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 4

Table of Contents
Introduction ----------------------------------------------------------------- 12
Important notice for your Safety -------------------------------------- 13

Part 1
Tools and Testing Equipments Types and Functions

Repair Tools to Troubleshoot Laptop---------------------------------15

Cleaning Tools---------------------------------------------------------------16
Screwdrivers Tools---------------------------------------------------------16
Soldering Tools--------------------------------------------------------------17
Bios I/O KBC Programmers ----------------------------------------------20
ESD Safe Tools---------------------------------------------------------------21
Inspection Tools-------------------------------------------------------------22
Electronic Measuring Tools ----------------------------------------------23
Laptop Battery Tester -----------------------------------------------------24
Gripping Tools ---------------------------------------------------------------25
Other Tools -------------------------------------------------------------------25

Part 2
Laptop Parts Tour

Basic Laptop Hardware Tour--------------------------------------------28

Laptop Case------------------------------------------------------------------28
Motherboard----------------------------------------------------------------29
RAM Memory Cover Door-----------------------------------------------29
DVD/CD-RW Driver--------------------------------------------------------30
Battery ------------------------------------------------------------------------31
Power Adapter--------------------------------------------------------------32
 5

KeyBoard----------------------------------------------------------------------33
Laptop Memory-------------------------------------------------------------33
Hard Driver-------------------------------------------------------------------36
Touchpad/Trackpad--------------------------------------------------------38
Mouse Buttons --------------------------------------------------------------49
Laptop Screen----------------------------------------------------------------49
Screen Inverter---------------------------------------------------------------41
Screen Cable-------------------------------------------------------------------41
Web Camera-------------------------------------------------------------------42
CPU Fan-------------------------------------------------------------------------42
CMOS Battery-----------------------------------------------------------------43
CPU Central Processing Unit----------------------------------------------44
LID Close Switch -------------------------------------------------------------44
Front Bezel--------------------------------------------------------------------45
Cover-Lid with Wi-Fi Antenna--------------------------------------------45
Wi-Fi Cards--------------------------------------------------------------------46
Hinges Rails-------------------------------------------------------------------46
Hinge Covers------------------------------------------------------------------47
SD Card Reader---------------------------------------------------------------47
Power Button Board--------------------------------------------------------48
Other Hardware Parts------------------------------------------------------48
Motherboard Overview----------------------------------------------------49
Top 10 Youtube Channels Tech Laptop Disassembly---------------52
 6

Part 3
Basic Electronics

What is Electricity?----------- ----------------------------------------------54

What is an Electron?---------------------------------- ---------------------54
Voltage Pushes Electrons--------------------------------------------------56
Current Flows-----------------------------------------------------------------56
Resisstance Reduces Current---------------------------------------------57
Types of Current-------------------------------------------------------------58
How do we Measure Electricity?----------------------------------------59
Effective Resisstance--------------------------------------------------------61
Binary Number system-----------------------------------------------------64
Bits and Bytes-----------------------------------------------------------------65
Logical---------------------------------------------------------------------------66
Logic Gates---------------------------------------------------------------------67
AND Gates Check for Tow True Input-----------------------------------68
OR Gates Check for One True Input-------------------------------------68
Not Gates Flip Inputs--------------------------------------------------------69
A Bigger AND Gates----------------------------------------------------------69

Part 4
Electronics Components

The Main Electronic Components in Laptop Motherboard-------72

Capacitor-----------------------------------------------------------------------73
Capacitors Testing------------------------------------------------------------83
Resistor--------------------------------------------------------------------------86
Resistor Testing---------------------------------------------------------------91
 7

Inductor–Coil------------------------------------------------------------------98
Inductor Testing-------------------------------------------------------------100
Fuse-----------------------------------------------------------------------------101
Fuse Testing------------------------------------------------------------------102
Diode---------------------------------------------------------------------------103
Testing Diode----------------------------------------------------------------106
Zener Diode------------------------------------------------------------------107
Testing Zener Diode------------------------------------------------------- 108
Transformer------------------------------------------------------------------109
Crystal Oscillator------------------------------------------------------------110
Transistor---------------------------------------------------------------------112
Intergrated Circuit (IC)-----------------------------------------------------128
The most important integrated circuits are in laptop motherboard------130

EEPROM-----------------------------------------------------------------------131
Super I/O----------------------------------------------------------------------135
Clock Generator-------------------------------------------------------------136
Voltage Regulator----------------------------------------------------------137
PWM Controller-------------------------------------------------------------140
Microprocessor--------------------------------------------------------------142

Part 5
Identifying of Common Components of the Laptop Motherboard

Capacitors (C)----------------------------------------------------------------144
Inductor – Coil (L)-----------------------------------------------------------146
Fuse (F)------------------------------------------------------------------------148
 8

Diode (D)----------------------------------------------------------------------149
Zener Diode (ZD or PD)----------------------------------------------------149
LED------------------------------------------------------------------------------150
Crystal (X or Y)---------------------------------------------------------------150
Resistors (R)------------------------------------------------------------------151
Mosfet (Q)--------------------------------------------------------------------152
Transistor (Q)----------------------------------------------------------------153
Bios IC--------------------------------------------------------------------------153
FAN Connector--------------------------------------------------------------153
Bios-----------------------------------------------------------------------------154
Part6
Documents Related to the Laptop Motherboard

User Manual-----------------------------------------------------------------156
Service Manual--------------------------------------------------------------156
Schematic Diagram---------------------------------------------------------157
Block diagram--------------------------------------------------------------- 157
Datasheet---------------------------------------------------------------------158
Part 7
How to Read Datasheet

How to Read DataSheet?-------------------------------------------------160

Pin Configuration-----------------------------------------------------------161
Part 8
Motherboard Part Numbers

What is laptop ODM?------------------------------------------------------164

How to get the schematic diagram?-----------------------------------165
 9

Part 9
How to Read Laptop Schematic?

What’s the schematic diagram?----------------------------------------169

Important Part Schematic Diagram------------------------------------169
Understanding Basic of Schematic-------------------------------------172
Schematic Path and Connection Between Circuits----------------173
Information-------------------------------------------------------------------177
Finding signs-----------------------------------------------------------------179
Related Search---------------------------------------------------------------180
How to deal with schematics that don't have the power sequence------185
Part 10
Signal

Explanation of common signal name---------------------------------190

Signals-------------------------------------------------------------------------190
The Power good signal----------------------------------------------------190
The open signal-------------------------------------------------------------192
Reset Signal------------------------------------------------------------------193
+5VALW +3VALW signal--------------------------------------------------194
PWR_S5_EN------------------------------------------------------------------194
Clock signal-------------------------------------------------------------------196
Chip Select Signal-----------------------------------------------------------196
Part 11
The Architecture of the Laptop Motherboard

Power supply and signal--------------------------------------------------199

The AMD single bridge architecture (A70)---------------------------200
The Nvidia architecture double bridge (C51M)---------------------201
 10

High-level and low-level signals----------------------------------------203

The architecture of Nvidia single bridge (MCP67)-----------------206
Part 12
The Basic Knowledge You Must Know Before Starting to Repair Laptop

What is a short circuit?----------------------------------------------------216

Finding a short---------------------------------------------------------------217
What is a voltage divider?------------------------------------------------218
What are System Power STATES?--------------------------------------220
What is a DC to DC boost circuit?--------------------------------------221
What is a feedback?-------------------------------------------------------222
Diagnostic method for laptop power supply circuit failure-----223
Laptop motherboard power supply-----------------------------------224
Protection isolation circuit----------------------------------------------224
Charging control circuit--------------------------------------------------225
Standby circuit--------------------------------------------------------------229
System power supply circuit--------------------------------------------229
Analysis Linear Regulated Power Supply Type Standby Circuit------------230

Switching power supply type standby circuit-----------------------231

CPU circuit--------------------------------------------------------------------235
CPU core power supply circuit------------------------------------------238
Memory circuit--------------------------------------------------------------240
B+ Supply with Hp Adaptor----------------------------------------------243
Enable B+ supply through adaptor-------------------------------------244
Disable supply through battery-----------------------------------------244
Under voltage and Overvoltage Detection--------------------------245
 11

LED indicator Enable-------------------------------------------------------246

COMPAQ CQ40 Standby Supply Description------------------------246
Over Voltage and Under Voltage Protection------------------------249
HP CQ40 Battery Charging Discription--------------------------------249
Adaptor detection for charging IC and Enable charging----------252
Adaptor current sensing and input------------------------------------254
Battery Full Charge detection-------------------------------------------254
Why need to Convert or Bypass the DIS Graphic to UMA in Laptop?----255

Part 13
Laptop motherboard Repair Flowchart

Power off Problem---------------------------------------------------------260

Dead Laptop-----------------------------------------------------------------261
Power on but no display--------------------------------------------------262
Display ok but backlight no work---------------------------------------263
Battery Charging Problem------------------------------------------------264
Lining Display Problem----------------------------------------------------265
USB Problem-----------------------------------------------------------------265
Sound Problem--------------------------------------------------------------266
Part 14
Dictionary for Technicians

Name Components Code Table-----------------------------------------268

The motherboard common signal definition------------------------270
SIO pin description---------------------------------------------------------273
Power Chips Code Number-----------------------------------------------247
Conclusion--------------------------------------------------------------------275
 12

Introduction:
Welcome to this training on laptop motherboard repair and maintenance, Laptop
technology has become one of the fastest growing technologies in the world,
today people use Laptop to stay in touch with friends and family.

This widespread ownership and use of laptop have created a need for
professionals who can repair and service Laptop, this E-Book has been developed
to address that need,the E-Book targets people who would like to start and run a
laptop repair and servicing business, By the end of this E-book you should be able
to diagnose the problem and service and repair a laptop motherboard with the
help of proper tools and instruments.

This E-Book is provided through distance learning and we trust that you will find
the material useful both for studying and as future reference, please take the time
to read this E-book in its entirety, then re-read it again to ensure you get a clear
understanding of all its content.

We welcome your feedback on any issue relating to this E-Book and wish you all
the best.

Happy Learning!

www.LaptopRepairSecrets.com
 13

Important notice for your sefety

Please remove covers and other parts in a safe place, away from all personnel,
while you are servicing the laptop motherboard.

Keep your tool case away from walk areas so that other people will not trip over it.

Do not wear jewelry, chains, metal-frame eye glasses, or metal fasteners for your
clothing metal objects are good electrical conductors.

Wear safety glasses when you are hammering, drilling, soldering, cutting wire,
attaching springs, using solvents, or working in any other conditions that may be
hazardous to your eyes.

After service, reinstall all safety shields, guards, labels and ground wires. Replace
any safety device that is worn or defective.

Use only one hand when working with powered-on electrical motherboard and
keep the other hand in your pocket or behind your back.

Do not use worn or broken tools.

Before the laptop is powered on after replacement any part, make sure all screws
and other small parts are in place and are not let loose inside the laptop. Verify this
by shaking the laptop and listening for rattling sounds.

Metallic parts or metal flakes can cause electrical shorts.

Some standby batteries contain a small amount of nickel and cadmium. Do not
disassemble a standby battery, recharge it, throw it into fire or water or short
circuit it.

If the LCD breaks and the fluid from inside the LCD gets into your eyes or on your
hands, immediately wash the affected areas with water at least for 15 minutes.
 14

Part 1
Tools and Testing Equipment
Types and Functions
 15

Repair Tools to Troubleshoot Laptop

To troubleshoot and repair laptop systems properly, you need a few basic tools. If
you intend to troubleshoot and repair systems professionally, you may want to
purchase many more specialized tools as well, these advanced tools enable you to
more accurately diagnose problems and make jobs easier and faster, here are the
basic tools that should be in every troubleshooter’s toolbox…!!!

The basic tools you need to work on a laptop are shown here
 16

Cleaning Tools:
These tools used to clean dirt on PCB motherboard and other Components of
laptop like Fan and Keyboard …etc

Screwdrivers Tools:
Most laptop systems use numerous small Phillips or Torx screws, so those drivers
are the ones you’ll be using most frequently. The screwdrivers that come in some
standard tool sets may be too big, so you’ll want to purchase a good set of
miniature screwdrivers, or a set of miniature screwdriver bits and a handle.
If slotted screws are used on a system you are working on, you need to be very
careful because it is easy for the flat-blade screwdriver head to slip off and possibly
damage the system.

It has several screwdrivers of different shapes and sizes to disassemble and

assemble a laptop.

Soldering Tools:
Soldering Iron
Used to solder small components like
capacitor, resistor, diode, transistor
etc. A 50 watt soldering iron is good
enough for most laptop repairing job.
Jumper Wire
Used to connect one point to another
point on a PCB on the track of a
laptop during repair.
17
Gun
Used to heat devices and melt solder.
Soldering Station
It has option to control temperature
depending on the heat requirement of
the soldering job being done. The
soldering iron is attached with the
soldering station.
 18

Solder Wire Cleaner Ball

Used to solder electronic components. Used to clean soldering iron tips.

Flux BGA Rework Station

Used for cleaning metal surfaces
before soldering them together.
Because any oxides that remain on a
metal surface can result in poor.
Specialised tools used to pick up and
position often tiny components.
Rework is the term for the refinishing
operation or repair of an electronic
printed.
 19

Kapton Tape Solder wick

Heat high temperature resistant To desolder electronic components
Adhesive gold tape for electric task. and to remove excess solder from
PCB Track.

Solder Sucker BGA Reballing Kit

Solder pump, is a mechanical vacuum Used to reball and repair Ball-Type
pump. It sucks the solder away from IC.
the solder joint.
 20

Bios I/O KBC Programmers:

EEPROM Programmer BGA Rework Station

MiniPRO TL866CS USB universal Designed for writing and reading
flash EEPROM programmer used to multicontrollers like KB9012
reprogram ic‟s (bios). and KB9010, NPCE388…

Laptop screen EDID EEPROM cable Adapter for 1.8V SPI Flash
Designed for writing and reading Designed for reading and
EDID EEPROM in LED-LCD 30 and writing 1.8V SPI flash W25Q32FW,
40 pin, you can fix white screen error W25Q64FW, MX25U6473f & other
and brightness control errors. compatible like a 3,3V SPI flash.

ESD Safe Tools:
ESD Wrist Strap
Used to prevent electrostatic
discharge by safely grounding a
person working with electronic
equipments or at an electronic
assembly facility.
Silicone Desk Mat
Several hole location to set screws, IC Anti-static mats have a high electrical
chips and small parts.
21
ESD Gloves
Gloves provide general protection of
products in massive particulation and
electrostatic sensitive work areas.
Anti-Static Mats
resistance. They allow ESD to flow
across the surface at a slow rate
which neutralizes the ESD.
 22

Inspection Tools:

Illuminated Magnifier Table Lamp Magnifying Glass

Magnification lens makes seeing tiny To get magnified view of PCB and
parts easy. components.

USB Digital Microscope HDMI Digital Microscope

Gives you a live image that is very Allow you to view live images, as
similar to what you would see with a stand alone monitor watching the
traditional dissection microscope. enlarged views on the built-in LCD.
 23

Electronic measuring tools:

Fluke Digital Multimeter Oscilloscope

An electronic measuring device that
has the ability to measure voltage,
current and resistance. It is used to
test and check the readings of various
parts and components of a laptop.
Is an instrument that is used as a
graph displaying device of an
electrical signal. The graph will show
how signals change over time.

Tweezers Digital Tester Capacitor

Designed to accurately measure small Used to measure capacitance and
chip components. help us to determine if a capacitor is
functioning at the right value.
 24

Laptop Battery Tester

Laptop battery tester which is a very important tools in laptop repairing, it can be
used to test and charge any laptop batteries and check capacity, voltage, current of
brand laptop battery.
 25

Gripping Tools:

Tweezers BGA Rework Station

Used to hold electronic components Used to pick up manipulate small
(ICs, jumper wire etc) While parts electronic components.
soldering and desoldering.

Others Tools:

Laptop DC Power Adapter Kits Digital DC Power Supply

DC plugs power converter, match Supply DC electricity we used to
with external laptop DC power. Detect Shorted component in
motherboard.
 26

Solvent Bottle Thermal Paste

Spills & evaporation of alcohol and Application of thermal paste is
cleaning solvents. essential to keep the processor cool.

IR Thermometer :
Used to Measures surface temperatures that are out
of reach or too hot to touch.

You now know the main tools that are used to repair a laptop motherboard.
In the next part we shall take tour discuss laptop hardware.
 27

Part 2
Laptop Parts Tour
 28

Basic laptop hardware tour

Hardware is the Laptop’s physical part, the stuff you can touch, the software
consists of instructions that makes the hardware to do stuff.

The various parts of a laptop are the Hinges (LCD display stand), Camera cable, Wifi
antenna, Speakers, Palm rest or Top cover, CPU and GPU cooling fan and heat sink
assembly, AC Adapter, Hard disk caddy/case, DC power jack, CMOS battery, Finger
print reader, CPU socket, Battery release latch, USB mini board cable, USB mini
board, mini PCI wirelessboard, Modem board, LED board, VGA board, Bluetooth
board, Infrared board, LCD backlight inverter board, Power button board, Audio
board.

Laptop case
The laptop case serves mainly as a way to physically mount and contain all of the
actual components inside of a laptop, like the motherboard, hard drive, optical
drive, floppy disk drive, etc.

Cases can come in many different sizes. The size and shape of a laptop case is
usually determined by the form factor of the motherboard, since it is the largest
component of most laptop.
 29

Motherboard
The motherboard also known as the Mainboard or Logic Board or System Board,
the motherboard is the main circuit board inside the laptop which holds the
processor, memory and expansion slots and connects directly or indirectly to every
part of the laptop, laptop system boards come in thousands of different shapes
and sizes.

Laptop motherboards are model-specific, you can’t remove motherboard from an

Acer laptop and stick it into a HP laptop.

RAM memory cover door

Plastic cover door, RAM Memory Cover door used to protect RAM.
 30

DVD/CD-RW drives
Removable media drives known as an Optical Disc Drive which allows it to read
and write data from or to a CD/DVD disc, all laptop CD/DVD drives are shaped the
same but they all have different face plates know as front Bezels, there are three
types of optical drives: Compact Disc (CD), Digital Versatile Disc (DVD) and Blu-
Ray Disc (BD).

Different types of connectors found in modern CD/DVD optical disc drives, One drive
has a SATA and the other one has an older slim ATAPI connector and other with IDE
connector.
 31

Battery
Laptop has a battery pack which provides power to the laptop while it‟s not connected
to the wall-plug through AC/DC power adapter, laptop batteries come in many
different shapes and they are model-specific, the laptop battery life depends upon
many conditions and circumstances: screen brightness, intensity of running programs,
the temperature of the working environment, etc.

Current batteries have aperiod of between 2 and 10 hours.

Types of Batteries
Different types of batteries use different types of chemicals and chemical reactions
Some of the more common types of batteries are:
Lithium-ion battery: These batteries are found in laptop, call phones and other
high-use portable equipment.

Nickel-Cadmium: (NiCad) batteries were the first type of battery commonly used
in laptop and older laptop sometimes still use them, they have a life of roughly two
hours between charges, but this life decreases with each charge based on the
memory effect, gas bubbles form in the cell plates, reducing the total amount of
available cell space for recharge.
 32

The only way around this is to discharge the battery completely before recharging
it. The other drawback of NiCad is that if the battery charges too long, it can
explode.
Nickel-Metal Hydride: (NiMH) batteries are the bridge between NiCad and the
newer Lithium-Ion (Lion) batteries. They last longer between charges than NiCad
but overall have a shorter total lifespan. They suffer from the memory effect, but
to a lesser extent than NiCad batteries.

Power Adapter
AC adapters provides converts the high voltage AC power from a wall outlet into
the low voltage DC power needed for laptop. The AC/DC adapter provides power
for the laptop and charges the battery.

It‟s very important to use the right adapter for laptop, the output voltage must be the
same, the amperage could be the same or higher than on the original power adapter.
 33

Keyboard
Keyboard which is used to enter commands, text, numerical data and other types
of data by pressing the keys on the keyboard.

The palm rest is the top cover for the laptop which is responsible for holding the
laptop's keyboard and touch pad.

Laptop memory
it is used most often to identify fast, temporary forms of storage. If your laptop's
CPU had to constantly access the hard drive to retrieve every piece of data it
needs, it would operate very slowly. When the information is kept in memory, the
CPU can access it much more quickly. Most forms of memory are intended to store
data temporarily.
 34

The CPU accesses memory according to a distinct hierarchy. Whether it comes

from permanent storage (the hard drive) or input (the keyboard), most data goes
in random access memory (RAM) first.

Types of memory

Read-only memory (ROM) ROM is non-volatile, meaning it holds data even when
the power is ON or OFF.

Random access memory (RAM) RAM is volatile, meaning it holds data only when
the power is ON (only while the laptop is running). When the power is OFF, RAM's
contents are lost.
 35

Some laptop had RAM installed in the motherboard as individual chips.

We have different varieties of RAM in laptops and they can be of DDR1, DDR2,
DDR3 or DDR4 types and they all come under the SDRAM category. When you
want to know the laptop RAM difference, you must understand that though all the four
types of RAM do the same function in providing the memory support to your laptop
during its operation they have some vital differences both in physical design and
performance design.
 36

DDR
Old DDR 1 work with
2.5 VDC or 2 VDC

DDR 2

DDR 2 work with 1.8 VDC

DDR 3

DDR 3 work with 1.5 VDC

DDR 4

DDR 4 work with 1.2 VDC

Hard drive
Older laptops use IDE hard drives, newer laptops use SATA and SSD hard drives,
SATA, SSD and IDE drives are not interchangeable. Hard drives are manufactured
with different interfaces that are used to connect the drive to the laptop.

mSATA SSD IDE Hard Drive

SATA Hard Drive

SATA 3 SSD Drive

 37

Connection interface on the drive must be the same as the controller on the
motherboard.

Hard Drive Caddy's with Connectors

Some common drive interfaces:

Solid-State Drives An SSD is flash storage. It has no moving parts. So unlike on a
traditional mechanical hard drive.

Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE) also called Advanced Technology Attachment

(ATA) is an early drive controller interface that connects computers and hard disk
drives. An IDE interface uses a 40-pin connector.

SATA Serial ATA refers to the serial version of the ATA drive controller interface.
SATA interface uses a 7-pin data connector.

Storage chips (No mechanical

parts)

An SSD fromSanDisk
 38

Difference between SATA and IDE drive

SATA drive IDE drive

TouchPad – TrackPad
A TrackPad or (Touchpad) is a touch-sensitive interface surface that allows you to
manipulate and interact with your laptop through finger gestures, as laptops typically
do not include mice, the TrackPad provides an alternative way to move the cursor
around the screen, select and open applications or programs, highlight text, interact
with web browsers and more.

TouchPad - TrackPad
 39

Mouse buttons
A mouse button is a micro switch on a laptop mouse which can be pressed (clicked) to
select or interact with an element of a graphical user interface.

