
excessmat
eri
aldownt
othef
inalgr
ade.Fi
l
li
nganyl
owspot
swi
tht
hinl
i
ftsofmat
eri
als
t
endst
osl
i
det
hesel
i
ftsar
oundi
fnotpr
oper
lywor
kedi
ntot
heunder
lyi
ngmat
eri
als.

Const
ruct
ionPr
ocedur
e–

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
ore Page129
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

Set
ti
ngout–Af
tert
hesi
tehasbeencl
ear
ed,t
hewor
kshoul
dbeset
out
.Thel
i
mit
sof
embankmentar
emar
kedbyf
ixi
ngbat
terpegsonbot
hsi
desatr
egul
ari
nter
val
s.The
subgr
adeshoul
dbewi
dert
hant
hedesi
gndi
mensi
onsot
hatsur
plusmat
eri
almaybe
t
ri
mmed.
Dewat
eri
ng–I
fthef
oundat
ionoft
heembankmenti
sinar
eawi
thst
agnantwat
er,i
tis
f
easi
blet
oremov
eitbybai
l
ingoutorpumpi
ng.
St
ri
ppi
ng&St
ori
ngt
opsoi
l–I
nlocal
i
tieswher
emostoft
heav
ail
abl
eembankment
mat
eri
alsar
enotconduct
ivet
opl
antgr
owt
h,t
het
opsoi
lfr
om al
lar
easofcut
ti
ngshal
l
best
ri
ppedt
ospeci
fi
eddept
hsnotexceedi
ng150mm &st
oredi
nst
ockpi
l
esofhei
ght
notexceedi
ng2m f
orcov
eri
ngembankmentsl
opes.
Compact
ing gr
ound suppor
ti
ng embankment/subgr
ade – wher
e necessar
y,t
he
or
igi
nalgr
oundshal
lbel
evel
edt
ofaci
l
itat
epl
acementoff
ir
stl
ayerofembankment
,
scar
if
ied,mi
xedwi
thwat
erandt
hencompact
edbyr
oll
i
ngsoast
oachi
evemi
nimum
dr
ydensi
tyasgi
veni
ntabl
e.I
ncasedi
ff
erencei
nsubgr
adel
evelandgr
oundl
eveli
s
l
esst
han0.
5m &t
hegr
ounddoesnothav
e97%r
elat
ivecompact
ion,
thegr
oundshal
lbe
l
oosenedupt
oal
evel0.
5m bel
owt
hesubgr
adel
evel
,wat
ered&compact
edi
nlay
erst
o
notl
esst
han97%ofdr
ydensi
ty.

Spr
eadi
ngmat
eri
ali
nlay
ers&br
ingi
ngt
oappr
opr
iat
emoi
stur
econt
ent–

1.
Theembankment&subgr
ademat
eri
alshal
lbespr
eadi
nlay
ersofuni
for
m
2.t
hicknessnotexceedi
ng 200mm compact
ed t
hicknessov
ert
heent
ir
ewi
dthof
embankmentbymechani
cal
means,
fini
shedbyamot
orgr
ader&compact
ed.
3.
Moi
stur
econt
entoft
hemat
eri
alshal
lbecheckedatt
hissi
teofpl
acementpr
iort
o
commencementofcompact
ion,wat
ershal
lbespr
inkl
edf
rom awat
ert
ankerf
il
ledwi
th
spr
inkl
ercapabl
eofappl
yi
ngwat
eruni
for
mly
.
4.
Moi
stur
econt
entofeachl
ayershoul
dbecheckedwi
thr
espectt
otabl
e– 1 i
n
accor
dancewi
thI
S–2720.

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
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ore Page130
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

5.
Clodsorhar
dlumpsofear
thshal
lbebr
okent
ohav
emaxsi
zeof75mm whenpl
aced
i
nembankment&maxsi
zeof50mm whenpl
acedi
nsubgr
ade.
6.
Embankment
s&ot
herar
easofunsuppor
tedf
il
lsshal
lnotbeconst
ruct
edwi
thst
eeper
si
desl
opes,
ort
ogr
eat
erwi
dths.
7.
Whenev
erf
il
lsi
stobedeposi
tedagai
nstt
hef
aceofanat
uralsl
ope,st
eepert
han1
v
ert
icl
eon4hor
izont
al,
suchf
acesshal
lbebenched.
Compact
ion–
a.Smoot
hwheel
ed,
vibr
ator
y,pneumat
ict
yred,
sheepf
ootorpadf
ootr
dler
sofsui
tabl
e
si
zeandcapaci
tyshoul
dbeusedf
ordi
ff
erentt
ypes&gr
adesofmat
eri
als.
b.Most
lycompact
ionwi
l
lbedonewi
thv
ibr
ator
yrol
l
erof80t
o100KNst
ati
cwei
ghtor
heav
ypneumat
ict
yredr
oll
er.
c.Eachl
ayeroft
hemat
eri
alshal
lbet
hor
oughl
ycompact
edt
othedensi
ti
esi
ntabl
e–1,
subsequentl
ayer
sshoul
dbel
aidonl
yaf
tert
hef
ini
shedl
ayerhasbeent
est
ed.
d.Themeasur
ementoff
iel
ddr
ydensi
tyi
srecor
dedbynucl
earmoi
stur
e/densi
tyguage.
e.Whendensi
tymeasur
ementr
evelanysof
tar
easi
nembankment
,fur
thercompact
ion
i
scar
ri
edout
.
Dr
ainage– Thesur
faceofembankmentatal
lti
mesdur
ingconst
ruct
ionshal
lbe
mai
ntai
nedatsuchacr
ossf
all
aswi
l
lshedwat
erandpr
eventpendi
ng.

Repai
ri
ngofdamagescausedbyr
ain/spi
ll
ageofwat
er–
a.Thesoi
lint
heaf
fect
edpor
ti
onshal
lber
emov
edi
nsuchar
easbef
orenextl
ayeri
s
l
aid&r
efi
l
ledi
nlay
ers&compact
edusi
ngsmal
lvi
brat
oryr
oll
er,pl
atecompact
oror
powerr
ammert
oachi
evet
her
equi
reddensi
ty.
b.Test
sshal
lbecar
ri
edoutt
oascer
tai
nthedensi
tyr
equi
rement
soft
her
epai
redar
ea.
Fi
nishi
ngoper
ati
ons–
a.I
tshal
li
ncl
udet
hewor
kofshapi
ng&dr
essi
ngt
heshoul
der
s/v
erge/r
oadbed&si
de
sl
opest
oconf
ormt
oal
i
gnment
,lev
els,
crosssect
ions&di
mensi
ons.
b.Bot
htheupper&l
owerendsofsi
desl
opesshal
lber
oundedof
f&t
omer
get
he

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
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T&M,
Bangal
ore Page131
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

embankmentwi
thadj
acentt
err
aint
oimpr
oveappear
ances.
c.Thet
opsoi
l
,remov
ed&conser
vedear
li
ershal
lspr
eadov
ert
hef
il
lsl
opes,bef
ore
spr
eadi
ngt
hesl
opesshoul
dber
oughenedandmoi
stenedsl
i
ght
lyt
opr
ovi
debondand
i
spr
ovi
dedatadept
hof75mm t
o150mm f
orpl
antgr
owt
h.
d.Whenear
thwor
kiscompl
eted,
ther
oadar
eashal
lbecl
ear
edofal
ldebr
is&ugl
yscar
s.
Fi
neGr
adi
ng
Fi
negr
adei
srequi
redt
obepr
ovi
dedf
ort
hef
inalt
ri
mmi
ngandchecki
ngoft
hecr
oss
sect
ionandgr
ade.St
akesar
eusual
l
ysetat50f
tint
erv
alsneareachedgeoft
he
subgr
adewi
thagr
ademar
kest
abl
i
shedatsomeknowndi
stanceabov
etheact
ual
f
ini
shsubgr
adeel
evat
ion.Ast
ri
ngl
i
nei
s
st
ret
ched acr
osst
hegr
ademar
kson t
wo adj
oini
ng st
akesand t
hesubgr
ade7-
3
el
evat
ioni
scheckedbymeasur
ingdownt
heknownof
fsetdi
stancef
rom t
hest
ri
ngl
i
ne
t
othedi
rtgr
ade.Theappr
opr
iat
ecor
rect
ionsf
oracr
owni
nthet
ypi
cal
crosssect
ionar
e
usedi
ncal
cul
ati
ngt
hecor
rectof
fsetdi
stance.Thet
oler
ancef
orf
ini
shi
ngt
heear
th
subgr
adei
s1/
2in.f
rom t
het
ruegr
ade.Anyl
owar
easi
nthegr
ader
equi
ri
ngl
esst
han3
i
n.addi
ti
onalf
il
lmat
eri
alar
escar
if
iedpr
iort
opl
aci
ngt
hef
il
lmat
eri
alsot
het
hinl
ayerof
f
il
li
sti
edi
ntot
hepr
evi
ousl
ayerwhencompact
ed.
Fi
neGr
adi
ngt
hesubgr
adef
oraggr
egat
eorasphal
tbasecour
sesi
susual
l
yconduct
ed
wi
thamot
orgr
aderandcheckedwi
thast
ri
ngl
i
ne,butmaybeconduct
edwi
than
aut
omat
icgr
adi
ngmachi
necont
rol
l
edf
rom ast
ri
ngl
i
ne.Theaut
omat
icgr
adi
ngmachi
ne
i
srequi
redt
obeusedf
orpr
epar
ingt
hesubgr
adef
orconcr
etebaseandpav
ement
.
Whenunder
drai
nsar
especi
fi
ed,
speci
alcar
eisr
equi
redt
obet
akent
oensur
ethatt
her
e
i
s no damage t
othe dr
ains and t
hatt
he aggr
egat
e backf
il
ldoes notbecome
cont
ami
nat
edwi
thsoi
l
.
Dr
ainage
Pr
ovi
dingsur
facedr
ainagef
ort
heunder
cutar
easi
susual
l
ynotpossi
ble.Thesi
zeof
t
heunder
cutar
easi
sli
mit
ed,
andt
heunder
cut
ti
ngschedul
eregul
atedsot
hatanar
eai
s
notl
eftopenwhenr
aini
sli
kel
y.Wat
erpondi
ngi
ntheunder
cutar
eawoul
dli
kel
ywor
sen
t
heexcessmoi
stur
epr
obl
emst
hatt
heunder
cutwasdesi
gnedt
oal
l
evi
ate.Thef
inal
moi
stur
eanddensi
tyt
est
ing,andpr
oofr
oll
i
ngar
econduct
edont
het
op8i
n.oft
he

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
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T&M,
Bangal
ore Page132
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

compl
etedsubgr
adeneart
hebegi
nni
ngoft
hepav
ingoper
ati
on.
Gr
adi
ngi
nci
vi
lengi
neer
ingandl
andscapear
chi
tect
uralconst
ruct
ioni
sthewor
kof
ensur
ingal
evelbase,oronewi
thaspeci
fi
edsl
ope,f
oraconst
ruct
ionwor
ksuchasa
f
oundat
ion,t
he base cour
se f
ora r
oad ora r
ail
way
,orl
andscape and gar
den
i
mpr
ovement
s,orsur
facedr
ainage.Theear
thwor
kscr
eat
edf
orsuchapur
posear
e
of
tencal
l
edt
hesub-
gradeorf
ini
shedcont
our
ing
Const
ruct
ionofEmbankment
s
Ar
oad,r
ail
way l
i
ne orcanali
s nor
mal
l
yrai
sed ont
o an embankmentmade of
compact
edsoi
l(t
ypi
cal
l
ycl
ayorr
ock-
based)t
oav
oidachangei
nlev
elr
equi
redbyt
he
t
err
ain,
theal
ter
nat
ivesbei
ngei
thert
ohav
eanunaccept
abl
echangei
nlev
elordet
ourt
o
f
oll
ow acont
our
.Acut
ti
ngi
susedf
ort
hesamepur
posewher
ethel
andi
sor
igi
nal
l
y
hi
ghert
hanr
equi
red.

Mat
eri
als

Embankment
s ar
e of
ten const
ruct
ed usi
ng mat
eri
alobt
ained f
rom a cut
ti
ng.
Embankment
sneedt
obeconst
ruct
edusi
ngnon-
aer
atedandwat
erpr
oof
ed,
compact
ed
(
orent
ir
elynon-
por
ous)mat
eri
alt
opr
ovi
deadequat
esuppor
ttot
hef
ormat
ionanda
l
ong-
ter
mlev
elsur
facewi
thst
abi
l
ity
.
I
nter
sect
ionofembankment
s
Toi
nter
sectanembankmentwi
thoutahi
ghf
lyov
er,
aser
iesoft
unnel
scanconsi
stofa
sect
ionofhi
ght
ensi
l
est
rengt
hvi
aduct(
typi
cal
l
ybui
l
tofbr
ickand/
ormet
al)orpai
rof
f
aci
ngabut
ment
sforabr
idge.

Cut
sforr
oads:
Inci
vi
lengi
neer
ing,
acutorcut
ti
ngi
swher
esoi
lorr
ockmat
eri
alf
rom a
hi
l
lormount
aini
scutoutt
omakewayf
oracanal
,roadorr
ail
wayl
i
ne.
Incutandf
il
l
const
ruct
ioni
tkeepst
her
out
est
rai
ghtand/
orf
lat
,wher
ethecompar
ati
vecostor
pr
act
ical
i
tyofal
ter
nat
esol
uti
ons(
suchasdi
ver
sion)i
spr
ohi
bit
ive.Cont
rar
ytot
he
gener
almeani
ngofcut
ti
ng,acut
ti
ngi
nconst
ruct
ioni
smechani
cal
l
yexcav
atedor
bl
ast
edoutwi
thcar
eful
l
ypl
acedexpl
osi
ves.Thecutmayonl
ybeononesi
deofasl
ope,
ordi
rect
lyt
hrought
hemi
ddl
eort
opofahi
l
l.Gener
all
y,acuti
sopenatt
het
op
(
other
wisei
tisat
unnel
).Acuti
s(i
nasense)t
heopposi
teofanembankment
.When
Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
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T&M,
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ore Page133
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

usedi
nref
erencet
otr
anspor
tat
ionr
out
es,
itr
educest
hegr
adeoft
her
out
e.

