PALMR RATIONALIZATION SET 1

B 1. Which of the following refers to the examination of relationship between pre and perinatal
breastfeeding risk factors and the number and severity of breastfeeding problems in the first week
postpartum?
A. Descriptive
B. Correlational
C. Quasi-experimental
D. True-experimental
RATIONALE: B is the correct answer since it involves the measurement of two or more relevant
variables and an assessment of the relationship between or among those variables that allows testing of
expected relationships between and among variables and making of predictions. A, C & D is not the
appropriate answer because descriptive does not assess relationships among variables while quasi and true
experimental provide more definitive conclusions about the causal relationships among the variables in
the research hypothesis than is available from correlational designs
REFERENCE: https://learn.canvas.net/courses/65/pages/stangor-2-dot-2-psychologists-use-descriptive-
correlational-and-experimental-research-designs

B 2. Mae’s study involved an elderly woman living in a nursing home who was not feeding herself. This
involved a longitudinal study of the woman’s eating patterns before and after the institution of a treatment
to promote self-feeding behavior. What type of research design is this?
A. Longitudinal
B. Case Study
C. Phenomenology
D. Evaluative
RATIONALE: B is the correct answer since it is an in-depth and detailed investigation of the
development of a single event, situation, or an individual over a period of time. Case studies are often
used to explore and unearth complex issues such as social issues, medical conditions. (C)Phenomenology
provides information about unique individual experiences, offering a rich and complete description of
human experiences and meanings. (D) Evaluative assess whether something is of value or whether it
meets its specifications. (A) Longitudinal research design conducts several observations of same subjects
over a period of time.
REFERENCE: https://pediaa.com/difference-between-case-study-and-phenomenology/

B 3. The purposes of the study were to determine the incidence and severity of selected stressors and the
coping strategies used by a group of postoperative renal transplant patients and to explore the influence of
time on stress and coping patterns. What type of research design is this?
A. Descriptive
B. Correlational
C. Quasi-experimental
D. True-experimental
RATIONALE: B is the correct answer since in correlational studies a researcher looks for associations
among naturally occurring variables, whereas in experimental studies the researcher introduces a change
and then monitors its effects.
REFERENCE: https://condor.depaul.edu/tcole/Research_Methods/correlatex.htm#:~:text=In
%20correlational%20studies%20a%20researcher,and%20then%20monitors%20its%20effects
A 4. Harry conducted a study regarding a theoretically based scale to measure the degree of humanistic
health care in hospital setting as perceived by nursing personnel. What type of research design is this?
A. Evaluative
B. Survey
C. Methodological
D. Trend
RATIONALE: A is the correct answer as it is concerned with the evaluation of such occurrences as
social and organizational programs or intervention. B, C & D is incorrect because it is not related on
measuring the degree of the variable.
REFERENCE: https://www.iedunote.com/evaluative-research#:~:text=Evaluative%20research%2C
%20as%20the%20name,and%20organizational%20programs%20or%20intervention.&text=In%20such
%20cases%2C%20evaluative%20research,effect%20of%20the%20program%20activities

D 5. Herbert explored the meaning of “caring” for nursing and investigated the relationship between
nursing and womanhood as it evolved over the last century. What type of research design is this?
A. Evaluative
B. Survey
C. Document analysis
D. Historical
RATIONALE: D is the correct answer because historical research involves studying, understanding and
interpreting past events to reach insights or conclusions about past persons or occurrences. (C)Document
analysis is used when evaluating a document, (B) survey is when assessing opinions and trends while (A)
evaluative evaluates a concept and collect data which can improve your solution.
REFERENCE: http://schools.yrdsb.ca/markville.ss/history/honours/researchmethods.html

D 6. Jordan and Johnson used a mailed questionnaire to collect data from a sample of nearly 400 senior
citizens. The study was designed to describe the health behavior of the elderly and to explore the
determinants and health consequences of that behavior. What type of research design is this?
A. Case Study
B. Survey
C. Document Analysis
D. Correlational
RATIONALE: D is the correct answer since we use correlational research design to determine the extent
to which two factors are related, not the extent to which one factor causes changes in another factor. (C)
Document analysis is a systematic procedure for reviewing or evaluating document while (B) survey is a
very valuable tool for assessing opinions and trends and (A) case study is an in-depth and detailed
investigation of the development of a single event, situation, or an individual over a period of time.
REFERENCE: https://www.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/upm-binaries/57732_Chapter_8.pdf

A 7. The purposes of the study was to test the effects of non-oscillating waterbed floatation on indicators
of energy expenditure in preterm infants’ motor activity, heart rate and behavioral state. What type of
research design is this?
A. Descriptive
B. Correlational
C. Quasi-experimental
D. True-experimental
RATIONALE: A is the correct answer because descriptive research provides a relatively complete
picture of what is occurring at a given time. (B) Correlational research is research designed to discover
relationships among variables and to allow the prediction of future events from present knowledge. (C
&D) Experimental research allows drawing of conclusions about the causal relationships among
variables.
REFERENCE: https://learn.canvas.net/courses/65/pages/stangor-2-dot-2-psychologists-use-descriptive-
correlational-and-experimental-research-designs

A 8. Marie immersed in a large village and a city in the Mt. Province. The study explored the role of
nurses and the degree to which they collaborate with ethnomedical practitioners and the tensions that arise
among nurses. What type of research design is this?
A. Ethnography
B. Survey
C. Document Analysis
D. Correlational
RATIONALE: A is correct since Marie was immersed in that place and ethnography is where
researchers observe and/or interact with a study’s participants in their real-life environment. (B) Survey is
incorrect because you collect information from a pool of respondents by asking multiple survey questions
while (C) document analysis is often used to triangulate findings gathered from another data source and
(D) correlational involves the measurement of two or more relevant variables and an assessment of the
relationship between or among those variables.
REFERENCE: https://www.spotless.co.uk/insights/ethnography-when-and-how/#:~:text=What%20is
%20ethnographic%20research%3F,in%20their%20real%2Dlife%20environment.&text=The%20aim
%20of%20an%20ethnographic,and%20all%20its%20associated%20issues)

A 9. Kay studied the effectiveness of expansion exercise in the management of capsular contractures, a
frequently observed complication in surgical enlargement of the breast. Subjects were randomly assigned
to an experimental group, which was given expansion exercise instruction or a control group, which was
not. What type of research design is this?
A. True experimental
B. Correlational
C. Quasi-experimental
D. True-experimental
RATIONALE: A is the correct answer because in true experimental design, the researcher randomly
assigns subjects to control and treatment groups while in quasi-experimental some other, non-random
method is used to assign subjects to groups.
REFERENCE: https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/quasi-experimental-design/

A 10. The purposes of the study was to examine the effects of selected feeding tube properties on the
incidence of tube clogging and the efficacy of three irrigants in preventing tube clogging. What type of
research design is this?
A. Descriptive
B. Correlational
C. Quasi-experimental
D. True-experimental
RATIONALE: A is the correct answer because descriptive research provides a relatively complete
picture of what is occurring at a given time. (B) Correlational research is research designed to discover
relationships among variables and to allow the prediction of future events from present knowledge. (C
&D) Experimental research is research in which initial equivalence among research participants in more
than one group is created, followed by a manipulation of a given experience for these groups and a
measurement of the influence of the manipulation.
REFERENCE: https://learn.canvas.net/courses/65/pages/stangor-2-dot-2-psychologists-use-descriptive-
correlational-and-experimental-research-designs