Laptop screen
A laptop screen displays an image generated by the laptop video card. The laptop
screen receives data signal from the video card through the LCD cable, laptop screens
come in many different sizes and resolutions.

Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) technology has been used in laptops for some time.

LCD - CCFL Screen does need an inverter

A backlight lamp also known as CCFL bulb is the main source of light in any LCD
screen.
 40

LED Display (light-emitting-diode display) is a screen display technology that uses

a panel of LEDs as the light source.

LED Screen

Some new laptop have touch screen

Touch Screen
 41

Screen inverter
Laptop inverter boards know as LCD inverter, FL inverter, screen inverter,
backlight inverter come in different shapes and sizes.

Inverter

The inverter board works as a Power Supply for the backlight lamp mounted inside
the LCD screen, The inverter board converts low voltage DC power supplied by the
motherboard to high voltage AC power needed for the backlight lamp.

When the inverter board works properly the backlight lamp gets power and the LCD
screen lights up. As a result, the image on the screen is bright.

Screen cable
A laptop LCD cable known as Video Cable, Display Cable or Screen Cable, this
cable transfers data signal from the motherboard and video card to the LCD screen.

Video Cable with Webcam Cable Video LVDS Cable

 42

Web camera
Web camera is another input device, new laptop come with a build-in web camera also
known as webcam. The web camera is located on the top of the display panel.

Web camera

CPU Fan
A CPU cooling fan is a dedicated fan which cools down the heatsink and eventually
the CPU (Processor), usually the CPU cooling fan comes as a part of the heatsink
assembly a metal part drawing heat from the CPU chip, in addition to the CPU cooling
fan, some laptops have a dedicated GPU Graphics Processing Unit fan which cools
down the GPU chip.

The CPU and GPU cooling fans connect directly to the motherboard via a cable
running from the fan, when CPU and GPU chips get hotter the cooling fan spins
faster.
 43

FAN - HeatSink

CMOS battery
The CMOS battery connects directly to the laptop motherboard and helps to retain
important BIOS settings such as system time, date, BIOS configuration while the
laptop is turned off or even when the main battery is removed, the CMOS battery
is rechargeable and it’s getting charged when the laptop is plugged into the mains.
 44

CPU Central Processing Unit

The processor is the main brain or heart of a laptop system. It performs all of the
instructions and calculations that are needed and manages the flow of information
through a laptop.
Both Intel and AMD, the largest microprocessor manufacturers in the world, have
introduced several types of computer processor, each processor type is different
from the other in performance and technology.The latest Intel Core i Series
processors: i3, i5, i7, i9 and AMD Phenom family processors are among high-end
CPU’s.
AMD CPU

Intel CPU

LID close switch

The lid close switch is a small button that locates close to the display hinges. On
some newer models there is no button, because the switch is magnetic. You can
set up your laptop to go to a hibernation mode or to a standby mode when the
LCD is closed. It’s done through power management software. These modes are
triggered when the display is closed and the lid close switch is pressed down.
 45

Front bezel
Screen bezel is the area of a display that surrounds the screen. Thinner bezels help
maximize the screen real estate of a laptops.

Cover-Lid with Wi-Fi Antenna

The Wi-Fi antenna is located in the top or the bottom of the LCD display housing. It
consists of two elements, fed by two cables, a white main designated on the Wi-Fi
card by a white triangle, and a black auxiliary designated on the Wi-Fi card by a
black triangle.
 46

Wi-Fi cards
The Wi-Fi card acts as both a receiver and transmitter. It receives the wireless
signal and communicates with the wireless network, enabling you to access the
Web with your laptop.

Hinges rails
Two pieces of metal that are cut in specific patterns are fit together and have a
round pin where they connect that allows them to rotate against each other in a
limited way.

The hinge needs to avoid stressing the plastic lid at the points where it is screwed
in, but different companies have different ways of handling this.

Hinges Rails Right and Left

 47

Hinge covers
Laptops have a plastic cover that hides the hinge mechanism.

SD card reader
Card reader is a device for accessing the data on a memory card. Built-in card
reader in a laptop is the best option if you often copy files to and from a SD card.
 48

Power button board

The power button used to power a laptop (on) and shutdown laptop (off).

Other hardware parts

USB - HDMI - Audio - DC Jack - Power Button - IO Boards

 49

Motherboard overview
 50

North bridge
chip
AMD CPU

VGA Chip

RAM Slots
VGA Memory Chip
Memory Chip
CMOS Battery

South bridge
chip

VGA Memory Chip

Memory Chip

RAM Slots

VGA Chip

CPU Socket
 51

Super I/O

EEPROM (BIOS IC)

South bridge

VGA Memory Chips

 52

10 YouTube Channels to Follow for Tech Laptop Disassembly

10 of the Best YouTube Channels for learning disassembly laptop
selected from 100 of channels on YouTube and ranked based on
YouTube channel subscribers and popularity.

1 365 Laptop Repair

2 LaptopRepairHelp

3 Parts-People.Com, Inc

4 LaptopScreencom

5 Laptop disassembly

6 FastVideoTech

7 Notebook-Center

8 JackFixit

9 LaptopProject

10 hone Laptop Repairj500j500

 53

Part 3
Basic Electronics
 54

The goal of this part is to provide some basic information about electronic components.

What is Electricity?
Electricity is a form of energy caused by charged atomic particles. It can build up in
one place or move from one place to another. When it’s not moving it’s called
“static electricity” and when it is moving it’s called “current electricity” or electrical
current.

What is an Electron?
Everything you see around you is made of Electron
atoms, which are particles so small you can’t Proton
see them without a special type of
Neutron
microscope. But atoms are made of even
smaller particles, called protons, neutrons, and Nucleus
electrons.
Protons and neutrons forman atom’s nucleus
(its center), and electrons orbit the nucleus
like planets orbiting the sun.
Protons and electrons are both electrically
charged: protons have a positive charge, and
electrons have a negative charge. That’s why Atom
the electrons stick with an atom in the first
place. The positive and negative charges act like opposite sides of a magnet and
attract each other.
Certain materials are conductive, which means that if you apply energy to them
(like the energy stored in a battery), the electrons will start moving from one atom
to the next!
The filament inside your light bulb is made of a conductivemetal, meaning it’s full
of electrons just waiting for a push to move them.

Current:
Given an appropriate external force, the movement of electrons is from negatively
charged atoms to positively charged atoms. This flow of electrons is called current
(I). The symbol I is used to represent current. The amount of current is the sum of
the charges of the moving electrons past a given point.
 55

An electron has a very small charge, so the charge of 6.24 1018 electrons is added
together and called a coulomb (C). When one coulomb of charge moves past a
single point in one second it is called an ampere (A). The ampere is named for a
French physicist named André Marie Ampère (1775-1836). Current is measured in
amperes.

Voltage:

When there is an excess of electrons (negative charge) at one end of a conductor

and a deficiency of electrons (positive charge) at the opposite end, a current flow
between the two ends. A current flow through the conductor as long as this
condition persists.

The source that creates this excess of electrons at one end and the deficiency at
the other end represents the potential. The potential is the ability of the source to
perform electrical work. The actual work accomplished in a circuit is a result of the
difference of potential available at the two ends of a conductor. It is this difference
of potential that causes electrons to move or flow in acircuit.

The difference of potential is referred to as electromotive force (emf) or voltage.

Voltage is the force that moves the electrons in the circuit. Think of voltage as the
pressure or pump that moves the electrons. The symbol (E) is used in electronics to
represent voltage.

The unit for measuring voltage is the volt (V), named for Count Alessandro Volta
(1745–1827), inventor of the first cell to produce electricity.

Electrons flow in a circuit because of the difference of potential.

Difference of potential

Load
 56

Resistance:

As the free electrons move through the circuit, they encounter atoms that do not
readily give up electrons. This opposition to the flow of electrons (the current) is
called resistance (R). Every material offers some resistance or opposition to current
flow. The degree of resistance of a material depends on its size, shape,
and temperature. Materials with a low resistance are called conductors.
Conductors have many free electrons and offer little resistance to current flow. As
previously mentioned, silver, copper, gold and aluminum are examples of good
conductors.

Materials with a high resistance are called insulators. Insulators have few free
electrons and offer a high resistance to current flow. As previously mentioned,
glass, rubber and plastic are examples of good insulators. Resistance is measured
in ohms, a unit named for the German physicist George Simon Ohm (1787–1854).
The symbol for the ohm is the Greek letter omega (Ω).

Voltage Pushes Electrons:

When you attach a battery to the light bulb, you’re applying a voltage across the
filament inside. Voltage pushes electrons through the wire and is measured in volts
(V). The higher the voltage, the more electrons will flow through the wire.
Think of a wire like a tube filled with marbles: when you put a marble in on one
side, a marble pops out on the other side at the exact same time, with no delay.

Voltage
electrons

The more marbles you push in one side, the more pop out of the other. That’s how
electrons be have inside a wire, when a voltage is applied to them.

Current Flows:

Current is the number of electrons flowing through a wire,and it’s measured in

amperes (A), which we usually shorten to amps. You might have also heard the
word current used to describe a river, as in “This river has a strong current.” That
means there’s a lot of water moving down the river.
 57

Electrical current is similar: a strong current means there are a lot of electrons
flowing through a wire. When you increase the voltage in a circuit, the current also
increases.

Just as water flows downhill due to gravity, electric current flows from the positive
battery terminal toward the negative battery terminal. Actually, the electrons
themselves flow in the opposite direction, from the negative side of your battery
to the positive side. But when we talk about electrical current, we say that it flows
from positive (+) to negative (–).
Current

Electrons
Positive Negative

Resistance reduces current:

Voltage pushes electrons to form a current, and resistance restricts the current. It’s
like playing with a garden hose: if you squeeze the hose, you add resistance to the
flow of water so that less water comes out. But if you turn the tap more (like
increasing the voltage), the pressure increases, and more water flows even though
you’re still squeezing the hose in the same way. Resistance in electricity works just
like this, and it’s measured in ohms (Ω).

Resistance

Resistance
 58

Types of current:

There are two types of current.

Alternating current (AC) refers to an electrical charge that moves back and forth
through circuits at a specific rate.
It usually has much higher voltage and is much more dangerous.

AC is used by anything that plugs into a wall outlet. Remember, don’t experiment
with alternating current from a wall outlet or power strip-it can seriously hurt you!

AC currentsymbol

Direct current (DC) flows in one direction. Typically, anything that is powered by a
battery or has a circuit board inside, such as your cellphone and laptop uses DC.

DC currentsymbol
 59

How do we measure electricity?

Electricity can be measured in these three ways:

Current

Measured in amps (A), current measures the amount of charge in a circuit over a
period of time. The symbol for current is (I), which comes from the French
intensité de courant (meaning “current intensity”).

Voltage
Measured in volts (V), voltage measures the force causing the electrons to travel.
Stated differently, it measures how much potential energy exists between two
points in a circuit.

Resistance
Measured in ohms (OH-mms) (Ω), resistance measures how hard the electrons
have to be forced to move through a circuit.

Ohm’s Law:
The current that flows in a circuit is directly proportional to the voltage and
inversely proportional to the resistance. This relationship is called Ohm’s law and
can be expressed in a formula as I = V / R. This is the most important and basic
property in electric circuits.

For example, if a voltage of 120V is applied to a resistance of 120Ω, the current will
be I = V / R = 120/120, and 1A of current will flow. Whenever you know two values
among the current, voltage, and resistance in a circuit, you can use Ohm’s law to
calculate the valueyou don’t know.
 60

Power (P) Voltage (V)

The total work Electrical force or
performed by a pressure
current

Current (I) Resistance (R)

The number of Resistance to the
electrons passing in a flow of current
single point
 61

Effective Resistance:
There are two basic methods of connecting electrical components. Let’s look at
them both with respect to resistance. When there are multiple resistances in a
circuit, we can consider them as a single effective resistance.

The method of connecting resistances in a line is called a series connection. We

calculate the value of the effective resistance in a series connection by totaling the
individual resistance values.

Effective resistance = R0 = R1 + R2 + ... + Rn

In this connection the size of the current that flows in each resistance is the same.
The power supply voltage is voltage divided by each resistance.

Effective Resistance

R0 = R1 + R2+ R3 + … + RN

Series Connecton R1 R2 R3 RN

V1 V2 V3 VN

Power supply voltage

Calculate power supply voltage by dividing voltage

the sum of the resistances

Series connection and effective resistance

If two light bulbs of the same size are connected in series to a power supply, the
current will be halved, and the brightness of each bulb will be dimmer than it was
when just a single bulb was connected, because the effective resistance is doubled.
At this time, the voltage at both sides of each light bulb will be half the value of the
power supply voltage.
 62

Two bulbs connected

in series

Current Current

Bulbs now shine more dimly,

because current to the bulb
is half what it was.

Series connection of light bulbs

The other basic method of connecting resistances is called a parallel connection. At

this time, the value of the effective resistance can be obtained by calculating the
reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocals of each resistance.

1
Effective resistance = R0 =
1 1 1

R1 R2 RN

The total resistance when two resistances are connected in parallel can be
obtained as follows.

R1 * R2
Effective resistance = R0 =
R1 + R2

In a parallel circuit, the voltage applied to each resistance is the same, because the
current branches and flows to each resistance.
 63

Current branches Parallel

to each resistance connection

Effective resistance
1 Current
R0 =
1 + 1 + 1 +…1
R1 R2 R3 RN
Voltage applied to each
resistance is the same.

Power supply voltage

Parallel connection and effective resistance

If two light bulbs of the same size are connected in parallel to a power supply, the
brightness of each bulb is the same as it is when there is only one bulb. Since the
current flowing to each bulb is the same as the current flowing when only one bulb
is connected, the total current is doubled.

One light bulb Two bulbs connected in parallel

Current Current

Bulbs now shine with the same

brightness, since total current is doubled.

Series connection of light bulbs

The 220V electric appliances that we use in our homes are connected in parallel to
a 220V power supply. If we increase the number of electric appliances connected
to the power supply, the total current flowing also increases.
 64

Binary Number System:

Normally, when you talk about numbers, you use decimal numbers, which are in
the base-10 number system. In base-10 numbers, a digit can have one of 10
possible values, from 0 to 9. But digital circuits can work with only two voltages
(high and low), so they can understand only binary numbers.
Binary is also called the base-2 number system, and a binary number’s digits have
only two possible values: 0 and 1.

Here’s how you’d count to 10 in both decimal and binary:

Decimal Number Binary Number

0 0
1 1
2 10
3 11
4 100
5 101
6 110
7 111
8 1000
9 1001
10 1010

What’s going on here? The number 2 in decimal is 10 in binary and 4 in decimal is

100 in binary!

You can figure out the value of any number in any system using the digits and their
position. The right most digit always gets multiplied by 1. Going left from there,
each position’s value equals the base times the value of the previous position.

In decimal, the base is 10, so the second position’s value is 10, or 10 × 1; the third
position’s value is 100, or 10 × 10; the fourth position’s value is 1000, or 10 × 100;
and so on. Here’s an example:
 65

Multipy by 10
Multipy by 100 Multiply by 1

181
100x1 10x8 1x1

100 + 80 + 1 = 181
In the number 181, the first digit is 1, the second digitis 8, and the third digit is 1.
Once you multiply those digits by their position values, you can add the resulting
values toget 181. You don’t need to use this method to figure out decimal
numbers, though. It’s pretty clear that 181 equals 181!
But this method is very useful for finding the value of binary numbers. Binary
follows the same rules, but it uses a base of 2 instead.

Bits and Bytes:

Each digit in a binary number is called a bit (that’s short for binary digit), and
computers handle numbers in blocks of eight bits called a byte. The binary number
1011 0101 has eight bits, so it’s a byte. You can interact with a computer in many
ways, but all your mouse clicks, key presses, webcam videos, and soon need to be
translated into bits and bytes before the computer can understand them.

In fact, when working with computers and other digital gadgets, you usually see
much, much larger numbers than just 1 byte. All the files on a computer are
collections of bytes, but if you tried to describe their size in bytes alone, those
numbers would be huge! That’s why files are usually described in larger units, like
kilobytes (kB), megabytes (MB), gigabytes (GB), terabytes (TB), and so on. Here’s
what those units mean:

1 KB = 1,000 bytes
1 MB = 1,000 kB = 1,000,000 bytes
1 GB = 1,000 MB = 1,000,000 kB = 1,000,000,000 bytes
1 TB = 1,000 GB = 1,000,000 MB = 1,000,000,000 kB = 1,000,000,000,000 bytes

If a computer’s hard disk can hold 1 TB of data, then it can hold one trillion bytes,
which is eight trillion ones and zeros!
 66

Logical:
Logic is a way of reaching a conclusion based on pieces of information that you
know to be true or false. For example, imagine you know the following statement
is true, beyond a doubt:

Statement 1: If there are oranges inyour fridge and you have an orange squeezer,
then you’re able to make orange juice.

If you trust the preceding statement, then there are two conditions to check
before you can make orange juice:

Condition 1: There are oranges in your fridge.

Condition 2: You have an orange squeezer.

If you check your kitchen and find that these conditions are true, then you can
logically conclude that you can make orange juice.

Computers use Boolean logic, which is a system of logic that works only with the
values true and false to convert ones and zeros into actions. For a computer to
know whether you can make orange juice or not, it would have to reach that
conclusion through Boolean logic. Let’s try thinking like a computer!

First, look for the conditions in Statement 1 that affect whether you can make
orange juice or not. In this case, the conditions are the two phrases between “if”
and “then,” joined by “and.” Assign them letters as follows:

There are oranges in your fridge. = A

You have an orange squeezer. = B

The conclusion is the statement after “then.” Give it aletter, too:

You’re able to make orange juice. = Q

With these letters, you could rewrite Statement 1 as “If A and B, then Q.” In
Boolean logic short hand, that looks like this:
A AND B = Q
 67

This is a logic equation, where AND is an operator like addition or subtraction.

When both statements on either side of AND are true, the conclusion Q is true.

Given Condition 1 and Condition 2, A and B are both true. Substitute both into the
equation to get:
True AND True = Q
Q = True

Because both A and B are true, then Q must be true. Time to make orange juice!

How a Computer Decides When It Can Make Orange Juice

Condition A Condition B Result Q

(There are oranges in your fridge.) (You have an orange squeezer (You’re able to make orange juice.)

False False False

False True False
True False False
True True True!

Logic Gates:
Many of the circuits inside your computer are physical versions of logic equations,
complete with smaller circuits called logic gates, which are physical logical
operators. A logic gate takes ones and zeros-representing true and false,
respectively-as inputs and then outputs a 1 or 0 based on the results of the
equation inside.
 68

AND Gates Check for Two True Inputs:

The AND gate is the physical form of the AND operator you used to decide whether
you were able to make orange juice. An AND gate has two or more inputs - A and
B, for example - and one output - Q, for example. It checks whether A and Bare
both 1, and if they are, then Q is 1; otherwise, the output is 0. Q is 1 only if both A
and B are 1; if one or both inputs are 0, the output is 0.

I find it helpful to write out the values of Q that result from different input
combinations in a truth table. This truth table shows all possible input
combinations for the AND gate and what the output will be for each. In a truth
table, 0 standsfor false, and 1 stands for true.

AND gate

A B Q = A AND B
O O O
O I O
A I O O
B Q
I I I
Symbol Truth table

OR Gates Check for One True Input:

The OR gate checks whether input A or input B is 1. If either is 1 or both are 1, then
the output Q is also 1. But if both inputs are 0, then the output is 0.

OR gate

A B Q + A OR B
O O O
Input Output O I I
A I I I
Q
B I O I
Symbol Truth table
 69

NOT Gates Flip Inputs:

The NOT gate, also called an inverter, has only one input and one output, and its
function is very simple: the output is the opposite of the input. If the input is 1,
then the output is 0. If the input is 0, the output is 1.

NOT gate

Input Output A Q = NOT A

O I
A Q
I O

A Bigger AND Gate:

AND gates and OR gates can have more than two inputs. For example, here’s a 4-
input AND gate symbol:

4-input AND gate

A
B
Q
C
D

Because it’s an AND gate, the result will be 1 only if all four inputs are 1; otherwise,
it will be 0. That is, the output Q is true (1) if all four inputs—A, B, C, and D—are
true (1):
Q = A AND B AND C AND D

We can also make a 4-input AND gate from three 2-input AND gates, like this:
 70

4-input AND gate

A
B
Q

C
D
 71

Part 4
Electronic Components
types and functions and Test
 72

The Main Electronic Components in Laptop Motherboard

1 Capacitor Stores an electrical charge for a short period of time

2 Resistor Limit the flow of electrons, reducing current

Resists changes in the electrical current when passing

3 Inductor
through it

Protects the circuit from the risk of increasing electricity

4 Fuse
current

5 Diode Allows the electric current to pass in one direction only

Generates a very precise frequency electrical signal at a

6 Crystal oscillator
specified time

7 Transistor Transistors are used when it is necessary to amplify

voltage, current, and power.

An integrated circuit is a collection of electronic

8 IC
components (resistors, transistors,capacitors, etc.)

The electronic components shown in the figure above are the main components
you will find in the laptop motherboard, but you will find them in the form of
different shapes and sizes, according to the design of the electronic board.
 73

We’re going to give you a brief overview of common electronic components and
explain what their functions are, units of measurement and methods of testing
them.

Capacitor

The capacitor is like a rechargeable battery; you can charge a capacitor and use its
energy to power something. But a battery can hold much more energy than a
capacitor. A battery can power an LED for days without recharging, while most
capacitors can power one for only a few seconds at most.

How Capacitors Work:

On the inside, capacitors are very simple devices. They’re made of two metal
plates placed very close together, with a material such as paper in between. To
save space, the metal plates and the material between them are folded or rolled
into a compact package.

Terminal

Metal Plates

Dielectric (material to keep

plates apart, such as paper)

Capacitor Dielectric (material to keep

plates apart, such as paper)

Capacitor used for many purposes:

- Storing and discharging the current according to the needs of the Electronic circuit
- The link between electronic circuits
- Smoothing the electrical current
 74

Typesof Capacitors
You will notice that there are several typesof capacitors:

Electrolytic Capacitors Plastic Film Capacitors

SMD Ceramic Capacitors Ceramic Capacitors

Tantalum Capacitors SMD Tantalum Capacitors

 75

Aluminum Capacitors SMD AluminumCapacitors

Photo showing three different types of capacitors

SMD Solid Capacitors

SMD Ceramic Capacitors

SMD Tantalum Capacitor

 76

Capacitor Features:
Capacitors are measured in farads or more commonly in micro farads and
PicoFarads. The name comes from Michael Faraday (1791-1867) a very interesting
man.

Every capacitor will have two important ratings: capacitance and voltage.