Cut
scanbecr
eat
edbymul
ti
plepassesofashov
el,gr
ader
,scr
aperorexcav
ator
,orby
bl
ast
ing.Oneunusualmeansofcr
eat
ingacuti
stor
emov
ether
oofofat
unnelt
hrough
dayl
i
ght
ing.Mat
eri
alr
emov
edf
rom cut
sisi
deal
l
ybal
ancedbymat
eri
alneededf
orf
il
ls
al
ongt
hesamer
out
e,butt
hisi
snotal
way
sthecasewhencutmat
eri
ali
sunsui
tabl
efor
useasf
il
l.Thewor
disal
sousedi
nthesamesensei
nmi
ning,
asi
nanopencutmi
ne.

Qual
it
yCont
rolTests
Qual
it
ycont
rolt
estsforEmbankment
,Subgr
adeconst
ruct
ion.

a)Compact
ionCont
rol–Atl
eastonemeasur
ementofdensi
tyf
oreach1000sqm of
compact
edar
ea,
testl
ocat
ionsshoul
dbechosenwi
thr
andom sampl
i
ngt
echni
ques.
Cont
rolshoul
dbebasedont
hemeanv
alueof5– 10densi
tydet
ermi
nat
ions.The
numberoft
est
sinonesetofmeasur
ement
sshal
lbe6.Forear
thwor
kinshoul
der
sat
l
eastonedensi
tymeasur
ementf
orev
ery500sqm f
ort
hecompact
edar
eashoul
dbe
madeandt
henumberoft
est
sineachsetshal
lbeatl
east10.

1.Enumerat
ethest epsintheprepar
ati
onofsubgrade.How i
st headequacyoft
he
compact
ioninthefieldeval
uat
ed?Whatarethequal
it
ycontr
oltestsorchecksatt
he
l
abandinthefi
eld?
Vi
nod.
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.Pr
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vi
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ore Page134
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

2.Expl
aint
hest
epsi
nthef
ormat
ionofanembankment
.

3.Wr
it
eabr
iefnot
eoni
)sur
facedr
essi
ngi
i
)Mast
icAsphal
tii
i
)Bui
l
tupSpr
ayGr
out
.

4.
Expl
aint
heev
aluat
ionofsoi
lst
rengt
hpr
oper
ti
es.

PART-B
PAVEMENTCONSTRUCTI
ON
UNI
T–7
FLEXI
BLEPAVEMENTS
Speci
fi
cat
ionsofmat
eri
als,const
ruct
ionmet
hodandf
iel
dcont
rolchecksf
orv
ari
ous
t
ypes of f
lexi
ble pav
ement l
ayer
s.
8Hour
s

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
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ore Page135
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

I
ntr
oduct
ion

Thesci
enceofhi
ghwayengi
neer
ingr
aisessomef
undament
alquest
ionsast
owhati
sa
r
oadorhi
ghway
,howi
sitpl
annedanddesi
gnedandl
ast
lyhowi
sitbui
l
t.Bynowi
nthe
pr
ecedi
ng chapt
ers,dependi
ng upon t
he desi
red st
rengt
h oft
he pav
ement
,the
aggr
egat
egr
adat
ionsandt
het
ypeandpr
opor
ti
onofbi
nder
sar
edeci
ded.Theset
hree
basi
cbi
ndermedi
um gi
ver
iset
oanumberofconst
ruct
ionmet
hods.

Oneoft
hemai
npur
posesofpav
ementdesi
gni
stopr
oduceasoi
lst
ruct
uresy
stem t
hat
wi
l
lcar
ryt
raf
fi
csmoot
hlyandsaf
elywi
thmi
nimum cost
.Thei
ncr
easei
naxl
eloadand
phenomenalgr
owt
hoft
raf
fi
cwar
rantasmuchi
mpor
tancei
ndesi
gn,const
ruct
ionand
mai
ntenanceofr
oads.

COMPOSI
TIONANDSTRUCTUREOFFLEXI
BLEPAVEMENT

Fl
exi
blepav
ement
ssuppor
tloadst
hroughbear
ingr
athert
hanf
lexur
alact
ion.They
compr
isesev
erall
ayer
sofcar
eful
l
ysel
ect
edmat
eri
alsdesi
gnedt
ogr
adual
l
ydi
str
ibut
e
l
oadsf
rom t
hepav
ementsur
facet
othel
ayer
sunder
neat
h.Thedesi
gnensur
est
hel
oad
t
ransmi
tt
edt
oeachsuccessi
vel
ayerdoesnotexceedt
hel
ayer
’sl
oad-
bear
ingcapaci
ty.
At
ypi
calf
lexi
ble pav
ementsect
ion i
s shown i
n Fi
gur
e 1.Fi
gur
e 2 depi
ctst
he
di
str
ibut
ionoft
hei
mposedl
oadt
othesubgr
ade.Thev
ari
ousl
ayer
scomposi
nga
f
lexi
blepav
ementandt
hef
unct
ionst
heyper
for
m ar
edescr
ibedbel
ow:

a)Bi
tumi
nousSur
face(
Wear
ingCour
se)
.Thebi
tumi
noussur
face,
orwear
ingcour
se,
is
madeupofami
xtur
eofv
ari
oussel
ect
edaggr
egat
esboundt
oget
herwi
thasphal
t
cementorot
herbi
tumi
nousbi
nder
s.Thi
ssur
facepr
event
sthepenet
rat
ionofsur
face
wat
ert
othebasecour
se;pr
ovi
desasmoot
h,wel
l
-bondedsur
facef
reef
rom l
oose
par
ti
cles,whi
chmi
ghtendangerai
rcr
aftorpeopl
e;r
esi
stst
hest
ressescausedby
ai
rcr
aftl
oads;
andsuppl
i
esaski
d-r
esi
stantsur
facewi
thoutcausi
ngunduewearont
ir
es.

b)BaseCour
se.Thebasecour
seser
vesast
hepr
inci
palst
ruct
uralcomponentoft
he
Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
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T&M,
Bangal
ore Page136
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

f
lexi
blepav
ement
.Itdi
str
ibut
est
hei
mposedwheell
oadt
othepav
ementf
oundat
ion,
t
hesubbase,and/
ort
hesubgr
ade.Thebasecour
semusthav
esuf
fi
cientqual
i
tyand
t
hicknesst
opr
eventf
ail
urei
nthesubgr
adeand/
orsubbase,wi
thst
andt
hest
resses
pr
oducedi
nthebasei
tsel
f,r
esi
stv
ert
icalpr
essur
est
hatt
endt
opr
oduceconsol
i
dat
ion
andr
esul
tindi
stor
ti
onoft
hesur
facecour
se,andr
esi
stv
olumechangescausedby
f
luct
uat
ionsi
nit
smoi
stur
econt
ent
.Themat
eri
alscomposi
ngt
hebasecour
sear
e
sel
ecthar
d and dur
abl
e aggr
egat
es,whi
ch gener
all
yfal
lint
otwo mai
n cl
asses:
st
abi
l
izedandgr
anul
ar.Thest
abi
l
izedbasesnor
mal
l
yconsi
stofcr
ushedoruncr
ushed
aggr
egat
eboundwi
thast
abi
l
izer
,suchasPor
tl
andcementorbi
tumen.Thequal
i
tyof
t
hebasecour
sei
saf
unct
ionofi
tscomposi
ti
on,
phy
sicalpr
oper
ti
es,
andcompact
ionof
t
hemat
eri
al.

c)Subbase.Thi
slay
eri
susedi
nar
easwher
efr
ostact
ioni
ssev
ereort
hesubgr
adesoi
l
i
sext
remel
yweak.Thesubbasecour
sef
unct
ionsl
i
ket
hebasecour
se.Themat
eri
al
r
equi
rement
sfort
hesubbasear
enotasst
ri
ctast
hosef
ort
hebasecour
sesi
ncet
he
subbasei
ssubj
ect
edt
olowerl
oadst
resses.Thesubbaseconsi
stsofst
abi
l
izedor
pr
oper
lycompact
edgr
anul
armat
eri
al.

d)Fr
ostPr
otect
ionLay
er.Somef
lexi
blepav
ement
srequi
reaf
rostpr
otect
ionl
ayer
.Thi
s
l
ayerf
unct
ionst
hesamewayi
nei
theraf
lexi
bleorar
igi
dpav
ement
.

e)Subgr
ade.Thesubgr
adei
sthecompact
edsoi
ll
ayert
hatf
ormst
hef
oundat
ionoft
he
pav
ementsy
stem.Subgr
adesoi
l
sar
esubj
ect
edt
olowerst
ressest
hant
hesur
face,
base,andsubbasecour
ses.Si
ncel
oadst
ressesdecr
easewi
thdept
h,t
hecont
rol
l
ing
subgr
adest
ressusual
l
yli
esatt
het
opoft
hesubgr
ade.Thecombi
nedt
hicknessof
subbase,base,andwear
ingsur
facemustbegr
eatenought
oreducet
hest
resses
occur
ri
ng i
nthe subgr
ade t
oval
ues t
hatwi
l
lnotcause excessi
ve di
stor
ti
on or
di
spl
acementoft
hesubgr
adesoi
ll
ayer
.

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
ore Page137
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

Fi
g1:Ty
picalf
lexi
blepav
ementst
ruct
ure

Fi
g2:Di
str
ibut
ionofl
oadst
ressi
nfl
exi
blepav
ement

Ty
pesofHi
ghwayConst
ruct
ion
Thehi
ghwayt
ypesar
ecl
assi
fi
edasbel
ow:
(
i) Ear
thr
oadandgr
avel
roads
(
ii
) Soi
lst
abi
l
izedr
oads
(
ii
i) Wat
erboundmacadam (
WBM)r
oad
(
iv) Bi
tumi
nousorbl
ack-
topr
oads.

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
ore Page138
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

Gr
anul
arsubbasel
ayer
:

I
NTRODUCTI
ON

Aggr
egat
esar
eusedi
ngr
anul
arbaseandsubbasel
ayer
sbel
ow t
hedr
ivi
ngsur
face
l
ayer
(s)i
nbot
hasphal
tconcr
eteandPor
tl
andcementconcr
etepav
ementst
ruct
ures.
Theaggr
egat
ebasel
ayer
sser
veav
ari
etyofpur
poses,i
ncl
udi
ngr
educi
ngt
hest
ress
appl
i
edt
othesubgr
adel
ayerandpr
ovi
dingdr
ainagef
ort
hepav
ementst
ruct
ure.The
gr
anul
arbasel
ayeri
sdi
rect
lybel
owt
hepav
ementsur
faceandact
sast
hel
oadbear
ing
andst
rengt
heni
ngcomponentoft
hepav
ementst
ruct
ure.Thegr
anul
arsubbasef
orms
t
he l
owest(
bot
tom)l
ayeroft
he pav
ementst
ruct
ure,and act
s as t
he pr
inci
pal
f
oundat
ion f
ort
he subsequentr
oad pr
ofi
l
e,pr
ovi
des dr
ainage f
ort
he pav
ement
st
ruct
ure,
andpr
otect
sthest
ruct
uref
rom f
rost
.

Gr
anul
arbasesar
ety
pical
l
yconst
ruct
edbyspr
eadi
ngt
hemat
eri
alsi
nthi
nlay
ersof150
mm (
6in)t
o200mm (
8in)andcompact
ingeachl
ayerbyr
oll
i
ngov
eri
twi
thheav
y
compact
ionequi
pment
.

MATERI
ALS

Aggr
egat
esusedi
ngr
anul
arbaseandsubbaseappl
i
cat
ionsgener
all
yconsi
stofsand
andgr
avel
,cr
ushedst
oneorquar
ryr
ock,
slag,
orot
herhar
d,dur
abl
emat
eri
alofmi
ner
al
or
igi
n.Thegr
adat
ionr
equi
rement
svar
ywi
tht
ype(
baseorsubbase)
.

Gr
anul
arbasemat
eri
alst
ypi
cal
l
ycont
ainacr
ushedst
onecont
enti
nexcessof50
per
centoft
hecoar
seaggr
egat
epar
ti
cles.Cubi
calpar
ti
clesar
edesi
rabl
e,wi
thal
i
mit
ed
amountoff
latort
hinandel
ongat
edpar
ti
cles.Thegr
anul
arbasei
sty
pical
l
ydense
gr
aded,wi
tht
heamountoff
inesl
i
mit
edt
opr
omot
edr
ainage.Gr
anul
arsubbasei
sal
so
dense gr
aded,butt
ends t
o be somewhatmor
e coar
se t
han gr
anul
arbase.The
r
equi
rementf
orcr
ushedcont
entf
orgr
anul
arsubbasei
snotr
equi
redbymanyagenci
es,
al
thoughpr
ovi
sionof100per
centcr
ushedaggr
egat
esf
orbaseandsubbaseusei
s

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
ore Page139
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

i
ncr
easi
ngi
npr
emi
um pav
ementst
ruct
urest
opr
omot
erut
ti
ngr
esi
stance.

 
Speci
fi
cat
ionofmat
eri
al–
1.
Themat
eri
alst
obeusedf
ort
hewor
kshal
lbenat
ural
sand,
moor
um,
grav
el,
crushed
st
oneorcombi
nat
iondependi
ngongr
adi
ngr
equi
rement
.
2.
Themat
eri
alsshal
lbef
reef
rom or
gani
cordel
eter
iousconst
it
uent
s&shoul
dconf
orm
t
o
oneoft
het
hreegr
adi
ngsgi
veni
ntabl
e400-
1.
3.
Thegr
adi
ngsi
nTabl
e400– 1ar
einr
espectofcl
osegr
adedgr
anul
arsubbase
mat
eri
als,
&Tabl
e400–2f
orcoar
segr
adedmat
eri
als.

Tabl
e400–1–Gr
adi
ngf
orcl
osegr
adedgr
anul
arsub–basemat
eri
als.

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
ore Page140
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

Tabl
e400–2–Gr
adi
ngf
orcoar
segr
adedGr
anul
arsub–basemat
eri
als.

MATERI
ALPROPERTI
ESANDTESTI
NGMETHODS

Thegr
anul
arbaseand subbasegener
all
ymakeup t
hegr
eat
estt
hicknessoft
he
pav
ementst
ruct
ure,andpr
ovi
debot
hbear
ingst
rengt
handdr
ainagef
ort
hepav
ement
st
ruct
ure.Hence,pr
opersi
ze,gr
adi
ng,shape,anddur
abi
l
ityar
eimpor
tantat
tri
but
est
o
t
he ov
eral
lper
for
mance oft
he pav
ementst
ruct
ure.Gr
anul
arbase and subbase
aggr
egat
esmayconsi
stofdur
abl
epar
ti
clesofcr
ushedst
one,
grav
elorsl
agcapabl
eof

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
ore Page141
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

wi
thst
andi
ngt
heef
fect
sofhandl
i
ng,spr
eadi
ng,andcompact
ingwi
thoutgener
ati
onof
del
eter
iousf
ines.

Someoft
hemor
eimpor
tantpr
oper
ti
esofaggr
egat
esf
orgr
anul
arbaseandsubbase
i
ncl
ude:

Gr
adat
ion–awi
der
angeofaggr
egat
esi
zesandgr
adat
ionsar
euseddependi
ngont
he
pav
ementt
ypeandt
hecondi
ti
onst
owhi
cht
hegr
anul
arbaseandsubbasewi
l
lbe
subj
ect
ed.Theaggr
egat
e gr
adi
ng mar
kedl
yinf
luencest
he basest
abi
l
ity
,dr
ainage
(
per
meabi
l
ity
)andf
rostsuscept
ibi
l
ity
.Aggr
egat
esf
oruseasgr
anul
arbaset
endt
obe
dense-
gradedwi
thamaxi
mum si
zeof50mm (
2in)orl
ess,
whi
l
egr
anul
arsubbasecan
hav
eanomi
nalmaxi
mum si
zecommonl
yupt
o100mm (
4in)
.Theper
cent
ageoff
ines
(
minus0.
075mm (
No.200si
eve)
)int
hegr
anul
arbasei
sli
mit
ed,
fordr
ainageandf
rost
-
suscept
ibi
l
itypur
poses,t
oamaxi
mum of8per
cent
,wi
thupt
o12per
centper
mit
tedi
n
gr
anul
arsubbase.

Par
ti
cleShape– t
heuseofangul
ar,near
lyequi
dimensi
onalaggr
egat
ewi
thr
ough
sur
facet
ext
urei
spr
efer
redov
err
ounded,smoot
haggr
egat
epar
ti
cles.Thi
norf
latand
el
ongat
edpar
ti
cleshav
ereducedst
rengt
hwhenl
oadi
sappl
i
edt
othef
latsi
deoft
he
aggr
egat
eoracr
ossi
tsshor
testdi
mensi
onandar
eal
sopr
onet
osegr
egat
ionand
br
eakdowndur
ingcompact
ion,
creat
ingaddi
ti
onal
fines.

BaseSt
abi
li
ty–gr
anul
arbaseshoul
dhav
ehi
ghst
abi
l
ity
,par
ti
cul
arl
yinaf
lexi
bleasphal
t
pav
ementst
ruct
ure.Lar
ge,angul
araggr
egat
e,dense-
gradedandconsi
sti
ngofhar
d,
dur
abl
epar
ti
cles,i
spr
efer
redf
orst
abi
l
ity
.Formaxi
mum basest
abi
l
ity
,thegr
anul
ar
baseshoul
dhav
esuf
fi
cientf
inest
ojustf
il
lthev
oidsandt
heent
ir
egr
adat
ionshoul
dbe
cl
oset
oit
smaxi
mum densi
ty.Howev
er,whi
l
ebasedensi
tyi
smaxi
mizedatf
ines
cont
entbet
ween6and20per
cent
,load-
car
ryi
ngcapaci
tydecr
easeswhent
hef
ines
cont
entexceedsabout9 per
cent
.St
abi
l
ityal
so i
ncr
easeswi
tht
he per
cent
age of
cr
ushedpar
ti
clesandi
ncr
easi
ngcoar
seaggr
egat
esi
ze.

Per
meabi
li
ty – si
nce t
he gr
anul
arsubbase pr
ovi
des dr
ainage f
ort
he pav
ement

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
ore Page142
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

st
ruct
ure,i
tsgr
adi
ngandhy
draul
i
cconduct
ivi
tyar
eimpor
tant
.Thef
inescont
enti
s
usual
l
yli
mit
edt
oamaxi
mum of10per
centf
ornor
malpav
ementconst
ruct
ion,and6
per
centwher
efr
ee-
drai
ningsubbasei
srequi
red.

Pl
ast
ici
ty– t
hepr
esenceofpl
ast
icf
inescansi
gni
fi
cant
lyr
educet
hel
oad-
car
ryi
ng
st
rengt
hoft
hegr
anul
arbaseandsubbase.

Abr
asi
onResi
stance–par
ti
clesshoul
dhav
esuf
fi
cientst
rengt
htor
esi
stdegr
adat
ionor
br
eakdowndur
ingconst
ruct
ion,
undercompact
ionorundert
raf
fi
c.

Resi
li
entModul
us – can assi
sti
n pr
ovi
ding desi
gn coef
fi
cient
sformul
ti
-l
ayer
ed
pav
ement
sbydef
ini
ngt
her
elat
ionshi
pbet
weenst
ressandt
hedef
ormat
ionofgr
anul
ar
baseandsubbasel
ayer
s.

Phy
sicalr
equi
rement
s–
a)Themat
eri
alshal
lhav
e10%f
inerv
alueof50KNormor
e.
b)I
fthewat
erabsor
pti
onv
aluef
orcoar
seaggr
egat
esexceeds2%,soundnesst
esti
s
car
ri
edout
.
c)Themat
eri
alpassi
ng425mi
cronsi
evef
oral
l3gr
adi
ngsshal
lhav
eli
qui
dli
mit&
pl
ast
ici
tyI
ndexnotmor
ethan25&6%.

Const
ruct
ionOper
ati
ons–
a)Pr
epar
ati
onofsubgr
ade–Bef
orel
ayi
ngsubbase,
thesubgr
adeshoul
dbepr
epar
ed
byr
emov
ingv
eget
ati
on&ext
raneousmat
ter
,li
ght
lyspr
inkl
edwi
thwat
eri
fnecessar
y&
r
oll
edwi
tht
wopassesof80–100KNsmoot
hwheel
err
oll
er.
b)Spr
eadi
ng&Compact
ing–Thesubbasemat
eri
alshoul
dbespr
eadonpr
epar
edsub
gr
adewi
thhel
pofmot
orgr
ader
,
i
tsbl
adeshav
ingcont
rol
sformai
ntai
ningt
her
equi
redsl
ope&gr
ade.
1.
When sub – base mat
eri
alhav
e combi
nat
ion of mat
eri
als,mi
xi
ng i
s done
mechani
cal
l
y.
Manual
mixi
ngi
sper
mit
tedwher
ethewi
dthofl
ayi
ngi
ssmal
lformechani
cal
oper
ati
ons.
Theequi
pmentusedf
ormi
n–i
npl
aceconst
ruct
ioni
srot
avat
or.
Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
ore Page143
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

2.
Moi
stur
econt
rolofl
oosemat
eri
alshal
lbecheckedwi
thI
S–2720&sui
tabl
yadj
ust
ed
byspr
inkl
i
ngwat
erf
rom t
ruckmount
edort
rai
l
ermount
edwat
ert
ank.
3.
Att
het
imeofcompact
ion,wat
ercont
entshoul
dbef
rom 1%abov
eto2%bel
owt
he
opt
imum moi
stur
econt
ent
.
4.
Aft
eraddi
ngwat
eri
tispr
ocessedbyhor
rows,r
otav
ator
sunt
ilt
hel
ayeri
suni
for
mly
wet
.
5.
Immedi
atel
yrol
l
ingwi
l
lst
art
,ift
het
hicknessofcompact
edl
ayerdoesnotexceed
100mm,asmoot
hwheel
edr
oll
eri
sused.Foracompact
edsi
ngl
elay
erupt
o225mm,
v
ibr
ator
yrol
l
erorheav
ypneumat
ict
yredr
oll
erofmi
n200t
o300KNwti
sused.
6.
Rol
l
ingwi
l
lst
artf
rom l
oweredge&pr
oceedt
owar
dsupperedgel
ongi
tudi
nal
l
yto
achi
evesuperel
evat
ion& uni
dir
ect
ionalcr
ossf
all& shoul
dst
artatbot
hedges&
pr
ogr
esst
owar
dscent
ref
orpor
ti
onshav
ingcr
ossf
all
onbot
hsi
des.
7.
Eachpasofr
oll
ershal
luni
for
mlyov
erl
apnotl
esst
hanonet
hir
doft
rackmadei
n
pr
ecedi
ngpass.Thespeedofr
oll
ershal
lnotexceed5km perhour
.
8.
Rol
l
ingi
scont
inuedt
il
lthedensi
tyi
sachi
evedatl
east98%ofMDDf
ort
hemat
eri
al
det
ermi
ned.
9.
Thesur
faceofanyl
ayerofmat
eri
aloncompl
eti
onofcompact
ionshal
lbewi
l
lcl
osed,
f
reef
rom mov
ementundercompact
ionequi
pment&f
rom compact
ionpl
anes,r
idges,
cr
acksorl
oosemat
eri
als.I
fsohappensi
tshoul
dber
e–compact
ed.
Sur
faceFi
nish&Qual
it
ycont
rolofwor
k–Thesur
facef
ini
shofconst
ruct
ion&cont
rol
ont
he
qual
i
tyofmat
eri
als&wor
ksshal
lbei
naccor
dancewi
thsect
ion900,t
het
est
stobe
conduct
edar
easbel
ow–

QUALI
TYCONTROLTESTSONGRANULARSUB–BASE

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
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T&M,
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ore Page144
 PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

Tabl
e-Gr
anul
araggr
egat
est
estpr
ocedur
es.

Proper t
y TestMet hod Ref
erence
General GradedAggr egat eMat eri
alforBasesorSubbasesf or
ASTM D2940
Specif
icati
onsHighway sorAi rports
Si
zesofAggr egatef orRoadandBr idgeConstructi
on ASTM D448/AASHTOM43
Gradati
on
Si
ev eAnal ysi
sofFi neandCoar seAggregate ASTM C136/AASHTOT27
Fl
atandEl ongat edPar ti
clesinCoar seAggregate ASTM D4791
Parti
cle Uncompact edVoi dsCont entofFi neAggregate( As
AASHTOTP33
Shape I
nfluencedbyPar ti
cleShape, SurfaceTexture,
andGr ading
I
ndexofAggr egatePar ti
cleShapeandText ure ASTM D3398
BaseSt abi
li
tyCali
forniaBear ingRat io ASTM D1883/AASHTOT193
Moisture-Densi tyRelati
onsofSoi l
sUsinga5. 5lb(2.5kg)
ASTM D698/AASHTOT99
Rammeranda12- i
n.(305mm)Dr op

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
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ore Page145
 PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

Moi st
ure-Densi t
yRelati
onsofSoi l
sUsi nga10- l
b(4.
54kg)
AASHTOT180
Rammerandan18- i
n.(457mm)Dr op
Permeabi l
it
y Permeabi li
tyofGranularSoi
ls(Const antHead) ASTM D2434/AASHTOT215
Determiningt hePlast
icLimitandPlast i
cit
yIndexofSoil
s ASTM D4318/ AASHTOT90
Pl
ast i
city Plasti
cFi nesinGradedAggr egat
esandSoi lsbyUseofthe
ASTM D2419/AASHTOT176
SandEqui val
entTest
Resistancet oDegradati
onofLarge- SizeCoarseAggregate
ASTM C535
Abrasion byAbr asionandI mpactintheLosAngel esMachine
Resistance Resi stancet oDegradati
onofSmal l-SizeCoarseAggregat
e
ASTM C131/AASHTOT96
byAbr asionandI mpactintheLosAngel esMachine
Resil
ient Resili
entModul usofUnboundGr anularBase/Subbase
AASHTOT274
Modul us Mat er
ialsandSubgr adeSoils-SHRPPr otocolP46
 

Wat
erBoundMacadam

WBM St
andsf
orWat
erBoundMacadam whi
chi
sthemostcommonl
yusedr
oad
const
ruct
ionpr
ocedur
eforov
ermor
ethan190y
ear
s.Pi
oneer
edbyScot
ti
shEngi
neer
JohnLoudonMcAdam ar
ound1820Macadam i
sat
ypeofRoadConst
ruct
ion.The
br
okenst
onesofbaseand sur
facecour
se,
i
fanyar
ebound byt
hest
onedusti
s
pr
esenceofmoi
stur
eiscal
l
edWBM Roads.
Macadam meanst
hepav
ementbasecour
semadeofcr
ushedorbr
okenaggr
egat
e
mechani
cal
l
yint
erl
ockedbyr
oll
i
ngandt
hev
oidsf
il
ledwi
thscr
eeni
ngandbi
ndi
ng
mat
eri
alwi
tht
heassi
stanceofwat
er.
WBM maybeusedasasub-
base,baseora
sur
facecour
se.Thet
hicknessofeachcompact
edl
ayerofWBM r
angesf
rom 10cm t
o
7.
5cm dependi
ngonsi
zeandt
hegr
adat
ionofaggr
egat
eused.