1- Capacitance :

Capacitance is a way of saying how much energy the capacitor can hold at a given
voltage. This value measured in pico-Farads (pF), nano-Farads (nF) or micro-Farads
(µF) and is marked onto the body of the capacitor as numbers, letters or colored
bands.

2- Voltage :

The Working Voltage is another important capacitor characteristic that defines the
maximum continuous voltage either DC or AC that can be applied to the capacitor
without failure during its working life.

3- Equivalent Series Resistance(ESR) :

The Equivalent Series Resistance or ESR, of a capacitor is the AC impedance of the

capacitor when used at high frequencies and includes the resistance of the
dielectric material, the DC resistance of the terminal leads, the DC resistance of the
connections to the dielectric and the capacitor plate resistance all measured at a
particular frequency and temperature.

Aluminum Capacitor Electrolytic Capacitor

The maximum
voltage is 10v

The maximum
voltage is 6.3v

Capacitance rating
Capacitance rating is 2200 µF
is 1000 µF
 77

Did You Know?

When you are wanting to replacing a capacitor, you must to use the
same or higher capacitance rating and same or higher voltage rating or
very close to it.

SMD Ceramic Capacitors written the

side it letter C with number

Non Polar Capacitor Symbol like SMD Ceramic Capacitors

Polar Capacitor Symbol like Electrolytic Capacitors

Capacitors are symbolized on mainboard with the letter C and

sometimes symbolized with two letters like PC and sometimes
does not have beside it any letters in some mainboard.
 78

SMD ceramic capacitors

without voltage or capacitance
value

Some capacitors don’t have the value of capacity or voltage value written on them
like ceramic capacitors.

Did You Know?

When SMD ceramic capacitor is damaged, you can replaced with
another SMD ceramic capacitor by same size and will function
without the any problem.

Polarized Capacitor
Can only be connected to a circuit in one direction must be inserted in the proper
orientation with respect to applied voltage. If a polarized capacitor was connected
to a circuit incorrectly, at best it won’t work as intended. At worst, an incorrectly
connected polarized capacitor will smoke, spark, and be one very dead part.
 79

PolarizedCapacitor

Electrolytic Capacitor SMD Tantalum Capacitor

SMD Tantalum Capacitor Aluminum Capacitor

Non-Polarized Capacitor mean that they can be inserted into a circuit around
either way.

Non Polarized Capacitor

SMD Ceramic Capacitors Plastic Film Capacitors

Tantalum Capacitors Ceramic Capacitors

 80

Positive Side

Negative Side

Bar across one end of this tantalum capacitors provides the capacitor
positive lead polarity

White line drawn on Bar show direction

motherboard show of the positive
you the positive tantalum capacitor
tantalum capacitor
 81

Non-polar capacitors like ceramic capacitors which have no specific orientation for
installation on the motherboard we can install them in both directions

Ceramic capacitors without a specific

direction because this is non-polar
type can be installed in both direction

Capacitores NEC Proadlizer

Proadlizer capacitor is a group of capacitors grouped in

one package and Manufacturer use this capacitor to
reduce the cost of production and the area occupied by
components in the motherboard design.

33 Capacitors(4 aluminum+29 ceramic) 1 CapacitorProadlizer

82
 83

Capacitors testing

There are three main ways to test capacitors.

1- Visual inspection:
This is the first thing must be done when you repair any laptop motherboard,
we should check the electronic components to make sure that there are no
traces of burning or roasting on any electronic component, first scan around the
motherboard looking for capacitors which has its top will either swell or burst
open.

the upper surface of the electrolytic capacitor is inflated

In this case, you do not need to check the capacitors, just direct replace it and
retest the motherboard.
 84

2- Using Digital Capacitance Meter

Digits LCD Display

Zero adjustment+- 20pF approx

9 test ranges from 200pF to 20mF

Be sure that capacitor is fully

discharged before tested

Socket use it to plug leads

of capacitor directly for
measurement

Test leads put RED one into positive

lead of capacitor and put BLACK lead
into negative of capacitor
3- Using ESR Meter

This is the latest technology in testing capacitors. It is used to check on electrolytic

capacitors and the advantage is that you can perform capacitor testing while the
capacitor is still in circuit, it can test aluminum electrolytic capacitors, film
capacitors, ceramic, high voltage capacitors, etc. It also has the function to check
inductors and coils too.
 85

4- Using Digital Multimeter

Using the Continuity test or the Buzzer mode

Testing SMD Ceramic Capacitor

1) Put the two ends of the measurement 1) Sound of a buzzer with 0 value so
on the ceramic capacitor. capacitor is damage (short circuit)
2) Shows value without sound of a buzzer
so ceramic capacitor is Good.
 86

Resistor

A resistor is a passive electrical component with a primary function to limit the

flow of electric current, adjust signal level, to divide voltages, resistors come in
different shapes and sizes. We measure the amount of resistance with aunit called
Ω ohms.

Figure 1 Resistance Figure 2 SMD Resistor

Have colored bands on them Tiny surface mount resistor

Figure 3 SMD Network Resistor

A group of resistors have the same value in a single package. They primarily act
as a voltage divider, which split the voltage in a circuit to smaller amounts.
Whether you want a thick film resistor array or thin film resistor array, find them
in great price range at Future Electronics. We are the reputed distributor of
resistor networks from leading brands.
 87

SMD Resistors with letter R, numbers

and letter on their surface indicating
their value

Zero Ohm resistance, used as a

connection between two points
on the motherboard (it function
as a fuse)
 88

On the Motherboard the symbol for resistors is usually present by letter R, an

example is the R5 & R9, R10 on the motherboard below.

On the Schematic diagram the Resistor symbol is usually present by

Understanding the Resistor Code:

When you look at a resistor, you’ll notice that it has several colored bands. These
colors tell you the value of the resistor, to find the value of a resistor, use the table
below.
89
 90

Most resistors have four color bands. From the left, the first band gives the first
digit of the resistance value. In this example, the first band is yellow, so the first
digit is 4. The second digit is given by the second band, which is violet for 7.
Together, this gives us the base value of 47. Next we multiply 47 by the value of
the third band—the multiplier. In this example, the orange band stands for 103 Ω,
so we multiply 47 by 1000:
47 × 1000 Ω = 47000 Ω = 47 kΩ

Note: If a resistor has five bands instead of four, then the first three bands are
digits, and the fourth is the multiplier.

But the actual resistance of a resistor usually won’t match the value written on it!
That sounds a bit crazy, right? It’s hard for manufacturers to create resistors with a
very exact resistance value, so instead, they make sure the resistors are some
where around that value and tell you how far off the real value could be.

This is where tolerance comes in. Our example resistoris labeled 47 kΩ with a
tolerance of 5 percent. This means that the resistor’s real resistance could be any
value 5 percent higher or 5 percent lower than 47 kΩ. Because 5 percent of 47 is
around 24, the real resistance could be anywhere between 43 kΩ and 49 kΩ.

Usually, the three bands that tell you the resistance value are grouped together,
and the band that tells you the tolerance is spaced a bit farther away. But
sometimes the bands are so close that it’s hard to see which three bands give the
resistance. Fortunately, the fourth band is typically gold or silver, so if you see a
gold or silver band, it’s safe to assume this is the tolerance band.

How to Write large values

Our resistance color chart shows some resistance values written with k and M in
front of the Ω symbol. These are part of a short hand that makes it easier to write
really large values. If you have a resistor that’s 300,000 Ω, it’s common to shorten
that to 300 kΩ instead, where k is short for kilo, which means one thousand. The
M stands for mega, which means one million. So instead of writing
3,000,000 Ω you could write 3 MΩ.

You can use online website or program to calculation of resistor value.

https://www.digikey.com/en/resources/conversion-calculators/conversion-
calculator-resistor-color-code-4-band
 91

Resistor Testing

1- Visual inspection: Checks for missing or any burning on resistance.

Example of Burnt resistances

2- Using Digital Multimeter: You can check the resistor resistance by selecting the
ohm range in the digital multimeter, If the resistor is in circuit, you will generally
have to remove the resistor so you are testing only the resistor value and not the
other components in the circuit.

Set the dial to

resistance mode
 92

Connect test probes across the two points of the resistor as shown in the photo,
polarity isn’t important, value of resistance shown is 9.86 kΩ.

Note: All resistors have a specific tolerance rating. The tolerance rating is marked
by a color band on the end of the resistor’s body, normally the band is gold
indicating 5 % tolerance. If the tolerance band is silver, then the rating is 10 %.
 93

How to test SMD Resistors:

Because of the small size of SMD resistors, there is often not room for the
traditional color band code to be printed on them. Therefore, new resistor SMD
codes were developed. The most commonly seen codes are the three and four-
digit system and an Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA) system called EIA-96.

Examples of 3 and 4
Digits coding system

Examples of Digits
coding systemEIA-96
 94

Let’s take an example of a 3 and 4 Digit System: In this system the first two
or three digits indicate the numerical resistance value of the resistor and the last
digit gives a multiplier. The number of the last digit indicates the power of ten by
which to multiply the given resistor value. Here are some examples of values under
this system:

Significant Value Multiply Factor Significant Value Multiply Factor

This example, value of resistance is This example, value of resistance is

792 X10º = 792 X 1= 792 Ω 31X10² = 31X 100 =3100 Ω

= 31 kΩ

The R or decimal between 2 and 3 This resistance has the letter R as first
which means the value of = 2.3 Ω digit represents a decimal so this
resistance has a value of = 0.382 Ω

This resistance has the only a zero and This resistance has 3 zero and also
represents a zero-ohm resistor with no called a zero-ohm resistor with no
resistance. resistance.
 95

Select Ohms range and place your test probes across the two points of the
SMD resistance as shown in the photo. this SMD resistance belongs to the
system of coding 3-4 Digits System by use this system coding we’ll find value of
resistance: 561 = 560 ohms or 0.560 k ohms.

This resistance is 0 ohm (zero-ohm resistance) it functions as a fuse.

 96

The multimeter show OL that means bad resistance.

Once the SMD resistors are burnt, the only way to find out the value is through
a schematic diagram or comparison from the same motherboard model.

Now we take a look at another popular coding method the EIA 96 System this
system is based on a 96 series of preferred values.

by looking up for code of 38 in above table 1 we find the value of 243

in table 2 we find that the letter C means a multiplied factor of 100

this resistor is therefore a value of 24.3kΩ.
 97

The SMD resistor coding is the same as the SMD network resistor. An SMD
network resistor consists of few resistors that have same ohms value in a single
package.

The testing method is the same as a normal type of resistor, Calculate the SMD
resistor code first, above example we have SMD network resistor marking on it
number 510 its means 51k ohms.
Then place the test probes across the two ends of the SMD network resistor and
read the result directly from the digital meter LCD display.

Same ohms value

 98

Inductor - Coil

An electric wire wound in loops is called a coil. If current flows in a coil, a magnetic
field is generated that goes through the inside of the coil. If an iron core is inserted
in the coil, the magnetic field is concentrated in the iron, and it becomes a strong
electromagnet. The strength of an electromagnet is proportional to the product of
the current and the number of loops in the coil, if the direction of the current is
reversed, the polarity of the electromagnet is also reversed. If the current is
stopped, the magnetic force of the electromagnet disappears, on the schematic
diagram and on the motherboard an inductor is represented by letter (L).

Current

Magnetic
field Current

Current

Magnetic field

Below are a few examples of inductors:

Inductors Types
 99

SMD Inductor / SMD Coil and its side is

written letter L with number and
sometimes written with two letters like
PL or DL

The symbol of Coil on schematic diagram

Other types of Inductor and its side

is written letter PL with number

Other types o fInductor written the

side it letters PL with number
 100

Inductor Testing

Set to the buzzer mode to test an inductor with digital multimeter. If the inductor
is ok, the buzzer will sound and if the inductor is open (internally) or shorted there
will be no sound.

Buzzer mark appears on the screen

Set the multimeter to buzzer mode

 101

Fuse

A fuse is a very thin wire, the function of fuses is to stop higher than normal
current from flowing through an electronic circuit. It is designed to protect
electronic components from being damaged, fuse come in different sizes and
shapes. A fuse is labeled as (F) in a motherboard.

Different types of SMD Fuse

SMD Fuse symbols on schematic diagram

SMD Fuse symbolized on mainboard & schematic diagram with the

letter F and sometimes symbolized with two letters like PF, FP and
next to it is a number.
 102

Testing Fuse
Touch the probes to both end of the fuse. You can check the fuse while it still in
mainboard or out of mainboard. A good fuse reading should show continuity or
read ZERO ohms. A bad fuse is open which will not showany reading on your
meter.

You may also set to the buzzer range to test a fuse with digital meter. If the fuse is
ok, the buzzer will sound and if the fuse is damage there will be no sound.

The red and black test probes can be either way when testing fuses
 103

Diode

Diode only allow current to flow in one direction, and they’re always polarized. A
diode has two terminals. The positive (-) side is called the anode, and the negative
(+) one is called the cathode. They are made from silicon slabs “doped” with
materialsthat cause the one-way current flow.

The diode symbol with the anode and cathode marked on schematic diagram

Current through a diode can only flow from the anode to the cathode, which
would explain why it’s important for a diode to be connected in the correct
direction. Physically, every diode should have some sort of indication for either the
anode or cathode pin. Usually the diode will have a line near the cathode pin,
which matches the vertical line in the diode circuit symbol.

Below are a few examples of diodes.

Diode SMD Diode

 104

SMD diode use a line to mark which

pin is the cathode

Diode use a grey ring to mark

which pin is the cathode

Diode symbolized on mainboard and circuit diagram with the

letter D.

Diodes symbols on schematic diagram

Zener Diode Schottky Diode Silicon Diode

 105

SMD Dual Diode is a single package with 2 diodes, middle pin is the negative.

1 3

SMD Dual Diode

Don’t think these two SMD are transistors, in fact they are SMD dual diode, look at
marking on the motherboard D18, D17, letter D is diode symbol on motherboard.
 106

Testing Diode

When using digital meter, you should set your meter to Diode test range and again
you should expect reading one side and when you reverse the probe you will get
no reading.

Cathode

Anode

Note: In some cases, it may be necessary to remove one end of the diode from the
circuit in order to test the diode. A good SMD diode should have one reading and if
you get two readings that means the diode already shorted.
 107

Zener Diode

A Zener diode allows current to flow from anode to cathode like normal diode, but
it also permits current to flow in the reverse direction when its Zener voltage is
reached, Zener diodes have a highly doped p-n junction. Normal diodes will also
break down with a reverse voltage but the voltage and sharpness of the knee are
not as well defined as for a Zener diode. Also, normal diodes are not designed to
operate in the breakdown region but Zener diodes can reliably operate in this
region.

Zener Diode SMD Zener Diode

Zener diode symbol on the circuit diagram and motherboard usually begin with
letter “ZD”.

Anode (+) Cathode (-)

Zener diode symbol on schematic diagram

 108

Testing Zener Diode

Testing a Zener diode is just like testing a normal diode, when using digital meter,
you should set your meter to diode test range and again you should expect reading
one side and when you reverse the probe you will get no reading.
 109

Transformer

A transformer is a device that takes electricity turns into a magnetic field, then
turns it back into electricity. Depending on how the transformer is designed,
transformers are used to increase or decrease the alternating voltages in electric
power applications, A transformer is labeled as “T” on a schematic diagram.

Transformer symbol

SMPS Transformer are used in switch mode power supplies in electronic

equipment such as adapters of laptop and Inverter board of LCD and TVs, etc. The
input is called the primary winding while the outputs are the secondary winding.

SMPS
SMPSTransformer
Transformer

Switch Mode Power Supply Transformer section in adapter

CCFL Lamps output

voltage connector

High Voltage Transformer

Switch Mode Power Supply Transformer in Inverter board of LCD

 110

Crystal Oscillator

A crystal oscillator is an electronic circuit that uses the mechanical resonance of a

vibrating crystal of piezoelectric material to create an electrical signal with a very
precise frequency. This frequency is commonly used to keep track of time, to
provide a stable clock signal for digital integrated circuits.
Quartz crystals are manufactured for frequencies from a few tens of kilohertz to
tens of megahertz. More than two billion, you well find a crystal in a digital device
like a laptop, DVD player or MP3 player.

Crystal symbolized on motherboard & schematic diagram

with the letter X or Yand next to it a number YK1.

Symbol Crystalon schematic diagram

Crystal in the laptop motherboard, printed with

letters YK1 and their frequencies 14.318 MHZ
marked on their body.
 111

Crystal symbol in diagram,

printed with letters YK1 and
their frequencies 14.318
MHZ marked on their body.

For testing crystal oscillators, you will must have digital multimeter with Hz mode
or testing by a crystal tester or use or oscilloscope. The measurement must be
taken when the motherboard power is ‘On’. Put the probe of the digital
multimeter or crystal to the crystal pin and read the measurement. That means
place the black probe to cold ground and the red probe to the crystal pins.

Hz function in a digital
multimeter
 112

Transistor

Transistors are semiconductor devices with three terminals that can act as
amplifier controls or electrically controlled switches.

Amplifier: when it works as an amplifier, it takes a tiny electric input current at

one lead and produces a bigger output current at the other lead.

Switch: A small electric current through a lead can switch on a bigger current flow
through the other leads of the transistor.

In the photo below, you can see several types of transistors:

Semiconductors

Transistors are made of silicon which is a semiconductor. A semiconductor is a

material that is not a pure conductor, it has higher resistance than a conductor,
but much lower resistance than insulators.

N-Type
We can introduce impurities into silicon, so that it works in a specific way, this
process is called doping.
If we dope the silicon with chemical elements such as phosphorous, arsenic or
antimony, which have 5 valence electrons, the silicon gains free extra electrons
that can carry an electric current.
When we add these elements, we are introducing electrons. As electrons are
negative, this type of semiconductor is called N-Type (negative type).

P-Type
On the other hand, we can dope silicon with other elements like boron or gallium.
As these elements have only three outer electrons, when they are mixed into the
silicon matrix, they create “holes” with absence of electrons.
So, this type of silicon has less extra free electrons, and so it is called the P-Type
(positive type).
 113

N-Type P-Type
Donorimpurityco
ntributes free Acceptorimpurity
electrons creates a hole

Types of transistors

Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) Unipolar Junction Transistor

PNP Transistor NPN Transistor MOSFET JFET

N-Channel N-Channel

P-Channel P-Channel

The two major families of transistors are bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) and
field-effect transistors (FETs).

Bipolar junction transistors require an input or output current at their control

leads.

Field-effect transistors practically don’t require currentonly voltage.

 114

A- Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs)

Bipolar junction transistors consist of a three-layer sandwich of doped

semiconductor materials. We can have two types of bipolar junction transistors:
The N-P-N and the P-N-P. Each layer has a pin. On bipolar junction transistors the
three pins are labeled: Collector (C), Base (B), Emitter (E).

In the photo below, you can see the symbols for NPN and PNP transistor respectively.

NPN Transistor PNP Transistor

The letter „Q‟ is used to label transistors in a schematic and motherboard

How the Transistor Works

When a little bit of current flows from the base of a transistor to the emitter, the
transistor “closes the switch” so that current can also flow from the collector to
the emitter.
With no voltage on the transistor’s base, or the controlling pin, no current flows
from the base to the emitter. That means no current can flow between the
collector and the emitter either.

A transistor that allows current to pass is considered on, a transistor that doesn’t
allow current to pass is considered off.

Apply a small positive electrical to

the Base, current will also flow from
1- Electrical current flow from the
the Collector to the Emitter.
Collector to the Emitter when
the Base is on State.
On State
2- Electrical current not flow from
the Collector to the Emitter
when the Base is off State.

Off State

The mechanism of work the transistor NPN

 115

Apply a small Negative electrical to the

Base, current will also flow between the
Emitter and the Collector. 1- Electrical current flow from the
Emitter to Collector when the
Off State Base is on State.

2- Electrical current not flow from

the Emitter to the Collector
On State
when the Base is off State.

The mechanism x of the transistor NPN

Transistor Testing and Identifying the Leads

NPN and PNP transistors fall into the family of bipolar transistors and are easily
tested with a multimeter. The transistor is basically and OFF device and must be
turned on by applying forward bias to the emitter base junction. Transistors are
three-terminal devices that act like two diodes back-to-back. Each junction, like a
diode should show low resistance with its forward biased and high resistance when
it’sreverses biased.
In the following diagram, two diodes are connected together and although the
construction of a transistor is more complex, we see the transistor as two diodes
when testing it.

The bipolar transistor consists of three layers of n-type and p-type semiconductor
material arranged either in a npn or pnp configuration.
 116

Important Note: Transistors come in a variety of case styles. The pin-out for the
emitter, base and collector is notthe same from device to device. Likewise, it’s
impossible to determine if a transistor is a PNP or NPN type by it’s shape or case
design. Everything can be determined using the transistors part number. To get the
right pin-out, you will have to refer to a datasheet and look up the device using the
part number.

Another trick for common, low-power transistors, is to connect the ohmmeter to

the collector and emitter, leaving the base hanging open. Apply polarity so the
collector will be reverse biased (positive for NPN, negative for PNP.) Now wet a
finger and thumb. Hold the base and collector leads in this finger/thumb clamp
(don't let them touch). This injects some current into the base. If the ohmmeter
resistance reading decreases, the transistor is working. By holding the base and
emitter leads between thumb and finger, the resistance should go Up. These
simple tests often tell if you have a PNP or NPN transistor, and if it is good or bad.

If you have access to a transistor’s data sheet, then you already know a lot about
the transistor. You know whether it is NPN or PNP and which lead is the emitter,
the base and the collector, However, the transistor's data sheet will show you that.

The first page is usually a summary of the part's function and features.
 117

1- Manufacturer Name : FAIRCHILD

2- Transistor type: MMBT2222A
3- Electrode the transistor : NPN
4- Features and characteristics of transistors
5- Physical form (package) of the transistor MMBT2222A is called SOT-23 and
another transistor PZT2222A is called SOT-223

Little tip on how to test a transistor

Testing NPN transistor like two diodes connected back to back as shown down

Collector
Base

Emitter

1. Testing between Base and Collector expect high and low on your meter (diode
test).
2. Testing between the Base and Emitter expect again high and low on your
meter (on diode test).
3. Testing Collector and Emitter expect high both ways.

Testing NPN transistor…again use the same principle

B) Metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs)

Another type of transistor is the MOSFET or Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect
Transistor is acomponent similar to the BJT in the fact that it can amplify or switch
electronic signals. The MOSFET has three terminals or leadsare known as the Gate,
Source and Drain. The voltage on the gate terminal controls the conductance of the
circuit between the drain and the source.

Apply a small positive electrical to

the Gate, current will also flow from
the Drain to the Source. 1- Electrical current flow from the
Drian to the Source when the
On State Gate is on State.

2- Electrical current not flow from

the Drain to the Source when
Off State the Gate is off State.

N-Channel MOSFET
 118

Apply a small positive electrical to 1- Electrical current flow from the

the Gate, current will also flow from Source to the Drain when the
the Source to the Drain. Gate is on State.

Off State
2- Electrical current not flow from
the Source to the Drain when
the Gate is off State.

On State P-Channel MOSFET

Testing MOSFETs
You should know that most of the Mosfet has a Flyback diode between source and
drain, so that when testing you will get a reading in one direction between source and
drain and this is normal.

A Fly back diode inside The

Mosfet and negative lead of
flyback diode connected with
drain lead of Mosfet

N-Channel MOSFET

Fly back diode inside the Mosfet

and negative lead of flyback
diode connected with source lead
of Mosfet

N-Channel MOSFET
 119

N-channel MOSFET

Set to the diode test mode

1- Put the black test lead on the
drain pin and put the red test
lead on the source pin
2- You should get a voltage
reading of between 0.45-0.7

Reverse the test leads

1- The red test lead is on the drain

pin and the black test lead is on
the source pin
2- You should get an O.L
Reading.

Note: If you get a low reading in both directions between source and drain the
Mosfet is considered shorted and if you get an O.L reading in both forward and
reverse bias directions the Mosfet is considered open.

P-channel MOSFET
Testing the P-channel Mosfet transistor is just the same way a show you checked the
N-channel Mosfet transistor.

Set to the diode test mode

1- The black test lead is on the

drain pin and red the test lead
is on the source pin
2- You should get an O.L
Reading.
 120

Reverse the test leads

1- Put the red test lead on the

drain pin and put the black test
lead on the source pin
2- You should get a voltage
reading of between 0.45 - 0.7

You should always try and find a datasheet for the MOSFET you are testing, inside
the datasheet you can find lots of useful information, let‟s take example how to test
Mosfet transistor with help of the datasheet.
We will search for the DataSheet for Mosfet transistor model APM2510N.

First, read the part number printed on the Mosfet and then go to www.google.com
search engine or use a search engine like AllDataSheet.com and write one of these
keywords as shown below:
APM2510N datasheet
APM2510N pdf
APM2510N code
APM2510N circuit
APM2510N marking
APM2510N diagram
 121

Download datasheet file to your computerand open datasheet to know the type the
transistor that we want to test it and properties and identify which pin is the drain, gate
and the source.

When you read the first page you will find a lot information, type and features and
characteristics of the transistor.

1- Manufacturer: ANPEC
2- Transistor model name: APM2510N
3- Transistor type: N-Channel MOSFET
4- Physical form of the transistor (TO-252) and Pin Configuration Definitions G,D,S
5- Transistor Symbol.
6- Features of transistors as voltage rating, maximum current and maximum voltage,
these features are described in detail in the table on page 2.
7- Applications: this tell us for what we can used this transistor here the manufacturer
used this type in desktop computer and dc/dc converters.
 122

Set a multimeter to “Diode mode” and connect the black test lead to pin drain “D” and
connect the red test lead to the pin source “S”. working Mosfet will have reading
between 0.45-0.7

Reverse the leads so the black lead isconnected to the source “S” and the red lead is
connected to the drain “D”. The multimeter should indicate the OL mark. (Over
Limit).
 123

You should keep in your mind the transistor comes in different physical size, shape,
let‟s first get familiar with A Transistor Outline number or TO, some TO numbers are
shown here:

DIP-8 DFN SO-8 FL

SOIC-8 or SOP-8

TO-252 SOT-223 SOT-23

TO-251 TO-220
TO-126

Let‟s get example how to test Mosfet transistor with the eight legs (SOIC-8).

Example for Mosfet transistor model AO4409:

Transistor model AO4409 belong to SOIC-8 package(8 legs). The datasheet for the
AO4409 should tell you what each pin does. Try searching online for “AO4409
datasheet”. When you find the datasheet and open it, you should see like this:
 124

1- Manufacturer: ALPHA & OMEGA SEMICONDUCTOR

2- Transistor model name: AO4409
3- Transistor type: PNP Channel Mosfet
4- Short Description
5- Some characteristics of transistor like the voltage
6- Physical form of the transistor (SOIC-8) and Pin Configuration Definitions G,D,S
7- Transistor Symbol
8- Described in detail and features of transistors as voltage rating, maximum current
and maximum voltage.

The legs of a transistors are numbered counter-

clockwise, starting from the top left. The topis
indicated by a little notch or circle.
 125

The photo below identify which legs are the drain, gate and the source.

Legs 5, 6, 7 and 8 are Drain

5
legs

Leg number 4 is Gate

8 4 leg

1 Legs number 1, 2 and

3 are Source legs

Set a multimeter to “Diode mode” and connect the red

test lead to source “S” and connect the black test lead
to drain “D” the multimeter should indicate the OL
mark.
 126

Reverse the leads, the black lead is connected to the source

“S” and the red lead is connected to the drain “D”, the
multimeter should have reading between 0.45-0.7

Test modern Mosfet transistor DFN SO8-FL

example for Mosfet transistor model 4935N

 127

4935N is N-Channel Mosfet so set a multimeter to “Diode mode” and connect the red
test lead to leg drain “S” (you can place lead tester on any of three legs because they
all the source) and connect the black test lead to the leg source “D” (you can choose
any leg 8, 7, 6, 5 because they all drain), The multimeter should have reading
between 0.45-0.7

Reverse the leads so the black lead is connected to the source “S” and the red lead is
connected to the drain “D”. the multimeter should indicate the OL mark
 128

Integrated Circuit (IC)

Integrated circuits (IC) are a key part of modern electronics. They are the heart and
the brain of most circuits. They are small "chips" of black color that can be found
on almost all circuit boards.

An integrated circuit is a collection of electronic components (resistors, transistors,

capacitors, etc.) all embedded within a small chip. They have different
functionalities, among which can be found: logic gates of a circuit, operational
amplifiers, voltage regulators, microcontrollers, microprocessors... etc.

There are many different types of integrated circuits (IC), each of which has unique
dimensions, mounting-types, and/or pin-counts.

QFP QFN BGA

SOP-8 or SOIC-8 TSSOP-8 DIP-8

PLCC-32 SOT-223 SOIC-32

 129

All components with PU code are IC, but the code function is different. A lot of PU
on the motherboard. So, for beginners, you should creative to take one sample
motherboard and see how much PU in the motherboard, then take a look
datasheet to know the function and how it works.

IC is the brain of each circuit (controller). Let us simplify easily, only if IC for voice
then we call IC sound. Identification of a good or bad IC should be with schematic
to know the inputs pin and outputs. Measurement techniques must also use
voltage not like other components in general.

TPS51125 Dual-Synchronous Step-Down Controller

 130

The most important integrated circuits are in Laptop Motherboard

1 IC used to store relatively small amounts of data

EEPROM (BIOS)

2 Super I/O Limit the flow of electrons, reducing current

Clock Generator Resists changes in the electrical current when passing

3
through it

Protects the circuit from the risk of increasing electricity

4 Voltage Regulator
current

5 PWM Controlle Allows the electric current to pass in one direction only

Generates a very precise frequency electrical signal at a

6 Microprocessor
specified time

Letter that symbolizes the Integrated circuits (IC) on the

motherboard is U and may have another letters PU.
 131

EEPROM

An EEPROM short for (electrically erasable programmable ROM) it is an integrated

circuit (IC). In terms of applications, stores information that can only be read.
Modifying it is either very difficult, EEPROM is also a type of non-volatile storage,
which means that the information is maintained even if the component loses
power. In the picture below, is an example of what a EEPROM chip may look like
on your laptop motherboard.

It contains the basic instructions for what needs to happen when a laptop is
powered on. This is typically referred to as the firmware of a laptop. The firmware
represents the basic code to get the laptop started. Firmware is also referred to as
BIOS or basic input/output system.

The BIOS also includes a test referred to as a POST (Power on Self-Test) which will
ensure that the laptop meets requirements to boot up properly. If the laptop does
not pass the POST you will receive an error message which may be text on the
display screen and/or a series of coded beeps, depending on the nature of the
problem. Since POST runs before the laptop's video card is activated, it may not be
possible to progress to the display screen. The pattern of beeps may be a variable
number of short beeps or a mixture of long and short beeps, depending on what
type of BIOS is installed.
 132

PLCC-32 TSSOP-8 DIP-8

Three Common forms of EEPROM in the laptop motherboard

Some example of (EEPROM) BIOS chip and their location in the laptop motherboard

EEPROM IC (Bios IC) Model

TSSOP-8

TSSOP-8 Package PLCC32 Package

 133

(Bios) EEPROM IC on the Schematic diagram usually represent by SPI ROM or SPI Flash ROM

BIOS manufacturer

Here is a list of popular bios Manufacturers

Company Name Shortcut

MXIC MX
EON EN
AMIC A
Numonyx M
SPANSION S
WINBOND W
SST SST
ATMEL AT
 134

Manufacturer = SST
Type = 49LF004B 33-4C-NHE
Package design = PLCC-32 (2x7 and 2x9 Pins = 32 Pins)

Manufacturer = WINBOND (stylized "W")

Type = 25X80VAIZ
Package design = DIP-8 (2x4 Pins = 8 Pins)
 135

Super I/O
Super I/O or super input/output or SIO, it is an integrated circuit on a laptop
motherboard. The Super I/O chip controls most of input and output units as
parallel ports (printer), power management, keyboard, touch pad, Temperature
sensor and fan speed, bios.

Super I/O Production of Company SMSC

Some newer chipsets are combining the Southbridge and Super I/O chips into a
single chip and referring to this chip as the Super Southbridge chip. Some
manufacturers such as NVIDIA and SiS have even combined the Northbridge,
Southbridge and Super I/O into a single chip.

How do I know what IC is the Super I/O on motherboard?

Identifying the Super I/O on mothetboard is often easy if you look for an
integrated circuit that is labeled with a company's name that manufacturers Super
I/O chips. Some common Super I/O manufacturers are Fintek, ITE, National
Semiconductor, Nuvoton, SMSC, VIA, and Winbond.
 136

Clock Generator

Every laptop has the “clock generator” to generate clock signals used through out
the system. Timing in a laptop system is critical particularly to synchronize the
activities within the various chips. To do this, a crystal is used, and this is a picture
of a crystal and clock generator.

Crystal Oscillator

Clock Generator

The most common crystal is a 14.318 MHz crystal, and one of the reasons that this
particular frequency shows and it's because within the world of crystals this is an
extremely stable frequency and it serves as the foundation frequency for
generating all of the other timing circuits in a PC. This frequency would be
multiplied or divided as necessary and we would get the frequencies like 33 MHz
for the PCI, 8 for the ISA and 48 MHz for USB.

Crystal Oscillator Clock Generator

 137

Voltage Regulator

It is an electronic component belongs to integrated circuits (IC), The voltage

regulator is simply an electrical device which can sustain the voltage of a power
supply within suitable limits.
The electrical equipment connected to the voltage source should bear the value of
the voltage. So, the source voltage should be in a certain range which is acceptable
for the connected equipment. This purpose is fulfilled by implementing a voltage
regulator. It regulates the voltage regardless of the alteration in the input voltage
or connected load. It works as a shield for protective devices from damage.

Pin Description

Ground Input voltage

Output voltage
Laptops have voltage regulator on the motherboard and its used to output of
voltage with low voltage difference than the internal voltage range.

Example: Voltage Regulator Model G2997F6U

Voltage regulator model G2997F6U

in the HP G62 laptop
 138

Input voltage
VIN is the IC
power supply
Output voltage used input voltage
to power chip on
DDR memory, this
voltage equal
VDDQSNS/2

Voltage regulator G2997 Pin Description

Pin 10 is (VIN) voltage input of IC for work, powered by 5V.

PIN 1 is (VDDQSNS) input voltage, equal value of DRR3 RAM (1.5V).

PIN 3 is (VTT) This pin is used to the voltage regulator output, VTT value It will be
equal VDDQSNS/2, here we have 1.5/2 = 0.75v.
0.75v its responsible for supply chips located on RAM.
 139

Testing voltage regulator Model G2997F6U

Set the multimeter to DC mode and first connect the Red test lead to the input pin
10 (VIN) and the Black test lead to ground, the voltage that we should read should
be 5v, after that put the Red test lead to the pin 1 (VDDQSNS) and the Black test
lead to ground the voltage that we should read should be 1.5v.

Now read the output voltage pin 3 (VTT) place the Red test lead of the multimeter
on the pin3 and the Black test lead on the ground, we should now read a voltage at
or about the rated voltage that the regulator is designed for, here we should get
0.75v.
 140

PWM Controller

Before we talk about PWM, we need to explain the basics about signal types.
There are two basic kinds of signal types - Analog and Digital. Analog signal types
have degrees of intensity, between 0% (off) and 100% (maximum), allowing for a
range of accuracy when determining something like screen brightness or fan
speed. Digital signal types, on the other hand, have no degrees of intensity, they
simply have an off or on state. This means something like brightness control is
impossible on its own, because in digital terms, the backlight is either on or off.
Digital signal controllers, however, are cheaper, smaller, more power efficient, and
simpler to implement than analog controls. In order to take advantage of the
benefits of digital signal controllers while retaining (and even surpassing) analog
functionality, PWM is used.

PWM tests at differing levels of brightness ranging from 100% to 0%

PWM is a very rapid frequency of on/off states of the digital signal to achieve a
result similar to what could be achieved on a plain analog signal. If you wanted
70% screen brightness for example, you would simply need to keep the digital
 141

signal on for 70% of the time and off for 30% of the time your screen was turned
on. This is done rapidly, with the frequency measured in Hertz (Hz), or number of
times per second. The faster the frequency, the less noticeable the off states
become, until the resulting effect is indistinguishable from what an analog signal
would produce.

Is PWM necessary? In short, yes. PWM is used not only for LCD monitor brightness,
but most forms of finite control in electronic devices today. Servo motors and fan
speed control (you may notice that case fans for a computer will sometimes be
rated as with PWM) are two common implementations of PWM. New technology
such as what is found in smart phones is too small and designed to use too little
power to utilize any alternatives such as analog controllers.
 142

Microprocessor

A Microprocessor is an electronic component that is used by a computer to do its

work. It is a central processing unit on a single integrated circuit chip containing
millions of very small components including transistors, resistors and diodes that
work together.

One of the most famous IC's belonging to the Microprocessor IC series is the
Southbridge, Northbridge and VGA Chip.
The northbridge typically handles communications among the CPU, in some cases
RAM, and PCI Express (or AGP) video cards, and the southbridge. Some
northbridges also contain integrated video controllers, also known as a Graphics
and Memory Controller Hub (GMCH) in Intel systems.

I/O Controller Hub (ICH) is a family of Intel southbridge microchips used to

manage data communications between a CPU and a motherboard, specifically Intel
chipsets based on the Intel Hub Architecture. It is designed to be paired with a
second support chip known as a northbridge.

In the modern laptop motherboard Northbridge and Southbridge has been

integrated into one chip called the Platform Controller Hub (PCH).
 143

Part 5
Identifying of Common Components of
the Laptop Motherboard
 144

This part will introduce the common electronic component you will find on laptop
motherboard.

Capacitors (C):

Tantalum Capacitor

Polarity Indicator (+)

PC157 Location Marking

Capacitor Symbol

SMD Electrolytic
Capacitor

Polarity Indicator (+)

PC177 Location Marking

PC175 Location Marking

SMD Ceramic Capacitor

Ceramic Capacitor Symbol

 145

Nec Tokin Capacitor

Capacitance and Working

Voltage

Typical Example of Capacitors

 146

Inductor – Coil (L):

Inductor

Location Marking

Inductor Symbol

Inductor

Capacitor

Location Marking

SMD Inductor

Location Marking
 147

SMD Inductor

Inductor Symbol

Typical Example of Inductors

 148

Fuse (F):

Fuse Location Marking

Fuse Symbol

Ceramic Capacitor

Typical Example of Fuse

 149

Diode (D):

Diode Location Marking

Black line represents

Cathode terminal in Diode

Diode Symbol

Dual Diode Symbol

Diode with 3 legs (SMD Dual Diode)

Zener Diode (ZD or PD):

Zener Symbol

Zener Diode

Black line represents Cathode

terminal in Zener Diode
 150

LED:

LED Symbol

LED

Negative side of the

LED
G = Green color
R = Red color

Crystal (X or Y):

Crystal Symbol

Crystal

Typical Example Of Crystal

 151

Resistors (R):

A Resistor

A Resistor Network

A fuse resistor

Resistor value

Resistor Symbol

NTC thermistors Symbol

Location Marking

Negative Temperature Coefficient (NTC thermistors) are resistors with a negative

temperature coefficient, which means that the resistance decreases with increasing
temperature. They are primarily used as resistive temperature sensors and current-
limiting devices.
 152

Mosfet (Q):

Mosfet 3 legs

Mosfet Symbol

Mosfet 6 legs

Mosfet Symbol

Mosfet 8 legs

Leg Number one

 153

Transistor (Q):

Transistor Symbol

Transistor

Connector:
Connector Symbol

Connector

Leg Number one

FAN Connector:

FAN Connector

Connector Symbol
 154

Battery Connector:

Battery Connector

Battery Connector Symbol

Bios:

Bios IC

Bios Symbol
 155

Part 6
Documents Related to the Laptop
Motherboard
 156

The documents related to the laptop motherboard and define each one and
whether you need it.

1- User Manual:

A user manual is a document related to the laptop explaining its operation and
how to use it, you don't need this document while repairing the motherboard.

2- Service Manual:

A service manual is a document related to the laptop describing all the services
provided by the laptop and how to keep in good state, you don't need this
document while repairing the motherboard.
 157

3- Schematic Diagram:

The schematic diagram is the most important document related to the

motherboard, it provides a detailed explanation of each Integrated Circuit and its
pins and connections, it's your map while repairing the motherboard.

4- Block diagram:

The block diagram is a single page within the schematic diagram document, it
contains the connections between the different Integrated Circuits of the
motherboard.
 158

5- Datasheet:

The datasheet is not related directly to the laptop motherboard, it's a document
related to a single Integrated Circuit in the motherboard, it contains a detailed
description about its pins and inputs and outputs and the possible installations and
many more.
 159

Part 7
How to Read DataSheet?
 160

Unfortunately, these documents are usually written by engineers for other

engineers and as such they can often be difficult to read, especially for new
comers.
Lots of websites that provide document datasheet or component data.

For example:
www.ti.com
www.alldatasheet.com
www.alltransistors.com
www.electronics.stackexchange.com
www.www.datasheetcatalog.com.com

When you open datasheet the first page is usually a summary of the part’s
function and features. This is where you can quickly find a description of the part's
functionality, the basic specifications (numbers that describe what a part needs
and can do) and sometimes a functional block diagram that shows the internal
functions of the part.
 161

Pin Configuration

A pinout lists the part’s pins, their functions and where they’re physically located
on the part for various packages the part might be available in. You'll find some
acronyms here: DCIN (pin1) is DC Supply Voltage Input, BATT (pin16) is Battery
Voltage Feedback Input, DLO (pin2) is Low-Side Power-MOSFET Driver Output, etc.

Detailed of electrical specifications follow. These will often list the absolute
maximum ratings a part can withstand before being damaged. Never exceed these
or you'll be replacing a possibly expensive part!

Some parts will have one or more graphs showing the part’s performance vs.
various criteria (supply voltage, temperature, etc.) Keep an eye out for "safe
zones" where reliable operation is guaranteed:
 162

Some datasheets will include example schematics for various circuits that can be
built around the part. These are often very useful building blocks for interesting
projects, so be sure to look through them:

At the end of many datasheets is packaging information, which provides accurate

dimensions of the packages a part is available.
 163

Part 8
Motherboard Part Numbers
 164

When troubleshooting a laptop motherboard to component level it's mandatory to

know the manufacturer or the board as a starting point in search for aide. To be
able to locate the schematic this information is mandatory since we can’t go by a
laptop's model number for the simple reason that a laptop model number may use
different motherboards.

So in this part 7 will give you some basic information on how to identify the
manufacturer of a motherboard.

What is laptop ODM?

“OEM” stands for "Original Equipment Manufacturer" An OEM is a company that
manufactures or develops something that is sold by another company.

Laptop computer like Apple, LG, Acer, HP, Dell, Lenovo, Fujitsu-Siemens, BenQ and
etc., they are not manufacture their laptop motherboard. All of them are using the
same Taiwanese OEM (An Original Equipment Manufacturer) and Chinese
factories.

For example, a Dell laptop might contain an AMD processor and a Samsung SSD.
AMD would be the processor OEM and Samsung would be the OEM of the storage
device. An iMac might contain an Intel processor and Micron RAM. In this case,
Intel and Micron are the respective OEMs.

There are about 10 major motherboard manufacturers and everyone of them has
its own “hand writing”. The main ones are Quanta, Compal, Pegatron (spun out of
Asus), Foxconn (Hon Hai), Wistron (spun out of Acer), Inventec etc.

List of some OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer)

Quanta Compal Inventec

BENQ JoyBook S41 Dell Latitude D630 LA-3301P HP NX6325 6050A2030501-

DA0CH3MB8E0 MB-A05
 165

Sony Asus Wistron

SONY MBX-123 ASUS EEEPC P701 Wistron JE40 HR – 48IQ01.031

Quanta is probably the biggest laptop manufacturer, followed by Compal and

Pegatron. Compal and Pegatron probably have the best quality overall.

Information about the manufacturer and motherboard model laptop very

important to us. you might need to know model number motherboard’s model for
a number of reasons as stated below:

1- Looking for motherboard BIOS file or the need to update the BIOS of
motherboard.
2- Looking for a motherboard schematic.
3- Need to update the drivers of hardware as audio drivers.

How to get the schematic diagram?

The easiest way to look for the schematic diagram in the internet is by using the
laptop reference, for example: Acer Aspire 1300, Hp pavilion DV5-1000us etc.
In case you don't find the schematic using the laptop reference you can use the
ODM.

To look for the motherboard schematic using the ODM method look for a
reference printed in the motherboard and use it to search for the schematic, below
is an example of those references for ODMs:

Find the motherboard model number

This is usually printed on the motherboard, but can be located in several possible
locations, for example, it may be printed near the RAM slots, near the CPU socket,
or between the PCI slots. There will be a lot of writing on the motherboard, but the
model number is usually written in the largest text (Motherboard model numbers
are typically a collection of numbers and letters).
 166

Look for your motherboard schematic online

Go to a search engine of your choice (Google) then type in your model number
followed by the word "Schematic or Diagram" and press entre. This will bring up a
list of matching schematic motherboard models.

Carefully review the search results. Watch in particular for results in PDF format, as
most manufacturers that do list their schematics online will do so in PDF (Adobe
Acrobat) format.
 167

Click link to download schematic

Put your schematic to your folders

 168

Part 9
How to Read Laptop Schematic?
 169

The most important part of the motherboard repair process is understanding the
schematic diagram, you can't do anything without getting that document and
understanding it.

What’s the schematic diagram?