Mat
eri
als

Thecoar
seaggr
egat
esusedf
orWBM const
ruct
ionshal
lbeany
oneoft
hef
oll
owi
ng:
a)Cr
ushedorbr
okenr
ock,
b)Cr
ushedorbr
okensl
ag,
c)Br
okenbr
ickaggr
egat
e.
Speci
fi
cat
ionofmat
eri
als–
a)Coar
seaggr
egat
es–I
tcanbeei
thercr
ushedorbr
okenst
one,cr
ushedsl
ag,ov
er
Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
ore Page146
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

bur
ntr
ickaggr
egat
esornat
ural
l
yoccur
ri
ngaggr
egat
essuchasKankar&Lat
eri
te.The
aggr
egat
esshal
lconf
ormt
hephy
sicalr
equi
rement
ssai
dint
abl
e400–6.I
fthewat
er
absor
pti
oni
sgr
eat
ert
han2%t
hesoundnesst
estshal
lbecar
ri
edout
.
Tabl
e400–6phy
sicalr
equi
rement
sofcoar
seaggr
egat
esf
orwat
erboundMacadam
f
orsubbase
/basecour
ses.

Cr
ushedSl
ag–I
tismadef
rom ai
rcool
edbl
astf
urnacesl
ag.I
tshoul
dbeangul
arshape,
r
easonabl
yuni
for
minqual
i
ty&densi
ty.Thewei
ghtofcr
ushedsl
agshal
lnotbel
ess
t
han11. m3 &per
2KN/ cent
ageofgl
ossymat
eri
alshal
lnotbemor
ethan20wat
er
absor
pti
onshoul
dnotbemor
ethan10%sul
phurcont
entshoul
dnotexceed2%.
i
i
.Cr
ushedorBr
okenSt
one– I
tshoul
dbehar
d,dur
abl
e& f
reef
rom excessf
lat
,
el
ongat
ed,
sof
t&di
sint
egr
atedpar
ti
cles,
dir
t&ot
herdel
eter
iousmat
eri
al.
i
i
i.Ov
erbur
nt(
Jhama)bi
ckaggr
egat
es–I
tshoul
dbemadef
rom ov
erbur
ntbr
icksor
br
ickbat
s&bef
reef
rom dust&del
eter
iousmat
eri
als.
i
v.Gr
adi
ngr
equi
rementofcoar
seaggr
egat
es–Thecoar
seaggr
egat
esshal
lconf
orm
t
ooneoft
hegr
adi
ngsgi
veni
ntabl
e400– 7,t
heuseofGr
adi
ngNo– 1shal
lbe
r
est
ri
ctedt
osub–basecour
sesonl
y.

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
ore Page147
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

Thecompact
edt
hicknessf
oral
ayerwi
thGr
adi
ng–Ishal
lbe100mm whi
l
eforl
ayer
wi
thot
hergr
adi
ngs2&3shoul
dbe75mm.
v
.Scr
eeni
ngs–I
tisusedt
ofi
l
lvoi
dsi
ncoar
seaggr
egat
eswhi
chconsi
stsofsame
mat
eri
alas
t
hecoar
seaggr
egat
e.Suchasnonpl
ast
icmat
eri
alsl
i
kemoor
um orgr
aveli
sused

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
ore Page148
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

pr
ovi
dedl
i
qui
dli
mit&pl
ast
ici
tyI
ndexar
ebel
ow20&6r
espect
ivel
y&f
ract
ionpassi
ng
75mi
cronsi
evedoesnotexceed10%.Scr
eeni
ngsshoul
dconf
ormt
othegr
adi
ngser
ial
i
ntabl
e400–8.I
tshoul
dbeomi
tt
edi
ncaseofsof
taggr
egat
essuchasbr
ickmet
al,
kankar
,lat
eri
teset
cast
heygetcr
ushedunderr
oll
ers.
Tabl
e400–8Gr
adi
ngf
orScr
eeni
ngs–

v
i.Bi
ndi
ngMat
eri
al–I
tisusedasaf
il
lermat
eri
alf
orWBM hav
ingPIv
aluel
esst
han6,
t
he
quant
it
yofbi
ndi
ngmat
eri
alt
obeuseddependont
ypeofscr
eeni
ng.Gener
all
y,t
he
quant
it
yrequi
redf
or75mm compact
edt
hicknesswi
l
lbe0.
06–0.
09m3/
10m2&f
or
100mm compact
edt
hicknessi
twi
l
lbear
ound0.
08–0. 10m2.
10m3/
I
I.Const
ruct
ionOper
ati
ons–
a)Pr
epar
ati
onofBase–
Thesur
faceofsubgr
ade/subbaset
orecei
veWBM coar
seshal
lbepr
epar
edt
o
speci
fi
edl
i
nes&cr
ossf
all&madef
reeofdust&ot
hermat
eri
als.Lev
ell
i
ngcour
sei
s
usedt
ocor
rectt
hei
rr
egul
ari
ti
esi
nthepr
ofi
l
e.Lay
ingofWBM ov
ert
hickbi
tumi
nous

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
ore Page149
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

l
ayeri
sav
oidedduet
othei
nter
naldr
ainageoft
hepav
ementatt
hei
nter
faceof2
cour
ses.Wher
ethei
ntensi
tyofr
aini
slow &t
hei
nter
facedr
ainagef
aci
l
ityi
sef
fi
cient
WBM canbel
aidov
ert
heexi
sti
ngt
hinbi
tumi
noussur
facebycut
ti
ng50mm X50mm
f
urr
owsatanangl
eof45ot
othecent
rel
i
neatonemet
rei
nter
val
.
b)I
nvent
edChoke–
I
fWBM i
stobel
anddi
rect
lyov
ersubgr
ade,a25mm coar
seofscr
eeni
ngBorcoar
se
sandi
sspr
eadbef
oreappl
i
cat
ionofaggr
egat
es.I
ncaseoff
indsandorsi
l
tyorcl
ayey
subgr
ade,i
tisadv
isabl
etol
ay100mm ofscr
eeni
ngorcoar
sesandont
opoff
ine
gr
ainedsoi
l
.Asanal
ter
nat
ivet
oinv
ert
edchoke,
geosy
nthesi
sar
eusedf
orsepar
ati
on&
dr
ainageov
ert
hepr
epar
edsubgr
ade.

c)Spr
eadi
ngCoar
seAggr
egat
es–
Thecoar
seaggr
egat
esshal
lbespr
eaduni
for
mly&ev
enl
yupont
hepr
epar
edsubgr
ade
i
nthi
cknessnotmor
ethan100mm f
orGr
adi
ng–I&75mm f
orGr
adi
ng–I
I&I
II
.The
spr
eadi
ngshal
lbedonef
rom st
ockpi
l
esal
ongt
hesi
deofr
oadwayr
odi
rect
lyf
rom
v
ehi
cles.No segr
egat
ion bet
weenaggr
egat
esi
sal
l
owed & i
tmustbeofuni
for
m
gr
adat
ion wi
th no f
ine mat
eri
al.The sur
face oft
he aggr
egat
esshal
lbe checked
car
eful
l
ybyr
emov
ingoraddi
ngaggr
egat
esathi
ghorl
owspot
s&i
tischeckedwi
tha
st
rai
ghtedge.Thecoar
seaggr
egat
esshoul
dnotnor
mal
l
ybespr
eadmor
ethan3day
s.
d)Rol
li
ng–
Rol
l
ingi
sst
art
edi
mmedi
atel
yaf
terspr
eadi
ngbyt
hreewheel
edpowerr
oll
ers,
ort
andem
orv
ibr
ator
yrol
l
ers80t
o100KNst
ati
cwei
ght
.Exceptonsuperel
evat
edpor
ti
onswher
e
t
her
oll
i
ngwi
l
lpr
oceedf
rom i
nneredget
oout
er& i
tbegi
nsf
rom edgesgr
adual
l
y
pr
ogr
essi
ngt
owar
dscent
re.Dur
ingr
oll
i
ng,sl
i
ghtspr
inkl
i
ngofwat
ermaybedonei
f
necessar
y.Rol
l
ingi
snotdonewhensubgr
adei
ssof
tory
iel
dingorwheni
tcauseawav
e
l
i
kemot
ioni
nthesubgr
adeorsubbasecour
se.
Ther
oll
edsur
faceshal
lbechecked
t
ransv
ersel
y&l
ongi
tudi
nal
l
ywi
tht
empl
ates&
cor
rect
edorr
e–r
oll
edt
oder
ivedcamber&gr
ade.Mat
eri
alsget
ti
ngcr
usheddur
ing
compact
ionshoul
dber
emov
ed&r
epl
aced.Shoul
der
sar
ebui
l
tupsi
mul
taneousl
yal
ong
wi
thWBM cour
ses.

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
ore Page150
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

e)Appl
icat
ionofScr
eeni
ngs–
Af
tert
hecoar
seaggr
egat
ehasbeenr
oll
ed,scr
eeni
ngsar
eappl
i
edt
ofi
l
lthev
oids.
Ther
eshal
lnotbedamporwetatt
het
imeofappl
i
cat
ion.Dr
yrol
l
ingshal
lbedonewhi
l
e
t
hescr
eeni
ngsar
ebei
ngspr
eadsot
hati
twi
l
lset
tl
eint
ovoi
ds.Thescr
eeni
ngsar
e
spr
eaduni
for
mlyi
nthi
nlay
ersbyhandshov
elsorbymechani
calspr
eader
sorf
rom
di
pper
.
Thescr
eeni
ngi
sappl
i
edatasl
ow & uni
for
mrat
esoast
oensur
efi
l
li
ngofv
oids
accompani
edbydr
yrol
l
ing&br
oomi
ngwi
thmechani
calorhandbr
oomsorbot
h.These
oper
ati
onsshal
lcont
inueunt
ilno mor
escr
eeni
ngsf
il
lsv
oidsofaggr
egat
es.The
spr
eadi
ng,
rol
l
ing&br
oomi
ngofscr
eeni
ngscoul
dbecompl
etedi
noneday
.
f
)Spr
inkl
i
ngofwat
erandgr
out
ing–
Af
tert
hescr
eeni
ngsar
eappl
i
ed,t
hesur
faceshoul
dbespr
inkl
edwi
thwat
er,swept&
r
oll
ed.Hand br
oomsar
eused t
o sweep & di
str
ibut
ewetscr
eeni
ngsev
enl
y.I
tis
cont
inuedunt
ilcoar
seaggr
egat
ehasbeent
hor
oughl
ykey
ed,
wel
lbonded&f
ir
mlyseti
n
f
ull
dept
h&agr
outhasbeenf
ormedofscr
eeni
ngs.
g)Appl
icat
ionofBi
ndi
ngMat
eri
al–
Af
terappl
i
cat
ionofscr
eeni
ng,bi
ndi
ngmat
eri
ali
sappl
i
edi
n2ormor
ethi
nlay
ersata
sl
ow&uni
for
mrat
e.Af
tereachappl
i
cat
ionwat
eri
sspr
inkl
ed&sweptwi
thbr
oomst
o
f
il
lthev
oids&r
oll
ed.Thi
siscont
inuedt
il
lawav
eheadoft
hewheel
soft
hemov
ing
r
oll
eri
sfor
medonsl
urr
y.
h)Set
ti
ng&dr
ying–
Af
terf
inalcompact
ionofWBM cour
se,t
hepav
ementi
sal
l
owedt
odr
yov
erni
ghtNext
mor
ningspot
sbef
il
ledwi
thscr
eeni
ngsorbi
ndi
ngmat
eri
als&l
i
ght
lyspr
inkl
edwi
th
wat
er&r
oll
ed.
Not
raf
fi
cshal
lbeal
l
owedont
hel
oadunt
ilt
hemacadam hasset
.Thecompact
edWBM
cour
seshoul
dbeal
l
owedt
ocompl
etel
ydr
y&setbef
oret
henextpav
ementcour
sei
s
l
aidov
eri
t.
I
II
.Qual
it
ycont
rolt
est
sonWat
erBoundMacadam Cour
se–

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
ore Page151
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

WetMi
xMacadam l
ayer
:
Speci
ficati
onofMat er
ial
s–
a)Physicalr
equi
rementsofaggr
egat
es–Coarseaggr
egat
esshal
lbecr
ushedst
one&i
t
shoul
dconf ormtothephysi
calr
equi
rement
ssai
dinTabl
e–400–10.

I
fthewat
erabsor
pti
onv
alueofaggr
egat
esi
sgr
eat
ert
han2%,
soundnesst
esti
scar
ri
ed
out
.
b)Gr
adi
ngr
equi
rement
sforWMM i
sgi
veni
ntabl
ebel
ow400–I
I.

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
ore Page152
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

Mat
eri
alsf
inert
han425mi
cronshal
lhav
epl
ast
ici
tyI
ndexnotmor
ethan6.

I
I.Const
ruct
ionOper
ati
ons–

a)Pr
epar
ati
onofbase–I
tisdoneust
hesameasWBM l
ayeraswehav
edi
scussed
ear
li
er.

b)Pr
ovi
sion ofl
ater
alconf
inementofaggr
egat
es – whi
l
e const
ruct
ing WMM,
ar
rangementshal
lbemadef
orl
ater
alconf
inementofwetmi
x.Thi
sshal
lbedoneby

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
ore Page153
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

l
ayi
ngi
nadj
oini
ngshoul
der
sal
ongwi
thWMM.

c)Pr
epar
ati
onofmi
x–WMM i
spr
epar
edi
nmi
xi
ngpl
antwher
epugmi
l
lorpant
ype
mi
xerofconcr
etebat
chi
ngpl
anti
sused.Opt
imum moi
stur
eformi
xi
ngi
sdet
ermi
nedat
t
het
imeofcompact
ion,wat
eri
ntheWMM shoul
dnotv
aryf
rom opt
imum v
alue.The
mi
xedmat
eri
alshoul
dbeuni
for
mlywet&nosegr
egat
ioni
sper
mit
ted.

d)Spr
eadi
ngofmi
x–

1.
Immedi
atel
yaf
termi
xi
ngi
tisspr
eaduni
for
mly& ev
enl
yonpr
epar
edsubgr
ade/
subbase/base.I
nnocasei
tshoul
dbedumpedi
nheaps.