A schematic diagram, in effect, as a map of an electronic circuit, showing all of the

components and how they interconnect with one another.
When you troubleshoot a laptop motherboard you need to use the schematic
diagram to find the faulty component in relation to other components in the
circuit.

Important Part Schematic Diagram

Cover Page
The cover of the schematic diagram of the laptop as same as the cover of a book.
The cover page contains a reference of the laptop and the version of the
document, it may contain a table of contents as well, telling you what each page is
about.

But if the table of contents is absent it's always possible to find out about each
page, note the cover page design is different for each brand.
 170

Name of Manufacturer

Hardware
Instaled
Version and date of the Code Motherboard
document

Then comes the block diagram, which describes the connections between
different Integrated Circuits of the motherboard, you find the number of the page
that discuss every IC listed there, so it's another way of a table of contents.
Then in the next page come sometimes some descriptions of the voltages
mentioned in the document and sometimes the states in which they are present,
as well as some other general useful information.

Voltage Description

Other Information
 171

Then generally come the description of every integrated circuit in the motherboard
and every slot or port including the power button and the battery connector.

Then comes the description of each IC with all its pins and connections, if you want
a more detailed description to know exactly what are the IC's inputs and outputs
and everything you should download its datasheet.

After that comes the description of the motherboard circuits like the charger
circuit or the different voltage generator circuits, note that a circuit is a network of
electronic components that perform a specific task.

Charger circuit

Knowing what each page is about is essential to understand the schematic diagram
document, as we said earlier you can refer to the table of contents or looking at
the bottom right of the page gives a description of the page.

Page Description
 172

Understanding Basic of Schematic

These tips will be based on the schematic of Compal LA-4101P motherboard.

On the other hand understanding a schematic diagram is the ability to understand

how the circuit described works, you have to be able to read the schematic
diagram first and be familiar with electronic components and their functions and
how they operate, this is what you really need to know, and it comes with practice
and experience, we will explain some circuits in this training to give you an idea on
how to decipher them. Let's get more on how to read schematics:

Laptop schematic have on their front pages a block diagram is intended to provide
information of all board components, in brief. In him we have a lot of information:
- Socket processor used.
- If the board uses PCH or set North Bridge / South Bridge.
- Bios used (we can also see if the card uses one or two bios).
- The code of the main components.
- In some schematic, we still have the page information in which the circuit is.

If this item is not part of the schematic, you have to manually fetch the page that
contains the circuits that we need to analyze. This can be seen on page 2 of our
schematic.
Note that in this schematic we have an indication of the page where the matching
circuit is. For example, if we need to analyze network circuit (LAN), we directly to
page 30 of schematic.
 173

Schematic Path and Connection Between Circuits

Schematic symbol for conductors that cross paths but are not
electrically connected.
Not Connected

A path that only passes and does not have a relationship. And in principle the line
is a path connecting one components and others that connect one pin and others.

Schematic symbol indicating conductors that intersect electrically.

Every time there is a point in the intermediate meeting both wires indicate the
existence are patronship or a triangle path or branch line or path junction or cross
path.

Wires can connect two terminals together or they can connect dozens. When a
wire splits into two directions, it creates a junction. We represent junctions on
schematics with nodes, little dots placed at the intersection of the wires.

Connected

It is evident that you cannot show all the connections of the components on a
single page, and for this reason, the schematic is always divided into several pages.
 174

To show the connections from one circuit to another, schematics manufacturers

have adopted symbols to indicate the types of input signals, output signals and
bidirectional signals (input and output on the same terminal).

Another rule is quite adopted in relation to the names of the signs, as can be seen
below.

2 1

On the inside of the component (1), we see that the terminal has the name given
by the component manufacturer and can also be found in its datasheet.

The name displayed outside the component, with the signal line (2) is the name
given by the schematic from the manufacturer. Note that next to the signal name
appears a number (3).

This is the page number which is the continuation of this circuit, i.e. the circuit
where this line will be connected. We see in the image below where these signs
come together.
 175

That is, the signal R_CLKREQ # _9 generated in U44 and on page 25 is the diagram,
is connected to pin 43 of the clock generator, which is on page 17 of the schematic.

This page statement where there is a continuation of the circuit is practical, but the
best method is to use the search the PDF reader, where we can find all the points
at which this signal is on. Simply enter the signal name in the search and perform
the search.

In the case of circuits of the power supply (supplies) the schematic usually shows a
terminal named voltage.

In the image above, we see the voltages +3VALW and +3V_LAN.

Note that the voltage +3VALW Mosfet is the input voltage and the voltage
+3V_LAN It is the output voltage.

See also in this case, the drain of Q106 is the point of the voltage source +3V_LAN.
This is where this voltage is generated.

Although the two voltages have the same value (+3V) after passing through the
Mosfet the signal name is another, this is very common in any electrical schematic.
 176

Below is another example of the change of names of the signalsor voltages after
passing through certain component.

This is important when we are reviewing the schematic and need to know where
certain voltage is generated. That is, when we have a missing voltage on the
motherboard and we need to find the source of this voltage in the diagram.

Another important detail are the symbols shown next to the component
references.

The image above, we see that the capacitor C357 has the @ (At) symbol next to
your reference. This indicates that the capacitor isoptional and will depend on the
card manufacturer if this component will be mounted on the board or not.

We can find some variants of this symbol as an asterisk (*) registration OPTION and
others. The important thing should always keep in mind that if any component has
a symbol next to their reference in the schematic, it is optional and cannot exist on
the motherboard. See an example below:
 177

Information

The wiring diagram may also contain various information that can help us in the
repair of the motherboard. An example is shown below. Page N° 4

Here we can see the connection of the motherboard of sources and we will make
some considerations about them.

For example, enrollment B.C the next block VIN, indicates the motherboard power
entry mode charger. We see that this point is connected to block B+ this block is
generated and other stresses.

For example, let's admit that we do not have the voltage +3VALW on the
motherboard. We see the picture above this voltage is voltage dependent B++ that
is the source voltage +3VALW.

So, we already have a starting point to begin the analysis of the defect. Of course,
the generating circuit voltage +3VALW depends onother factors to work, but we
already know that the line B++ It is critical to its operation.

Another important information that this schematic gives us is the sequence in

which the signals appear on the motherboard. See the image below.

In it we have the inscription AC MODE, indicating that this table is only valid for the
mode charger. If you had the inscription DC MODE (or something) would be just to
battery mode.
 178

Note that in this case, the signs left follow a descending order. In this sequence
other schematic can be shown from bottom to top.

To identify the order in which these signals are, simply identify the VIN signal,
which is usually always the first signal to be generated on the motherboard.

In some schematic, it may have another name. From it, we head to the other,
which may be above or below this sign.

In the case of the image above, we see that the VIN signal is first on the list and in
this case the sequence is decreasing. Note that the VIN signal is immediately in
front of a waveform showing how this signal behaves. Note that the initial part of
the stroke begins on the bottom line and at one point, it rises to the top line.

The bottom line is the 0V voltage while the top line represents the maximum
voltage according to the signal.

Following the waveform VIN, we see that the voltage starts at the bottom row (0V)
and connect the charger changes its value to the upper thread (maximum value,
which is typically 19V) and remains so until the boot is removed. After the voltage
VIN reaches its nominal value, the next voltage for operation is B+.

Following the same principle. Note that it remains at a low level (0V) to the voltage
VIN is stabilized (note that the point at which it rises to the top row is different
from the waveform VIN). Watching from left to right, see how the B + "Delay" a
little more to reach its maximum voltage. This sequence occurs automatically in all
signs, one after the other until the signal ON / OFF # (Power button).
 179

From this point the sequence is interrupted and the card is waiting for the user
presses the power button. This is the condition of Stand-by the board. Note that
the form of signal wave ON / OFF # It is inverted relative to the other.

It starts on the top line, after a time down to the bottom line, remains at this level
for some time and again rises to the top line.This tells us that the power button in
normal state, begins its work cycle at a high level (typically 3V) and be tight, is low
(0V) while the button is pressed and returns to the high level after the button it is
released.

In short, after connecting the charger, the adapter initiates some signals (voltages)
and enters a standby state. To repair the board, wehave to check if all these points
have the corresponding voltages. It is clear that if one of them missing, the card
will not turn on.

After the standby voltages are at normal levels, when pressing the power button,
other voltages arise, according to the sequence shownin the above figure and can
be seen on page 5 of schematic that we are using for this example.

Finding signs

To search for these signals in the schematic, again we count on the help of our
search PDF reader.

For example, if we need to find out where the signal (voltage) VIN, do a search for
the schematic with that information.

In the case of this schematic, we will find many points where this signal is present,
but to facilitate the measurements on the motherboard, choose alocation easily
accessible, as shown in the image below. In this case, we chose the drain PQ101,
since it is relatively easy to find component on the motherboard.
 180

Confirmed that our first signal is present, we can seek other points, following the
sequence shown above start. Thus, we can identify where the voltage ceases to
exist and this is where we must begin the analysis.

The search system is also interesting when we need to locate a specific component
that we have on board and want to know about the circuit to which it belongs.

Unfortunately, not all schematic brings such detailed information about the
schematic we are using. Other schematic may contain variations of such
information, as they are not fixed rules to all manufacturers.

Related Search
We know that the card input circuit (usually VIN) is made in the charger circuit and
this circuit exchange some information with the SIO. Thus, the SIO identifies that
there is a connected charger and sends an acknowledgment signal to the
motherboard connect.

This exchange of information between the circuits is very common in any

motherboard.

Often, this "permission" to call the motherboard is sent by the SIO to the PWM
generator circuit of the 3.3V and 5V, as we shall see.

This varies from project to project but the method described below can be applied
to any schematic and thus is easy to identify these points. The first step is to
identify the page number where are the circuits that we analyze. In the schematic
we are following, we can seeon page 2 in the diagram motherboard blocks. As we
have seen, there have indications of the pages where each circuit or component on
the motherboard is important. In this case, the SIO is in page 38.

The charger circuit is not identified, but generally will be in the following pages to
the DC circuit/diagram of the DC block.
 181

As the DC/DC circuit is on page 41, our charger circuit should be a page next to it.
In this case, it is in page 44 schematic. Thus, we identified that the SIO is in page 40
and the charger is in page 44 schematic. We also saw that each signal that leaves
or enters the components, generally have the indication of the page where the
circuit goes.

So, we open the diagram on page 44 (charger) and in the search field of the PDF
reader we type the page number that is the SIO (40).

What we will do is to search the current page related to that we intend to

compare.
 182

The search system will indicate all circuit pin charger related to the SIO which is on
page 40 of the schedule. i.e. all pins are connected tothe SIO and the charger.

See the image below (use the zoom control of your PDF reader to view better).

According to the symbol in the component terminal, we know if this terminal

sends or receives SIO information.

This procedure can be used anywhere in the wiring diagram.

The same can be done with the page you are on the SIO. In this case, we open the
diagram on page 40 and type in the search field.

in the page number that is the charger circuit (44) and the searched terminals are
connected together.
 183

As mentioned above, sometimes the SIO sends a signal to the operation of the
sources of 3.3V and 5V. This circuit is on page 44 of our schematic.

Being in this schematic page and searching for the number 38, we see that two
signals have direct communication with the SIO.
 184

Using this system, we understand how these signals are communicated and thus
how the circuit works.

The search system is also useful when we are analyzing part of a circuit and need
to know where some signal or voltage is generated.

For example, analyzing the page circuit 44 we will admit that the voltage VL does
not exist. We need to know where it is generated to identify the responsible circuit
and verify because it is not being generated.

To find this tension, you type its name in the search field and we all locations
where this tension should be present. In this case, we can see that it goes through
several components, including PJP301 jumper shown below.

Note that at this point the voltage +3VL gets its name +3VLP. Searching for +3VLP,
we found that this voltage is generated at pin 8 PU301.

It remains now to analyze why it is not being generated.

 185

As we were sourcing voltage +3VL it is clear that we were searching in the opposite
direction to the schematic and not in the order in which it is generated and feeds
the circuit remaining.

After locate the signal source, we see that in fact, the voltage +3VLP that is
generated in PU301 and after going through PJP301 jumper is what is called +3VL.

How to deal with schematics that don't have the power sequence

I'll give you the things that you need to consider in order to make sure that power
sequence took place properly.

The way to deal with a schematic that doesn't have the power sequence described
is to define the necessary things required for the motherboard to boot, those
things are:

1- The 5V ALW and 3.3V ALW that are used to power many important ICs such as
I/O controller, so the first thing to check is the presence of those voltages, and of
course we look at those voltages from where they are generated: the 5V and 3.3V
generator.
 186

Below is an example of 5V and 3.3V generator of a HP Compaq la-1701:

As you can see, we should look for the IC with the reference PU4 and test the 5V in
the pin 13 and 3.3V in the pin 2.

2- The next thing we should check is the signal that confirms the I/O controller and
the BIOS are ok, as we said in the previous article this signal should be sent from
the I/O controller to the ICH, so even if the name isn't the same as KBC_RSMRST
you can still look for an outgoing signal from the I/O to the ICH, in the case of
the HP Compaq la-1701 the signal name is: PM_RSMRST and you should test it at
the pin 3 of the I/O controller:
 187

3- Then we need to find the signals that confirms the ICH is functional, we know
that ICH sends those signals to the I/O controller in the case of the HP compaq
la_1701 those signals hold the same name SLP_S3 and SLP_S4:

4- Now we should make sure that the RAM got its voltage and we should look for
a signal from the I/O controller to the RAM voltage generator, in the case of
the HP Compaq la-1701 the page describing the RAM voltage generator is 38 so
we should look for a signal going from I/O controller to page 38 which is SYSON
pin 148 of the I/O.

5- The next step is to make sure the CPU got its voltage and we should look for a
signal from the I/O controller to the CPU voltage generator, in the case of
the HP Compaq la-1701 the page describing the CPU voltage generator is 41 so
we should look for a signal going from I/O controller to page 41 which is VR_ON
pin 155 of the I/O.

Then concerning the MCH there is two parts of it:

The first part is the connection with the CPU we should look for a signal H_CPURST,
we test this signal in the CPU slot after removing the CPU, in the case of the HP
Compaq la-1701 this signal should be tested in B11 point of the CPU slot:
 188

And finally check for DDR_CKE0 and DDR_CKE1 and DDR_SRAS# and DDR_SCAS# in
the RAM slots to make sure the RAM part of the MCH is functional.
This way you made sure all the principal ICs of the motherboard are functional and
you have the voltages necessary for the motherboard to function.

Keep reading

You’ll find lots of schematics on the Internet. Get a few and practice reading them,
focusing on signal flow and organization. Try to deduce which components are
generating or passing signals, and which are support systems for the central
players.
Look for coupling components, filter and bypass capacitors, power supply sections,
digital control systems, voltage regulators, oscillators and so on. After a while,
reading a schematic will be as familiar as reading a book. You’ll be able to take one
look and recognize the sections and stages.
 189

Part 10
Signal
 190

Explanation of common signal names about some known

manufacturers

Now I expect that you already know how to reading schematics I will try to explain
the most important signal names used on the motherboard. When a laptop
motherboard working, it will send and receives different data and commands to
control the circuits. So, the signal is very important for a laptop motherboard to
working properly.

Like you can notice, when reading different motherboards schematics, each
manufacturer uses different signal names.

Signals
The arrows of signals symbols given on the schematics randomly, this is because
the direction of the flow of the signals can be on both ways.

Output signal

Input signal

Input & Output signal

The Power good signal

CPUPWRGD = The power good signal PG (POWERGOOD) is used to describe that all
the voltages supplied to the chip in question are OK at the moment.

The PG is usually high when it is active. For example, after the CPU gets all the
voltage that it needs, then the CPU power supply chip will send the PG signal.
 191

The common abbreviations of PG signal are among others:

PD PWRGDx POKx PWRG

VTTPWRGD CPUPWRGD POK SPOK

Example:
After RT8205 gets all the needed voltages, then it will send SPOK like you see on
the next picture.

Some common Wistron signal names used around the charger chip MAX8725.
AD+: The first voltage that the adapter converts.
DCBATOUT: Common point of the 19V.
ACOK: The adapter detection output for charging chip.
DCIN: Power supply input for charging chip.
ACIN: Adapter detection input for charging chip.
Check next picture.
 192

The open signal

To let a chip work, we need what we call a trigger signal or an open signal. By some
chip this is called EN (ENABLE).

Written like the way you see it means it is active when it is high. And it triggers the
chip to run with a high-level value.

By another chip this open signal is given by a SHDN# (SHUTDOWN). the post-fix "#"
represents that the signal is active when it is in its low-level state. This means that
the signal is closed when it is low. If you want to open it, it must be turned to its
high-level state.

The combination of the name and the sign "#" emphasis the meaning of that
signals whether it trigger/stop the chip with its low value/high value.
Check picture
 193

Reset Signal

Reset Signal (RST) means literally: a new signal.

When the signal starts, it will reset automatically and jump from low level value to
high level value. But during a normal operation, a reset occurs by pressing the
reset button, the signal jumps from a high-level value to a low-level value then to
high level value.

For example: for PCI the signal from 3.3V jumps to 0V, then to 3V, which is a
normal reset Jump.

Reset signal is generally expressed as ***RST# prefixed with different names such
as: PCIRST#, CPURST#, IDERST# and so on.

The reset during a small time will have a low-level value. When the motherboard
works normally, the reset has a high-level value. Usually we call it a NOT Reset.
This refers to the high voltage that Reset has at that moment, the measurement
point voltage of the reset signal is 0V.

Example:
3.3V platform reset from the South Bridge, after dividing into 1.1V as the CPU
reset, shown in next figure.
 194

+5VALW +3VALW signal

This signal used to control many IC's. Those voltages are always present directly
when the adapter is plugged or the battery is present.

By some new motherboard only +3VALW is present first after plugging the
adapter. The +5VALW will be generated after pressing the power button.

PWR_S5_EN

PWR_S5_EN is a signal that enables the 5V_S5_PWR/3D3V_PWR_S5 on the

MAX8734A.
 195

+3VL is the 3.3V linear power supply comes from the SMPS, in this case the
TPS51125 after pressing the power button, meant to supply the EC and many other
IC’s.
 196

KBC_PWR_BTN# is a signal produced when the power button is pressed and sent
the EC. This signal is one of the signals that allow the EC to be triggered.

Clock signal

The clock signal, noted on schematics as CLK (CLOCK), is a signal that provides a
way of comparison (benchmark) between the works of different digital circuit, so
that each connected device delivers a unified work and the basic unit of the clock
is Hz (hertz).

On the motherboard we find a main clock circuit. The function of this circuit is to
provide a suitable clock frequency to all the devices present on this motherboard.

This main clock circuit will send different frequency to all the different devices
present on the same motherboard, such as:

- CPU is more than 100MHz

- PCI devices are 33MHz
- PCI-E device is 100MHz
- USB controller (internal integrated in the South Bridge) is 48MHz

Chip select signal

Chip select (CS) is the name of a control line in digital electronics used to select one
(or a set) of chips out of several connected to the same computer bus. If one chip
on the same bus needs to use the bus the signal CS will mention the address of
that chip.
 197

Chip select signal is common in BIOS chip, noted as CS# and # means that it is
active when it is low. It's sent by CPU from the North Bridge to the South Bridge &
finally to the BIOS.

It exists or not, which can initially judge whether the North & South Bridge and
CPU work and whether BIOS information is destroyed/corrupted.

SPI BIOS pin shown in next image, CS# is the BIOS chip select signal.
 198

Part 11
The Architecture of the Laptop
Motherboard
 199

Power supply and signal

On motherboard, on some places we can find a 5V we can call this a 5V power

supply. But on other place we can also find the same 5V voltage, but we call this a
signal voltage.

What is the difference between the voltage power supply and the voltage signal?
You can draw quite a lot of current from a voltage power supply (limits depend on
the specific power source you are using) and there is no drop-in voltage.
Signal voltage, on the other hand, need to be conditioned before you draw any
current from them otherwise, they drop in voltage. Most signal sources are
capable of only a few milli-watts of power.

An important thing that need be taken in consideration in the CLOCK questions is

that the connected devices must have the suitable voltage, thus powered on, and
need to have the same clock frequency if to be able to communicate with each
other.

For example: Memory and North Bridge need to have the same clock, after being
powered on, to be able to understand and transmit signals between each other.

Means after that the main board is powered on and the clock generator circuit is
working properly, then afterwards we can measure the clock signal and not
otherwise. If the motherboard is not powered on, clock signal cannot be
measured.
We can use the oscilloscope to measure the clock signal.
On the next picture we can see the clock signal of a clock chip benchmark-14MHz
 200

On the new Intel architecture of single bridge there is nothing new concerning the
display signal output. Usually the display signal output will not output by itself.
But it will be transmitted to the PCH through the FDI bus, and then the completion
of the display signal will be done by the PCH self.

This process is different from the AMD single architecture like we will see on the
next posts.

The AMD single bridge architecture (A70)

After the development of the AMD chipset A45, the mobile version A50, the
architecture is changed to single bridge called FCH.

There is alot of similarities with Intel single bridge.

The bridge and the EC manage almost the same devices as Intel single bridge.

The CPU of the AMD also integrates the graphic chip. This gets the name APU. But
it can output the display signals directly not like Intel that need to do that through
the PCH.
 201

The Nvidia architecture double bridge (C51M)

Nvidia is very famous as a big producer of graphic chips and chipset in laptops and
desktops. But at the moment they stopped the production of desktop chipsets.

We can find many single bridge chipsets as double bridge chipset in desktops
Nvidia architecture on the market. But in the laptop Nvidia architecture mostly
double bridge chipsets are present.

On the AMD double bridge architecture, we need to mention that the BIOS has a
variety of buss connections:

1- Some of them work through X-BUS under the EC chip.

2- Some work through the LPC bus connected in parallel with the EC.
3- And some work through the SPI bus connected to the SB independently.
 202

The AMD SB (South Bridge) has also allot of similarities as the Intel SB.
The SB controls the next devices:
1- Audio chip
2- USB
3- SATA
4- EC
5- etc...
 203

Under the EC chip the devices controlled by the EC remains unchanged.

High-level and low-level signals

In the digital logic circuit, the low-level signal is represented by 0 and the high-level
signal is represented by 1. The value of high and low level in the circuit is
determined by the circuit and is not limited to a certain value. But in general, 0V is
considered as low logic value. And 3.3 is considered as high logic value.

In Apple circuit diagrams the power supply begins in general with PP and does not
have any special symbol to be given with on schematics. See the example given on
the next photo of the PP18V5_S3.
 204

The GND or the ground is used to close the circuit power loop. Because without
GND no current will flow through the device in question. The symbols used for the
ground are VSS or GND.

The North bridge and South Bridge are connected by the so-called Hub-Link that
later is named to DMI (Direct Media Interface). The speed of this connection is very
fast.