2.
Themi
xmaybespr
eadbypav
erf
ini
sherormot
orgr
ader
.

3.
Themot
orgr
aderi
scabl
eofspr
eadi
ngt
hemat
eri
aluni
for
mlysoast
oachi
evet
he
speci
fi
edsl
ope&gr
ade.
4.
Nosegr
egat
ionofl
arge&f
inepar
ti
clesshoul
dbeal
l
owed.
e)Compact
ion–
1.
Aft
ert
hemi
xhasbeenl
aidt
orequi
redt
hickness,
grade&cr
ossf
allt
hesameshal
lbe
compact
eduni
for
mlyt
othef
ull
dept
hbyr
oll
er.
2.
Ift
het
hicknessi
s100mm si
ngl
elay
er,smoot
hwheelr
oll
eri
sused.Forcompact
ed
si
ngl
elay
erupt
o200mm v
ibr
ator
yrol
l
eri
sused.
3.
Sameki
ndof
frol
l
ingasi
nWBM i
sdoneaswedi
scussedbef
ore.
4.
Alongf
orms,
ker
bs,
wal
l
sorot
heri
naccessi
blepl
acesf
orr
oll
ers,
mechani
calt
amper
s
orpl
atecompact
ori
sused.
5.
Rol
l
ingshoul
dnotbedonewhent
hesubgr
adei
nsof
t.
6.
Ifi
rr
egul
ari
ti
esdev
elopdur
ingr
oll
i
ngwhi
chexceed12mm whent
est
edwi
th3m
st
rai
ghtedge,
thesur
faceshoul
dbel
oosened&pr
emi
xedmat
eri
aladdedorr
emov
ed.
7.
Rol
l
ingshal
lbecont
inuedt
il
lthedensi
tyachi
evedi
sat
least98% oft
hemaxdr
y
densi
tyf
ort
hemat
eri
al.
8.
Aft
ercompl
eti
on,
thesur
faceofanyf
ini
shedl
ayeri
swel
lcl
osed,
freef
rom mov
ement

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
ore Page154
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

undercompact
ionequi
pmentoranycompact
ionpl
anes,
ridges,
cracks&l
oosemat
eri
al.
9.
Alll
oose,segr
egat
ed ar
ea shal
lbemadegood t
othef
ullt
hicknessofl
ayer&
r
ecompact
ed.
10.
Set
ti
ng&Dr
ying–Af
terf
inalcompact
ionofwetmi
xmacadam cour
se,t
her
olad
shal
lbeal
l
owedt
odr
yfor24hour
s.
Openi
ngt
otr
aff
ic–Pr
efer
abl
ynov
ehi
cul
art
raf
fi
coranyki
ndshoul
dbeal
l
owedon
f
ini
shedWMM sur
facet
il
li
thasdr
ied&t
hewear
ingcour
sei
slai
d.

Penet
rat
ionMacadam andBui
ltupSpr
ayGr
out
Penet
rat
ionMacadam –Bi
tumi
nouspenet
rat
ionmacadam i
susedasbaseorbi
nder
cour
se.Thecour
seaggr
egat
esar
efi
rstspr
ead&compact
edwel
l
.Thehotbi
tumeni
s
spr
ayed att
op,i
tpenet
rat
esi
nvoi
ds& bi
ndi
ng somest
oneaggr
egat
est
oget
her
.
Dependi
ngonquant
it
yofbi
tumen
spr
ead&ext
entofpenet
rat
ion,
iti
scal
l
ed„
ful
lgr
out
‟&semi
grout
‟whendept
hisf
ullor
hal
f&
i
sadopt
edi
nheav
y&moder
ater
ainf
all
regi
onsr
espect
ivel
y.
Bui
ltupspr
aygr
out[
BSG]–i
tconsi
stsof2l
ayercomposi
teconst
ruct
ionofcompact
ed
cr
ushedaggr
egat
eswi
thappl
i
cat
ionofbi
tumi
nousbi
nderaf
tereachl
ayerwi
thkey
aggr
egat
esatt
opt
opr
ovi
deat
otalt
hickness,75mm.I
tisusedf
orst
rengt
hingof
exi
sti
ngbi
tumi
nouspav
ement
.Asui
tabl
ewear
ingcour
sei
sinv
ari
abl
ypr
ovi
dedov
ert
his
&openedt
otr
aff
ic.
I
.Const
ruct
ionpr
ocedur
eforpenet
rat
ionMacadam –
a)Pr
epar
ati
onofexi
sti
ngsur
face–Theunder
lyi
ngcour
sei
spr
epar
edt
ouni
for
m gr
ade
&i
sli
ght
lyscar
if
ied&pr
imecoatmaybeappl
i
edi
frequi
red.
b)Spr
eadi
ngt
hecoar
seaggr
egat
e–
1.
Iti
sspr
eadwi
thpr
operedgepr
otect
ionbymechani
cal
spr
eaderorhand.
2.
Atempl
atecutt
ocamberpr
ofi
l
eisusedt
oachi
evecr
osssect
ion.
c)Rol
l
ing–
1.
Aggr
egat
esar
edr
yrol
l
edwi
th10–t
onesr
oll
er.

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
ore Page155
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

2.
Rol
l
ingi
scommencef
rom edge&pr
oceededt
ocent
re,
theov
erl
apbei
ng30cm.
3.
Drycompact
edaggr
egat
ear
echeckedf
ordesi
redpr
ofi
l
eusi
ng3m st
rai
ghtedge.
d)Bi
tumenAppl
i
cat
ion–
1.
Thebi
nderi
sspr
eaduni
for
mlyei
therwi
thpr
essur
edi
str
ibut
orormechani
calhand
spr
ayer
.
2.
Thequant
it
yofbi
tumenbei
ng 50 & 68kg per10m2 f
or50 & 7mm compact
ed
t
hicknessr
espect
ivel
y.
e)Thekeyaggr
egat
esar
espr
eaded&r
oll
ed&cr
osspr
ofi
l
eischecked.
f
)SealCoat–I
tisappl
i
edi
fanot
hersur
faci
ngcour
sei
snotconst
ruct
edi
mmedi
atel
y&
t
raf
fi
cist
oal
l
owed.Thepav
ementi
sagai
nrol
l
ed.
g)Fi
nishi
ng–Theconst
ruct
edpav
ementsect
ioni
scheckedf
ori
tscr
osspr
ofi
l
ewi
th
t
empl
ate&l
ongi
tudi
nal
prof
il
ebyst
rai
ghtedge.
h)Openi
ngt
otr
aff
ic–Thef
ini
shedsur
facei
sopenedt
otr
aff
icaf
teraper
iodof24
hour
s.
I
I.Const
ruct
ionpr
ocedur
eforBui
ltupspr
aygr
out–
a)Pr
epar
ati
onofexi
sti
ngbase–Thedepr
essi
ons&pothol
esar
efi
l
ledandt
hesur
face
i
sbr
oughtt
orequi
redgr
adeandpr
imecoatmaybeappl
i
ed.
b)TackCoat–Heat
edbi
tumi
nousbi
nderi
sappl
i
edatar
ateof7.
5to10km onWMB
sur
face&6t
o8kgonbl
ackt
opsur
faceper10m2ar
ea.
c)Coar
seaggr
egat
esar
espr
eadatar
ateof0.
5m3per10m2ar
ea.
d)Theaggr
egat
esar
erol
l
edusi
ng8t
o10t
onnesr
oll
er.
e)Thesecondl
ayerofcoar
seaggr
egat
esi
sspr
eadat0.
5m3per10m2& r
oll
ed
t
hor
oughl
yst
ati
ngf
rom edges.
f
)Secondappl
i
cat
ionofbi
nderi
sdoneat12.
5to15kgper10m2.
g)Keyaggr
egat
esar
eappl
i
ed&spr 13m3per10m2&r
eadat0. oll
ed.
h)Sur
face Fi
nish – The sur
face unev
enness i
s checked wi
th 3m st
rai
ghtedge.
Longi
tudi
nalpr
ofi
l
eshoul
dnothav
eundul
ati
onsexceedi
ng12mm.BSGshoul
dnotbe
exposedt
otr
aff
icbef
orepr
ovi
dingsur
face.
Bi
tumi
nousMacadam l
ayer
I
.Speci
fi
cat
ionofMat
eri
als–

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
ore Page156
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

1.
Thegr
adesofbi
tumenused30/
40,60/
70,80/
100penet
rat
ion.Roadt
arRT– 4,
cut
back&emul
sionar
eused.Bi
ndercont
ent3–4.
5%bywei
ghtofmi
xisused.
2.
Aggr
egat
es–
i
.LosAngl
esabr
asi
onv
alue50%Max
i
i
.Aggr
egat
eImpactv
alue30%Max
i
i
i.Fl
aki
nessi
ndex15%Max
i
v.St
ri
ppi
ng@ 40oC25%Max
v
.Losswi
thSodi
um Sul
phat
e12%Max

Forbi
ndercoar
se,
abr
asi
on&i
mpactv
aluear
e40&30%r
espect
ivel
y.

v
i.Gr
adi
ngf
or75mm compact
edt
hicknessf
orbasecoar
se&bi
ndercoar
se

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
ore Page157
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
ore Page158
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

v
ii
.Gr
adi
ngf
or50mm compact
edt
hicknessf
orbasecour
se&bi
nder

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
ore Page159
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

Thequant
it
yofaggr
egat
esr
equi
r or10m2ofBM ar
edf e0.
60t 75m3&0.
o0. 9to1m3
r
espect
ivel
yfor50&75mm compact
edt
hickness.
I
I.Const
ruct
ionPr
ocedur
e–
a)Pr
epar
ati
onofexi
sti
ngl
ayer–Theexi
sti
ngl
ayeri
spr
oper
lypr
ofi
l
ed&ev
en&cl
eaned.
b)TackCoatorPr
imeCoatappl
i
cat
ion–At
ackcoati
sappl
i
edoft
hinl
ayerofbi
tumen
bi
nderusi
ngspr
ayerorpour
ingcan.
c)Pr
emi
xPr
epar
ati
on–Thebi
tumenbi
nder&aggr
egat
esar
esepar
atel
yheat
edand
t
henpl
acedi
nmi
xer&i
smi
xedt
il
lahomogenousmi
xtur
eisf
ormed&car
ri
edt
osi
teby
t
ranspor
terorwheel
bor
row.
d)Pl
acement–Pav
ingmi
xtur
eispl
acedi
nadesi
redl
ocat
ion&i
sspr
eadwi
thr
akest
o
pr
e–det
ermi
nedt
hickness.Thecamberpr
ofi
l
eischeckedwi
tht
empl
ate.
e)Rol
l
ing&f
ini
shi
ngt
hePav
ingMi
x–Ther
oll
i
ngi
sdoneusi
ngt
andem r
oll
er.The
r
oll
i
ngi
scommencedf
rom edgeofpav
ementt
ocent
re.Thef
ini
shedsur
faceshoul
dnot
show separ
atel
i
nesofmar
kingst
her
oll
erwheelar
ekeptdamp.Av
ari
ati
onof6mm
ov
er3m l
engt
hisal
l
owedi
nthecr
osspr
ofi
l
e.Thenumberofundul
ati
onsexceedi
ng
10mm shoul
dnotbel
esst
han30i
n300m l
engt
hofpav
ement
.
DenseBi
tumi
nousMacadam l
ayer
I
.Speci
fi
cat
ionofMat
eri
als–
a)Bi
tumen–Gr
adeS65orA65(
60/70)
,S90(
80/100)maybeused.
b)Coar
seaggr
egat
es–
1)LosAngl
esAbr
asi
onVal
ue-
40%Max
2)Aggr
egat
esI
mpactVal
ue-
30%Max
3)FI&EI
-30%Max
4)St
ri
ppi
ngMi
nimum r
etai
ned
5)Losswi
thsodi
um sul
phat
e-12%Max
6)Wat
erabsor
pti
on-
2w%Max

c)Fi
neAggr
egat
es–shoul
dbet
hef
ract
ionpassi
ng2.
36mm si
eve&r
etai
nedon75m
si
eve.
d)Fi
l
ler-I
SSi
eve %Passi
ngbywei
ght
600M 100
Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
ore Page160
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

300M 95–100
75M 85–100
e)Aggr
egat
eGr
adat
ion–
Si
eveSi
ze %Passi
ngbywei
ght
37.
5mm 100
26.
5mm 90–100
13.
2mm 56–80
4.
75mm 29–59

2.
36mm 19–45
300mi
cron 5–17
75mi
cron 1–7
Requi
rementofMi
x–
a.Mar
shal
lst
abi
l
ity820Kg
b.Mar
shal
lfl
ow2–4
c.%ai
rvoi
ds3–5
d.VMA10–12%
e.VFB65–75
f
.Bi
nderCont
entNotl
esst
han4%
Const
ruct
ionPr
ocedur
e–
a.Pr
epar
ati
onofBase–Thesur
faceshoul
dbesweptcl
eanusi
ngmechani
calbr
oom &
i
spr
epar
edt
ouni
for
m gr
ade.Pr
imecoatmaybeused&t
ackcoatar
eappl
i
edov
erbase.
Pr
epar
ati
onofmi
xissameasBM asdi
scussedear
li
er.
b.Spr
eadi
ng–I
tisspr
eadbysel
f-
propel
l
edpav
erf
orspr
eadi
ng,
tampi
ng&f
ini
shi
ngt
he
mi
xtodesi
redgr
ade,
li
nes.I
nrest
ri
ctedar
eas&nar
rowwi
dths,
manuall
ayi
ngofmi
xor
mechani
cal
pav
erar
eused.
Temper
atur
eis120o–160oCatt
het
imeofl
ayi
ng.

c.Rol
l
ing–
1.
Iti
scompact
edi
nit
ial
l
ybysmoot
hwheel
edr
oll
er,i
nter
medi
ater
oll
i
ngbyv
ibr
ator
y
r
oll
erorpneumat
icr
oll
er&f
ini
shi
ngr
oll
i
ngi
sdonebyt
andem r
oll
er.

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
ore Page161
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

2.
Ther
oll
ersshal
lnotbeal
l
owed t
o st
andonpav
ementwhi
chhasnotbeenf
ull
compact
ed&t
emper
atur
eismor
ethan70oC.
3.
Thewheel
sofr
oll
ershal
lbekeptmoi
stt
opr
eventadhesi
on.
4.
Rol
l
ingwi
thst
artf
rom edget
ocent
rel
i
neofpav
ement
,bot
hdi
rect
ions.
5.
Eachpassofr
oll
ershal
lov
erl
aponebyhal
fthewi
dthofr
earwheel
.
6.
Rol
l
ingshal
lbecont
inuedt
il
lthedensi
tyachi
evedi
sat
least98%.
7.
Iti
scompl
etedi
nal
lrespect
sbef
oret
het
empofmi
xfal
l
sbel
ow100oC.
d.Openi
ngt
otr
aff
ic–
1.
Traf
fi
cmaybeal
l
owedaf
tercompl
eti
onoft
hef
inal
rol
l
ingi
sdone.
2.
DBM i
spr
ovi
dedwi
thpr
operwear
ingcour
sebef
oreopeni
ngt
onor
mal
traf
fi
corr
ain.

Bi
tumi
nousConcr
ete–
ISpeci
fi
cat
ionofMat
eri
als–
1)Bi
tumen–SameasDBM
Bi
tumen,Fi
neaggr
egat
es,Fi
l
ler
,Coar
seaggr
egat
ear
eal
lsameasDBM butGr
adi
ng
changes.

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
ore Page162
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

Mi
xDesi
gn–
1)Mar
shal
lSt
abi
l
ity820Kg(
Min)
2)Mar
shal
lFl
ow2–4
3)Ai
rvoi
ds3–5
4)VMA11–13%
5)VFB65–75

6)Bi
nderCont
entMi
n45
7)Wat
erSensi
ti
vi
tyMi
n75%
8)Swel
lTest1.
5%Max
I
I.Const
ruct
ionOper
ati
ons–
1.
Prepar
ati
onofBase–Thebaseonwhi
chbi
tumi
nousconcr
etei
stobel
aidshal
lbe
pr
epar
ed,
shaped&condi
ti
onedt
othespeci
fi
edl
evel
s,gr
adeandcr
ossf
all
(Camber
).
2.
Thesur
faceshal
lbet
hor
oughl
ysweptcl
eanf
reef
rom dustandot
hermat
terusi
ng
mechani
calbr
oom and dustr
emov
ed by mechani
calmeans or bl
own of
f by
compr
essedai
r.I
npor
ti
onswher
emechani
calmeanscannotr
each,ot
herappr
oved
met
hodi
sused.
3.
Appl
yi
ngt
ackcoat
,pr
epar
ati
onofmi
x,spr
eadi
ng,
rol
l
ingar
esameasDBM l
ayeraswe
hav
edi
scussedear
li
er.
4.
Openi
ngt
oTr
aff
ic– Tr
aff
icmaybeal
l
owedi
mmedi
atel
yaf
tercompl
eti
onoff
inal
r
oll
i
ngwhent
hemi
xhascool
eddownt
osur
roundi
ngt
emper
atur
e.
SemiDenseBi
tumi
nousConcr
ete–
I
.Speci
fi
cat
ionofMat
eri
als–
a)Bi
tumen–SameasBM (
30/
40t
o80/
100)gr
ademat
eri
alsar
eal
mostsameasBM &
DGBM cour
sel
ayer
swhi
chwehav
edi
scussedear
li
er.
b)Coar
se aggr
egat
es,f
ine aggr
egat
es,f
il
lersame speci
fi
cat
ion as dense gr
ade
bi
tumi
nous
macadam.
c)Mi
xDesi
gn
1)Mar
shal
lSt
abi
l
ity820Kg
2)Mar
shal
lfl
ow2–4
Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
ore Page163
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

3)#ai
rvoi
dsi
nmi
x3–5
4)VMA13–15
5)VFB65–75
6)Bi
nderCont
ent44%

d)Gr
adi
ng–

I
I.Const
ruct
ionOper
ati
on–

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
ore Page164
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

Const
ruct
ioni
ssi
mil
art
oDenseBM asdi
scussedear
li
er.
a)Pr
epar
ati
onofBase– Thebaseonwhi
chSDBC i
stobel
aidshal
lbepr
epar
ed,
shaped&condi
ti
onedt
othespeci
fi
edl
i
nes,gr
adesandcr
osssect
ions.TackCoat
,
pr
epr
ati
onofmi
x,r
oll
i
ngi
ssameasDBM.
Openi
ngt
otr
aff
ic–Tr
aff
icmaybeal
l
owedaf
tercompl
eti
onoff
inalr
oll
i
ngwhent
he
mi
xhascool
eddownt
osur
roundi
ngt
emper
atur
e.
SealCoat
a)Scope–Thi
swor
kshal
lconsi
stofappl
i
cat
ionofsealcoatf
orseal
i
ngt
hev
oidsi
n
bi
tumi
noussur
face.
b)Speci
fi
cat
ionofMat
eri
als–
1.
Binder–Sui
tabl
egr
adeappr
opr
iat
etor
egi
on,t
raf
fi
c,r
ainf
all&ot
herenv
ironment
al
condi
ti
ons.
2.
Stonechi
ppi
ngsf
ort
ype(
A)&t
ype(
B)sealcoat– I
tshoul
dconsi
stsofangul
ar
f
ragment
sofcl
ean,har
d,dur
abl
e,t
oughandf
reef
rom dust
,sof
torf
lakyel
ongat
ed
mat
eri
al,
organi
cmat
ter
.Itshoul
dbe6.
7mm si
zeand0.
18mm si
zer
espect
ivel
y.
c)Pur
pose–a)Toseal
thesur
faci
ngagai
nstt
hei
ngr
essofwat
er.b)Todev
elopski
d
r
esi
stancet
ext
ure.c)Toenl
i
venanexi
sti
ngdr
yorweat
her
edbi
tumi
noussur
face.
Sur
faceDr
essi
ng–
a)Scope–Thi
swor
kshal
lconsi
stsoft
heappl
i
cat
ionofonecoator2coat
sofsur
face
dr
essi
ng,
eachcoatconsi
sti
ngofal
ayerofbi
tumi
nousbi
nderspr
ayedonbasef
oll
owed
bycov
erofchi
ppi
ngsr
oll
edt
ofor
m wear
ingcour
se.
b)Speci
fi
cat
ionofMat
eri
als-
Bi
nder–I
tshoul
dbeofsui
tabl
egr
adeappr
opr
iat
etor
egi
on,
traf
fi
c,r
ainf
all
.
St
oneChi
ppi
ng – Thest
onepol
i
shi
ng v
alueshoul
d notbel
esst
han 55 & wat
er
absor
pti
onr
est
ri
ctedt
o1%.
Quant
it
iesofMat
eri
als–Forsi
ngl
ecoatort
hef
ir
stcoatof2coatsur
facedr
essi
ng,
13.
2mm si
zewher
eitpasses100%22.
4mm &r
etai
nedon11.
2mm I
SSi
eve.Forsecond
coat
,11.
2mm passi
ng100%13.
2mm Si
eve&r
etai
nedon5.
6mm Si
eve.
c)Pur
pose–
1.
Toser
veasat
hinwear
ingcour
seofpav
ement&t
opr
otectt
hebasecour
se.

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
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ore Page165
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

2.
Towat
erpr
ooft
hepav
ementsur
faceandt
opr
eventi
nfi
l
trat
ionofwat
er.
3.
Topr
ovi
dedust–f
reepav
ementsur
facei
ndr
yweat
her&mud–f
reepav
ementi
nwet
weat
her
.
Mast
icAsphal
t–
I
tisami
xtur
eofbi
tumen,f
ineaggr
egat
es&f
il
leri
nsui
tabl
epr
opor
ti
onswhi
chy
iel
dsa
v
oidl
ess&i
mper
meabl
emass.Thought
hei
ngr
edi
ent
sinmast
icasphal
twhencool
ed
r
esul
tsi
nhar
d,st
abl
e&dur
abl
elay
ersui
tabl
etowi
thst
andheav
ytr
aff
ic.Thi
smat
eri
al
al
socanabsor
bvi
brat
ionsandhasapr
oper
tyofsel
f– heal
i
ngofcr
ackswi
thout
bl
eedi
ng.I
tissui
tabl
esur
faci
ng
mat
eri
alsf
orbr
idgedecksl
ap.Thef
il
ler
,bi
tumenbi
nder& aggr
egat
ear
etakeni
n
sui
tabl
epr
opor
ti
on&t
omaket
hemi
x.

1.
Expl
aint
hemat
eri
alspeci
fi
cat
ion,
const
ruct
ionmet
hodandqual
i
tycont
rol
checks
f
orwetmi
xmacadam.
2.Di
scuss t
he mat
eri
alsr
equi
red and const
ruct
ion st
eps f
ort
he const
ruct
ion of
bi
tumi
nousconcr
etepav
ement
.
3.Wr
it
eabr
iefnot
eont
heconst
ruct
ionofdensebi
tumi
nousmacadam pav
ement
.

4.Whatar
ethe di
ff
erentt
ypes oft
he f
lexi
ble pav
ementl
ayer
s? Ment
ion t
hei
r
i
mpor
tance.
5.Whatar
ethe f
unct
ions ofpr
ime coat
,tackcoatand sealcoati
n bi
tumi
nous
const
ruct
ion?
Ment
ionmat
eri
alspeci
fi
cat
ionofeach.
6.Di
scuss t
he mat
eri
alsr
equi
red and const
ruct
ion st
eps f
ort
he const
ruct
ion of
bi
tumi
nous
concr
etepav
ement
.
7.Expl
aint
hesui
tabi
l
ityofi
)WBM pav
ementi
i
)Bi
tumi
nousboundmacadam
i
i
i)Bi
tumi
nousconcr
etepav
ement

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
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ore Page166
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

PART-B
PAVEMENTCONSTRUCTI
ON
UNI
T-8:CEMENTCONCRETEPAVEMENTS
Speci
fi
cat
ionsandmet
hodofcementconcr
etepav
ementconst
ruct
ion(
PQC
I
mpor
tanceofpr
ovi
dingDLCassub-
baseandpol
ythenet
hinl
ayerbet
weenPQCand
sub-
base)
;Qual
i
tycont
rol
test
s;Const
ruct
ionofv
ari
oust
ypesofj
oint
s.
8Hour
s

Ther
igi
dchar
act
eri
sti
coft
hepav
ementar
eassoci
atedwi
thr
igi
dit
yorf
lexur
alst
rengt
h
orsl
abact
ionsot
hel
oadi
sdi
str
ibut
edov
erawi
dear
eaofsubgr
adesoi
l
.Ri
gid
pav
ementi
slai
dinsl
abswi
thst
eel
rei
nfor
cement
.

1.
The r
igi
d pav
ement
s ar
e made ofcementconcr
ete ei
therpl
an,r
einf
orced or
pr
est
ressedconcr
ete.
Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
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ore Page167
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

2.
Cri
ti
calcondi
ti
onofst
ressi
nther
igi
dpav
ementi
sthemaxi
mum f
lexur
alst
ress
occur
ri
ngi
nthesl
abduet
owheel
loadandt
het
emper
atur
echanges.

3.
Rigi
dpav
ementi
sdesi
gnedandanal
yzedbyusi
ngt
heel
ast
ict
heor
y.

Adv
ant
agesofRi
gidPav
ement

1.Ri
gidl
ast
smuch,muchl
ongeri
.e30+y
ear
scompar
edt
o5-
10y
ear
soff
lexi
ble
pav
ement
s.
2.I
nthel
ongr
uni
tisabouthal
fthecostt
oinst
all
andmai
ntai
n.Butt
hei
nit
ial
cost
s
ar
esomewhathi
gh.
3.Ri
gidpav
ementhast
heabi
l
ityt
obr
idgesmal
li
mper
fect
ionsi
nthesubgr
ade.
4.LessMai
ntenancecostandCont
inuousTr
aff
icandFl
ow.
5.Hi
ghef
fi
ciencyi
nter
msoff
unct
ional
i
ty

Compar
isonofFl
exi
bleandRi
gidPav
ement
Fl
exibl
ePav ement s Ri
gidPavement s
1.Def or
mat ioninthe 1.Deformati
oni nthe
subgradei s subgradeisnot
tr
ansferr
edt othe tr
ansferr
edto
upperlayers subsequentlayers

2.Desi
gnisbasedon 2.Designisbasedon
l
oaddist
ri
buti
ng fl
exural
strengt
hor

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
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vi
lEngg,
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ore Page168
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

char
act
eri
sti
csofthe sl
abact
ion
componentl
ayer
s
3.Havehi
ghf
lexur
al
3.Havelowfl
exur
al st
rengt
h
st
rength
4.Nosuch
4.Loadistr
ansfer
red phenomenonof
bygrai
ntograin grai
ntogr ainl
oad
cont
act tr
ansferexists

5.Havelowcomplet
ion 5.Havelowrepai
ri
ng
costbutr
epai
ri
ng costbut
costi
shigh complet
ioncosti
s
hi
gh
6.Havelowl
if
espan
(Hi
ghMaint
enance 6.Li
fespanismore
Cost) ascompareto
fl
exi
ble(
Low
7.Surf
acingcannotbe Maint
enanceCost
)
l
aiddir
ectl
yont he
subgradebutasub 7.Surfacingcanbe
baseisneeded dir
ectlylai
donthe
subgr ade
8.Not her
mal st
resses
areinducedasthe 8.Thermal st
resses
pavementhav ethe aremorev ulner
able
abil
i
t yt
ocontract tobeinducedas
andexpandf r
eely theabil
i
t yt
o
contr
actand
9.That
swhyexpansi
on expandisv eryl
ess
j
oint
sar
enotneeded i
nconcr ete

10.
Str
engthoftheroad 9.Thatswhy
ishi
ghlydependent expansi
onjoi
nts
onthestrengt
hofthe areneeded
subgrade
10.
Strengt
hofthe
11.
Rol
li
ngoft
he roadisless
sur
faci
ngi
sneeded dependentonthe
strengt
hofthesub
12.
Roadcanbeusedf
or grade
traf
fi
cwi
thi
n24
hours 11.
Roll
ingoft
he
surf
acingi
nnot
13.
For
ceoff
ri
cti
oni
s needed
Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
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vi
lEngg,
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ore Page169
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