The South Bridge controls mainly the next devices:

1- USB devices like camera, blue tooth and card readers etc.
2- Audio card. Modem and audio are on the same line.
3- SATA: Hard disk and CD-ROM/DVD-ROM.
4- IDE: early hard disk and CD-ROM/DVD-ROM.
5- PCI-E device: Network card and card reader, expansion card, mini PCI-E slot etc.
6- EC which is connected by LPC (low pin count got his name because it is one of
the busses that has small number pin-out).
 205

The second architecture of Intel is the single bridge, this begins from HM55 and
above.

After the Intel chipset 5 series, Intel develops what it calls the PCH (Platform
Controller Hub). In this single bridge architecture, you will find the Northbridge
integrated in the CPU. If the graphic chip is not discrete it can be also integrated
within the CPU.

The CPU main's control is:

1- Memory.
2- PCI-E 16X discrete graphics chip.

The CPU and PCH Bridge are connected with 2 busses:

1- FDI (Flexible Display Interface) bus.

2- DMI (Direct Media Interface) bus.

In the intel single bridge, the PCH controls almost the same devices as on the
bridge architecture among others:

1- USB
2- PCI-E 1X
3- SATA
4- Audio

And the connection between the PCH and the EC is still using the LPC bus.
And devices under the EC remain unchanged.
 206

The architecture of Nvidia single bridge (MCP67).

In the architecture of the Nvidia single bridge the CPU manages only the memory.
The bridge manages all other devices. Because of this the bridge generates all of
heat which is a reason that makes the ball of the chip get loose easily and need to
be reballing very often.
 207

In the intel double bridge GM/PM45 architecture, the CPU and the Northbridge are
connected through the FSB (Front Side Bus).

The Northbridge controls the Memory, PCI-E 16X discrete graphic card and display
output interfaces.

The devices controlled by the EC (embedded controller) among others are:

1- Keyboard
2- touchpad
3- BIOS
4- etc.

Part of the motherboard BIOS and EC may be connected to the South bridge by the
same LPC bus or by a separated bus called SPI.
 208

The AMD architecture double bridge has some differences from the Intel
architecture. Because AMD CPU has a 638-pin it can manage to control the
memory directly. But in Intel this is controlled by the GMCH (NB).
The NB in the AMD architecture controls all the PCI-E devices where this is done on
Intel architecture by the ICH (south bridge).

The NB also can integrate the Graphic chip as on Intel architecture and is
responsible to output the display signal directly.
 209

At this moment the chipset used by the main stream laptop on the market are
dominated by two manufacturers: INTEL and AMD. Once Nvidia has left the market
since 2010, you will find very few on the market the notebook computer products
with Nvidia chipset.

The CPU used in the architecture of Nvidia double bridge, is the AMD 638. Like in
the AMD architecture the CPU can manage the memory directly.

The North Bridge is responsible to manage all PCI-E device and output the display
signal if the graphic chip is integrated, like the way it is in AMD double bridge
architecture. Devices managed by South Bridge and EC does not differ a lot from
AMD double bridge also.
 210

The power supply provides the devices with power and it can have different
symbol and names in the schematics.

We have for example: VCC, VDD, VCC3, VDDQ, VTT, VBAT, 5VALW, +3VO etc.

- Pulse jumping from high level to a low level is called the falling edge signal pulse.
- Pulse jumping from low level to a high level is called rising signal pulse.
- And pulse jumping from high to low then jumps to high is called high-low-high
pulse.

The rising edge waveform The falling edge waveform The high-low-high waveform

KBC_PWR_BTN# is a signal produced when the power button is pressed and sent
to the EC/KBC/SIO to be triggered.
 211

AD_IN# and AC_IN# are signals that let the EC know that the adapter is detected.

LID_CLOSE# means that the lid cover of the laptop is closed. It is active when it is in
its low state. If it is active the laptop will not power on. LOGICAL

This signal comes also from as you see from the 3V3V_AUX_S3 and 3V3_KBC_S5.
Those signals can never be generated if the cover lid is closed.

CLK_EN# after CPU power supply has been are present. This signal will be sent with
its low-level state to the Q13 in this case, to let know that there is no problem with
the MAX8736 and that CK_PWRGD and VRMPWRGD may proceed to enable the
clock generator circuitry.
 212

CK_PWRGD and VRMPWRGD on the drain of Q13 will be grounded if CLK_EN# is

high and the motherboard will never come ON.

CK_PWRGD: After the South Bridge receives the signal VRMPWRGD, the
CK_PWRGD will be sent with its high-level value toe the Clock generator to open
the clock.

The last signal on the wistron architecture will be the G792_RST#. From this
temperature IC this signal will be generated if all the temperature on the
motherboard is OK.

This signal alerts if the temperature is NORMAL or not. And will generate a high
value if the temperature has been seen as a normal one.
 213

Check the picture. If the signal will be low the NAND GATE U43D the PM_PWROK
will get a low value for this will shut down the system.

After a while of searching in different Quanta schematics concerning the linear

power supply of 3V and 5V, namely noted as VL, 3V_AL and/or 5V_AL, I found out
the next situation:

Motherboards: HP, DELL, Packard Bell, Acer, Lenovo and IBM that I have checked
are not using the same naming convention for the linear power supply as shown
above even using the same Quanta Architecture, but some of them use only VL,
others uses both 3V_AL and 5V_AL, and other only 3V_AL.

We will give a print screen of a HP Compaq 6320 as an example here bellow.

 214

One of the great difficulties in interpreting schematics is as follow the signs. In an

schematic we have various input and output signals for interconnection of
components.

It is also true that we have some schematics that hinder the location of
components and signals. But with the tips shown, we believe it will facilitate
research of these signs, and thus increase the understanding of how the
motherboard works.
 215

Part 12
The Basic Knowledge You Must Know
Before Starting to Repair Laptop
 216

What is a short circuit?

- A short circuit is when a voltage or signal is stopped before it makes it to its final
destination, short referring to its trip being “Shorter” than it should have been.
- A short can be caused by poor soldering that bridges two points together or a
failed component that is tying two signals/power lines together that should not be
tied together.
- A “short to ground” is when a pathway to ground exists that should not.

Red line signifies path of

electricity, going to system

Example of a short to ground.

- Red line signifies path of electricity.
- PC41 went bad and is acting as a wire.
- Circuit ends there is a “short” before power can flow “TO SYSTEM”
 217

Finding a short:
Here we have four capacitors on this line. The line works great!

Until one day, water is spilled and a capacitor explodes. PC51 is now sending all the
voltage to ground!

Measure each capacitor, right?

- Many will turn their multimeter to capacitance or resistance mode and
measure PC51 is the bad capacitor. Let’s assume PC55, PC54 and PC50 are
working in perfect condition.
- We take the multimeter and place black probe on pin 1 of PC55 and red
probe each capacitor.

This will not work! Can you guess why?

- be on pin 2 of PC55.
 218

- The meter measures resistance by sending out a voltage and measuring what
comes back on the other end.
- Since all of these capacitors are on the same line, you will get the same
measurement reading any capacitor.
- PC54 is providing the line a path to ground.
- Since PC55, PC51, PC50 all share a line with the bad PC54, they will all measure
the same if they are still soldered onto the motherboard.

We can use heat for short detection.

- Whichever component is warmer is likely the component that is short circuited.

- We can use freeze spray to help us detect the shorted component - wherever it
evaporates first is warmest.
- We can also put alcohol on the board which is cheaper, and evaporates quickly.
- Note a perfect short circuit will pass a lot of current but will cause no voltage
drop across the short and will not get hot.
- An open circuit component will pass no current but will have a voltage drop
across it but will not get hot.
- A partial short as a result of for example a capacitor failing and passing some dc
current will get hotter than normal because it will have a current flowing and a
voltage drop across it resulting in a power loss in the component and the
component will get hotter than normal.

What is a voltage divider?

A voltage divider is a simple circuit which turns a large voltage into a smaller one.
- A voltage divider steps down a higher voltage to a lower voltage.
- A voltage divider is a series of resistors between a higher voltage and ground.
- A voltage divider is inefficient, but cheap used for things that do not have high
current requirements.
 219

Here we have a resistor between a high voltage source and the intended
destination, then another resistor between the intended destination and ground. It
is turning 12v into 3v.

Resistance of resistors will set the voltage.

- Allows the enable pin of this backlight IC to get 3v whenever
PPBUS_SW_LCDBKLT_PWR is on.
- If you sent 12v to the enable pin of backlight IC, it would die. Good thing we
have a voltage divider.

Used a transistor to control the voltage divider.

What if we used a transistor to control the voltage divider's path to ground?

- We could then control whether the voltage divider works.

- By being able to control that voltage divider, we can then control backlight
being on or off based on signals from other parts of the machine.
 220

12V S D
12V
G
This voltage divider is 5V
now working as a voltage
divider since it has a path This P-Channel mosfet is
to ground letting power through
since Gate voltage is
below source voltage

3V
This N-Channel mosfet is
letting power through
since Gate voltage is
above Source voltage
3V

What are System Power STATES?

S0 = Computer is on and working. The system is fully usable. Hardware
components that are not in use can save power by entering a lower power state.

S1, S2, S3 = Computer is sleeping. The system appears to be off. Power consumed
in these states (S1-S3) is less than S0 and more than S4, S3 consumes less power
than S2 and S2 consumes less power than S1. Systems typically support one of
these three states, not all three.
In these states (S1-S3) volatile memory is kept refreshed to maintain the system
state. Some components remain powered so the computer can wake from input
from the keyboard, LAN or a USB device.
Hybrid sleep used on desktops, is where a system uses a hibernation file with S1-
S3. The hibernation file saves the system state in case the system loses power
while in sleep.

S4 = Computer is hibernating. The system appears to be off. Power consumption is

reduced to the lowest level. The system saves the contents of volatile memory to a
hibernation file to preserve system state. Some components remain powered so
the computer can wake from input from the keyboard, LAN or a USB device. The
working context can be restored if it is stored on nonvolatile media.
Fast startup is where the user is logged off before the hibernation file is created.
 221

This allows for a smaller hibernation file, more appropriate for systems with less
storage capabilities.

S5 = Computer is off. The system appears to be off. This state is comprised of a full
shutdown.

G3 = Mechanical Off. The system is completely off and consumes no power. The
system returns to the working state only after a full reboot.

Different power will be present during different states. You need CPU Vcore during
S0 while it is on, but you do not want it when it is off – S5.
PP5V_S3 and PP5V_S0 are created by the exact same circuit, but PP5V_S0 is only
meant to be present when the laptop is on, opened up, and being used.

What is a DC to DC boost circuit?

A laptop LCD backlight runs off of about 39 volts in an A1286 MacBook Pro. Its
Battery is a 12.6 volt battery. Does this mean we carry around flashlights? No! We
boost it.

- A DC to DC boost circuit boosts a lower DC voltage into a higher DC voltage.

- Think of it like stopping short in a car.
- For that split second when the brakes are slammed, you aremoving forward
faster than the speed of the car. Good thing wehave seatbelts!
- Same concept is applied in electronics.

DC to DC boost circuit contains four main elements.

- Inductor, this is what we are shorting to ground to create the higher voltage.
- Diode, this keeps the boosted voltage from flowing back through the circuit.
- Capacitor, this stores the boosted voltage, and also smoothest it into a straight
line.
- LED driver, this is what does the switching to switch the inductor's output to
ground.
 222

What is a feedback?
- These chips are cheap crap connected to other cheap crap.
- They are not to be trusted.
- Most power control chips in buck converters, DC to DC boost circuits, and
power supplies in general like to know what they are doing. For this, feedback is
used.
- Chip will change how it controls circuit based on feedback.

Example:

This is Feedback

FB = Feedback
 223

Diagnostic method for laptop power supply circuit failure

The motherboard power supply circuit of the laptop computer is an indispensable
part of the laptop and its problems usually lead to various failure phenomena such
as failure to boot, automatic restart, and crash etc.

To learn the diagnosis and elimination of the fault of the power supply circuit of
the laptop motherboard:

Firstly, the basic working principle should be mastered.

Secondly, the common fault phenomena caused by the problem of the power
supply circuit of the motherboard should be understood.
Finally, the maintenance experience of the power supply circuit of the
motherboard should be continuously summarized and learned. method.

1- Laptop motherboard power supply circuit basics There are two ways to supply
power to the laptop motherboard. One is the dedicated rechargeable battery for
laptop computers and the other is to convert 220V mains to 19,5 or 20 volts.
Powered by the power adapter. The laptop's dedicated rechargeable battery
typically provides a lower supply voltage than the power adapter's input supply
voltage.

Whether it is a dedicated rechargeable battery or a power adapter for a laptop

computer, the power input to the laptop's motherboard cannot be directly used by
all chips, circuits, and hardware devices. This is because the functional modules
and hardware devices on the laptop motherboard. The current and voltage
requirements are different and must be converted after the corresponding power
supply.

Therefore, various power conversion circuits on the laptop motherboard have

become an indispensable part of the laptop computer. At the same time, after the
problem occurs in the power supply circuit of the laptop computer, it will lead to
various failure phenomena such as failure to boot, automatic restart, and crash.

To learn the diagnosis and troubleshooting methods for the power supply circuit of
the laptop motherboard, you must first master the working principle and common
fault phenomena, so that the fault analysis can be reasonable and the
troubleshooting can be quickly and accurately performed during the maintenance
of the laptop.
 224

1- Laptop motherboard power supply

The power supply conversion circuit on the laptop motherboard mainly adopts two
kinds of switching power supply and linear regulated power supply.

The switching power supply is the most widely used power conversion circuit in
laptop motherboards. Switching power supply is widely used in the system power
supply circuit, CPU power supply circuit, chipset power supply circuit and memory
and graphics power supply circuit on the laptop motherboard.

The switching power supply uses modern electronic technology to control the "on"
and "off" of the electronic switching device (such as the FET) through the power
control chip to send control signals to pulse-modulate the input power, thereby
realizing power conversion and automatic stabilization. The function of voltage and
output adjustable voltage.

The switching regulator power supply circuit applied on the laptop motherboard is
usually composed of electronic components such as a power control chip, a field
effect transistor, a filter capacitor, a storage inductor and a resistor. The power
control chip is a power supply voltage conversion control component in the
switching power supply circuit and the field effect transistor and the energy
storage inductor are voltage conversion execution components in the circuit, and
the capacitor in the circuit mainly plays a filtering role.
The linear regulated power supply has the characteristics of low noise, fast
response, simple structure, low heat generation, low cost and small size. The linear
power supply is widely used in the laptop computer's standby circuit, memory
power supply circuit and chipset power supply circuit. Provide one or more power
supplies for it.
The linear regulated power supply circuit usually consists of a small number of
electronic components such as a linear regulator chip, a capacitor and a resistor.
When a linear regulated power supply is used to supply a reference voltage in the
memory supply circuit, it is usually designed on the motherboard. Near the
memory slot when the chipset power supply circuit uses a linear regulated power
supply to provide a certain power supply, it is usually designed around the
motherboard chipset.
1-1- Protection isolation circuit and charging control circuit
1. Protection isolation circuit
Protection the isolation circuit is an important part of the laptop computer power
supply circuit. It connects the power adapter and the rechargeable battery to form
the external power supply of the two-way notebook motherboard, and chooses to
deliver one of the power supplies to the motherboard. Kind of power supply
circuit.
 225

The main function of the protection isolation circuit is to switch the power supply
mode of the laptop. The choice is whether to use the power adapter to supply
power or a rechargeable battery, and provide certain protection functions.

Switching the power supply mode of the laptop means that when the laptop has a
power adapter and is powered normally, the protection isolation circuit selects the
power adapter to supply power to the motherboard of the laptop. When there is
no power adapter power supply or the power adapter is powered abnormally, the
protection isolation circuit will choose to be powered by the laptop's rechargeable
battery.

The protection isolation circuit of a laptop usually consists of electronic

components such as a field effect transistor, a resistor, a capacitor, a triode and a
charge control chip. The power supply switching function of the protection
isolation circuit is mainly realized by the switching function of electronic
components such as field effect transistors in the circuit. Electronic components
such as field effect transistors have the property of allowing current to pass when
conducting, and not allowing current to pass when they are turned off. By utilizing
this characteristic of an electronic component having a switching function such as a
field effect transistor, and further controlling the charging control chip in the
circuit, the power supply switching function of the protection isolation circuit can
be realized.
In addition to the function of controlling the on and off of electronic components
such as FETs, the charge control chip in the protection isolation circuit has the
function of monitoring and detecting whether the voltage and current in the circuit
are normal. When the external input power supply is abnormal, the protection
isolation circuit cuts off the input power supply, thereby protecting the circuit of
the latter stage.
Different manufacturers and models of laptop, the protection isolation circuit has a
certain difference in design, the above is only its basic principle, and in the
troubleshooting process of the laptop, should be further analyzed according to the
circuit diagram.
2. Charging control circuit

The charging control circuit is also an important part of the laptop power supply
circuit. Its main function is to convert the input power of the power adapter into
the charging power of the rechargeable battery. The core component of the laptop
charging control circuit is the charging control chip, which controls the charging
process of the rechargeable battery of the laptop.
 226

The charging control circuit of a laptop usually consists of electronic components

such as a charging control chip, a field effect transistor, a capacitor, an inductor,
and a resistor, and belongs to a switching regulator power supply circuit. The FET
in the charge control circuit receives power from the upper circuit and the charge
control chip can control the turn-on and turn-off of the FET in the circuit. The
inductor mainly plays the role of energy storage in the circuit. The capacitor mainly
functions as a filter in the circuit.

After the charging control circuit converts the input power of the power adapter, it
outputs the voltage and current required for charging the rechargeable battery of
the laptop. At the same time, the charging control chip can also detect and
monitor the charging process to prevent damage to the rechargeable battery.

Problems with the protection isolation circuit and charging control circuit of the
laptop will cause the laptop to fail to boot normally, and the rechargeable battery
cannot be charged normally.

3. The circuit analysis

Charging control chip is the core of the laptop protection isolation circuit and the
battery charging control circuit, and has the functions of detecting and controlling
the working process of the whole circuit.

The following takes the ISL6251 charging control chip as an example to elaborate
the basic working principle of the laptop protection isolation circuit and the
charging control circuit.

The ISL6251 charge control chip is a highly integrated battery charge controller
that not only controls the battery charging process of the laptop, but also controls
the power supply between the power adapter and the rechargeable battery by
controlling the externally connected FET.

The ISL6251 charge control chip has accurate charging current limiting function,
and its charging voltage accuracy can reach ±0.5% (-10°C～100°C), thus ensuring
the safety of the battery charging process and prolonging the service life of the
rechargeable battery, as shown in Figure 1. The pin diagram and internal functional
block diagram of the ISL6251 charge control chip are shown.
 227

Figure 1 diagram of the chip for ISL6251

Figure 1a Functional block diagram

 228

Before starting to study I advise you to download schematic Compal LA-7321P, so

you can follow and understand the voltages.

Figure 2 ISL6251 charge control chip Functional block diagram

As shown in Figure. 2, the FET PQ102 and the FET PQ103 in the circuit mainly
function as a power supply switching function in the circuit. When the power
adapter is plugged in and normal, the FET PQ102 is turned on, and the
motherboard of the laptop is powered by the power adapter. When no power
adapter is supplied or the power adapter is not powered properly, the FET PQ103
is turned on and the laptop's motherboard is powered by a rechargeable battery.

The resistor PR101 in the 19th pin and the 20th pin connection circuit of the
ISL6251 charge control chip is used to detect whether the input current of the
power adapter is normal.

The FET PQ110 and the FET PQ108 in the 14th and 17th pin connection circuits of
the ISL6251 charge control chip control the on and off of the two FETs by the
output drive control signal. The power supply of the FET PQ108 comes from the
input power of the power adapter. The inductor PL101 mainly functions as an
energy storage device in the circuit. The capacitor PC101, the PC102 mainly
function as a filter in the circuit.

The 21st pin and the 22nd pin of the ISL6251 charge control chip are connected to
the resistor PR102, which is mainly used to detect whether the charging current of
the battery is abnormal.
 229

The input power of the power adapter is charged by the FET, inductor and
capacitor in the charging control circuit, and the rechargeable battery is charged.
The whole process is controlled by the charging control chip.

1.3 standby circuit and system power supply circuit

1. Standby circuit
The standby circuit of the laptop computer is a laptop power supply circuit capable
of providing 3.3V and 5V power supply in standby mode.
When the laptop's motherboard has a power adapter or a rechargeable battery,
the standby circuit is already working.

The standby circuit converts the power supply of the protection circuit output to
more than ten volts to 3.3V and 5V standby power, and supplies the chip, circuit
and related equipment that need standby voltage, such as the chipset, EC chip, and
host power supply key on the motherboard, prepare for the boot of the laptop.

In the design of the standby circuit, there are certain differences between different
manufacturers and models of laptop. In the specific laptop maintenance process,
the composition of the standby circuit and its output can be judged and analyzed
according to the power-on sequence of the faulty laptop. Powered by.

The standby circuit of the laptop is the basis for the normal startup of the laptop.
In the maintenance process of many laptops, the standby circuit needs to be first
tested to determine the scope of the fault. Therefore, it is very important to
master the working principle of the standby circuit.

2. System power supply circuit

The system power supply circuit of the laptop is also a very important power
conversion circuit on the laptop motherboard. Unlike the standby circuit, the
system power supply circuit is in the laptop boot process and during the running
process, for each laptop. Chips, circuits, and related hardware devices provide 3.3V
and 5V power.
After the system power supply circuit of the laptop starts to work normally, the
power supply of the ten volts supplied by the protection isolation circuit is
converted into a system power of 3.3V and 5V. Many of the chips, circuits, and
related devices on the laptop's motherboard require both power supplies to
function properly.

The relationship between the standby circuit of a laptop and the system power
supply circuit is very close. In many cases, it is necessary to first recognize the
structure and principle of the standby circuit, in order to further analyze the
system power supply circuit of the laptop.
 230

The standby circuit and system power supply circuit of the laptop are the basis of
the booting process and normal operation of the laptop.

When the electronic components in the two circuits are damaged or have
problems such as soldering and desoldering, the laptop usually fails to boot
normally. Startup and automatic restart and other failures.

3. Analysis Linear Regulated Power Supply Type Standby Circuit

Figure 3 shows the laptop standby circuit diagram consisting of two linear
regulators, LP2951 and G913CF. The power supply DCBATOUT output from the
protection isolation circuit is input from the 8th pin of the linear regulator LP2951.
After the conversion of the internal circuit of the chip, a 5V standby power supply
named 5V AUX S5 is output from the first pin. A chip, circuit, and related device
that requires a 5V standby voltage for the laptop in standby mode.