12.
Roadcannotbe
l
essDef ormationi
n usedunt
il14days
thesubgr adeisnot ofcur
ing
transf
err
edt othe
upperlayers. 13.
Forceoff
ri
cti
oni
s
high
14.
DamagedbyOil
sand
Cer
tai
nChemical
s 14.
NoDamagebyOi
l
s
andGr
eases

COMPOSI
TIONANDSTRUCTURE OFRI
GIDPAVEMENT
Ri
gid pav
ement
snor
mal
l
yusePor
tl
andcementconcr
eteast
hepr
ime
st
ruct
uralel
ement
.Dependi
ngoncondi
ti
ons,engi
neer
smaydesi
gnt
he
pav
ementsl
ab wi
th pl
ain,l
i
ght
lyr
einf
orced,cont
inuousl
yrei
nfor
ced,
pr
est
ressed,orf
ibr
ous concr
ete.The concr
ete sl
ab usual
l
yli
es on a
compact
edgr
anul
arort
reat
edsubbase,whi
chi
ssuppor
ted,i
ntur
n,bya
compact
edsubgr
ade.Thesubbasepr
ovi
desuni
for
m st
abl
esuppor
tand
maypr
ovi
desubsur
facedr
ainage.Theconcr
etesl
ab hasconsi
der
abl
e
f
lexur
alst
rengt
handspr
eadst
heappl
i
edl
oadsov
eral
argear
ea.Fi
gur
e1
i
l
lust
rat
esat
ypi
calr
igi
dpav
ementst
ruct
ure.Ri
gidpav
ement
shav
eahi
gh
degr
eeofr
igi
dit
y.Fi
gur
e2show how t
hisr
igi
dit
yandt
her
esul
ti
ngbeam
act
ionenabl
eri
gidpav
ement
stodi
str
ibut
eloadsov
erl
argear
easoft
he
subgr
ade.Bet
terpav
ementper
for
mance r
equi
res t
hatsuppor
tfort
he
concr
etesl
abbeuni
for
m.Ri
gidpav
ementst
rengt
hismosteconomi
cal
l
y
bui
l
tint
otheconcr
etesl
abi
tsel
fwi
thopt
imum useofl
ow-
costmat
eri
als
undert
hesl
ab.

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
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ore Page170
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

Fi
g1:
Typi
cal
rigi
dpav
ementst
ruct
ure

Fi
g2:
Transf
erofwheel
loadt
ofoundat
ioni
nri
gidpav
ementst
ruct
ure

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
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vi
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ore Page171
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

a)Concr
eteSl
ab(
Sur
faceLay
er)
.Theconcr
etesl
abpr
ovi
desst
ruct
uralsuppor
ttot
he
ai
rcr
aft
,pr
ovi
desaski
d-r
esi
stantsur
face,
andpr
event
sthei
nfi
l
trat
ionofexcesssur
face
wat
eri
ntot
hesubbase.

b)Subbase.Thesubbasepr
ovi
desuni
for
m st
abl
esuppor
tfort
hepav
ementsl
ab.The
subbase al
so ser
ves t
o cont
rolf
rostact
ion,pr
ovi
de subsur
face dr
ainage,cont
rol
swel
l
ingofsubgr
adesoi
l
s,pr
ovi
deast
abl
econst
ruct
ionpl
atf
ormf
orr
igi
dpav
ement
const
ruct
ion,
andpr
eventmudpumpi
ngoff
ine-
grai
nedsoi
l
s.Ri
gidpav
ement
sgener
all
y
r
equi
reami
nimum subbaset
hicknessof4i
nches(
100mm)
.

c)St
abi
li
zedSubbase.Al
lnew r
igi
dpav
ement
sdesi
gnedt
oaccommodat
eai
rcr
aft
wei
ghi
ng100,
000pounds(
45,
000kg)ormor
emusthav
east
abi
l
izedsubbase.The
st
ruct
uralbenef
iti
mpar
tedt
oapav
ementsect
ionbyast
abi
l
izedsubbasei
sref
lect
edi
n
t
hemodul
usofsubgr
ader
eact
ionassi
gnedt
othef
oundat
ion.

d)Fr
ostPr
otect
ionLay
er.I
nar
easwher
efr
eezi
ngt
emper
atur
esoccurandwher
efr
ost
-
suscept
ibl
esoi
lwi
thahi
ghgr
oundwat
ert
abl
eexi
sts,engi
neer
smustconsi
derf
rost
act
ionwhendesi
gni
ngpav
ement
s.Fr
ostact
ioni
ncl
udesbot
hfr
ostheav
eandl
ossof

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
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ore Page172
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

subgr
adesuppor
tdur
ingt
hef
rost
-mel
tper
iod.Fr
ostheav
emaycauseapor
ti
onoft
he
pav
ementt
ori
sebecauseoft
henonuni
for
m f
ormat
ionofi
cecr
yst
alsi
naf
rost
-
suscept
ibl
emat
eri
al(
seeFi
gur
e3)
.Thawi
ngoft
hef
rozensoi
landi
cecr
yst
alsmay
causepav
ementdamageunderl
oads.Thef
rostpr
otect
ionl
ayerf
unct
ionsasabar
ri
er
agai
nstf
rostact
ionandf
rostpenet
rat
ioni
ntot
hel
owerf
rost
-suscept
ibl
elay
ers.

Fi
g3:
For
mat
ionofi
cecr
yst
alsi
nfr
ost
-suscept
ibl
esoi
l

e)Subgr
ade.Thesubgr
adei
sthecompact
edsoi
ll
ayert
hatf
ormst
hef
oundat
ionoft
he
pav
ementsy
stem.Subgr
adesoi
l
sar
esubj
ect
edt
olowerst
ressest
hant
hesur
faceand
subbasecour
ses.Thesest
ressesdecr
easewi
thdept
h,andt
hecont
rol
l
ingsubgr
ade
st
ressi
susual
l
yatt
het
opoft
hesubgr
adeunl
essunusualcondi
ti
onsexi
st.Unusual
condi
ti
ons,suchasal
ayer
edsubgr
adeorshar
plyv
ary
ingwat
ercont
entordensi
ti
es,
maychanget
hel
ocat
ionsoft
hecont
rol
l
ingst
ress.Thesoi
l
sinv
est
igat
ionshoul
dcheck
f
ort
hesecondi
ti
ons.Thepav
ementabov
ethesubgr
ademustbecapabl
eofr
educi
ng
st
ressesi
mposedont
hesubgr
adet
oval
uest
hatar
elowenought
opr
eventexcessi
ve
di
stor
ti
onordi
spl
acementoft
hesubgr
adesoi
ll
ayer
.

Si
nce subgr
ade soi
l
svar
y consi
der
abl
y,t
he i
nter
rel
ati
onshi
p oft
ext
ure,densi
ty,
moi
stur
econt
ent
,and st
rengt
h ofsubgr
ademat
eri
ali
scompl
ex.Theabi
l
ityofa
par
ti
cul
arsoi
ltor
esi
stshearanddef
ormat
ionwi
l
lvar
ywi
thi
tsdensi
tyandmoi
stur
e

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
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ore Page173
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

cont
ent
.Int
hisr
egar
d,t
hesoi
lpr
ofi
l
eoft
hesubgr
ader
equi
rescar
efulexami
nat
ion.The
soi
lpr
ofi
l
eist
hev
ert
icalar
rangementofl
ayer
sofsoi
l
s,eachofwhi
chmaypossess
di
ff
erentpr
oper
ti
esandcondi
ti
ons.

Soi
lcondi
ti
onsar
erel
atedt
othegr
oundwat
erl
evel
,pr
esenceofwat
er-
bear
ingst
rat
a,
andt
hepr
oper
ti
esoft
hesoi
l
,incl
udi
ngsoi
ldensi
ty,
par
ti
clesi
ze,moi
stur
econt
ent
,and
f
rostpenet
rat
ion.Si
nce t
he subgr
ade soi
lsuppor
tst
he pav
ementand t
he l
oads
i
mposedont
hepav
ementsur
face,i
tiscr
it
icalt
oexami
nesoi
lcondi
ti
onst
odet
ermi
ne
t
hei
ref
fectongr
adi
ngandpav
ingoper
ati
onsandt
heneedf
orunder
drai
ns.

JOI
NTSI
NRI
GIDPAVEMENT

Pr
ovi
sionsofj
oint
sar
enecessi
tat
edduet
o:

1)Expansi
on,cont
ract
ionandwar
pingofconcr
etesl
absr
esul
ti
ngf
rom t
emper
atur
e
andmoi
stur
echanges;

2)Faci
l
itat
eabr
eaki
ntheconst
ruct
ionatt
heendofday
’swor
korf
oranyunexpect
ed
i
nter
rupt
iont
owor
kpr
ogr
ess;
and

3)Const
ruct
ionofpav
ement
sinl
anesofconv
eni
entwi
dth.

Joi
ntsar
ethedi
scont
inui
ti
esi
ntheconcr
etepav
ementsl
ab,andhel
ptor
elease
st
resses due t
otemper
atur
evar
iat
ion,subgr
ade moi
stur
evar
iat
ion,shr
inkage of
concr
eteet
c.

Ther
e ar
evar
ious t
ypes ofj
oint
sin concr
ete pav
ement
,e.
g.cont
ract
ion j
oint
,
const
ruct
ionj
oint
,expansi
onj
ointandwar
pingj
oint
.Thef
unct
ionsoft
hesej
oint
sar
eas
f
oll
ows:

Cont
ract
ionj
oint
:Cont
ract
ionj
oint
sar
epr
ovi
dedal
ongt
het
ransv
ersedi
rect
iont
otake
car
eoft
hecont
ract
ionofconcr
etesl
abduet
oit
snat
ural
shr
inkage.

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
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ore Page174
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

Const
ruct
ionj
oint
:Const
ruct
ionj
oint
sar
epr
ovi
dedwhenev
ert
heconst
ruct
ionwor
k
st
opst
empor
ari
l
y.Thej
ointdi
rect
ioncoul
dbeei
theral
ongt
het
ransv
erseorl
ongi
tudi
nal
di
rect
ion.

Expansi
onj
oint
:Expansi
onj
oint
sar
epr
ovi
dedal
ongt
het
ransv
ersedi
rect
iont
oal
l
ow
mov
ement(
expansi
on/cont
ract
ion)oft
he concr
ete sl
ab due t
otemper
atur
e and
subgr
ademoi
stur
evar
iat
ion.

War
pingj
oint
:War
pingj
oint
sar
epr
ovi
dedal
ongt
hel
ongi
tudi
naldi
rect
iont
opr
event
war
pingoft
heconcr
etesl
abduet
otemper
atur
eandsubgr
ademoi
stur
evar
iat
ion.

Qual
it
yRequi
rement
sforJoi
ntConst
ruct
ion

1)Al
lfor
eignmat
eri
ali
nthej
oint
sshoul
dber
emov
edf
ir
st.Themanualcl
eani
ngoft
he
j
oint
sisdonewi
thar
akerf
oll
owedbycoi
rbr
ushi
ng.Thef
inepar
ti
clesar
eremov
edwi
th
t
hehel
pofai
rcompr
essor
.Af
tert
hej
oint
shav
ebeencl
eaned,
pri
meri
sused.
Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
ore Page175
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

Thepr
imerhasv
eryl
ow v
iscosi
tyandpenet
rat
esi
nthepor
esoft
heconcr
ete.Thi
sis
f
oll
owedbyj
ointf
il
lerandf
inal
l
yseal
i
ngcompoundi
sused.Thepr
imerusedear
li
er
hel
pst
oimpr
ovebondbet
weenseal
i
ngcompoundandconcr
ete

2)Thej
oint
sshoul
dbeseal
edf
lushwi
tht
headj
acentpav
ementsur
faceonei
thersi
de
i
nsummerandshoul
dbef
il
ledt
oadept
hof3-
4mm bel
owt
hesur
facei
nwi
ntersot
hat
t
heymaybecomef
lushonexpandi
ngdur
inghotweat
her
.

3)Dowel
bar
sar
erequi
redf
ort
het
ransv
ersej
oint
sto

 Tr
ansf
erpar
tloadacr
osst
headj
acentsl
ab
 St
ressesbecomi
ngcr
it
ical
 Assi
sti
ntheev
entofl
ossofsubgr
adesuppor
tatt
hel
ocat
ionofj
oint

4)Dowelbar
sar
egener
all
ymi
l
dst
eelr
oundbar
sembeddedandbondedi
ntoconcr
ete
ononesi
deoft
hej
ointandt
heot
herhal
flengt
hdel
i
ber
atel
ypr
event
edf
rom bondi
ng
wi
thconcr
eteont
hatsi
de.Ar
ecessi
spr
ovi
dedatt
hesl
i
dingendf
orf
reemov
ementof
sl
abwhenusedi
ntheexpansi
onj
oint
s.

5)Thedowelbarshoul
dbesuppor
tedoncr
adl
es/
dowelchai
rsi
npr
e-f
abr
icat
edj
oint
assembl
i
esposi
ti
onedpr
iort
otheconst
ruct
ionoft
hesl
absormechani
cal
l
yinser
ted
wi
thv
ibr
ati
oni
ntot
hepl
ast
icconcr
etebymet
hodwhi
chensur
escor
rectpl
acementof
t
hebar
sbesi
desf
ull
re-
compact
ionoft
heconcr
etear
oundt
hedowel
bar
s.

6)Dowel
bar
sshoul
dbeposi
ti
onedatmi
ddept
hoft
hesl
ab,
andcent
eredequal
l
yabout
i
ntendedl
i
nesoft
hej
oint
.Theyshoul
dbeal
i
gnedpar
all
elt
othef
ini
shedsur
faceoft
he
sl
abandt
othecent
erl
i
neoft
hecar
ri
agewayandt
oeachot
her
.