Figure 3 standby circuit diagram

After 5V_AUX_S5's 5V standby power supply output, it will enter the chip through
the 3rd pin of the linear regulator G913CF. After the internal circuit of the linear
regulator G913CF is converted, it will output a 3.3V called 3D3V_AUX_S5. Standby
power supply, providing chips, circuits and related equipment that require 3.3V
standby voltage in standby mode.
 231

As can be seen from the circuit diagram, the standby circuit converts the power
supply provided by the isolation circuit into a standby power supply of 5V and
3.3V.

The core of the whole conversion process is the linear regulator in the circuit. It
can also be seen that the standby circuit of the linear regulated power supply type
has a simple structure and requires a very small number of electronic components.

4. Switching power supply type standby circuit

The ISL6237 power control chip is a versatile, highly integrated and efficient power
control chip that is widely used in the power supply circuit of laptop
motherboards.

ISL6237 power control chip has wide input voltage range (5.5~25V), soft start and
soft stop, thermal shutdown, dual fixed 1.05V/3.3V and 1.5V/5.0V output or
adjustable 0.7~5.5V and 0.5~2.5 V output and other features, as shown in Figure 4
is the ISL6237 power control chip pin diagram and internal functional block
diagram.
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Figure 4 detail Functional diagram ISL6237

The ISL6237 power control chip integrates a pulse width modulation (PWM)
controller and a linear regulator, which can be used to drive the 3.3V and 5V
power supply of the rear stage circuit. Figure 5 shows the application circuit
diagram of the ISL6237 power control chip.
 233

Figure 5 diagram of the ISL6237 power control chip

The fourth pin of the ISL6237 power control chip is the on chip linear regulator
signal open end. When the 4th pin gets a high-level turn-on signal, the linear
regulator function module inside the ISL6237 power control chip starts to work.
After that, the 7th pin of the ISL6237 power control chip outputs the power supply
named VL. Power is supplied to the relevant pins of the ISL6237 power control chip
and related circuits.

The 14th pin of the ISL6237 power control chip and the EN1 and EN2 terminals of
the 27th pin are the signal enable terminals of the internal circuit of the ISL6237
power control chip. When these two pins get a high-level start signal, the ISL6237
power control the internal circuit of the chip starts to work, and outputs relevant
control signals to drive the relevant electronic components of the subsequent
stage circuit to enter the working state.

The control signals output on the 15th and 18th pins of the ISL6237 power control
chip are mainly used for the FET PQ43 and the FET PQ40 in the driver circuit, and
then pass through the storage inductor PL10 and the filter capacitor in the
subsequent stage circuit.

Finally, the power provided by the protection isolation circuit is converted into a
5V standby power supply to the chip, equipment and related circuits that require a
5V standby voltage.
 234

The control signals of the 26th and 23rd pins of the ISL6237 power control chip are
used to drive the FET PQ42 and the FET PQ41, and then pass through the energy
storage inductor PL11 and the filter capacitor in the subsequent stage circuit,
which will eventually protect. The power supply provided by the isolation circuit is
converted to a 3.3V standby power supply to a chip, device, and related circuits
that require a 3.3V standby voltage, such as a host power supply key, an EC chip,
and an RTC circuit.

During the startup and operation of the laptop, the ISL6237 power control chip and
its related circuit output 3.3V and 5V power supply, under the control of the
relevant signals, the relevant circuit is converted to 3.3V and 5V system power
supply, providing 3.3V And 5V power supply chip, equipment and related circuits,
such as chipset, etc., as shown in Figure 6, is the circuit diagram of standby power
supply converted to system power supply after power on.

Figure 6 diagram of standby

 235

1.4 CPU circuit

The CPU is the core of the laptop motherboard, and the importance of the power
supply circuit that guarantees its normal operation is self-evident.
Because the CPU is very integrated and complex hardware and the working
conditions are more demanding. Therefore, the CPU power supply circuit is also
the power supply circuit with the highest design requirements in the power supply
circuit of the motherboard, and is also one of the circuits with high failure rate.

The CPU power supply of the laptop motherboard can be divided into core power
supply and auxiliary power supply. The CPU core power supply circuit is usually
located near the CPU socket of the motherboard.
The CPU is one of the most power-consuming chips in a laptop motherboard,
especially its core power supply has a relatively low supply voltage but relatively
large supply current. Early CPU power supply usually used single-phase power
supply circuit, but with the improvement of CPU performance and working
conditions, the current CPU power supply circuit is a multi-phase power supply
circuit.

In a multiphase power supply circuit, each phase is relatively independent but

symmetrical, and the current generated by each single phase eventually converges
to provide a low voltage, high current supply to the CPU core.

Some CPU power supply circuits are also designed with FET drivers for better drive
circuit operation.
The FET driver, also known as the power control chip or driver IC, has the
characteristics of signal amplification and high voltage resistance, and is mainly
used to better drive the FET in the circuit.

At present, the power supply of the laptop CPU can be divided into three parts:

The CPU core power supply, the display core power supply and the auxiliary power
supply integrated in the CPU. As shown in Fig. 7, the CPU power supply connection
circuit diagram of the Intel laptop motherboard is shown.
 236

Figure 7 CPU circuit diagram

 237

Figure 7a +CPU CORE

Figure 7b+ GFX CORE power supply

 238

As shown in Figure 7a, the +CPU CORE supply powers the core of the CPU,
which is typically provided by a CPU power supply circuit located near the CPU
socket of the motherboard.

As shown in Figure 7b, the +GFX CORE power supply is the power supply for the
integrated display core in the CPU. This power supply is also typically provided
by an independent switching regulator power supply circuit.

As shown in Figure 7. The CPU is connected to the ground circuit. For a CPU
with high power consumption, a large number of grounding wires can
effectively ensure the safety and stability of the CPU. As can be seen from
Figure 7, the CPU needs voltage when it works normally. A variety of power
supplies with different currents can ensure that the functional modules
integrated in the CPU work stably. The various power supplies required by the
CPU are provided by a dedicated switching regulator power supply circuit, and
some are converted by other power supply circuits. Several important CPU
power supply circuits are specifically described below.

1.5 CPU core power supply circuit

The CPU core power supply circuit provides a core power supply circuit for the
CPU of the laptop motherboard, and is a switching power supply circuit, which
is usually composed of a power control chip, a field effect transistor, an
inductor, a capacitor, and a resistor, and the like, wherein the power control
chip It is the core of the circuit, not only has the function of driving and
controlling the circuit, but also the functions of detection, monitoring and
protection.

The power control chip can monitor the voltage and current changes of the
output of the power supply circuit through the circuit connection of the
relevant pins, thereby ensuring the stability of the current and voltage supplied
to the CPU. When the power supply circuit is abnormal, the power control chip
can turn off the circuit output, thereby protecting the entire circuit and the
CPU.
The power control chip outputs a control signal through the relevant pin to
control the on and off of the FET in the circuit, thereby converting the power
provided by the upper power supply circuit into the core power supply of the
CPU.
The difference from the fixed voltage output power supply circuit is that the
voltage value of the CPU core power supply is dynamically changed. This
requires that the power supply control chip in the CPU core power supply
circuit should first understand the power supply voltage required by the CPU,
and then drive the power supply.
 239

The circuit produces the power required by the CPU.

The power supply information is transmitted between the CPU and the power
control chip through the VID technology. VID technology is a voltage
identification technology. The VID pin on the CPU outputs a coded signal to the
power control chip in the CPU power supply circuit. The relevant function
module inside the power control chip decodes the encoded signal transmitted
by the CPU, thereby obtaining the power supply information required by the
CPU.

According to the power supply information transmitted by the CPU, the power
control chip drives the latter circuit to output the power required by the CPU.
The TPS51621 power control chip is a buck controller for CPU and GPU core
power supply circuits. It features a simple external connection and a wide input
voltage range. Its internal integrated MOSFET driver can effectively drive the
FET in the circuit. The TPS51621 power control chip also has current limit and
voltage protection functions. Figure 8 shows the application circuit diagram of
the TPS51621 power control chip.

As shown in Figure 8, the TPS51621 power control chip's 14th pin, 15th pin,
16th pin, 17th pin, 18th pin, 19th pin, and 20th pin are TPS51621 power
supplies. The VID signal connection terminal of the control chip is directly
connected to the VID signal pin of the CPU for transmitting the VID signal.

Figure 8 TPS51621 power control chip

 240

The 21st, 24th, 27th, and 30th pins of the TPS51621 power control chip are used to
output the drive signal, control the FET PQ 15, FET PQ16, FET PQ 17, field effect
The PQ 18, the FET PQ42, the FET PQ43, the FET PQ44, and the FET PQ45 are
turned on and off, thereby converting the power supply provided by the protection
isolation circuit into the power supply required for the normal operation of the
CPU. The inductor PL10 and the inductor PL11 in the circuit function as energy
storage. The +CPU CORE power supply of the final circuit output will be directly
sent to the CPU core to ensure the normal operation of the CPU.

1.6 Memory circuit

1. Basics The memory used by laptops is typically a separate PCB board that
communicates with the laptop motherboard through SO-DIMM slots and is
powered.
The memory module mainly includes memory chips, SPD chips, and electronic
components such as capacitors and resistors. The memory supply circuit on the
laptop motherboard needs to supply the voltage and current required for normal
operation of the memory chip and the SPD chip, and also to supply power for
communication between the memory and the CPU or the north bridge chip.

2. Circuit analysis is shown in Figure 9 for the laptop power supply connection
circuit diagram. It can be seen from the figure that the current DDR3 type memory
commonly used in laptop motherboard mainly needs +1.5V, +0.75VS and +3VS
power supply. The +1.5V power supply is the main power supply for the memory,
the +0.75VS power supply provides the reference operating voltage for the
memory, and the +3VS power supply is mainly used for the SPD chip of the
memory.
 241

Figure 9 DDR3 circuit diagram

As shown in Figure 10, the +1.5V main power generation circuit of the memory is a
switching regulator power supply circuit. The FET control circuit turns on and off
the FET, and through the inductor energy storage and capacitor filtering in the
circuit, converts the power provided by the protection isolation circuit into the
1.5V main power supply required for DDR3 memory.
 242

Figure 10 +1.5V main power

The 0.75V reference operating voltage required for DDR3 memory is typically
provided by a linear regulated power supply circuit next to the memory slot. The
power required by the SPD chip of the memory can be supplied by the output
power of the system power supply circuit through the conversion of the relevant
electronic components.
 243

B+ Supply with Hp Adaptor

Cq40 is commonly using and very often find a laptop and its circuit is very basic
similarities with other hp models. So I explained its main power source B+ Supply
section First. It is operate with hp’s 3 pin adapter architecture. It is very often used
by others companies like Dell, Lenovo etc. It protects the system with external
overvoltage and surges. When there is damage to the circuit it stops output from
the adaptor. ID signal is used to operate charging Enable function.

ID

GND
 244

There are two operations made when plugging in an adaptor:

1. Enable B+ supply through an adaptor

2. Disable supply through a battery

Enable B+ supply through adaptor

So when Adaptor is plugged in voltage (dc jack pin no.1 AD pin) through PL1 signal
VIN it is usually 18.5V. VIN is going through Drain to Source PQ101 to pin 2 signal
before generating pin 4, Gate B+ and CHG_B+ necessary to drive down gate
voltage of PQ103 for Source to drain unlock.

The gate voltage of pq103 is control by PQ109 with PACIN Signal. When PACIN
signal high it drives PQ109 gate and Drain to the source of PQ109 open and drop
gate voltage of PQ103 through PR109(150k) resistance. Voltage B+ generated
through PQ103, this is main system Voltage which is required for high side
MOSFETs of supply sections.

Disable supply through battery

When Adaptor is present VIN through PR103 is present at the gate and make
PQ102 gate high for reverse protection it block a high voltage of adaptor which is
usually 18.5v to attack battery BATT pin of the battery connector. ACOFF# high
through pd101 ACOFF# make pq102 gate high enable when the adaptor is present.
 245

When the adaptor is not the present ACOFF signal is come and PQ105 low ACOFF#
low and battery supply enables B+ high with appropriate amp.

Under voltage and Overvoltage Detection

Cq40 has an external section for under and over voltage section in latest charging
ICs has inbuilt this section and operate directly by an ACDRV signal. But in
CQ40 done by LM393 comparator IC. PU102 (LM393) 8th pin power pin 2 power
from a source of pq102 and pq103 through pr125 (47omh). Pin no.6 has fixed
voltage 1.24Vref which is maintained by PU104 IC through PR136. PIN no 5 is get
voltage from voltage divider bridge made by PR126 and PR133.if pin 5 has a
voltage higher than pin6 (1.24v) pu102 output to pin7 (PACIN) makes high. If a
voltage is lower than pin6 (1.24v) no voltage on pin7 (PACIN). It is under voltage
protection.
 246

When Pin5 has voltage is higher than 3.15 or zanier diode PD103 capacity PD103
short to ground to protect overvoltage.

LED indicator Enable

PACIN drive also pq114 MOSFET which low gate voltage of PQ3 which open source
to drain supply and led compete it circuit and begin to glow.

COMPAQ CQ40 Standby Supply Description

CQ40 Standby Supply

If CQ40 laptop has a good B+ main supply which necessary for the system to turn
on always supplies (3VL and 5VL). Always supply is to maintain the system in a
ready state before pressing the power button.TPS51125 is used in CQ40 for
standby supply regulation.

LDO or Standby section

In Compaq CQ40 B+ (18.5v) supply apply to pin16 of tps51125 It receive power
supply for IC’s LDO (3.3v and 5v)
 247

Standby supply section and makes EN0 pin13 high and connect to GND with 620k
resistance. EN0 is the control pin of VREG5 pin17, VREG3 pin8 and VREF pin2
regulators.

Bring this node down to GND disables those three regulators and minimises the
shutdown supply current to 10 μA. Pulling this node up to 3.3 V or 5 V will turn the
three regulators on to standby mode.

Given below table is shown the sequence:

VREF volt which is typically 2v fix voltage which is connected to TONSEL pin4 for
set ch1 and ch2 frequency to 245KHz and 305KHz respectively and VREF is also
connected with SKIPSEL for auto skip function. It’s also supply inner logic for
VREG5 and VREG3 STANDBY SUPPLY.
 248

VREG5 and VREG3 STANDBY SUPPLY output respectively with 100mA load The
VREG5 serves as the main power supply for the analogue circuitry of the device
and provides the current for gate drivers.

The VREG3 is intended mainly for auxiliary 3.3-V supply for the notebook system
during standby mode. It provides supply to I/O chip, on-off logic etc.

Note: in CQ40 VREG5 is +5VL and VREG3 is +3VL

Turn ON switch mode power supplies (channel-1, channel-2)

When LDO section enables the two switch mode power supplies (channel-1,
channel-2) become ready to enable at this standby mode.

The TPS51125 has an internal, 1.6 ms, voltage servo soft start for each channel.
Each Channel is enabled by ENTRIP1 pin1 and ENTRIP2 pin6 respectively.

For this, there is a little logic. There are types of input to make high both ENTRIPX
one is ACOFF and second is EC_ON. ACOFF is input when an adaptor is inserted in
DC JACK I/O makes low ACOFF signal by NOT GATE (74lvc14 IC) logic output
on the gate of pq308 and drop down Drain Voltage to GND by this Gate voltage of
both pq305 and pq306 is low and high the Drain voltage which is EnTRIP1 and
ENTRIP2.
 249

When the ENTRIPX pin becomes higher than the enable threshold voltage, which is
typically 430 mV, an internal DAC begins ramping up the reference voltage to the
PWM comparator and make the gate voltage high and both channels are enabled
output +3VALWP and +5VALWP STANDBY SUPPLY respectively.

When all output is good it releases power good signal from pin23 for EC to release
RSMRST#.

Over Voltage And Under Voltage Protection

TPS51125 monitors a resistor divided feedback voltage to detect over and under
voltage .which is usually done by VFB1 pin2 and VFB2 pin5.

When the feedback voltage becomes higher than 115% of the target voltage, the
OVP comparator output goes high and the circuit latches as the top MOSFET driver
OFF and the bottom MOSFET driver ON.

TPS51125 monitors VO1 pin24 and VO2 pin7 voltage directly and if it becomes
greater than 5.75 V the TPS51125 turns off the top MOSFET driver.

When the feedback voltage becomes lower than 60% of the target voltage, the
UVP comparator output goes high and an internal UVP delay counter begins
counting.

After 32 μs, TPS51125 latches OFF both top and bottom MOSFETs drivers and shut
off both drivers of another channel. This function is enabled after 2 ms following
ENTRIPX has become high.

HP CQ40 Battery Charging Discription

Laptop battery is charged by an external power. Which is usually output dc voltage
and provide power to system and charge battery simultaneously. When battery
fully charged continue supply to the system through the adaptor and cut battery
charging.Every laptop has his own type of configured battery charging circuit. The
charging process is managed by multi-controllers like:

• Charging ic
• KBC I/O controller (for battery temperature, level, enable and adaptor detection)
• Battery internal ROM chip or external ROM u28 (battery must be connected)
First of all system supply B+(main supply source) is available for system startup
 250

ADP_ID or Adaptor Id pin Function: (fault cause: unknown

adaptor or not battery charging)
When adaptor is connected output trough adaptor ID pin (centre pin of adapter)
output voltage about 14.V to 18V after this PR3 and PR2 voltage divider drop
voltage to 3.3v and it goes to KB926 I/o controller pin no.66 in AD input section.

It converts this analogue signal to digital which is necessary to identify adaptor

type (60w or 90w). If ADP_ID signal is no voltage or below 2V it shows unknown
adaptor type or not charging due to wrong ID detection in windows.

Note: CLK for enabling charging another signal is important like BATT TEMP, BATID,
BATDATA a CLK lines
 251

Battery identification and Level detection (fault cause: no battery detect)

CQ40 Battery connector has 8pins:

1. Ground
2. Ground
3. Battery temperature BATT_TEMP signal (when battery is connected it is below
2.7v (BATT_TEMP) or about 1.4v.when it is 3.3v no battery is present. It goes to I/O
pin no. 63 AD input section)
4. Battery ID BAT_ID signal (this signal is for battery identification to describe
battery type and a number of cells used in battery .it goes to charging IC pin no.20
(cells).
5. Battery SMBus clock signal (this signal is for the clock to run data between I/O
pin no 77 and battery.)
6. Battery SMBus data signal ( it transfer data between I/O pin no.78 and battery
for determining how much battery is charged. It is responsible for making FSTCHG
signal high to enable charging if the battery is low from it full condition.
7. Battery V+ voltage for system supply( It go through pq102 to B+ main supply
source)
8. Battery V+ same as pin no 7.
 252

BATT_TEMP pin no.3 is for battery identification that battery is connected and in
good temperature. It is below 3.3 v for detecting battery. If it is 3.3v no battery
detects.

For battery level EC_SMD and EC_SMC signals are responsible it should be at 3.3V
always.

Adaptor detection for charging IC and Enable charging

When the adaptor is connected PU102 makes output to pin no.1 when pin no.3 is
higher than 1.24 vref. when pu102 pin no.2 is high it goes to I/O chip for ac
adaptor connect information To system with the requirement and on PQ112 gate
pin no.2 for convert FSTCHG# to CHGEN# for enabling or disable charging.

As given above
1. Adapter is connected ADP_ID is senses
2. Battery is connected BATT_TEMP lower than 3.3v
3. SMBus is connected and has 3.3v and battery is not fully charged

I/O chip release FSTCHG signal to pq113 which goes to ACDET pin no5 to PU101
(charging IC).
 253

When ACDET is above 2.4v charging ic detect a valid adaptor for charging.PQ113
gate gets FSTCHG signal it switches down to low CHGEN# signal for enabling
charging.

There are other pins also which should make some requirement for proper
charging

• PVCC pin no.28 is higher than 5v (must be high for all bias enabling)
• ACDET pin no.6 is higher than 2.4V(under voltage is enable when lower than
2.4v) and lower than 3.15(overvoltage is enabled when higher than 3.15v)
• CHGEN# pin no.1 is low to 0v(0v=enable, 3.3v=disable)

It makes output on VREF pin no10 (3.3v) which is connecting to cells pin no.20 for 4
cell battery

Charging condition available. There is another output on region pin no 24 (6v) for
boost battery charging.
 254

Adaptor current sensing and input

For adaptor current sensing Charging IC gets input to internal comparator from
pr102 at ACP pin no.3 and ACP pin no.2 which compare difference and output
ADP_I pin no.15, it goes to I/O pin no.65 AD input. I/O output ACSET from pin
no.72 for set adaptor current set pin no.6 of charging IC.

VDAC pin no11 is connected to 3.3v always for reference input for VADJ pin no 12
by voltage divider set charge voltage. It is between 2.4 to 3.6 v IDLE.
Charge current is set by SRSET pin no.16 by the external voltage from I/O IREF
signal.

When given condition meets battery charging process started:

• CHGEN is LOW;
• Adapter is detected;
• Adapter is higher than PVCC-BAT threshold;
• Adapter is not over-voltage;
• REGN(6V) and VREF(3.3v) are valid;
• Thermal Shut (TSHUT) is not valid(temperature should be under 130 degree)

Charging is enabled (CHGEN# =0v) charging IC makes output on the gate of high
side MOSFET PQ108 and on the gate of low side MOSFET PQ110 for charging
voltage produce on pin no 25 (ph) through pl102 to the battery.

Battery Full Charge detection

Voltage through pr112 to battery and charge battery, charge current and voltage
difference id detects by SRP pin no.19 and SRN pin no.18 .when SRP and SRN have
true(SRP>SRN) IC regulate the charge MOSFET gate. When SRP=SRN it stops output
on HDRV and IDRV to stop battery charging. it is battery over-voltage condition
when the battery is charged up to 104% (detect by BAT pin no.17) it stops charging
, it never start again until battery falls down to 102%.
 255

Why need to Convert or Bypass the DIS Graphic to UMA

in Laptop?
Most of the old or outdated laptop, when their mainboard/motherboard DIS
graphic broken, it is need to replace the DIS graphic chip. Unfortunately, the price
of this chip is quite expensive. Also hard to find the good & new chip. Most of this
DIS chip selling by the seller is refurbish or used from the old or junk laptop
motherboard.

So the purpose to use this method “Bypass DIS to UMA graphic” is:

1) Save the cost of repair laptop with lower fees. So the customer need to repair
their outdated laptop.

2) Cannot find/buy the DIS graphic BGA chip.

3) Some models of laptop motherboard have DIS design problem (for example the
Apple A1286, A1297, A1398, HP CQ42 & etc laptop), even replace with a new DIS
graphic chip. After use several months, the same problem occurs. Especially the
A1286 motherboard, most of the time is their graphic chip location PCB (inside
layer) circuit line/s broken/abnormal inside. So need to use this method to save
the laptop.

4) If the laptop owner is not a gamer or graphic designer, and they just want
to use laptop running steady and battery can long lasting. For example, the laptop
just uses in office or for business use only. When compare with DIS graphic, the
UMA graphic is using more less power than the DIS graphic. So the laptop will less
heat generate inside the laptop and it can long lasting to use too.

Note: Some of the model laptop has built-in two types of graphic design (UMA &
DIS). The method on bypass their DIS to UMA have two, one is through software
and another one is through hardware.

For the software method, if the laptop has built-in two types of graphic DIS &
UMA, also their BIOS has function to control it, then just login into their laptop
motherboard BIOS to select/choose the DIS or UMA type graphic easily without
using the bypass method. Another software method is to root/programed the
“special” BIOS into laptop motherboard to bypass their DISCRETE and use the UMA
display.

For the hardware method, usually is to remove their discrete power supply coil/s
and transfer their LVDS interface resistor to the right position.
 256

If this method not success, go to next steps to remove or transfer some

components to match the laptop mainboard to working in UMA circuit. Different
design of laptop mainboard and different generation of their chipset have different
modification method. Commonly method is remove their DIS BGA chip, shift or
transfer some component to match the UMA circuit, shift/transfer component in
LVDS interface, Bridges and so on.

CAUTION: Before starting to do laptops bypass the DIS to UMA, make sure you
know what you’re doing, and you have a confident knowledge in laptop
motherboard-mainboard repair.

For the Apple laptop, after modification and bypass their graphic from DIS to UMA,
the Apple laptop CANNOT install Windows system!! Some of the technician they
use a ‘not perfect’ BIOS solution or that part number motherboard is not suitable
to root the BIOS. Even it is successful to root the BIOS and can use their UMA
display, but some of the laptop function will miss, for example, the sleep mode
after activating and when back to normal mode, their screen display is darkness or
abnormal display! Some also complaint the Apple system will running slow and
lack too, after bypass the DIS on motherboard. So you need to know what you’re
doing first, before starting to do the modification.

The Secret Tips on How to Convert or Bypass the Laptop

Motherboard Discrete to UMA Graphic
Below information are the secret tips on how to bypass the motherboard Discrete
graphic card to UMA integrated graphic card. Not just follow the DIS to UMA photo
to do it only. But you also need to know how to do it with different Bridge
architecture use the different method to do their modification.

Intel HM4X Series Dual Bridge Architecture Motherboard DIS to

UMA Method
(A) North Bridge has integrated graphic card (UMA) function, for example:
GM45/GL40, etc, change as the following methods (Attn: Not all need to use):

1) Change LVDS jumper resistors to North Bridge.

2) Change the EDID panel BUS (READ) to North Bridge.
3) Change High-voltage control signal and Panel power supply switched on signal
to North Bridge.
4) Some models of the HM4X motherboard needs to root/programmed their UMA
BIOS.
 257

5) Check the UMA module has the power supply connect or not. If not, manually
connected the UMA module power supply.
6) Check the Clock.
7) The Panel connector port until the North Bridge in between them if don’t have
the jumper resistors there, this motherboard cannot bypass the DIS to UMA.
8) When change the DIS to UMA, normally just change the LVDS module and meet
the North Bridge LVDS module working condition. Other module like: CRT module,
HDMI module and TV module no need to change.

(B) If the North Bridge don’t have the Integrated graphic (UMA), for example:
PM45/965PM, etc, change as the following methods (Attn: Not all need to use):

1) Change the North Bridge with built-in integrated graphic.

2) Change the power supply for North Bridge integrated graphic module (LVDS
module).
3) LVDS signals change to North Bridge output.
4) Change the Panel EDID BUS (READ).
5) Root/Programmed the integrated graphic (UMA) BIOS.
6) Change high-voltage control signal and signal.
7) Check the integrated graphic clock.
8) The Panel connector port until the North Bridge in between them if don’t have
the jumper resistors there, this motherboard cannot bypass the DIS to UMA. If it
has the jumper resistors there and need to change, you need to pay attention to
these symbols inside the schematic diagram: IV@, EV@, UMA, DIS, & etc.
9) When change the DIS to UMA, normally just change the LVDS module and meet
the North Bridge LVDS module working condition.
Other module like: CRT module, HDMI module and TV module no need to change.

Intel HM6X & HM7X Series Chipset Motherboard DIS to

UMA Method
Change as the following methods (Attn: Not all need to use, sometimes just one
of the following methods is okay):

1) If the integrated graphic UMA is blocked, cannot be changed. (Search the

schematic diagram their VAXG signal is short circuit to ground (GND) or not.
2) Direct removed several coupling capacitors in PCIE BUS, let the CPU do not
recognize the Discrete graphic is okay.
3) Disconnecting the Discrete graphic power supply. For example, removed their
power supply coils/inductor. (included the main power supply and secondary
power supply). (This method does a lot in HM6X & 7X! Because it is the easy way
to do it! )
 258

4) Removed the Discrete graphic chip.

5) Login to the motherboard BISO to change the display setting from DIS to UMA.
6) The HM6X series chipset motherboard, after change to UMA no need to
root/programmed the BIOS.
7) The Panel connector port until the North Bridge in between them if don’t have
the jumper resistors there, this motherboard cannot bypass the DIS to UMA. If it
has the jumper resistors there and need to change, you need to pay attention to
these symbols inside the schematic diagram: IV@, EV@, UMA, DIS, & etc.
8) When change the DIS to UMA, normally just change the LVDS module and meet
the North Bridge LVDS module working condition. Other module like: CRT module,
HDMI module and TV module no need to change.

AMD Dual Bridge Architecture Motherboard DIS to UMA

Method
1) The AMD North Bridge has built
2) Direct remove Discrete graphic chip, change LVDS jumper resistors, change high-
voltage control signal & screen panel power supply switch on signal and change
the panel EDID Bus (READ).
3) Connect the North Bridge integrated graphic module power supply and clock.
4) Some model of motherboard need to root/programmed their integrated graphic
(UMA) BIOS.
5) The Panel connector port until have the jumper resistors there, this
motherboard cannot bypass the DIS
to UMA. If it has the jumper resistors there and need to change, you need to pay
attention to these symbols inside the schematic diagram: EV@, UMA, DIS, & etc.
6) When change the DIS to UMA, normally just change the LVDS module and meet
the North Bridge LVDS module working condition. Other module like: CRT module,
HDMI module and TV module no need to change.

** The method to bypass the motherboard DIS to UMA, not all the
model/motherboard can be change. Also, NOT all the motherboard can be change
successfully. Especially the motherboard is using the Nvidia graphic card/chip need
to pay attention to OPTIMUS mode switching card/chip need to pay attention to
BACO mode switching. **
 259

Part 13
Laptop Motherboard Repair Flowchart
 260

This is an algorithm that helps to repairman to find the problem in the short period
of time. It will be helpful in such laptops: Toshiba, Dell, HP, IBM Acer, and Sony...
The troubleshooting algorithm will show Basic solution way!

Power off Problem

Laptop can't power on while press Power button Switch and 0.00 to 0.02 amp
display on DC power supply then follow This flow chart

Power Off

No Voltage on power jack 19v on power jack

Problem in adapter or Check voltage on volt in section

power jack

No voltage in P-Channel 19v present in volt in section

mosfet fuse

Check volt in mosfet

Follow task step by step

1. Dry solders motherboard

2. Replace 32khz crystal
Found bad mosfet or Volt in mosfet, 3. Re-programme Bios
Diode, replace it, diode ok then 4. Check or replace power cable or
problem solve replace battery switch
charging IC, SIO 5. Replace charging IC, Voltage
regulator IC
6. Replace SIO
Power On 7. Reflow, Reball, Replace ICH or PCH
8. Remove Ian ic and sound IC
 261

Dead Laptop
Dead

Check 19 Volt at current sensing resister

Check VIN section Mosfet or VIN chip

Check 3volt at EC BIOS pin no 8

Check step down 1 section always voltage

Check power button in 3v to 0v variation

Power button bad

Check RSMRST 3v and PM power button

PCH bad Check SLP_S3 (SUSB) SLP_4 (SUSC) Check pulses at EC BIOS pin no 1
while pressing power button

SIO bad Bios bad

Check suspend section

Power On
 262

Power on but no display

Power on but no display

DC power supply amp rating is DC power supply amp rating is

between the 0.01to 0.80 Amp between the 0.90 to 1.70 Amp

Follow Step Follow Step

1. Replace CPU and RAM 1. Replace CPU

2. GMCH,RAM, GPU power supply 2. Re-programme BIOS
3. Re-programme BIOS 3. Dry solder 14.3mhz clock & clock IC
4. Replace SIO 4. Replace SIO
5. GPU,PCH,GMCH,ICH, Reflow, Reball, 5. GPU, PCH, GMCH, ICH, Reflow,
Replace Reball, Replace
 263

Display ok but backlight no work

Display ok but backlight no work

LED Display screen LCD Display screen

(Check on lcd screen back panel pin point 1- Check CCFL Bulb + Inverter Circuit
voltage (40 pin Connector) 2- Check inverter circuit Volt 19v, 5v
(1) Pin no. 2,3 = 3v to 5v (vdd for lcd)
(2) Pin no. 2,3 = Fuse
(3) Pin no. 38,39,40= 11v to 19v (Led strip volt)
(4) Pin no. 35 = Backlight power (3v to 5v)
(5) Pin no. 36= Bl_enable (3v to 5v)
(6) LED LVDS Cable

No volt on No volt on No volt on pin

pin no 2, 3 pin no 35, 36 no 28, 39, 40 19v not found

Replace SIO Check nearby Check 19v fuse Inverter ON volt not
LVDS connector near LVDS found (3v to 5v)
tiny micro IC volt connector

Replace SIO Replace SIO

 264

Battery Charging Problem

Battery charging problem

(Plug in not charging)

Device manager remove battery ACPI drive and install again

Change battery and adaptor

Battery and adaptor is ok then follow

1- Change discharge mosfet

2- Change charging mosfet
3- Change charging IC
4- Change SIO
5- For Dell , HP laptop check center pin circuit
 265

Lining Display Problem

Vertical or Horizontal Line on Display

Line is stand in each position while Line is changing the direction while
changed screen contain display change screen menu like a CMOS setup,
windows loading

LCD LED problem 1- RAM problem

2- GPU, GMCH, PCH Reflow, Reball,
Replace

USB Problem
USB Problem

Replace USB power IC or Replace

USB port

Reflow, Reball, Replace ICH or PCH

 266

Sound Problem

No Sound

Check speaker 2ohms to 10ohms

Speaker open or short change it Speaker ok but no suond

Follow step
1- Check or replace audio jack
2- Replace amplifier IC
3- Replace sound IC
4- Replace SIO
5- Reflow, Reball, Replace ICH or PCH
 267

Part 14
Dictionary for Technicians
 268

For understanding laptop schematic, you must know abbreviation and short form
name of the laptop motherboard components. And it is kind of dictionary for
technicians, so these are necessary for better understanding electronic data.

Name Components Code table

Components Name Code

Capacitor C
Resistor R
Diode D
Zener Diode ZD or PD
Oscilator X
Fuse F
Transformer T
LED LED
Inductor- coil L
Transistor Q
Power Resistor PR
Power Capacitor PC
Integrated Circuit IC U
Crystal X or Y
Power Diode PD
Power Integrared Circuits PU
Power Inductor PL
Power Transistor PQ
Switch SW

Definition of Term Technique

Term Definitions
DC Direct Current
AC Alternate Current
Voltage Power Supply
Ampere Current Flowing
Power/Watt The amount of voltage required
Load Load
 269

Voltage Definition Definition Signal

Input Input in
Output Alternate Current Out
Negative Voltage have a value below 0 -
Positive +
Ground GND
Clock CLK
Reset Input Confirmation Reset
Data Communicate PCI &etc

Term of Circuit Definition

SYSTEM 3V/ 5V PCU Step-down circuit for lowering 19V to 3V or 5V
DC IN & BATTERY Circuit for battery charging and power jack circuit in the initial
Charger gate power
GPU CORE Circuit and voltage power supply for chip (ICH/GMCH)
GPX CORE Circuit for processor power supply
VCC CORE Circuit for processor power supply
TERMAL PROTECTION Circuit heat detector supply
DISCHARGED +1,8 V Circuit Suspend LDO
DDR +1,5 V & 0.9 Circuit power supply for RAM
CLOCK GENERATOR Circuit for produce clock signal
LVDS Circuit for display on screen LCD
POWER BUTTON Circuit switch on/off
CONN Connector
RTC/CKT Circuit CMOS & frequency generator CHIF
DIS Circuit VGA Externat Generator
UMA Circuit VGA InternalGenerator
PWM Circuit Pulse Widget Modulation controller
COMPARATOR Circuit Comparator
SPI FLASH (KBC) Circuit BIOS
CRT Circuit for external monitor and projector
LPC BUS Circuit Communication
DMI Digital Media Interference

Term of Circuit Definition

Step Up Riser Voltage
Step Down Lowering Voltage
DC Converter DC to DC
Rectifier Rectifier Circuit
Voltage Divider Voltage Divider
OP-Amp Amplifier
 270

The motherboard common signal definition

Term Input/Output Definition
CLK_CPU_BCLK [1:0] I Bus clock
H_PWRGOOD I Power OK signal
H_CPURESET # I Reset signal
H_VID [6:0] O Voltage identification signal
H_GTLREF I GTL reference voltage
CPU_BSEL [2:0] I/O Bus select signal
H_TEST [1:2] I CPU detection signal
AUX_PWR_ON AUX voltage is turned
AUX_OFF AUX voltage shutdown signal
V_RPWRGD CPU voltage is normal
AUX_PWRGD AUX voltage is normal
LID # Sleep-pin switch
LCDSW LCD backlight switch
CHG_ON Charging open
ADAP_IN Adapter access
LCD_SW [2:0] LCD switch
BATOFF_I Battery Close
BTL_BEEP Alarm tone control
RF_LED Wireless LAN indicator
PWR_LED Power Indicator
CHG_G_LED Charging instructions (Green)
PM_THROTTING # Over-temperature alarm
SB_RTCRST RTC reset
CHG_REF Charging reference voltage
FAN_CTRL0 Fan Control
CHG_I Charging current setting
EC_BRGHT Light and dark adjustment
BAT_I Charge / still charge
BAT_V Battery voltage identification
ADAPTOR_I O Adapter current setting
DPRSLPVR I Deep sleep - the regulator signal
H_STPCLK # I Stop the clock signal
H_SMI # I A system management interrupt signal
H_FERR # Floating-point error signal
H_20M # I Address bit 20 mask signal
H_INTR I Maskable interrupt
H_INIT # I Initialization
H_IGNNE # I To ignore numerical error signal
PM_THRMTRIP O Thermal alarm signal
H_THRM # I Thermal alarm signal
H_PROCHOT # I/O CPU over temperature indication
 271

BATT_TEMP Battery Identification

EC_POWER_ON I Power on signal
ROMCS # O Chip select signal
ROMRD # O The data has been ready
LRST1 # I LPC reset signal
SLP_S3 (S4, S5) # I Sleep control signal
PLTRST # O Total reset signal
PWROK I Power good signal
RSMRST # O Restore the normal reset signal
PWRBTN # O Power button signal
MIC_JD_SENSE # I Within external micphon switching
HP_JD_SENSE # I Within the external speaker switch
ACZ_SDATAIN [1:0] I Serial data input
ACZ_SDATAOUT O Serial data output
ACZ_SYNC O Sync signal
ACZ_RST # O Reset signal
LDRQ # I DMA request
LFRAME # I/O LPC framework
LAD [3:0] I/O Composite line of the address data
SMBCLK I/O lock line
SMBDATA I/O Data lines
SMB Full System Management Bus
SATALED # OD SATA to read and write instructions
SATARBIAS (#) I he Serial ATA resistance bias
SATA0RXP (N) I Serial ATA0 accept
SATA0TXP (N) O Transmission of serial ATA0
IDE_PDIORDY I I / O channel ready
IDE_PDIOW # O Disk I / O write
IDE_PDIOR # O Disk I / O read
IDE_PDDACK # O Device DMA confirmation
IDE_PDDREQ I Device requests
IDE_PDD [15:0] I/O Device data
IDE_PDA [2:0] O Device address
IDE_PDCS1 # O Device chip select
USBP + (-) I/O USB signal
OC # I Over current protection
EE_CS O Chip select signal
EE_DOUT O EEPROM data output
EE_DIN I EEPROM data input
EE_SHCLK O EEPROM clock
LAN_RSTSYNC O Lan Chip reset signal
TP_TX [2:0] I Transfer data
TP_RX [2:0] I Accept data
PCI_CLK_LAN I Network clock
 272

PCI_LOCK # I/O Locking

PCI_IDSEL I Initialize the device selection
PCI_DEVSEL # I/O Device select signal
PCI_STOP # I/O Stop
PCI_TRDY # I/O Signal from the device is ready
PCI_IRDY # I/O Master device ready signal
PCI_FRAME # I/O Cycle framework
PCI_RST # O Reset signal
PCI_GNT # O Guarantee
PCI_REQ # I Request
PCI Bus - Peripheral Component Interconnect bus
PCI_C / BE [3:0] # I/O Instruction or byte Enable
PCI_PAR I/O Parity signals
PCI_AD [31:0] I/O Address data bus
DMA Direct access to memory
TV_DACB / DACC O TV signal transmission
NB_CRT_REFSET I Resistance setting
NB_CRT_BLUE O The Blue analog signal output
NB_CRT_GREEN O The Green analog signal output
NB_CRT_RED O The red analog signals output
NB_CRT_VSYNC O Vertical synchronizing signal
NB_CRT_HSYNC O Horizontal synchronizing signal
M_WE # O Write enable
M_CAS # O Column address
M_RAS # O Row address
M_BA [1:0] O Bank Select
M_CS [3:0] # O Chip select
M_CK [4:0] / MA_CK # [4:0] O Clock output
M_CKE [3:0] O Clock allows
M_DQS [7:0] I/O Data strobe
M_DM [7:0] O Data Masking
M_DQ [63:0] I/O Data lines
MA_A [13:0] O Memory address
H_DP [3:0] # I/O Data parity
H_DBSY # I/O Data bus is busy
H_AP [1:0] # I/O Address parity
H_ADSTB [1:0] # I/O Address Strobe
H_ADS # I/O Address Strobe
H_TRDY # I/O Target ready
H_REQ [4:0] # I/O Command request
H_D [63:0] # I/O Data bus
H_A [31:3] # I/O Address bus signals
H_CPUSLP # I CPU sleep signal
DPRSTP # I Depth stop signal
 273

SIO pin description

Signal Nam Type Defination
IMVP_PWRGD CORE TO SIO VRM cpu core voltage ok PG
LID_CLOSE LID SWITCH TOSIO LIDSWITCH(magneting sensor)
WiFi_ENABLE SIO TO WIFI turn on wifi card
ECRST reset signal to sio
KS SIGNAL KEYBOARD keyboard
SMBUS DATA SM BUS DATA system management signal
SMBUSC.K SM BUS CLOCK system management signal
PRQHOT CPU TO SIO cpu hot signal
VFAN SIO TO FAN turn on fan
FANSIG FAN TO SIO fan rpm input to sio
MUTE SIO TO AUDIO mute audio
TPDATA SIO TO TOUCH PAD touch pad
TPCLK SIO TO TOUCH PAD touch pad
USBPW_ON SIO TO USB turn on USB
SUSC(SLP_S4) PCH TO SIO turn on power
SUSB(SLP_S3) PCH TO SIO turn on power
DNBSWON(PM_PWRBTN) SIO TO PCH power on signal to pch
NBSWON(KBC_PWRBTN) PWR BTN TO SIO power button 3volt to zero
LAN_PWR SIO TO LAN SECTION turn on network
ACIN VIN TO SIO adopter present signal
AC_PRESENT SIO TO PCH adopter present signal to pch
S5_ON SIO TO ALWAYS always voltage turn on
SUSPON SIO TO SUSPEND release always voltage to
suspend
MIAINON SIO TO STEP 2 turn on1.5v, 1.05v
RUNON SIO TO STEP 2 turn on1.5v, 1.05v
VR_ON SIO TO VRM turn on cpu core voltage
SUS_PWROK PWM TO SIO suspend voltage ok
HWPG PWM TO SIO power ok input ta sio without cpu
ECPWROK(PM_PWROK| SIO TO PCH All power ok
TEMP_BAT BAT TO SIO battery temperature
XCLK CLOCK 32.7KHZ 32,7khz clock input
RSMR5T SIO TO PCH resume and reset signa 3 volt
FRAME PCH TO SIO frame signal from pch indicating
data processing
clk33mhz PCH TO SIO 33mhz clock signal INPUT clock
dept ok
PLTRST PCH TO SIO Platform reset 3volt saying alI
power ok reset generated
BIOS_RD SIO TO BIOS sio read bios
BIOS_CS SIO TO BIOS sio select bios
BIOS_CLK SIO TO BIOS dock signal
BIOS_WR SIO TO BIOS write signal to bios
 274

Power Chips Code Number

AA RT8800PQV CL RT8205C
AP RT8800APQV DJ RT8202A
AP RT8800A DT RT8205E
A0 RT8209BGQW EQ RT8223M
A8 TR8209MGQW D9 RT9716AGQW
A3 RT8209EGQW CZ RT8561AGQW
A3 RT8209E CK RT8205BGQW
A5 RT8100PQV CJ RT8205A
A6 RT8209PGQW CZ RT8561AGQW
A8 RT8209M DK RT8204
AO RT8209B EL RT8015A
AJ RT9607PQV FG RT8208
BD RT9605BPQV FR RT8204B
CK RT8205B FR RT8204BGQW
K0 RT8209NGQW EL RT8015A
DS RT8223B CB RT8205D
EM RT8205L CP RT8207
FG RT8208B DJ RT8205L
GG RT8015B DY RT8106GQW
FF RT8208A FR RT8204B
JL RT8204AGQW CL RT8205CGQW
CP RT8207GQW JX RT8209LGQW
FH RT8209AGQW EQ RT8223MGQW
H8 RT8208DGQW FH RT8208B
JL RT8204A DZ RT8113
CB RT8205DGQW FF RT8208AGQW
EF RT8207LGQW EN RT8205MGQW
EP RT8223LGQW FG RT8208BGQW
31 RT8208FGQW DH RT8207L
C6 RT8202P C7 RT9293-20
11 RT8223NGQW J7 RT8207MGQW
H6 RT8204CGQW 20 RT8223PZQW
 275

Conclusion
With the information you have acquired, you should have a basic understanding of
how to test almost all of the electronic components found in laptop motherboard.
I strongly suggest you get started right away with all of the tips and tricks you have
learned from this Training E-book.

What you need to do now is to buy few laptop motherboards from your favorite
electronic stores and begin to assemble it. This is one of the practical ways to
improve your soldering skill, testing electronic components, understanding
components coding and part number and etc.

Once you are good in testing electronic components you then can look for
junk/broken laptop motherboard to repair to perfect your repair skill.

I wish you all the best and look forward to hearing your success story.

To your success.

www.LaptopRepairSecrets.com
 276

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