7)Dowelbar
sshoul
dbecov
eredbyat
hinpl
ast
icsheat
hforatl
eastt
wo-
thi
rdsoft
he
l
engt
hfr
om oneendf
ordowelbar
sincont
ract
ionj
oint
sorhal
fthel
engt
hpl
us50mm
f
orexpansi
onj
oint
s.Thesheat
hshal
lbet
ough,dur
abl
eandofandav
eraget
hickness
notgr
eat
ert
han1.
25mm.Thesheat
hedbarshal
lcompl
ywi
tht
hespeci
fi
edpul
l
out

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
ore Page176
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

t
est
s.

Expansi
onJoi
nts

8)Forexpansi
onj
oint
s,acl
osel
yfi
tt
ingcap100mm l
ongconsi
sti
ngofwat
erpr
oof
ed
car
dboar
doranappr
ovedsy
nthet
icmat
eri
al,
li
ke,
PVCorGIpi
peshoul
dbepl
acedov
er

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
ore Page177
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

t
hesheat
hedendofeachdowelbar
.Anexpansi
onspaceatl
eastequali
nlengt
htot
he
t
hicknessoft
hej
ointf
il
lerboar
dshoul
dbef
ormedbet
weent
heendoft
hecapandt
he
endoft
hedowelbarbyusi
ngcompr
essi
blesponget
obl
ockt
heent
ryofcementsl
urr
y
bet
weendowel
andcap.I
tmaybet
aped.

9)Ti
ebar
sar
epr
ovi
dedt
opr
eventadj
acentsl
absf
rom separ
ati
ng,par
ti
cul
arl
yon
cur
vesoratf
il
ls.Thet
iebar
sar
enotmeantt
oaddst
ruct
uralcapaci
tyoft
hesl
absand
ar
edesi
gnedt
owi
thst
andonl
ytensi
l
est
resses.

10)Ti
ebar
sinl
ongi
tudi
nalj
oint
sshoul
dbedef
ormedst
eelbar
sofst
rengt
h415Mpa
compl
yi
ngwi
thI
S:1786.

11)Ti
ebar
spr
oject
ingacr
osst
hel
ongi
tudi
nalj
ointshal
lbepr
otect
edf
rom cor
rosi
on
f
or75mm oneachsi
deoft
hej
ointbyapr
otect
ivecoat
ingofbi
tumi
nouspai
nt.

12)Ti
ebar
sinl
ongi
tudi
nalj
oint
sshal
lbemadeupi
ntor
igi
dassembl
eswi
thadequat
e
suppor
tsandf
ixi
ngst
oremai
nfi
rml
yinposi
ti
ondur
ingt
heconst
ruct
ionoft
hesl
ab.
Al
ter
nat
ivel
y,t
iebar
satl
ongi
tudi
nalj
oint
smaybemechani
cal
l
yormanual
l
yinser
ted
i
ntot
hepl
ast
icconcr
etef
rom abov
ebyv
ibr
ati
onusi
ngamet
hodwhi
chensur
escor
rect
pl
acementoft
hebar
sandr
e-compact
ionoft
heconcr
etear
oundt
het
iebar
s.

13)Ti
ebar
sshal
lbeposi
ti
onedt
oremai
nwi
thi
nthemi
ddl
ethi
rdoft
hesl
abdept
h
appr
oxi
mat
elypar
all
elt
othesur
faceandper
pendi
cul
art
othel
i
neofj
ointwi
tha
mi
nimum cov
erof30mm bel
owt
hej
ointgr
oov
e.

Speci
fi
cat
ionofMat
eri
als
Forconcr
etesl
abscement
,coar
seaggr
egat
es,f
ineaggr
egat
esandwat
erar
erequi
red.
I
f
r
einf
orcementi
spr
ovi
ded,st
eelwi
ref
abr
icar
eused&f
orconst
ruct
ionofj
oint
s,j
oint
f
il
ler&
seal
erar
eused.
1.Cement– Or
dinar
yPor
tl
andcementi
sused.I
ncaseofur
gencyr
api
dhar
deni
ng

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
ore Page178
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

cementi
s
used.
2.Coar
seAggr
egat
es– Themaxsi
zeshoul
dnotexceed1/
4thsl
abt
hickness.The
gr
adat
ion
mayr
angef
rom 50– 4.
75or40– 4.
75.Theaggr
egat
esshoul
dbef
reef
rom i
ron,
pur
it
ies,
col
a,mi
ca,
clay
,al
kal
i
,et
c.,
ForPhy
sical
proper
ti
esdesi
rel
i
mit
sar
e–
a)Aggr
egat
eCr
ushi
ngVal
ue:
30%Max
b)Aggr
egat
eImpactVal
ue:
30%Max
c)LosAngel
esabr
asi
onVal
ue:
30%Max
d)Soundnessf
orsodi
um sul
phat
e:12%Max
3.Fi
neaggr
egat
es–Nat
ural
sands,
crushedst
oneset
c.,
areused.
4.Pr
opor
ti
oni
ngofConcr
ete–I
tispr
opor
ti
onedsoast
oobt
ainami
nimum modul
usof
r
upt
ur cm2 onf
eof40Kg/ iel
dort
odev
elopmi
nimum compr
essi
vest
rengt
hof280
cm2at28day
Kg/ s.

Const
ruct
ionmet
hod

a)Pr
epar
ati
onofsubgr
adeandsubbase–

1.
Nosof
tpot
sar
epr
esenti
nsubgr
adeorsubbase.

2.
Itshoul
dext
entatl
east30cm onei
thersi
deofwi
dtht
obeconnect
ed.

3.
Subgr
adei
spr
oper
lydr
ained;
mini
mum modul
usofsubgr
ader
eact
ioni
s5. Cm2.
54Kg/

4.
Thel
ayer
sshoul
dbekeptmoi
stwhencementconcr
etei
spl
aced.

5.
Wat
erpr
oofpapermayal
sobeusedwhenCCi
slai
ddi
rect
ly.

b)Pl
aci
ngofFor
ms–

1.
Thest
eel
orwoodenf
ormsar
eused.

2.
Thest
eelf
ormsar
eM.
S.Channelsect
ionsandt
hei
rdept
s.I
sequalt
othi
cknessof
pav
ementandl
engt
hat
least3m exceptoncur
ves<45m r
adi
us.
Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
ore Page179
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

3.
Woodenf
ormsar
edr
essedonsi
de,
thesehav
emi
nimum basewi
dthof100nf
orsl
ab
t
hicknessor20cm.
4.
Thef
ormsar
ejoi
ntedneat
lyandar
esetwi
thexact
nesst
other
equi
redgr
adeand
al
i
gnment
.
c)Bat
chi
ngofMat
eri
al&Mi
xi
ng–
1.
Thepr
opor
ti
onedmi
xtur
eispl
acedi
ntohol
peri
nwei
ghbat
chi
ngpl
ant
.
2.
Allbat
chi
ngofmat
eri
ali
sdoneont
hebasi
sofoneormor
ewhol
ebagsofcement
,wt
3
ofonebagi
s50kgoruni
twtofcementi
stakenas1440Kg/
m.
3.
Themi
xi
ngofconcr
etei
sdonei
nbat
chmi
xer
.Sot
hatuni
for
m di
str
ibut
ion,
uni
for
mis
col
orandhomogenousmi
xisobt
ained.
4.
Thebat
chofcement
,fi
neaggr
egat
eandcoar
seaggr
egat
eisl
edt
oget
heri
ntot
he
mi
xer
.Wat
erf
ormi
xi
ngi
sint
roducedi
ntot
hedr
um wi
thi
nfi
ft
eensecondsofmi
xi
ng.
d)Tr
anspor
tat
ion&Pl
aci
ngofConcr
ete–
1.
Thecementconcr
etei
smi
xedi
nquant
it
iesr
equi
redf
ori
mmedi
ateuse.
2.
Itshoul
dbeseent
hatnosegr
egat
ionofmat
eri
alsr
esul
tswhi
l
etr
anspor
ti
ng.
3.
Spr
eadi
ngi
sdoneuni
for
mly
;cer
tai
namountofr
edi
str
ibut
ioni
sdonewi
thshov
els.
e)Compact
ion&Fi
nishi
ng–
1.
Thesur
faceofpav
ementi
scompact
edei
therbymeansofpowerdr
ivenf
ini
shi
ng
machi
neorbyv
ibr
ati
nghandscr
eed.
2.
Areaswher
ewi
dthofsl
abi
ssmal
l
,handconsol
i
dat
ionandf
ini
shi
ngi
sadopt
ed.
3.
Theconcr
etei
sfur
thercompact
edbyl
ongi
tudi
nalf
loat
.Iti
shel
ppar
all
elt
ocar
ri
age
wayandpassedgr
adual
l
yfr
om onesi
tet
oot
her
.
4.
Thesl
absur
facei
stest
edf
ori
tsgr
adeandl
evel
wit
hst
rai
ghtedge.
5.
Justbef
oret
heconcr
etebecomeshar
d,t
hesur
facei
sbel
tedwi
tht
wopl
ycanv
asbel
t.
6.
Broom f
ini
shi
sgi
venwi
thf
ibr
ebr
oom br
ushandi
tisdoneper
pendi
cul
art
ocent
erl
i
ne
ofpav
ement
.
7.
Bef
oreconcr
etedev
elopi
nit
ialset
,theedgesofsl
abar
ecar
eful
l
yfi
nishedwi
than
edgi
ngt
ool
.
f
)Cur
ingofcementconcr
ete–
1.
Ini
ti
alcur
ing–Thesur
faceofpav
ementi
sent
ir
elycov
eredwi
thbur
lapcot
tonorj
ute

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
ore Page180
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

mat
spr
iort
opl
aci
ngi
tissat
urat
edwi
thwat
erandwetsi
dei
spl
acedonpav
ement
.
2.
Finalcur
ing–Cur
ingwi
thwetsoi
lexposededgesofsl
absar
ebankedwi
thsoi
lber
m.
A bl
anketofsandysoi
lfr
eef
rom st
onesi
spl
aced.Thesoi
l
sist
hor
oughl
ykept
sat
urat
edwi
thwat
erf
or14day
s.
I
nimper
viousmembr
anemet
hod,useofi
mper
viousmembr
anewhi
chdoesnoti
mpar
t
asl
i
pper
ysur
facet
othepav
ementi
sused.Li
qui
disappl
i
edunderpr
essur
ewi
thaspr
ay
nozzl
etocov
ert
heent
ir
esur
facewi
thauni
for
mfi
l
m.I
thar
dnesswi
thi
n30mi
nut
es
af
teri
tsappl
i
cat
ion.Thel
i
qui
dappl
i
edi
mmedi
atel
yaf
tersur
facef
ini
shi
ng.Whent
he
concr
eteat
tai
nst
her
equi
redst
rengt
horaf
ter28day
sofcur
ingt
heconcr
eter
oadi
s
openedt
otr
aff
ic.

Qual
it
yCont
rolTest
s:

A)Qual
i
tycont
rol
test
sformat
eri
alsused–

B)Qual
i
tycont
rol
test
sforl
evel
s,al
i
gnmentandt
ext
ure–

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
ore Page181
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

Di
ff
erencebet
weenTi
ebar
sandDowelbar
sinconcr
etecar
ri
ageway
:

Ti
ebar
sar
edef
ormedr
ebar
sorconnect
orsusedf
orhol
dingf
acesofr
igi
dsl
absi
n
cont
actt
omai
ntai
naggr
egat
eint
erl
ock.Ti
ebar
sar
enotl
oadt
ransf
err
ingdev
ice.For
i
nst
ance,
tiebar
sar
eusedi
nlongi
tudi
nal
joi
ntsi
nconcr
etepav
ement
.

Dowelbar
sar
esmoot
hroundbar
swhi
chmai
nlyser
veasl
oadt
ransf
erdev
iceacr
oss
concr
etej
oint
s.Theyar
epl
acedacr
osst
ransv
ersej
oint
sofconcr
etepav
ementt
oal
l
ow
mov
ementt
otakepl
ace.Wher
emov
ementi
spur
posel
ydesi
gnedf
orl
ongi
tudi
nalj
oint
s,
dowel
bar
scanbeadopt
ed.

1.Ment
iont
hespeci
fi
cat
ionsandmet
hodofcementconcr
etepav
ementconst
ruct
ion.
2.Compar
efl
exi
bleandr
igi
dpav
ement
s.
3.Li
stt
hequal
i
tychecksoncementconcr
etepav
ement
,car
ri
edoutbot
hlabor
ator
yand
ont
he
f
iel
d.
4.Expl
aint
hev
ari
oust
ypesofj
oint
susedi
ncementconcr
eter
oad.Whyar
ethey

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
ore Page182
PAVEMENTMATERI
ALSANDCONSTRUCTI
ON 10CV763

pr
ovi
ded?
5.Expl
aint
henecessi
tyofpr
ovi
dingi
)Expl
ainj
ointi
i
)Longi
tudi
nal
joi
nt.

TEXTBOOKS:

1.Hi
ghwayEngi
neer
ing-Khanna,
S.K.
,andJust
o,C.
E.G.
,:Nem ChandandBr
os.Roor
kee

2.Const
ruct
ionEqui
pmentandi
tsManagement
-Shar
ma,
S.C.:
KhannaPubl
i
sher
s.

3.HotMi xAsphal
tMat er
ial
s,Mixt
ureDesignandConst r
uct
ion-FreddyL.Robert
s,
Kandhal
,P.
S.:Univ
ersi
tyofTexasAust
in,Texas.NAPAEducat
ionFoundati
onLanham,
Maryl
and.

REFERENCESBOOKS:

1.RRL,
DSI
R,‘
Bit
umi
nousMat
eri
alsi
nRoadConst
ruct
ion’
,HMSOPubl
i
cat
ion.

2.RRL,
DSI
R,‘
Soi
lMechani
csf
orRoadEngi
neer
s’,
HMSOPubl
i
cat
ion.

3.Rel
evantI
RCcodesandMoRT&Hspeci
fi
cat
ions.

Vi
nod.
B.R,
Asst
.Pr
ofessorDepar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngg,
BMSI
T&M,
Bangal
ore Page183